Relevant bibliographies by topics / Urban Female

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Urban Female'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 3 June 2025
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Urban Female"

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Helmy, Heba E. "Thirty Years of Urban Bias: An Estimation of the Rising Disparities in Female Rural and Female Urban Unemployment and Income in Egypt." Agrarian South: Journal of Political Economy: A triannual Journal of Agrarian South Network and CARES 8, no. 3 (2019): 349–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277976019872326.

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This article highlights the disparities between female urban and rural employment and income in Egypt over the last decades, mainly resulting from urban bias policies. Despite their inferior educational levels, females in rural Egypt manifested higher levels of employment than their counterparts in urban Egypt, a phenomenon that the article attributes to the standard definition of unemployment, which includes unpaid family members as part of the ‘employed’, besides other methodological issues. As such, statistics could misleadingly imply better female rural income compared to female urban inco
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Leung Ng, Yu, and Kara Chan. "Do females in advertisements reflect adolescents’ ideal female images?" Journal of Consumer Marketing 31, no. 3 (2014): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-10-2013-0748.

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Purpose – The purpose of this study was to investigate how Chinese adolescent girls and boys construct their own ideal female images in response to gendered advertisements based on Arnett’s (1995) theory of self-socialization and Hirschman and Thompson’s (1997) three interpretive strategies. A qualitative interview study was conducted for this purpose. Design/methodology/approach – Altogether, 32 adolescents aged 15-19 living in 16 different provinces in China were recruited for a face-to-face interview. Three advertisements were shown depicting an elegant woman, an urban sophisticated female
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Ennin, Theresah Patrine. "Urban Ambivalence and Female Autonomy." Ahyu: A Journal of Language and Literature 7 (December 4, 2024): 62–73. https://doi.org/10.56666/ahyu.v7i.155.

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ABSTRACT The politics of self-empowerment and agency by women in an African city can be examined in Changes: A love Story (1991) and Americanah (2013). These texts describe women in the city negotiating relationships in a changing terrain that simultaneously propels and restrains their agency. It is important to foreground the extent to which gender shapes experiences and representations of the city and foregrounds the efforts of Aidoo and Adichie to create imaginative space for women. The struggle faced by the female protagonist to find autonomy in the urban environment often results in the q
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Dardaine-Ragguet, Patricia, Charles J. Russo, and J. John Harris. "Female Administrators in Urban Settings." Urban Education 28, no. 4 (1994): 398–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042085994028004005.

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Santos, Wellington Emanuel dos, and Alessandre Pereira-Colavite. "Ocorrência de Acrocinus longimanus (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) em área urbana, Nordeste do Brasil." EntomoBrasilis 10, no. 1 (2017): 57–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v10i1.664.

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Resumo. Uma fêmea de Acrocinus longimanus (Linnaeus) foi coletada em perímetro urbano em Caruaru, Pernambuco, Brasil, sendo o primeiro registro da espécie em área verde urbana. Discussões sobre esse tipo de refúgio para a espécie também são apresentadas.Occurrence of Acrocinus longimanus (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in urban area, Northeastern BrazilAbstract. A single female of Acrocinus longimanus (Linnaeus) was collected in urban area in Caruaru, State of Pernambuco, Brazil, being the first record of the species in a novel ecosystem. Considerations about this kind of refuge for the
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Siddiqui, Farheen, and Shahnaz Parveen. "Female-based urban poverty in parts of Sehore city, India." Quaestiones Geographicae 43, no. 2 (2024): 17–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/quageo-2024-0017.

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Female-based urban poverty has been a widely researched topic fitting into the pursuit of gender equality since the Beijing 1995 Conference for Women. However, the criteria for measuring female-based urban poverty assume a direct role in reducing various urban poverty manifestations amongst females. Nevertheless, standard domains such as economic and educational statuses show some noticeable characteristics in smaller townships located in the low-urbanised states of India. The city under concern—Sehore Municipal Council (M.C. hereafter)—furnishes an example of an emerging urban area in a low-u
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Gould, Nicholas P., Roger Powell, Colleen Olfenbuttel, and Christopher S. DePerno. "Growth and reproduction by young urban and rural black bears." Journal of Mammalogy 102, no. 4 (2021): 1165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyab066.

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Abstract Human-dominated landscapes contain fragmented natural land cover interspersed throughout an urban matrix. Animals that occupy human-dominated landscapes often grow and reproduce differently than conspecifics. Female American black bears (Ursus americanus) produce litters for the first time usually at age 4 years; 2-year-olds rarely give birth. We visited winter bear dens and trapped bears in spring and summer to compare the reproductive output and weight of female black bears within the city limits of Asheville, North Carolina, and three forested rural sites in North Carolina and Virg
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Eden, Devorah. "Female Engineers." Urban Education 27, no. 2 (1992): 174–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042085992027002005.

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Shams, Laiba, Musa Kakakhel, Shazma Majeed, Hasnain Khan, Hamza Khan, and Sidra Sajid. "Depression in females: comparison of patients visiting urban and rural teaching hospitals of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa." Journal of Rehman Medical Institute 7, no. 2 (2021): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.52442/jrmi.v7i2.302.

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Introduction: Even though frequency of depression is documented globally, the spectrum of depression and its inciting factors in Pakistan are unique to the local cultural and social beliefs.
 Objective: To compare the status of depression and its provoking socio-cultural factors among urban and rural females attending selected hospitals of Peshawar.
 Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted from March to May 2017 on 93 female patients attending two selected urban and rural teaching hospitals of Peshawar. Data were collected on Beck Depression Invento
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Oraon, Jayanti, and Sourav Chandra Gorain. "Investigating the Perception of University Students Towards Technology Enhanced Learning of Purulia District." Galore International Journal of Applied Sciences and Humanities 7, no. 4 (2023): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/gijash.20230402.

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The use of technology to support learning and teaching in the educational setting is referred to as technology enhanced learning. Using contemporary technology, technology enhanced learning enables learners to learn anything. This perception is shown mostly in university students. Therefore, the objective of this study is to observe the perception of P.G. level students towards technology enhanced learning. The findings show that there is no significant difference between the attitude of Male-Female, Arts-Science, Rural Male-Urban Male, Rural Female-Urban Female, Rural Male-Rural Female, Arts
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Urban Female"

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Hearne, Siobhan. "Female prostitution in urban Russia, 1900-1917." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/47901/.

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This thesis examines the social history of female urban prostitution in the final years of the Russian empire (1900-1917). During this period, the tsarist authorities legally tolerated prostitution under a system named regulation (reglemantatsiia) or the medical-police supervision of prostitution (vrachebno-politseiskii nadzor za prostitutsiei). The stated aim of regulation was to reduce levels of venereal disease, yet in practice the system functioned rather to control the movement and settlement of prostitutes by making them known to the authorities. This thesis focuses on the different grou
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Waqailiti, Benidito. "Factors Influencing Female Small Business Ownership within Regional and Urban Environments in Australia and Fiji." Thesis, Griffith University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367014.

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The importance of small businesses in contributing to growth in many national economies is widely reported. Although there is some recognition that much of this growth is attributable to the escalation in the number of female-owned enterprises, female business ownership remains markedly under-represented in many world economies. Moreover, this disparity appears more prominent when considering developed and developing country contexts. Curiously, to date, there is a paucity of research explaining the likely reasons underlying these apparent differences. This remains a significant gap in the lit
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Jerez, Carrasco Javiera. "Female subjectivity and the urban landscape in Zadie Smith's NW." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2013. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/115665.

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Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciada en Lengua y Literatura Inglesa<br>One objective of this work is uncovering how the notions of subjectivity, otherness, and the urban landscape relate to one another in the novel NW, as they are displayed in the characters’ lives and in the narrative texture of the work. The relevance of this lies on the fact that uncovering how these notions relate to one another is uncovering how women’s subjectivities often find themselves in the crisis the novel portrays. The discussion of an issue that often identifies us as women is fundamental in the
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Fuller, Larraine Freeman Fuller. "A Comparative Analysis of Female Leaders in Urban Educational Settings." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1470958027.

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Beynon, Eleanorah Louise. "Changing places, changing identities : finding one's place in contemporary Chinese urban society." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249407.

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Jackson, Lindsay May. "Male and female cardiovascular risk in an urban, black working population." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005205.

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The aim of this research project was to assess and compare cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in black males and females from an urban, working population in the Makana (Grahamstown) region of the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Two-hundred and ninety one individuals (males: n = 143, females: n = 148) with a mean age of 42.6 (±8.1) years were voluntarily recruited from the greater urban Makana (Grahamstown) area. Eight Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks were assessed: stature and mass were obtained in order to calculate body mass index (BMI) (mass/stature2). Obesity, defined as a morphological risk
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Gerstein, Rosalyn. "Interpreting the female voice : an application of art and media technology." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/15110.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1986.<br>MICROFICHE COPY AVAILBLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH.<br>Bibliography: leaves 224-227.<br>by Rosalyn Gale Gerstein.<br>Ph.D.
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Duran, Lucy. "Stars and songbirds : Mande female singers in urban music, Mali 1980-99." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340348.

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Durán, Lucy. "Stars and songbirds Mande female singers in urban music, Mali 1980-99 /." Boston Spa, U.K. : British Library Document Supply Centre, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.340348.

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Boatner, Glenda Yvonne, and Narda Judge. "Characteristics related to the overall empowerment of urban female parenting welfare recipients." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1998. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1460.

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Books on the topic "Urban Female"

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Kerrigan, Deanna. The female condom: Dynamics of use in urban Zimbabwe. Horizons, 2000.

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Punalekar, S. P. Female casual labourers in urban Gujarat: A case study. Centre for Social Studies, 1990.

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Goldberg, P. J. P. Female labour, service and marriage in the late medieval urban north. University of Leeds, School of History, 1986.

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Jones, Gavin W. The role of female migration in development. Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University, 1992.

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Hirschinger, Nancy Beth. A study of female-on-female intentional injuries in an urban community: A proposal and test of gendered theory. U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, 2002.

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Rasing, Thera. The bush burnt, the stones remain: Female initiation rites in urban Zambia. Lit, 2001.

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Institute for Development Policy Analysis and Advocacy (Dhaka, Bangladesh), ed. Levels and characteristics of female participation in work among the urban poor in Dhaka. Institute for Development Policy Analysis and Advocacy, Proshika, 1998.

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Peay, Recha G. Table for three. Urban, 2009.

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University of Dhaka. Dept. of Geography. Urban Studies Programme., ed. Female migrant's adaptation in Dhaka: A case of the processes of urban socio-economic change. Urban Studies Programme, Dept. of Geography, University of Dhaka, 1996.

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Leenothai, Sunee. The role of growth centers in migration of women: Destination choices of female migrants in Thailand. Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Urban Female"

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Olukayode, Kehinde Samuel. "The urban woman in an urban space." In Nigerian Female Dramatists. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003143833-13.

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García, Patricia. "Female Spirits of Place." In Literary Urban Studies. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83776-1_4.

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Peil, Margaret. "Urban Contacts." In Female and Male in West Africa. Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003402749-26.

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Tsz Ting Ip, Penn, Yu Zhang, and Jie Xu. "The Female Genealogies of Grassroots Families." In Feminist Explorations of Urban China. Routledge, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003442677-10.

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Islam, Md Rafiqul, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Md Nazrul Hoque, and Md Mostaured Ali Khan. "Projection of Female Urban Population in Bangladesh." In Population Change and Public Policy. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57069-9_22.

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Kietrys, Kyra A. "The Female Façade and the Façade of the Female in the Mini-Series El tiempo entre costuras (2013)." In Gender in Spanish Urban Spaces. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47325-3_13.

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Su, Yihui, and Jinjin Du. "Spatialized Emotional Labor and Female Sellers' Work in Shanghai." In Feminist Explorations of Urban China. Routledge, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003442677-9.

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Mohiuddin, Yasmeen. "Female-Headed Households and Urban Poverty in Pakistan." In Women’s Work in the World Economy. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13188-4_3.

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Sanjek, Roger. "Female and Male Domestic Cycles in Urban Africa: the Adabraka Case." In Female and Male in West Africa. Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003402749-31.

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Hasan, Syed M. "Female Entrepreneurship: Do Urban Centers Ease Out the Challenge? An Analysis for Pakistan." In The Urban Book Series. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15164-5_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Urban Female"

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Ngobeni, Karla, Nomfundo Radebe, Emmanuel Mushayikwa, and Magdeline Mmapaseka Stephen. "A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE FACTORS LIMITING FEMALE LEARNERS’ ENGAGEMENT AND PERFORMANCE IN SCIENCE EDUCATION AT SOUTH AFRICAN TOWNSHIP, RURAL, AND URBAN SCHOOLS." In 19th International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2025. https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2025.1422.

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Al-Ahmadi, H., M. Al-Sughaiyer, N. Ratrout, K. Al-Ofi, H. Muttlak, and A. Zeeshan Raza. "Self-reported attributes of traffic accident involvement by female teachers working in Saudi Arabia." In URBAN TRANSPORT 2006. WIT Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ut060421.

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Zhang, Lijuan. "Research of urban Female Fitness Status in Henan province." In 4th International Conference on Management Science, Education Technology, Arts, Social Science and Economics 2016. Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/msetasse-16.2016.116.

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Española, Raymon P. "Examining Gender and Urban/Rural School Differences in Empirically-derived Achievement Profiles." In 17th Education and Development Conference. Tomorrow People Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52987/edc.2022.006.

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ABSTRACT The present study used a person-oriented approach to examine gender differences at the level of achievement profiles and examine such differences in the context of urban and rural schools. The achievement test scores in English, math, and science of 2,408 tenth-grade students were used to derive achievement profiles through agglomerative-hierarchical and k- means clustering techniques. Four profiles were derived: 1) Low Achievers, 2) True Average Achievers, 3) High Achievers with weak math and science skills, and 4) High Achievers with strong math and science skills. Significant gende
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Zhao, Ping. "Marriage Concept of Japanese Urban Female from A Woman of Thirty." In 2014 International Conference on Education Technology and Social Science. Atlantis Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icetss-14.2014.51.

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Yu, Yifan, and Qinglai Zhang. "Using photovoice method to explore the female freshmen's place attachment to the campus." In Post-Oil City Planning for Urban Green Deals Virtual Congress. ISOCARP, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/nrkn9532.

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University campus has a profound impact on the growth and development of college students. In this study, we use Photovoice method to explore how female freshmen perceive and build up the sentimental ties with the campus. Participants (n=54; aged 18-19 years) were asked to photograph and discuss perceived positive/negative places on Tongji University campus (Shanghai). In the process of analysis, thematic and content analysis was conducted by natural language processing software, the correlation of key words were examined by Rost Content Mining. The study shows that place attachment comes from
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Rakonjac, Ivana, Ivan Rakonjac, and Jelena Marić. "Subjective feeling of safety in open public spaces during nighttime among the female population." In Urbana bezbednost i urbani razvoj, Zbornik radova sa trece naucne konferencije, Beograd, 01.07.2024. Univerzitet u Beogradu - Fakultet bezbednosti, Beograd
Univerzitet u Beogradu - Arhitektonski fakultet, Beograd, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5937/ubur24319r.

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Open public spaces, as an indispensable factor of socialization, recreation and public life, represent an important aspect of urban contexts from the point of view of social sustainability. Contemporary lifestyle has changed the open public spaces usage, shifting their focus from daytime to nighttime. Existing research indicates that the female population feels a higher level of vulnerability in open public spaces during nighttime use. In pedestrian zones, the speed of movement enables a comprehensive sensory experience of spatial features and a more articulated interpretation of the environme
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Olatokun, Wole. "Analysing Socio-Demographic Differences in Access and Use of ICTs in Nigeria Using the Capability Approach." In InSITE 2009: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3345.

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This paper presents disaggregated survey data on ICT ownership, access to public ICT facilities, capabilities and actual use of ICTs in two locations in a Nigerian municipality. The study analysed socio-demographic differences in access and use of ICTs using Sen’s capability approach. Survey research approach was adopted. The locations were a rural and an urban community. The population of the study comprised 500 respondents selected from the two locations. The two locations were intentionally selected with a view to ensuring rural versus urban data comparisons. A structured questionnaire was
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Sloka, Biruta, Ginta Tora, Lilita Seimuškāne, and Anna Angena. "Health self-evaluation: are there differences in rural and urban territories in Latvia." In Research for Rural Development 2024 : annual 30th international scientific conference. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2024. https://doi.org/10.22616/rrd.30.2024.032.

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Recent developments in politics and economy has created additional challenges for medical institutions with lack of medical personnel, transportation from rural areas to medical institutions. Very often, there is a difference between medical services in urban and rural areas. In research is often mentioned that male and female persons have different evaluations on their health situation. The aim of the paper is to prepare research based recommendations for possible steps for public administrators to support availability of medical services in urban and rural areas. Tasks of the current researc
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Turner, Maiya. ""The Fact Is That I'm Tired": Examining Teacher Burnout in Urban Black Female Educators." In 2023 AERA Annual Meeting. AERA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/2013696.

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Reports on the topic "Urban Female"

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Zanoni, Wladimir, Suzanne Duryea, and Jorge Paredes. Exploring Gender Discrimination: A Multi-Trial Field Experiment in Urban Ecuador. Inter-American Development Bank, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0013133.

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In this study, we investigate the extent and mechanisms of gender-based discrimination in urban Ecuador's hiring practices, a critical issue for understanding persistent gender disparities and informing policy. Using an artifactual field experiment with 392 recruiters evaluating observationally equivalent male and female job candidates, we uncover a significant preference for female candidates. Our results show that women were preferred by a margin of 15%, despite equivalent productivity assessments between genders. This suggests that hiring decisions are influenced by factors beyond assessed
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Nguyen, Trung Thanh, and Manh Hung Do. Female Rural–Urban Migrants and Online Marketplaces in Emerging Economies: Evidence from Thailand and Viet Nam. Asian Development Bank Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56506/ldws3997.

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Mercer, Elaine. Exploring Female-headed Households’ Sanitation Needs, Tasikmalaya. The Sanitation Learning Hub, Institute of Development Studies, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2023.015.

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Female-headed households often get left behind in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) programming and policy. This SLH Learning Paper presents findings and recommendations for action, from the participatory video research project, ‘Sanitation, health and livelihood issues for female-headed households in Tasikmalaya’. The project supported eight women in Awiluar village, Tasikmalaya, (a peri-urban community in west-Java, Indonesia), to explore the challenges they face and ideas for solution using a participatory video process. The process included activities to develop personal confidence, te
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Ramírez, Andrea, Sabrina González Barbosa, Flávia Guerra, et al. TUC Urban Lab Profile: León, Mexico. United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.53324/gmdq8194.

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After almost two years in operation, the challenges and key achievements of the TUC Urban Lab established in León, Mexico, provide valuable lessons for sustaining ongoing activities, accelerating broader transformations and guiding similar efforts elsewhere: 1. ESTABLISHING THE UL AS A NEUTRAL SPACE FOR DIALOGUE AND COLLABORATION: The UL León has become a space for constructive discussions, gradually involving multiple stakeholders and fostering collaboration, despite differing interests. However, further steps are necessary to identify and empower new leaderships for sustaining, institutional
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Busso, Matías, Paul E. Carrillo, and Juan Pablo Chauvin. Research Insights: How Do Urban Migrants Fare in Latin American Labor Markets? Inter-American Development Bank, 2025. https://doi.org/10.18235/0013399.

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Urban migrants in Latin America and the Caribbean generally perform well in destination labor markets. However, female migrants and those displaced by violence or extreme weather events tend to face worse outcomes. Recent academic literature suggests little to no average impact of urban migration on non-migrant residents labor market outcomes, though effects can vary across different workforce segments. Policymakers can maximize the economic benefits of urban migration through targeted interventions such as public employment services, child care assistance policies, and programs to regularize
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Ravindranath, Divya, Antara Rai Chowdhury, Aditi Surie, and Gautam Bhan. Effects of Social Protection for Women in Informal Work on Maternal and Child Health Outcomes: A Systematic Literature Review. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/espwiwmcho01.2021.

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The International Labour Organization estimates that, globally, approximately two billion people are employed in the informal economy. Of this, 740 million are female workers [1]. In Asia and Africa, a large proportion of non-agricultural female workforce is employed in the informal economy in urban areas. Women workers are concentrated in sectors such as domestic work, street vending, waste picking and home-based work [2,3].
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Gandelman, Néstor, and Santiago Acerenza. Household Education Spending in Latin America and the Caribbean: Evidence from Income and Expenditure Surveys. Inter-American Development Bank, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011785.

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This paper characterizes household spending in education using microdata from income and expenditure surveys for 12 Latin American and Caribbean countries and the United States. Bahamas, Chile and Mexico have the highest household spending in education while Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay have the lowest. Tertiary education is the most important form of spending, and most educational spending is performed for individuals 18-23 years old. More educated and richer household heads spend more in the education of household members. Households with both parents present and those with a female main inc
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Sánchez Torres, Fabio, and Jairo Núñez. A Dynamic Analysis of Household Decision-Making in Urban Colombia, 1976-1998: Changes in Household Structure, Human Capital and its Returns, and Female Labor Force Participation. Inter-American Development Bank, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011388.

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The objective of this paper is to examine the changes and dynamics of household structure, human capital and the returns to education, labor earnings, women's labor force participation and investment in human capital. The approach used in the analysis is the so-called "cohort technique," which consists of following across time men and women born in the same year or year spell. The main sources of information for this work are the quarterly Household Surveys beginning in 1976. With such information a database of more than 6 million observations (workers, parents, children, etc.) was constructed
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Hernández, Hugo, Gabriel Quiroz, Omar Zambrano, and Wladimir Zanoni. Measuring Labor Market Discrimination against LGTBQ+ in the Case of Ecuador: A Field Experiment. Inter-American Development Bank, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005026.

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This paper presents the findings of an artifactual field experiment conducted in urban Ecuador to investigate discrimination against LGBTQ (here restricted to individuals self-identified as gay or lesbian) job seekers in the labor market. Focusing on occupations and sectors where LGBTQ and non-LGBTQ individuals commonly apply, the study employed fictitious job applications evaluated by 394 human resource analysts. The results indicate that, on average, LGBTQ candidates did not face discrimination in terms of hiring recommendations, job fit assessments, or wage offers. However, a closer analysi
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Muhoza, Cassilde, Wikman Anna, and Rocio Diaz-Chavez. Mainstreaming gender in urban public transport: lessons from Nairobi, Kampala and Dar es Salaam. Stockholm Environment Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2021.006.

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The urban population of Africa, the fastest urbanizing continent, has increased from 19% to 39% in the past 50 years, and the number of urban dwellers is projected to reach 770 million by 2030. However, while rapid urbanization has increased mobility and created a subsequent growth in demand for public transport in cities, this has not been met by the provision of adequate and sustainable infrastructure and services. The majority of low-income residents and the urban poor still lack access to adequate transport services and rely on non-motorized and public transport, which is often informal an
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