Journal articles: 'Urban forensics'

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Gates, Kelly. "Media Evidence and Forensic Journalism." Surveillance & Society 18, no. 3 (August 19, 2020): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v18i3.14090.

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This essay engages with the question of surveillance and evidence by considering the use of media forensics in journalistic storytelling. The use of video evidence and other data derived from surveillance systems to assemble investigative news results in a documentary form of what Thomas Levin (2002) calls surveillant narration—a tendency in cinema to treat surveillance thematically while at the same time incorporating it into the structure of the narration itself. If using surveillance as the structure of journalistic narration seems like a natural fit, it is for its aesthetic effect as much as its evidentiary value. Forensic journalism is emerging as one site where media forensics becomes formalized as a product of popular consumption and sense-making, taking its place alongside forensic-themed reality television and fictional crime dramas like CSI, as much as real forensic investigations and legal proceedings.

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Myers, Jeffrey L., and Lotte Mulder. "Frontline Workers in the Backrooms of COVID-19." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 154, no. 3 (June 17, 2020): 286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqaa106.

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Abstract Objectives To review the response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in a forensics center that integrates an academic department of pathology with multiple regional county medical examiners’ offices. Methods Faculty and staff were asked to volunteer stories, data, and photographs describing their activities from March through May 2020. The information was assembled into a narrative summary. Results Increased deaths challenged capacity limits in a hospital morgue and a large urban medical examiner’s office (MEO) successfully managed by forensic teams and monitored by an institutional command center. Autopsies of suspected and proven cases of COVID-19 were performed in both facilities. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) testing of decedents was performed in a MEO serving a large urban area. Scene investigators worked directly with families to meet needs unique to a pandemic. Artful photographs of decedent’s hands and/or tattoos were offered to those unable to have in-person viewings. Pathologists and social workers were available to families of the deceased and created novel solutions to facilitate the grieving process. Conclusions Forensic pathology is important to successfully navigating emerging diseases like the COVID-19 pandemic. Direct conversations with families are common in forensic pathology and serve as a model for patient- and family-centered care.

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Hertz, Gal. "From Epistemology of Suspicion to Racial Profiling." Transfers 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 59–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2019.090205.

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Hans Gross (1847–1915), the founder of Austro-Hungarian criminology, developed an epistemology of suspicion that targeted and profiled individuals as well as social and ethnic groups based mainly on their uprootedness and displacement. The scientific practices of observation and analysis he implemented in criminal investigations were anchored in epistemological assumptions that redefined and questioned both the object of study (namely, the criminal) and the subject (the investigator). By transferring scientific ideas and methods from the natural and social science into police work and judicial processes, Gross’s study of crime merged biological and social perspectives. This meant the categories of deviancy were attached to foreignness and social difference, migration and effects of urban life. His epistemology was underlined by social Darwinism, and his forensics, far from being an objective study, advocated what is today known as racial profiling.

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Ren, Lujie, Yiyun Wang, Kimitaka Kawamura, Srinivas Bikkina, Negar Haghipour, Lukas Wacker, Chandra Mouli Pavuluri, et al. "Source forensics of n-alkanes and n-fatty acids in urban aerosols using compound specific radiocarbon/stable carbon isotopic composition." Environmental Research Letters 15, no. 7 (June 23, 2020): 074007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab8333.

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Alharbe, Mahmood Abdulghani. "Cyber Security, Forensics and Its Impact on Future Challenges in Saudi Arabia Smart Cities Case Study on the Modern, Urban Planning and Design." International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering 9, no. 2 (April 25, 2020): 2464–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30534/ijatcse/2020/235922020.

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Mahmood, Sajid, Zulkepli bin Majid, Khairulnizam bin M. Idris, and Muhammad Hamid Chaudhry. "Influence of incident angle and laser footprint on precision and level of detail in terrestrial laser scanner measurements." Geodetski vestnik 65, no. 02 (2021): 260–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15292/geodetski-vestnik.2022.01.260-281.

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Terrestrial laser scanners (TLS) are used for a variety of applications, e.g., surveying, forestry, cultural heritage preservation, mining, topographic mapping, urban planning, forensics etc. This technology has made a huge shift in 3D spatial data collection due to much faster speed compared to other techniques. In the absence of guiding principles for positioning TLS relative to an object, surveyors collect data at maximum arrangements of scanning geometry elements due to fear of incomplete data of TLS. In 3D spatial data acquisition, positional accuracy and Level of Detail (LOD) are major considerations and are dependent on laser incident angle, footprint size, range and resolution. Mathematical models have been developed relating range, incident angle and laser footprint size for different surface configurations. These models can be used to position TLS to collect data at required positional accuracy and LOD. Models have been verified by deriving one model from other surface models by changing parameters. Effects of incident angle and footprint size have been studied mathematically and experimentally on a natural sloping surface. From the results, surveyors can plan the positioning of the scanner so that data is collected at the required accuracy and LOD.

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Gabryś, Marta, and Łukasz Ortyl. "Georeferencing of Multi-Channel GPR—Accuracy and Efficiency of Mapping of Underground Utility Networks." Remote Sensing 12, no. 18 (September 11, 2020): 2945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12182945.

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Due to the capabilities of non-destructive testing of inaccessible objects, GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) is used in geology, archeology, forensics and increasingly also in engineering tasks. The wide range of applications of the GPR method has been provided by the use of advanced technological solutions by equipment manufacturers, including multi-channel units. The acquisition of data along several profiles simultaneously allows time to be saved and quasi-continuous information to be collected about the subsurface situation. One of the most important aspects of data acquisition systems, including GPR, is the appropriate methodology and accuracy of the geoposition. This publication aims to discuss the results of GPR measurements carried out using the multi-channel Leica Stream C GPR (IDS GeoRadar Srl, Pisa, Italy). The significant results of the test measurement were presented the idea of which was to determine the achievable accuracy depending on the georeferencing method using a GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) receiver, also supported by time synchronization PPS (Pulse Per Second) and a total station. Methodology optimization was also an important aspect of the discussed issue, i.e., the effect of dynamic changes in motion trajectory on the positioning accuracy of echograms and their vectorization products was also examined. The standard algorithms developed for the dedicated software were used for post-processing of the coordinates and filtration of echograms, while the vectorization was done manually. The obtained results provided the basis for the confrontation of the material collected in urban conditions with the available cartographic data in terms of the possibility of verifying the actual location of underground utilities. The urban character of the area limited the possibility of the movement of Leica Stream C due to the large size of the instrument, however, it created the opportunity for additional analyses, including the accuracy of different location variants around high-rise buildings or the agreement of the amplitude distribution at the intersection of perpendicular profiles.

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Voskresenskaya, Elena, Dmitry Mokhorov, and Alexander Tebryaev. "Ecological state of the urban environment as an object of forensic analysis within the period of introducing the judicial reform of Russia." MATEC Web of Conferences 170 (2018): 01057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817001057.

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For today, environmental protection is one of the most serious issues for the government. The urban environment is exposed to numerous negative natural and anthropogenic processes. The scientific article considers the main problems of forensic analysis of the ecological state of the urban environment. Reduction in the scope of environmental expertise caused by urban development reformation became the negative matter. The authors believe that the forensic analysis is an important legal instrument for ensuring rational environmental resources management and environmental protection from harmful impacts on urban areas. Along with rationing, licensing, certification, audit, the forensic analysis performs the function of environmental control, acting as a guarantor of compliance with legal requirements. In order to integrate new kinds (types) of forensic analysis into a unified list of kinds (types) of analysis and to regulate the existing lists, the adoption of the National Standard on Forensic Ecological Expert Analysis is demanded; however, the adoption of a unified National Standard of the Russian Federation on forensic analysis is also required.

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Stewart, Michael J., Michael Stewart, Jack J. Moar, James Mwesigwa, and Michael Kokot. "Forensic Toxicology in Urban South Africa." Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology 38, no. 4 (January 2000): 415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/clt-100100951.

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Ditton, Jason. "Hair testing: just how accurate is it?" Surveillance & Society 1, no. 1 (September 1, 2002): 86–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v1i1.3395.

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Extensive forensic examination of the hair of 209 'Ecstasy' (MDMA) users demonstrated virtually no correlation between self-reported tablet use, and traces of MDMA in the hair of users. Why should this be so? Three answers are possible, and all true. First, self-report is fallible; second, tablet strength varies enormously; and third, forensic analysis is of unknown accuracy. The first two are well known. Forensic analysis, however, typically presents itself as impeccably precise. The article demonstrates that not only is this claim spectacularly untrue, but also that validation of forensic analysis (and, thus, indirectly, self-report) lies in the very blind intra- and inter- laboratory comparisons that are never undertaken.

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Ruffell, Alastair, Duncan Pirrie, and Matthew R. Power. "Issues and opportunities in urban forensic geology." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 384, no. 1 (2013): 147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp384.19.

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Griffith, M. C., J. M. Ingham, and R. Weller. "Earthquake Reconnaissance: Forensic Engineering on an Urban Scale." Australian Journal of Structural Engineering 11, no. 1 (January 2010): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13287982.2010.11465056.

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Barone, Pier, and Rosa Di Maggio. "Forensic Investigations of Geohazards: The Norcia 2016 Earthquake." Geosciences 8, no. 9 (August 23, 2018): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8090316.

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Earthquakes represent one of the world’s most significant hazards in terms of damage to human and animal life, and property. Earthquakes also cause many other related fatalities and damage to urban structures. This paper presents the forensic investigation of failures induced by the Norcia 2016 earthquake in Italy. The detailed geophysical field investigations were carried out at selected locations in two cities: Rome and Amelia. The places of investigation were 150 km and 90 km, respectively, from the epicenter. A ground penetrating radar (GPR) survey was carried out at the sites to highlight structural failures, and included a partially damaged urban bridge, and the cracked wall of a private house. These failures have been discussed with reference to the field measurements carried out. In both cases, the GPR radargram showed clear lesions along with their geometry and location. This forensic geoscientific analysis highlights the importance of detecting structural damage immediately after a geohazard event to help plan proper interventions, efforts to prevent human losses and help law enforcement to focus their forensic investigations.

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Öğünç, Gökhan İbrahim. "The Effectiveness of Armoured Vehicles in Urban Warfare Conditions." Defence Science Journal 71, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.70.15589.

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Since the Second World War, the major armed conflicts have been occurred in or in the vicinity of the urban areas rather than rural areas, amongst conventional armies and armed groups or terrorists/insurgents. The architectural and construction characteristics of the urban area increase the opportunities for armed groups to ambush, easily escape, conceal, relocate and attack. Additionally, the narrow streets, the blocked roads by the debris of buildings, and IED threats make the urban areas one of the most dangerous conditions for infantries and armoured vehicles. The majority of present armoured combat vehicle types due to the limited visibility, low manoeuvre capability, and limited firing power, they are insufficient for performing the standalone operation without infantry forces and combat engineer support in urban warfare conditions. In this study, 13.400 data belonging to 676 attacks towards armoured vehicles during the counter-terrorism operations against PKK/PYD and ISIS in the urban areas were analysed within the perspective of forensic science techniques such as forensic ballistics and shooting reconstruction. According to the examinations and analyses carried out within the scope of this study; the leading critical features that an armoured combat vehicle that will operate in the urban areas may be listed under five general headings: Structure, Ballistic Protection and Armour, Self Defence and Weapon Systems, Situational/peripheral Awareness and C4I2 Systems and Integrated Warfare Systems.

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Langer, Sarah V., Christopher J. Kyle, Mike Illes, Scott Larkin, and David V. Beresford. "Urban and Rural Spatial Delineations in Blow Fly Species (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Across Canada: Implications for Forensic Entomology." Journal of Medical Entomology 56, no. 4 (April 10, 2019): 927–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz047.

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Abstract Blow fly (Diptera: Calliphoridae) larvae are commonly used in forensic cases to determine postmortem intervals using development rates and successional changes in community composition. Studies are conducted from different regions to provide these data. We wanted to know how widely applicable these data are. We examined whether urbanized landscapes have distinct urban blow fly communities or whether the community composition in urbanized areas is simply a variation of that found in the surrounding habitat or ecozone. Using liver baited traps, we sampled 7,272 flies from 32 sites across Canada and used mapping analysis to assess urban and rural landcover classifications, and compared urban and rural species abundance and composition. Blow fly species communities from urban areas across Canada were made up of similar species and differed from the communities found in nearby rural sites. Trapping at rural sites caught more blow flies compared with urban sites (mean flies/site 59.5 and 12.4). Of the 14 species caught, 8 were caught at urban sites, 61% of these being Cynomya cadaverina Robineau-Desvoidy, 14% Phormia regina Meigen, and 11% Lucilia sericata (Meigen). In rural sites, all 14 species were caught, 41% of specimens caught were P. regina, 21% C. cadaverina, 10% Calliphora vomitoria (Linnaeus), with only 4% L. sericata. These data suggest that regional studies are appropriate for forensic entomology applications in urban landscapes, given the similar trends across Canada, less so for wilderness or rural landscapes.

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Nunn, Samuel. "‘Wanna still nine hard?’: Exploring Mechanisms of Police Bias in the Translation and Interpretation of Wiretap Conversations." Surveillance & Society 8, no. 1 (November 16, 2009): 28–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v8i1.3472.

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Wiretaps permit police to intercept telephone conversations among targets of investigation, some of which are judged to be incriminating by those listening to the real-time conversations. How is the information intercepted from wiretaps interpreted, understood, and used? What is required to transform raw communications intercepts into evidence of probable cause? Forensic linguists have studied transcripts of intercepted conversations, focusing on the wiretap entextualization process—that is, the ways in which intercepted conversations are classified as incriminating, and converted into evidence of crimes. They hypothesize the wiretap entextualization process is prejudiced in favor of police theories of criminal actions. This paper considers forensic linguists’ police bias arguments, and offers details into mechanisms that create police predispositions to interpret conversations intercepted under a wiretap order as crimes. The analysis applies Shuy’s (2005) conversational strategies to create crime to nine conversations intercepted in a federal wiretap. Transcripts are examined by comparing conversations with their police translations. Findings suggest police bias is embedded deeply into wiretap operations, and that there are several means by which police preconceptions of crime undergird wiretap transcripts.

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Kruger, Erin. "Image and exposure: Envisioning genetics as a forensic-surveillance matrix." Surveillance & Society 11, no. 3 (December 1, 2013): 237–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v11i3.4512.

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This paper takes the ‘visual’ as the primary subject to engage in a dialogue about surveillance by drawing upon the specific case of the genetic image. Specifically, the genetic image has shifted from the ‘one gene for one identification’ model used in the criminal law to, what are now, categorical, contextual and pattern-based configurations of DNA profiling that are able to compare multiple genetic samples in a singular image. The ability to profile genetics for law and security purposes is, thus, protracting well beyond the confines of the criminal legal domain (i.e. the crime scene, forensic laboratory, courtroom) and into the realm of surveillance: national security, defense, immigration, military and even humanitarian domains. Such a notable transition in visual profiling has also been met with a synonymous reformation in the status of genetic data as it converts from evidence in the realm of criminal law to, now, intelligence in the surveillance-based contexts noted above. This visual reclassification of genetic data reorients DNA to an informing, as opposed to an identifying role. Finally, how experts, scientists, legalists and other relevant practitioners conceive and represent ‘truth’ and ‘trust’ in light of an increasingly diverse range of genetic imagery is subject for discussion.

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Souza, Eduardo Rodrigues de, José Albertino Rafael, Francisco Felipe Xavier Filho, Juliana Oliveira Da-Silva-Freitas, Janyra Oliveira-Costa, and Alexandre Ururahy-Rodrigues. "First Medicolegal Forensic Entomology Case of Central Amazon: A Suicide by Hanging with Incomplete Suspension." EntomoBrasilis 7, no. 1 (April 13, 2014): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v7i1.375.

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This report describes the first medicolegal forensic entomology case of Central Amazon. A suicide by hanging took place in a “terra firme” primary forest on an upland plateau. The postmortem interval estimation was calculated on the basis of the biology of the blow fly Hemilucilia segmentaria (Fabricius) and also on the ecological succession pattern of the silphid beetle Oxelytrum cayennense (Sturm). This is the first case where the ecological information of a beetle was used as a forensic indicator in Brazil. Preliminary studies in the urban area of the city of Manaus, state of Amazonas, and in similar habitats of primary forest in the Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, close to where the case occurred, were instrumental in helping the postmortem interval estimation. Primeiro Caso de Entomologia Médico-legal da Amazônia Central: Um Suicídio por Enforcamento com Suspensão Incompleta Resumo. Este relato descreve o primeiro caso de entomologia forense médico-legal na Amazônia Central. Um suicídio por enforcamento ocorrido em um platô de “terra firme” em floresta primária. A estimativa de intervalo pós-morte foi calculada com base na biologia da mosca varejeira Hemilucilia segmentaria (Fabricius) e também pelo padrão de sucessão ecológica do besouro silfídeo Oxelytrum cayennense (Sturm). Este é o primeiro caso onde as informações ecológicas de um besouro foram usadas como indicador forense no Brasil. Estudos preliminares realizados em área urbana na cidade de Manaus e em hábitat semelhante em floresta primária, na Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, próximo do local onde o caso ocorreu, foram fundamentais para ajudar para a estimativa do intervalo pós-morte.

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Geller, B. "Current Methods Used by the Forensic Science Service of the Israel Police for Processing Human Prints at the Scenes of Serious Crime." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science 12, no. 3 (September 30, 2017): 119–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2017-12-3-119-121.

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The paper presents an overview of the work typically performed at the crime scene by specialists of the Forensic Science Service of the Israel Police. It describes the standard crime scene algorithm and modern methods of shoeprint, fingerprint, and bare footprint detection using the example of a hypothetical generic crime — the murder of a urban apartment owner in the course of a burglary.

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Cooke, Thomas N. "Review of Weizman's Forensic Architecture: Violence at the Threshold of Detectability." Surveillance & Society 17, no. 3/4 (September 7, 2019): 577–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v17i3/4.13185.

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Campbell, Rebecca, Jessica Shaw, and Giannina Fehler–Cabral. "Shelving Justice: The Discovery of Thousands of Untested Rape Kits in Detroit." City & Community 14, no. 2 (June 2015): 151–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12108.

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In August 2009, approximately 11,000 sexual assault kits (SAKs; “rape kits”) were found in a Detroit police department storage facility, the vast majority of which had never been tested for DNA evidence. To address this problem, a multidisciplinary action research project was formed to bring together researchers and practitioners from law enforcement, prosecution, forensic sciences, medicine/nursing, and victim advocacy to develop evidence–based response strategies. In this paper, we will draw upon qualitative interviews with Detroit stakeholders, archival records, and ethnographic observations to examine the events surrounding the discovery of the rape kits and why police personnel did not view the accumulation of so many untested SAKs as a problem. Over the course of this three–year action research project, Detroit stakeholders worked together to enact local– and state–level reforms to test these kits and to prevent this problem from happening again.

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Marinozzi, Silvia, Marco Cilione, and Valentina Gazzaniga. "G. B. Morgagni Among Human Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Mummiology. The Beatification of Gregorio Barbarigo of Padua." Acta medico-historica Adriatica 18, no. 1 (2020): 27–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31952/amha.18.1.2.

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The article is the first step of a research project aimed at investigating new perspectives and aspects of Morgagni’s role and work. His activities as a medical examiner and forensic doctor are yet to be truly discovered. Manuscripts, written by Morgagni when he was a forensic expert for the Health Magistrate of Venice, currently preserved at the City Library in Forlì (Italy), shed light on a new aspect of his cultural background. As a forensic doctor, he also helped push an increase in “social medicine” in Italy, when physicians began to collaborate with the administrative and political institutions in order to plan environmental and urban regulations to control air quality. While reading his reports, his contribution to the primordial medical Hygiene and Public Health emerges. Among his reports, the authors focused on the one concerning the Beatification of Gregorio Barbarigo, which clearly highlights his pathological approach, as well as his knowledge and application of embalming systems and mummiology. Moreover, this report could be considered as an issue in the history of paleopathology.

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Trindade-Santos, Matheus E., Ramon L. Ramos, Fernanda M. Pamponet, Daniele S. Lopes, and Favízia F. De Oliveira. "Rapid assessment of the knowledge about Coleoptera (Arthropoda: Insecta) of forensic importance in an urban fragment of the Atlantic Forest in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil." Entomological Communications 3 (June 28, 2021): ec03019. http://dx.doi.org/10.37486/2675-1305.ec03019.

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Forensic Entomology can be defined as an area of Biological Sciences that uses the knowledge about insects and other Arthropods in criminal investigations, since decomposing corpses are sources of resources for arthropods, including insects belonging to the Coleoptera order. The objective of this work was to carry out a rapid assessment inventory of beetles of forensic importance in an urban fragment of the Atlantic Forest (Parque Metropolitano de Pituaçu) located in the city of Salvador, State of Bahia, Brazil. We conducted a collection in the dry period (January 2013) and another collection in the rainy period (July 2013). The capture of coleopterans took place through the use of “Pitfall” traps, stocked with a mixed bait (chicken gizzard and sardines). A total of 239 were collected, distributed in three families: Scarabaeidae (96.1%), Staphylinidae (3.0%) and Histeridae (0.9%). The morphospecies Dicothomius sp. 1 (Scarabaeidae), was more abundant with 94.1% of the specimens sampled. The dry period was more representative for both richness and abundance. All species/morphospecies sampled already have previous records as belonging to forensic importance according to previous studies.

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O’Neill, Conor, Alan Kelly, Hamish Sinclai, and Harry Kennedy. "Deprivation: different implications for forensic psychiatric need in urban and rural areas." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 40, no. 7 (July 2005): 551–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-005-0919-9.

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Caritat, Patrice, Brenda Woods, Timothy Simpson, Christopher Nichols, Lissy Hoogenboom, Adriana Ilheo, Michael G. Aberle, and Jurian Hoogewerff. "Forensic soil provenancing in an urban/suburban setting: A sequential multivariate approach." Journal of Forensic Sciences 66, no. 5 (May 6, 2021): 1679–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.14727.

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Revunov, A. A. "Regulatory Framework of the Conduct of Forensic Construction Examination." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science 15, no. 4 (December 27, 2020): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2020-4-32-39.

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This article addresses the pressing issue of reforming the system of regulation for construction activities. The author analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the existing opposing points of view: preserving the existing “rigid” system on the one hand, or its abolition – the transition to the “flexible” method of calculation justification of design decisions, on the other. The choice in favor of the second option will cause large-scale changes in the construction sector, hence – forensic construction activities. Such changes will undermine the entire forensic expertise institution because it will become impossible to comply with the basic principles of an expert’s work - scientific validity and reliability of conclusions. The author concludes that the current regulating system does not work not because of its shortcomings but for some other reasons: negligence in construction work conduct, non-compliance with the construction technology, lack of design documentation, and others. In order to improve the current situation concerning the regulation of forensic construction and technical examinations, the following measures have been proposed: revision and improvement of their methodological, theoretical, and legal foundations, in-depth analysis of the content of urban planning legislation from the point of view of requirements mandatory for application by a forensic expertbuilder, specifying the limits of an expert’s competence, the formation of unified algorithms and forms of presenting research, the development of sub-theories on the legal and organizational support of the nonstate forensic activity, the active involvement of research institutions and higher educational institutions in the conduct of expert examinations.

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Page, Ruairi, Fiona Hynes, and James Reed. "Distance is not a barrier: the use of videoconferencing to develop a community of practice." Journal of Mental Health Training, Education and Practice 14, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmhtep-10-2016-0052.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe the use of videoconferencing to deliver a post-graduate education programme in forensic mental services by video-conference across three sites in a large urban centre and develop a forensic community of practice. Design/methodology/approach This paper describes the setting up of the programme, equipment used, the challenges and evaluation of a teaching programme delivered using technology-enhanced education. Findings This forward thinking mechanism of delivery of education has propelled multi-disciplinary and multi-site discussion with the formation of a community of practice. Research limitations/implications Additional skills are demanded of clinicians including familiarisation with the equipment and an awareness of the restrictions in communication using videoconferencing. Practical implications The use of technology has facilitated delivery of a learning programme within our services. Practical benefits are readily evident with increased accessibility, cost and travel savings. Social implications The greatest benefit has been the development of a virtual community allowing peer support, an extended peer review and network development. Originality/value The paper describes use of technology to support delivery of a post-graduate forensic mental health training programme.

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O'Sullivan, Gwen, Byong-Jun Min, Jay M. Bilyk, Rick Ciezki, Rey Calosing, and Court D. Sandau. "Forensic Geo-Gas Investigation of Methane: Characterization of Sources within an Urban Setting." Environmental Forensics 11, no. 1-2 (March 19, 2010): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15275920903558737.

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Babcock, Nicholas J., Jennifer L. Pechal, and M. Eric Benbow. "Adult Blow Fly (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Community Structure Across Urban–Rural Landscapes in Michigan, United States." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 3 (December 27, 2019): 705–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz246.

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Abstract Necrophagous insects play an important role in the decomposition of vertebrate carrion. The documented colonization, development, and succession of blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and other arthropods on decomposing carcasses make their communities relevant for use in decomposition ecology and forensic investigations. This relevance relies on the local pool of species available to colonize a carcass, but such community level survey data are not always available. The objective of this research was to conduct a baseline survey of adult Calliphoridae communities from urban–rural land use types in the Great Lakes region. To test how adult blow fly distribution varies with changing landscape in Mid-Michigan, sampling with baited jars and hanging traps was implemented over the summer months of June, July, and August 2017. To determine how blow fly communities differed in urban to rural land cover, seven cities were selected with site locations ranging from high intensity developed areas to cultivated crop fields. Over 97,000 individual flies were captured represented by 11 Calliphoridae species. The adult Calliphoridae communities were primarily structured by land use type and month of collection, with these two factors interacting, suggesting that the effect of location varied by time of year. The two most abundant species, Phormia regina (Meigen) and Lucilia sericata (Meigen), cumulatively comprised 88.5% adult flies from Mid-Michigan. These findings provide a baseline database of Great Lakes Calliphoridae, with potential use in forensic research and casework.

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Antovic, Aleksandra, and Jovan Stojanovic. "Medicolegal characteristics of domestic violence." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 145, no. 5-6 (2017): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh160217025a.

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Introduction/Objective. Domestic violence is a phenomenon as old as the history of human civilization, present in all cultures, epochs and social systems. Despite the fact that domestic violence represents a dangerous and unacceptable social phenomenon, as well as a significant medical problem, there are still no precise data on the prevalence of this phenomenon in our country. This study aims to determine the elementary forensic characteristics of domestic violence that would represented the basis for future medical research in this field. Methods. A total of 4,593 records of forensic autopsy (n = 3,120) and clinical forensic medical examinations (n = 1,473) were analyzed in the 1996?2005 period in order to determine the cases of domestic violence. Results. The analysis encompassed 300 cases (6.5%) of clinically examined (n = 211; 70.3%) and autopsied (n = 89; 29.7%) victims of domestic violence. A statistically significant increase in domestic violence cases (?2 = 12.74; p = 0.00036) was determined in the observed period. The victims were mostly females (78%), with the mean age of 45.8 years (min = 0.3; max = 85; SD = 17.7), married (45%), with personal income (74.4%), and urban residence (66.3%). The majority of abusers were males (89.3%). Intimate partner violence was present in 58.3% of the cases. Physical abuse was the most common form of violence (97.7%), while sexual violence (2.3%) and child abuse (4.3%) were rarely recorded. Conclusion. The results of this research indicate that forensic medicine can be of great help in designing appropriate standards for conducting clinical medical examination, preventive programs, and strategies in fighting domestic violence.

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Pieri, Elisa. "Emergent Policing Practices: Urban space securitisation in the aftermath of the Manchester 2011 riots." Surveillance & Society 12, no. 1 (November 21, 2013): 38–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v12i1.4629.

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This paper looks at the emergent policing practices deployed in the immediate aftermath of the recent UK riots in Manchester in August 2011. The paper critically discusses the police’s own use of social media for identification and apprehension of suspects, and in proactive policing. It problematises the increased police reliance on a set of technologies, databases and networked analytics – from CCTV and forensic DNA technologies to Automatic Number Plate Recognition systems used to deploy real time urban exclusion zones. The paper highlights some of the key complexities and ambiguities generated by the integration of such technologies and practices, and reflects on the resulting embedding of specific constructions of suspicion and riskiness in the investigation and prevention of crime and disorder

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Krasmann, Susanne, and Sylvia Kuehne. "‘My fingerprint on Osama’s cup.’ On objectivity and the role of the fictive regarding the acceptance of a biometric technology." Surveillance & Society 12, no. 1 (November 21, 2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v12i1.4718.

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In inquiring about the social acceptance of the digital fingerprint during our research, we discovered the crucial role the fictive plays in our interviewees’ experiencing and assessment of control and security technology. Social acceptance is thus a heterogeneous phenomenon, not only because it depends on the situational features of dealing with the technology, but also, notably, because facts and fiction intermingle, sometimes indistinctly, within the discourses on surveillance and security. Mistrust in the technology tends to feed on fictive imageries, while at the same time resting on an unwavering belief in the objectivity of fingerprint data, presumably a clearly decipherable and reliable form of forensic proof. Against this backdrop, the article seeks to investigate the fictive’s critical role in countering security technologies.

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Haines, Alina, Andrew Brown, Rhiannah McCabe, Michelle Rogerson, and Richard Whittington. "Factors impacting perceived safety among staff working on mental health wards." BJPsych Open 3, no. 5 (September 2017): 204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjpo.bp.117.005280.

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BackgroundSafety at work is a core issue for mental health staff working on in-patient units. At present, there is a limited theoretical base regarding which factors may affect staff perceptions of safety.AimsThis study attempted to identify which factors affect perceived staff safety working on in-patient mental health wards.MethodA cross-sectional design was employed across 101 forensic and non-forensic mental health wards, over seven National Health Service trusts nationally. Measures included an online staff survey, Ward Features Checklist and recorded incident data. Data were analysed using categorical principal components analysis and ordinal regression.ResultsPerceptions of staff safety were increased by ward brightness, higher number of patient beds, lower staff to patient ratios, less dayroom space and more urban views.ConclusionsThe findings from this study do not represent common-sense assumptions. Results are discussed in the context of the literature and may have implications for current initiatives aimed at managing in-patient violence and aggression.

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AVAKAME, EDEM F. "Urban Homicide." Homicide Studies 1, no. 4 (November 1997): 338–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088767997001004003.

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RAMOS-PASTRANA, Yardany, and Marta WOLFF. "Postmortem interval estimation based on Chrysomya albiceps (Diptera, Calliphoridae) in a forensic case in the Andean Amazon, Caquetá, Colombia." Acta Amazonica 47, no. 4 (December 2017): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201700392.

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ABSTRACT This is the first application of forensic entomology in a case involving a human corpse found in the urban area of the Municipality of Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia, in the Piedemont of the Colombian Amazon. Three days after removing the body from the scene, pupae and puparia were collected and identified as Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819) (Diptera, Calliphoridae). The postmortem interval was estimated on the basis of previously published data and verified through accumulated degree hours (ADH) and intrapuparial development. The estimated minimum postmortem interval was of 229 hours (9.5 days).

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Humadi, Basheer F., Ghada K. Adeeb, and Ali H. Alamery. "Psychiatric and Socio Demographical Profile of Substance Abuse Offenders, In Al-Rashad Training Hospital, Forensic Department, Iraq." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL QUALITY ASSURANCE 10, no. 04 (December 21, 2019): 725–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.10.4.30.

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Background: Substance use disorder and mental illness are a major burden within the criminal justice system and within the general health services. It is difficult to study this relationship outside of prisoners’ populations, as both mental disorders and severe drug dependence are risk factors for violent actions and crimes. Aim: To detect the substance abuse offenders and assess the psychiatric illnesses among them and to study the socio-demographical characteristic of the selected sample. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in AL Rashad Hospital, Forensic Department in Baghdad. It is a descriptive retrospective study. Case files of (40) offenders with different charges concerning substance crimes, examined by the forensic committee in 2017 were studied. Comprehensive data were collected and analyzed by the SPSS 23. Results: The study showed that offenders with SUD mainly of the young age groups (20-29) and (30-39) were married with unstable financial resources, illiterate, and related to urban regions. The personality disorder had significant comorbidity with SUD, the use of the CNS stimulant group and multiple substance abuse was the bulk of the problem. The past psychiatric history was positive 75% of the sample, while the forensic psychiatric history was positive in 25% only. Najaf, Baghdad, and Basra were the most affected governorates. Conclusions: The result of this study doesn’t represent the SUD problem in Iraq; the problem may be bigger than this, and substance abuse-related crimes are increasing rapidly. The study only describes some of the psychiatric and socio-demographical characteristics of substance abuse offenders who were sent by the court for diagnosing and assessing the culpability by the Forensic committee.

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Hartnagel, Timothy F., and G. Won Lee. "Urban crime in Canada." Canadian Journal of Criminology 32, no. 4 (October 1990): 591–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjcrim.32.4.591.

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Khare, Parul, Shaleen Chandra, Vineet Raj, Poonam Verma, G. Subha, and Abhishek Khare. "Status of forensic odontology in metro and in tier 2 city in urban India." Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences 5, no. 2 (2013): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0975-1475.119783.

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Silva, S. R., P. B. Ging, R. W. Lee, J. C. Ebbert, A. J. Tesoriero, and E. L. Inkpen. "Forensic Applications of Nitrogen and Oxygen Isotopes in Tracing Nitrate Sources in Urban Environments." Environmental Forensics 3, no. 2 (January 1, 2002): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/enfo.2002.0086.

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Michalski, Marek, and Jerzy Nadolski. "Thermal conditions in selected urban and semi-natural habitats, important for the forensic entomology." Forensic Science International 287 (June 2018): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.03.042.

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Nikolic, Ruzica, Natasa Radosavljevic-Stevanovic, Tatjana Andjelkovic, Maja Stankovic, and Nenad Krstic. "The migration of some biometal ions in the system mineral tissue of teeth-soil and teeth-water mediums." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 79, no. 11 (2014): 1395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc140207058n.

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The paper outlines the changes in the mineral tissue of teeth which was exposed to the influence of natural mediums agents. Also, mineral tissue can be used as potentially important forensic material which is gradually altered under the influence of external mediums. Biometal content was determined by using ICP-OES technique. According to the quantitative changes of biometals in teeth tissue after its exposure to different mediums, the migration of ions Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ in the teeth-soil and teeth-water mediums was observed. The Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions content in mineral tissue increased, but the Cu2+ ion content decreased. The Fe2+ and Zn2+ ions migration depends on the content and type of the soil mediums and differs for clay soil, limestone enriched soil and urban area soil. The occurred changes in the teeth mineral matrix were detected by SEM-EDS technique. The intensity of the biometal content and the mineral matrix changes are a potentially significant subject matter for forensic examination, because they indicate the kind of medium in which this material was kept.

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Guebelin, Dominic L. C., Akos Dobay, Lars Ebert, Eva Betschart, Michael J. Thali, and Sabine Franckenberg. "Correlation of age, sex and season with the state of human decomposition as quantified by postmortem computed tomography." Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology 17, no. 2 (February 15, 2021): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12024-021-00356-2.

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AbstractDead bodies exhibit a variable range of changes with advancing decomposition. To quantify intracorporeal gas, the radiological alteration index (RAI) has been implemented in the assessment of postmortem whole-body computed tomography. We used this RAI as a proxy for the state of decomposition. This study aimed to (I) investigate the correlation between the state of decomposition and the season in which the body was discovered; and (II) evaluate the correlations between sociodemographic factors (age, sex) and the state of decomposition, by using the RAI as a proxy for the extent of decomposition. In a retrospective study, we analyzed demographic data from all autopsy reports from the Institute of Forensic Medicine of Zurich between January 2017 to July 2019 and evaluated the radiological alteration index from postmortem whole-body computed tomography for each case. The bodies of older males showed the highest RAI. Seasonal effects had no significant influence on the RAI in our urban study population with bodies mostly being discovered indoors. Autopsy reports contain valuable data that allow interpretation for reasons beyond forensic purposes, such as sociopolitical observations.

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Bock, Mary. "Looking Up, Talking Back: Voice and Visibility as a Digital Human Right." Surveillance & Society 18, no. 3 (August 19, 2020): 409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v18i3.14088.

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This essay draws from capabilities theory to argue that visual literacy, which combines technical skills, knowledge, and ethics, is an essential human capability in the digital age. It builds on the idea of democratic voice to posit that individuals need to control the way they are seen and to visually account for their lives in order to achieve a balanced system of “veillance.” Human beings are surveilled at unprecedented rates in the digital age. In conversation with Gates, who describes the way forensic specialists are learning to mine visual archives to craft coherent crime-solving narratives; Ristovska, who points out that court officials remain overly wedded to logocentric logic; and Spiesel, who reminds us of the dangers of naive realism, this essay focuses on the right of those who are watched to craft their own sousveillance while also understanding the power, limits, and ethical implications of visual communication.

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Finn, Jonathan. "Review of Hasian, Jr.’s Forensic Rhetorics and Satellite Surveillance: The Visualization of War Crimes and Human Rights Violations." Surveillance & Society 15, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 172–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v15i1.6440.

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Silva, Richard Cordeiro da, and Wellington Emanuel dos Santos. "Fauna de Coleoptera Associada a Carcaças de Coelhos Expostas em uma Área Urbana no Sul do Brasil." EntomoBrasilis 5, no. 3 (November 19, 2012): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v5i3.245.

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Estudo da fauna de Coleoptera associada a carcaças de coelhos, Oryctolagus cuniculus Linnaeus (Lagomorpha, Leporidae), durante o verão de 2010 e o inverno de 2011, em uma área urbana do norte do Paraná, sul do Brasil, é apresentado. Para captura dos coleópteros foram utilizadas armadilhas do tipo bandeja, pitfall e Shannon modificada. Foram coletados 236 coleópteros pertencentes a 12 famílias e pelo menos 25 espécies. Staphylinidae (52,5%) e Histeridae (26,7%) foram as famílias mais abundantes em ambas as estações, representadas principalmente por Aleochara bonariensis Lynch e Euspilotus “grupo” azureus sp., respectivamente. Entre as estações, tanto a decomposição das carcaças quanto a sucessão da coleopterofauna de interesse forense ocorreram de forma distinta, devido à variação expressiva dos fatores abióticos. Durante o inverno, a maioria dos indivíduos de Euspilotus "grupo" azureus sp. (96,8%) foi capturada no estágio de Putrefação Escura, revelando uma associação a esse estágio. Apesar da sazonalidade do ambiente, não houve diferença significativa da abundância dos coleópteros mais coletados, nem da coleopterofauna em geral, entre as estações. Coleoptera Fauna Associated with Rabbit Carcasses Exposed in an Urban Area in Southern Brazil Abstract. Study of Coleoptera fauna associated with rabbit carcasses, Oryctolagus cuniculus Linnaeus (Lagomorpha, Leporidae), during the summer of 2010 and winter of 2011, is present at an urban area of Northern Paraná State, Southern Brazil. To capture the beetles were used pan, pitfall and modified Shannon traps. We collected 236 beetles belonging to 12 families and at least 25 species. Staphylinidae (52.5%) and Histeridae (26.7%) were the most abundant families in both seasons represented mainly by Aleochara bonariensis Lynch and Euspilotus "group" azureus sp., respectively. Among the seasons, both the decomposition of the carcasses and the succession of coleopterofauna of forensic interest occurred differently due to significant variation of abiotic factors. During the winter, most individuals of Euspilotus "group" azureus sp. (96.8%) was captured at the stage of Black Putrefaction, showing an association at this stage. Despite the environment seasonality, there wasn’t significant difference of the abundance among seasons by main beetles neither by coleopterofauna.

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Lavitski, Anton A. "The Notion of Threat in Linguistic and Legal Expert Understanding and in Belarusians’ Naïve Linguistic Picture of the World." Current Issues in Philology and Pedagogical Linguistics, no. 4(2020) (December 25, 2020): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/2079-6021-2020-4-52-61.

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In our research we perform a comparative analysis of the category of threat in the scientific and naïve pictures of the world. In the former case we treat threat as an object of research in modern linguistic text evaluation, in the latter – as a concept reflected in the naïve language consciousness. The analysis is based on the characteristics of the parametric forensic linguistic model of threat as defined in article 186 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Belarus, namely offences committed verbally, and on the survey data collected from individuals residing in Vitebsk Region (100 respondents). The methodological basis of our study comprises methods of parameterization, a survey, the comparative method as well as statistical tools for preparing and processing the resultant survey information. As a result, the research provides a detailed description of identification parameters of threat as they are defined by the Belarusian national legislation: 1) type of offensive action; 2) subjectivity of action; 3) targetness; 4) temporal markedness. The attempt to construct a parametric model of threat as a phenomenon of everyday language consciousness is based on the results gathered from the survey conducted on residents of Vitebsk Region (60 female respondents: 40 – urban residents, 20 – rural residents; 40 – male respondents: 30 – urban residents, 10 – rural residents). The comparative analysis shows that there is a noticeable gap between the scientific and naïve perceptions of threat. Unlike the forensic linguistic model of threat, its perception by Belarusian individuals does not have identifiable features for markedness and is recognized at the intuitive level; the parameter that the naïve picture of the world regards as important is a harmful action. It also appears worthwhile to note that though there are no gender or age peculiarities in everyday perception of threat as an illegal action, it features distinct local specificity.

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FAGAN, JEFFREY, ELIZABETH PIPER, and MELINDA MOORE. "VIOLENT DELINQUENTS AND URBAN YOUTHS*." Criminology 24, no. 3 (August 1986): 439–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1986.tb00385.x.

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Barnett, Arnold, and Elliot Schw�rtz. "Urban homicide: Still the same." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 5, no. 1 (March 1989): 83–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01066262.

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Byard, Roger W. "A forensic evaluation of plague – a re-emerging infectious disease with biowarfare potential." Medicine, Science and the Law 60, no. 3 (March 19, 2020): 200–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025802420908483.

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Plague is an acute infectious disease caused by the gram-negative cocco-bacillus Yersinia pestis. It has been responsible for 200 million deaths throughout history with three major pandemics. There are three forms: bubonic, septicaemic and pneumonic, each carrying a significant mortality rate. The usual transmission is from fleas carried by rodents. Recently, it has been listed as one of the reemerging infectious diseases globally, with a potential use in bioterrorism. At autopsy there may be lymphadenopathy, fulminant pneumonia or diffuse interstitial pneumonitis. However any organ may be affected with myocarditis, meningitis, pharyngitis and hepatic and splenic necrosis. The lethality of plague with the resurgence in numbers of cases, development of antibiotic resistance, recent occurrence in urban areas and the lack of a vaccine make it a disease not to be missed in the mortuary.

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Turki, M., N. Charfi, M. Maalej Bouali, J. Ben Thabet, N. Zouari, L. Zouari, and M. Maalej. "Forensic psychiatric expertise of patients with anti-social personality." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.909.

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IntroductionEpidemiological studies in the general population confirm the indisputable link between criminological dangerousness and mental disorders especially anti-social personality, which increase clearly the prevalence of violent behavior.AimTo dress socio-demographic, clinical and medico-legal profile of offenders, with anti-social personality, in forensic psychiatric examination.MethodsIt was a retrospective study of a series of 195 patients with antisocial personality (DSM-IV). They were examined, during the period, from 2009 to 2013, on the occasion of a penal expertise in the department of psychiatry C in the Hedi Chaker university hospital, Sfax, Tunisia.ResultsThe mean age of patients at the offense moment, was 29.58 years, with a sex ratio of 26.85. Among them, 66.2% were single, 49.2% had a primary school level and 41% had no profession. Between the patients, 58.5% lived in urban area and 38.5% in a high crime area. Addictive behaviors were reported in 80% of cases. Self-injury behaviors were noted in 33.8% of offenders. Psychiatric histories were reported in 66.2%, and 25.6% of patients have been already hospitalized in psychiatry department. 64.1% had already committed forensic acts, and 36% had been imprisoned at least once. The current offense was: homicide 16.9%; sexual offense 9.2%; violence 18.5%; theft 30.2%. The offense was related to impulsivity (40%) or utilitarian purpose (39%).ConclusionA young single man with no profession, a limited educational attainment and a history of impulsive behaviors, such is the profile most frequently encountered among offenders with anti-social personality. Interventions for reducing forensic behavior should focus on those social and clinical characteristics.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Urban forensics'

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