Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Urban green network'

The footprint of urban streets have become conflict zones of interests; ranging from efficient automobile infrastructure, building restriction lines, economical interests, shy efforts to introduce nature, services, etc. How can we, as urban designers, retrieve a portion of this footprint to nature by taking advantage of the existing public parking areas and create a network of streets that speaks to the larger park network? Can a neighborhood like Adams Morgan serve as an example for a collaborative design between private and public interests to enhance the potential of blue-green infrastructure?
Master of Science

Spatial and temporal patterns of urban vegetation have been widely studied since the mid-twentieth century, but these studies have focused mainly on northern hemisphere countries, and little research has been conducted in developing countries. Urban vegetation is characterized by the presence of species that are adapted to the particular environmental conditions of cities, and a high diversity of exotic species. This occurs due to a combination of factors: on one hand, it is possible to find wild vegetation (weeds) on abandoned lands or those with little intervention, as well as on walls and buildings. On the other hand, there is also an enormous variety of ornamental and mainly exotic species, which have been cultivated by humans. The processes of species selection performed individually or collectively are a major determinant of the diversity of urban vegetation and flora. Individual decisions relate to private spaces such as residential gardens whose owners manage the vegetation according to their preferences and interests. Collective decisions relate to public spaces, which, by their nature, are subject to the action of multiple stakeholders. At the collective level, decision-making occurs in the context of processes involving local governments, other state agencies, NGOs and various interest groups present in the city. Each of these actors has its own vision on the role of urban vegetation, their preferences and criteria for the selection and management. This study aims to investigate the processes of decision-making responsible for the current composition of the vegetation in public spaces of the Metropolitan Area of Santiago (MAS). Through this research is expected to identify the criteria for the selection of species to be planted in public spaces, the reasons that explain the predominance of certain species, and the difference between parks managed by different public agencies in MAS. The research assumes that the various public and private actors involved in the planting and management of vegetation in public spaces, act guided by criteria and preferences that are finally expressed in the observed patterns of urban vegetation. For this purpose, the conceptual framework of governance is used, understood as the process of decision-making concerning public affairs, which involves multiple agents or interests including government agencies, non-governmental organizations and civil society groups. The overarching objectives of this Thesis are: a) To contribute to the knowledge of interactions between governance system and urban vegetation patterns in metropolitan areas of developing countries, recognizing both social and environmental processes interacting. b) Contribute to urban planning and policies by generating knowledge relevant to decision- making regarding urban vegetation. A robust knowledge of the factors defining the composition and structure of urban vegetation is essential to design effective policies for increasing vegetation cover, with consequent environmental and social benefits.

Urban areas are facing huge environmental challenges due to an increase in the population from 50% to 70% until 2050. The European Commission promotes the European Green Capital Award to give European cities motivation to facilitate a change towards urban sustainable development in medium-sized cities, where the city Umeå in north Sweden is applying for the third time. The aim of this study is to see whether the award is a useful tool for the environmental work in Umeå and if there are controversies among the stakeholders of the city. Interviews have been conducted where interviewees from several areas, both pro and against the award, have been interviewed. It is shown that the award has several impacts where most of them are beneficial for the environmental work in the city, such as structuring the environmental work. The main challenge with the award is a communication failure between the project group and other stakeholders of the city. The conclusion is that the award in itself seem to be good for the environmental work in Umeå but that the communication between the project group and the citizens needs to be improved.

With accelerating urbanization it is crucial to understand how urban ecosystems play a part in generating ecosystem services for urban dwellers, such as clean water, spaces for recreation, stress relief and improved air quality. An equally important question relate to who gets to enjoy these benefits, i.e. the distribution of ecosystem services, and how issues of power and equity influence the management of ecosystems. Through case studies from the urban landscape of Stockholm, this doctoral thesis engages with these perspectives through combining ecological theory with social theory, including social network analysis, actor-network theory and social movement theory. Strategies for how to improve urban ecosystem management are presented along with frameworks for how to analyze issues of power and equity in relation to natural resource management. Paper I shows that ecosystem management can be studied through analyzing the structure of social networks, i.e. the patterns of relations between agencies, stake-holders and user groups. Paper II and Paper III analyze, based on a network survey of 62 civil society organizations and in-depth interviews, a transformational process of how an urban local movement managed to protect a large urban green area from exploitation (The Stockholm National Urban Park). Paper IV discusses, based on several case studies from Stockholm, a conducive network structure for linking managers and user groups (e.g. allotment gardens, cemetery managers, and urban planners) across spatial ecological scales so as to improve urban green area management. Paper V presents a framework to analyze the social-ecological dynamics behind the generation and distribution of ecosystem services in urban landscapes. The thesis points towards the notion of "a social production of ecosystem services" and argues for deeper engagement with urban political ecology and critical geography to inform governance and collective action in relation to urban ecosystems.

The decision to live in a particular place, accept a job at a distant location, where to go shopping or purchase groceries, and many other similar decisions are all largely influenced by the availability of transportation. As such, it is important that everyone who requires transportation can have access. However, certain population segments, such as low income earners, are less likely to own cars due to the cost involved. There are others who may be impaired physically or have other difficulties that may prevent them from driving. Access to transportation is essential for people of all backgrounds and social statuses. Public transportation is therefore put in place by some cities to enhance the mobility and accessibility of commuters. This study assesses the services of the GO bg public transit service in Bowling Green, Kentucky, to determine how well its services meet the transportation needs of some population sub-groups in the city. A number of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques, including service area analysis, intersect, areal proportion, and demand mapping, were employed in assessing the existing transit routes and stops, and the extent to which certain demographic groups, such as African Americans, Hispanics, seniors aged 65 and older, and low-income households, were served. The study also used spatial proximity to determine accessibility options from transit stops for transit riders. In this study, accessibility was determined based on the available destinations of some basic consumer necessities in the study area such as health, education, shopping, and recreation. The results of this study suggest that the GO bg transit service on the whole has a reasonable level of coverage, particularly within five-minute and seven-minute walking distances. It also provides acceptable accessibility to major activity centers such as health centers, higher educational institutions, grocery stores, and other places of basic needs, and most of these centers are within five-minute walking distance from the current bus stops. Findings from this study should help the management of public transit services in the study area and improve the provision of transit services to meet the transportation needs of vulnerable members of the community, such as transit dependent individuals. In addition, it could also contribute to the rather limited literature on studies of public transportation in small U.S. cities.

Climate change driven by anthropogenic activities is leading to atmospheric warming. In tandem rapid urbanization and densification of cities is exacerbating the urban heat island effect. A phenomenon where surface and air temperatures in urban areas is higher than that of adjacent rural areas, despite these locations experienced the same weather conditions. Urban heat islands are driven by 1. an inability to dissipate solar energy through the absorbance of incoming radiation, and the slow re-radiation of infra-red energy from hard surfaces (brick, concrete, tarmac etc.) and 2. the release of heat energy from anthropogenic activities (machinery, building heating or cooling systems, computers, vehicle engines and emissions). Although urban heat islands are understood at a city and neighbourhood level, information is still limited at a more local scale. This research aimed to partially address this by providing a better understanding of thermal behaviour around roadways, in a northern temperate-climate city, i.e. Sheffield. Specifically, the research aimed to understand how roadside structure and features influenced the local thermal properties of the roadways. Empirical experiments using high replication rates were employed to determine the influence of road location, the presence of infrastructure (buildings, trees etc.), sunlight angle and vehicle flow on local microclimates. The data confirmed previous findings that green infrastructure especially trees, but also hedges and grass provided a significant local surface cooling effect (up to 4-5oC). In contrast, hard surfaces such as offices and houses promoted higher temperatures. Temperature gradients between green and grey infrastructure were noted at an intimate scale (e.g. across roadways), but also across neighbourhoods (e.g. moving from a park towards highly dense build housing). The local cooling effect of trees on pavements and roadways was clearly demonstrated using the transactional road profile methodology. Trees at either side of the road providing a more uniform cooling affect across a roadway, than trees just at one side or the other. Higher numbers of vehicles significantly enhanced road surface temperatures (roads were warmer at rush hour, compared to equivalent quieter periods). Road temperatures were influenced strongly by the amount of incoming solar radiation and sunlight angle (time of day), but in general, the middle of the road was often warmer than other parts of the road transactional profile. This may be due to it experiencing more sunlight for longer during the day, but may also be influenced by colour of material (black tarmac) and indeed, vehicle movements. Other key factors influencing road temperatures could include the 'openness' of the site and degree of shading from adjacent objects (as measured by the 'sky view factor'). These results are discussed within the context of roadway design within a changing climate.

With the global population becoming more urban and less rural, increasingly research has argued for concepts such as establish Green Infrastructure (GI) as a tool for enhancing wildlife survival and human’s living quality (e.g. Harrison et al., 1995; Benedict and McMahon, 2006). However, an interdisciplinary planning approach underpinned by ecological and social evidence has not yet been fully developed. This research therefore seeks to integrate an ecological network with a green space planning standard by exploring the use of biotope and sociotope mapping methods. Seeking a comprehensive planning that takes all green resources into account, a green space typology is firstly developed according to Taiwanese contexts for identifying green spaces from land use maps. In order to specify effective features of these green spaces to bird survival and user preferences, an insight was conducted into the relationship of ‘birds and urban habitats’, as well as ‘human preferred urban green spaces’ in Taipei City. Important environmental factors influencing bird distribution and influencing human experiences in urban green spaces are respectively specified and developed into an ecological value index (EVI) to detail potential habitats and a social value index (SVI) to evaluate recreational green space provision. Interestingly, proximity to green space appears to plays a more critical role in human preferences than bird survival in Taipei city; size is important both as a habitat and for creating an attractive green space; and green space quality tends to be a more significant factor than its structure for both wildlife and people. Utilising the bio-sociotope maps, this thesis argues for a number of strategies: conserving, enlarging, or creating large green spaces in green space deficient areas; increasing ecological and recreational value by enhancing green space quality of specific characteristics; and tackling gravity distance by combining green space accessibility and attractiveness in optimising urban green structure. As these suggestions are a challenge to apply in intensively developed urban areas, barriers from land use, political mechanisms, technical shortages, and cultural characteristics are also explored with possible resolutions presented for facilitating implementation. It is clear that optimising a multifunctional GI for both wildlife and people requires interdisciplinary knowledge and cooperation from various fields. The EVI and SVI developed within this thesis create the potential for a more place-specific and quantifiable green spaces strategy to help better link ecological and social functions in urban areas.

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Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos
It deduces, nowadays, that one of the biggest challenges to be overcome by planning and urban management is the condition between the conservation of natural resources committed by the process of urbanization and the urban development. This lead to be necessity of developing strategies that provides control conditions and reverse the effects of the socio environmental degradation, as in the case of urban flooding and irregular settlements in conservation areas. From this context stands out the green infrastructure, a system based in environmental urban planning, which offers the perspective of upgrading the urban environment through the development of hybrid networks, that links green spaces and surface water areas. Through analyses of urban landscapes they are identified the socio environmental conditions and they establish strategies using specific planning to guarantee the existence, the recovering and expansion of natural resources in urban spaces. Thus the concept of green infrastructure comes from the idea that natural spaces fulfill infrastructure function, consolidating a landscape of high performance while offering environment benefits. To that situation, it uses several types that enable the conservation of natural ecosystem and their functions: climate regulations, soil permeability, aquifer supply, filtering the storm water, controlling the air and noisy pollution, increased by biodiversity and recreational areas, promotion of nom motorizing mobility, among others. Therefore, this study aims to define the real methods to introduce the system of green infrastructure in a geographic division in urban area of Ribeirão Preto SP, so that it is possible to establish to this area a model of occupation to mitigate negative environmental impacts caused by urban expansion. It will be useful as an example for other cities to get success when they consider this important aspect in their planning to urban space.
Constata-se, atualmente, que um dos grandes desafios a ser superado pelo planejamento e gestão urbana refere-se à conciliação entre a conservação dos recursos naturais, comprometidos pelo processo de urbanização, e o desenvolvimento urbano. Isso leva à necessidade de desenvolver estratégias que ofereçam condições de controle e reversão dos efeitos da degradação socioambiental, como no caso das inundações urbanas e das ocupações irregulares em áreas de preservação. A partir deste contexto destaca-se a infraestrutura verde, um sistema fundamentado no planejamento urbano ambiental, que oferece a perspectiva de requalificação do ambiente urbano por meio do desenvolvimento de redes hibridas, que articulam áreas verdes e corpos hídricos superficiais. Por meio de análises sobre a paisagem urbana, são identificadas as condições socioambientais do meio e estabelecidas estratégias, mediante planejamento específico, para garantir a existência, a recuperação e a ampliação dos recursos naturais existentes no espaço urbano. Desse modo, a concepção da infraestrutura verde parte da ideia de que espaços naturais cumpram funções infraestruturais, consolidando uma paisagem com elevado desempenho que oferece benefícios socioambientais. Para isso, faz-se uso de diversas tipologias que permitem a conservação dos ecossistemas naturais e de suas funções: regulação climática, permeabilidade do solo, abastecimento de aquíferos, filtragem das águas pluviais, controle da poluição atmosférica e sonora, aumento da biodiversidade e de áreas de lazer, promoção de mobilidade não motorizada, dentre outras. Logo, este trabalho visa definir as diretrizes necessárias à implantação de sistema de infraestrutura verde em um recorte geográfico sobre a área urbana de Ribeirão Preto SP, de forma que o espaço em questão possa estabelecer um modelo de ocupação que atenue os impactos ambientais negativos (ocasionados pela expansão urbana), além de servir como exemplo para que outras cidades tenham êxito ao considerar a infraestrutura verde como um importante aspecto no planejamento do espaço urbano.

Da alcuni anni Bologna è interessata da un processo di trasformazione,che investe l’economia, la società e la città fisica. Le mutazioni delle condizioni tecnologiche, economiche e ambientali inducono trasformazioni nel modo di concepire la pianificazione. In questo contesto di trasformazioni gli spazi vuoti si offrono come straordinaria risorsa di nuove opportunità progettuali in termini di qualità urbana, inoltre si pongono come occasione per avviare una seria politica di sostenibilità in grado di ridisegnare una città più attrattiva ed efficiente nei suoi servizi. La probabile prossima dismissione dello scalo merci San Donato si presenta quindi come concreta possibilità d’intervento in un’area periurbana diventata ormai vera e propria centralità.

Au regard de la variété d’enjeux (économiques, sociétaux et environnementaux) que recouvrent les espaces de nature soumis au développement humain, il apparait urgent de comprendre les déterminants de leur fonctionnement. En effet, même si elles ne constituent pas des lieux prioritaires de conservation pour les espèces rares et menacées, les zones urbanisées sont loin d’être dépourvues de biodiversité. Cependant, cette biodiversité et les processus écologiques en œuvre demeurent mal connus. Il s’agit ici d’utiliser les communautés de Rhopalocères (papillons de jour) comme grille de lecture des paysages urbains et périurbains. A partir de l’étude des communautés de papillons (et accessoirement d’oiseaux) en région PACA, l’objectif principal de ce travail est ainsi de mettre en évidence les patrons d’organisation de ces communautés afin comprendre les facteurs conditionnant les assemblages d’espèces en milieu urbain et périurbain. Situé en région méditerranéenne qui constitue un espace original d’un point de vue biogéographique, ce travail a porté sur des terrains d’étude permettant d’aborder deux expressions différentes du processus d’urbanisation touchant le territoire provençal : (i) le village de Lauris (84), caractéristique d’un arrière-pays méditerranéen « en voie de métropolisation » ; et (ii) l’agglomération marseillaise (13), 2ème ville la plus peuplée de France. A partir de l’analyse des assemblages d’espèces de quatre habitats (friches, jardins privés, vignes, forêts), les travaux menés sur la commune de Lauris se sont intéressés à la réponse des communautés de Rhopalocères face aux changements de la disponibilité en habitats dans une mosaïque paysagère en mutation. Les résultats ont ainsi révélé des variations en termes de structure et de composition fonctionnelle, soulignant tant l’influence du contexte paysager que du type d’habitat sur l’organisation de ces communautés. Cette étude a également soulevé l’intérêt du compartiment jardin en tant que réservoir de biodiversité. Les travaux ont ensuite été orientés sur la question de la biodiversité hébergée par les espaces artificialisés en ville. Pour cela 24 parcs publics de la ville de Marseille ont été étudiés. Il a été possible de démontrer comment les traits fonctionnels des espèces (papillons et oiseaux) permettaient de prédire leur répartition le long d’un gradient d’urbanisation. Les différents travaux menés sur l’agglomération marseillaise ont également révélé l’importance de l’échelle paysagère et des dynamiques spatiales régionales (dispersion et colonisation) sur l’organisation des assemblages d’espèces. Les communautés de Rhopalocères apparaissent fortement conditionnées par le degré d’isolement des parcs vis-à-vis des massifs semi-naturels, soulevant l’idée d’une alimentation des assemblages intra-urbains par un pool d’espèces régional situé en périphérie. Cette hypothèse est d’ailleurs appuyée par la distribution imbriquée des espèces (nested subsets) entre les parcs, où les sites les plus pauvres en termes de composition spécifique constituent des sous-échantillons des sites les plus riches, sans que cela ne soit relié à l’existence d’une relation aire-espèce significative. Enfin, l’étude de l’aménagement des parcs et de leur gestion a permis de souligner l’effet d’interactions plus locales sur l’organisation des communautés. Cependant, le contexte paysager semble fortement conditionner la composante végétale autour, mais aussi dans les parcs, notamment par le biais de sa gestion par les services municipaux
Given the wide range of issues (economic, social and environmental) that are concerned by natural environments under the impact of human development, it is a matter of urgency to understand the factors that determine their functioning. Even if they do not constitute priority areas for the conservation for rare and endangered species, urban areas are by no means devoid of biodiversity. This biodiversity and the ecological processes involved remain poorly known.The approach here is to use the communities of Rhopaloceres (butterflies) as a framework for reading the urban and outlying suburban landscapes. On the basis of a study of butterfly communities (and secondarily those of birds) in the PACA (Provence Alpes Côte d’Azur) region, the main aim of this study is to provide evidence of the patterns of organisation of these communities in order to understand the factors that control the assemblages of species in the urban and outlying suburban environment.Focused on the Mediterranean area, which constitutes an original site from the biogerographical point of view, this investigation has focused on two study sites in order to offer two different expressions of the process of urban development affecting the territory of Provence: (i) the village of Lauris (84), characteristic of a Mediterranean hinterland ‘in the process of metropolisation’; and (ii) the Marseille conurbation (13), the 2nd most populous city in France.On the basis of an analysis of the assemblages of species of four habitats (fallow land, private gardens, vineyards, forests), the investigations carried out in Lauris are focused on the response of the communities of Rhopaloceres in the face of rapid changes in land use. The results provide evidence of variations in terms of structure and functional composition, underlining the influence both of the landscape context and of the type of habitat on the organisation of these communities. This study also highlights the interest of the garden compartment as a reservoir of biodiversity.Then, the investigation has focused on the question of the biodiversity accommodated in the man-made areas of the city. To this end, 24 public parks in the city of Marseille have been studied. It has been possible to show how the functional traits of species (butterflies and birds) can be used to predict their distribution along a gradient of urban development. The various studies carried out on Marseille have also shown the importance of the landscape scale and of the regional spatial dynamic (dispersal and colonisation) with regard to the organisation of assemblages of species. The communities of Rhopaloceres appear to be strongly conditioned by the degree of isolation of parks with regard to the semi-natural massifs, raising the idea of the strengthening of the intra-urban assemblages by a regional pool of species situated around the outskirts. This hypothesis is further supported by the overlapping pattern of distribution of the species (nested subsets) between the parks, where the poorest sites in terms of species composition constitute sub-samples of the richest sites, without this being linked to the existence of a significant species-area relationship. Finally, the study of the development of parks and their management has enabled us to highlight the impact of more local interactions on the organisation of the communities. Nevertheless, the landscape context would appear to strongly condition the plant component in the surroundings, but also in the parks, in particular via the management practices of the municipal departments

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2010.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-105).
In this thesis, I compare workforce development planning in Lawrence and Lowell, Massachusetts, two of the state's older industrial "Gateway" cities. I specifically examine local planning processes around job creation in the clean technology (clean tech) sector. Contradicting the notion of the cities as "urban twins," I find that Lawrence's original physical and social design led to a pattern of economic disinvestment and a deficit of municipal planning capacity compared to Lowell. Today, Lawrence experiences the resulting disadvantage when it competes with Lowell for clean tech economic development funds. I argue that state and federal policymakers should recognize critical differences that exist among even the seemingly most similar communities and implement strong, place-based programs so that investments in green workforce development do not perpetuate the historic inequities that cities such as Lawrence face. I conclude by proposing a networked planning strategy that, with stimulus from the state and federal governments, could help Lawrence and Lowell to leverage more effectively and collaboratively their respective assets in support of a regional green economy.
by Marianna Leavy-Sperounis.
M.C.P.

碩士
朝陽科技大學
建築及都市設計研究所
99
Sustainable development of eco-city has become the current trend in the world. But the development of city patterns will cause change in use of pattern of green space in the city. When the rapid growth of population and city development under the unrestricted and spreaded, it will reduce the survival of biological space. The city is facing a shortage of green space, and can not effectively promote a difficult position of the extent of green coverage. Therefore, to construct a vision of urban ecological green network, green resources distribution must be planning and improve efficiently in provided from the city. After reviewing the literature, the study finishing many of the key factors of construction of eco-green network. Through the Fuzzy Delphi Method and Analytic Network Process Method to practice the procedure of the two-stage questionaire survey into experts’ opinion. Attempt to structure a set of the evaluation indicator system of city ecological green network. The empirical investigation was carried out in Taichung City, analysis by Geographic Information Systems (GIS) combine with overlayed related-maps of remote sensing technology to obtain conclusions. Then to give propose and improvement for the suitable location of constructing urban ecological green network. In the course of study, there are 23 assessment factor projects were obtained. Results of the study revealed that green resources in the city should be created as a function of the environmental network nodes, and could also increase network nodes by creating more green resources. Then to link or enhance existing green resources where the region distribute in the city, promote the formation of ecological networks. Besides, it can also create capacity of ecological stepping-stone by greening roofs, and enhance the link degree of ecological networks. To achieve the maximum benefit of eco-green network in the city.

碩士
國立臺中教育大學
環境教育研究所
94
This study aims to set up the standards for Urban Green Network, to discuss the evaluation structure based on the function of Environmental Education. The use of both Fuzzy Delphi and Analytic Hierarchy Process, and the integration of opinions from related experts are applied in this study for ensuring the layered factors and weighted ratio. This study is preliminarily structured based on related literatures. The questionnaire is sent to experts and/or scholars from related background covering Environmental Education, Urban Design, Landscape, Green Master Plan and Nature. There are 10 valid feedbacks after two phases of survey; the results are shown as follows: 1. The first hierarchies covers Eco-efficiency and Education Function; the second hierarchy covers 6 factors including Type of Greenland, Green Spatial Structure, Biological Community, Explanation, Service Design and Education Field; the third hierarchy has 18 factors such as Width, Shape, Relative surface area of green spaces in the city. 2. Generally speaking, Eco-efficiency (0.78) is more important than Education Function (0.22). Besides, according to the experiments of research scope – focused on the southern side of the South District located in Taichung city, the planning of green-field has emphasized a high proportion of green space and a variety of plants. As to the facility-planning of a specific area, most studies still focus on public entertaining and beautification. The planners should strengthen other practical facilities and fields of environmental education, and should make the structure of urban ecosystem complete.

碩士
逢甲大學
土地管理所
92
Abstract With increasing emphasize on the importance of urban open space and landscape recently, the development of urban green lands is not only good for the functions of urban living environment, but also beneficial for constituting urban ecosystems to perform various functions in ecological conservation, disaster mitigation, recreation, and landscape. Therefore, green lands are no longer the spreading but isolated patches in the city; it should be connected with green patches and corridors as a green networks in urban open space. However, cities in Taiwan often fail to perform complete networks without integrated planning on urban open spaces and street corridors. In this study, the theories and literatures of landscape ecology, ecological design and green network were reviewed to conclude various important factors for constructing an assessment model of urban green networks. The AHP, aerial photography and GIS were applied in establishing hierarchy and analyzing the status of green network of the study area. With analyzed results of questionnaire for the relative weights of those factors, several significant differences existed on the preferences for those experts of different backgrounds. With the assessing results of the study area by this assessment system of urban green network, the comparisons between two lots were taken as well as their improving strategies of urban green networks.

碩士
中華大學
建築與都市計畫學系碩士班
94
As we have noticed that urban development in Taiwan is highly and primarily economical. Urban ecological and environmental spaces are rarely take into serious consideration. However, the issues of living quality in high density of urban population areas are now endangering, therefore, issues of urban forests become popular nowadays. However, most of the research documentary focused on the issues of distribution of parks, the values of the environmental resources of urban forests, or the economic evaluation of the entertainment function of urban forests, and Green pathway in urban road systems, and ecological network linkage design, or the structure, features and the social-cultural function of urban parks from the perspective of landscape ecology, namely, the discussion of evaluating factors played in the urban parks in ecological areas. They are rarely researches on establishing physical structural factors of urban Green Network. The factors of urban forests include trees, shrubs, and vines in urban areas. Urban forests are influenced and controlled by people. They consist of plants and other natural resources that form an ecological system. Urban forest theory is a theory that focusing on how to design, manage, and maintain urban forests. Accordingly, urban forests are important resources in any division. Consequently, the features of European and American theories urban forests are taken into consideration providing that they are suitable for the application in Taiwan, so that a complete Function Value Assessment Factors of Urban Green Network by Urban Forest Theory can be established. Some high density population areas are research samples in the Function Value Assessment Factors of Urban Green Network by Urban Forest Theory, by system analysis of the urban green network in urban environment. At initial stage, the evaluating factors of urban green network are chosen from the review of documentary by the method of induction. Then Fuzzy Delphi Method are applied to investigate the independency and relativity to assure the categories of index items, and establish the indexes weighted. Various factors that comply with urban forests in respects of the values factors of the ecological, physic, social, physical, psychological, landscape, economic functions are investigated in this study. Hopefully, some indexical even quantitative data chart of urban forests of Taiwan will be collected and demonstrated in the Function Value Assessment Factors of Urban Green Network by Urban Forest Theory. As a result, all designers of Urban Green Network will be benefited from the data system by applying the Function Value Assessment Factors of Urban Green Network in the future. Further research development will be introduced at last in this study.

碩士
輔仁大學
景觀設計學系碩士班
101
As the global ecological environment quality has nowadays deteriorated, cities transform their urban planning target from economic development to the improvement on the entire urban environment. In such situation, understanding towards the urban ecological network construction and status is by no means the first priority. Located at the core area of the city, Hsinchu's old town surrounded by natural green spaces, has functionally exchanged between natural green space and urban substance. This study aims at investigating distribution of the green spaces and finding out green network key areas. Most importantly, it also shed light on improvement on green network planning in the old town. By studying urban green network related research, some applicable network link analysis index were chosen. Those of which include the network's circuitry(indexα), complexity(indexβ), connectivity(indexγ)and the form of the nodes. These index were deeply incorporated with the analysis on urban planning and existing state images of Hsinchu. The results showed that the old town of Hsinchu city was poor due to some weaknesses on the green network and the disfunction of the corridors. There was a substancial lack of green areas in parks with most of them measured less then 1 ha. Some of which were not even linked to the main corridor. Which is to say, under this chronology the status of the connectivity and circuitry index of which are relatively low. Hsinchu’s urban planning in the past however did not link up the parks and corridors. The reduction of both the park and the corridors can cause servere connectivity index value drop. The outer loop of the old town is thus unable to be linked to the main corridor causing an isolation. The singled out corridor in this way can no longer maintain its function in this loop system. It has no choice but lower the connectivity index value. By the results obtained from the analysis, this study pointed out some crucial factors to modify the network. Furthermore, an old town green network strategy and a schedule for planning were provided. Those include suggestions on how to utilize green spaces by connecting them altogether, greening the main corridor, and using potential for Formation of X nodes road corridors as a greening target. After analyzing this strategy, it is thus able to improve the circuitry, complexity and connectivity. The green network analytical framework used in the urban planning can thereby be proven as feasible. Hopfully, the results of this study can serve as a reference for Hsinchu City Government in its urban green network planning.

碩士
朝陽科技大學
建築及都市設計研究所
96
The aim of this research is to explore the influences of school green structure, green coverage type and ratio on urban green structure by using the landscape indices. Following survey and analysis on campus buildings and greening types, the greenery quality was revealed. Strategies for greenery were generated through calculation of the Greenery Index of the Green Building Assessment Indices and case studies. The results show that 30 percent of green coverage of school ground usually can meet the requirement of the Greenery Index and was recommended. The size of such school greening areas is almost equal to that of a neighborhood park in an urban city. The installation of green roof could result in the increases of fragment of landscape structure in urban areas but the total area and density of green land would be increased eventually. Rooftop gardens could be excellent habitats for birds in urban environment. Circulating type of green coverage for school site provide better connection opportunity to near-by parkway and green corridor so as forming better green network in urban context. When the building coverage ratio of school ground is lower than 20% and the average green covering rate higher than 30%, more than 60% of these schools can meet of requirement of the Greenery Index. In terms of school greenery, the building boundary retrenched areas and the sounding areas of the school sites have the highest green coverage rate. Those areas were also the most suitable for applying ecological multi-laying greenery practice. The outdoor sport grounds were usually covered by ground covers and lawn. Base on the Greenery Index analysis, around 33% schools surveyed passed the Greenery Index evaluation. For schools that failed to meet the requirement of Greenery Index, the most effective practice was to set roof gardens planting shrubs. The second effective approach was to apply multi-laying plantation to replace the existed solid wall. It was suggested that reach 30% green coverage of school ground is the most important target to fulfill. It not only would increase the passing rate of Greenery Index but also provide more habitats and stepping stones for urban animal migration.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
建築與城鄉研究所
105
This thesis explores the history and the development process of parks and green areas in Taipei city, which demonstrates the evolution of the planned urban parks and green belts of the Japanese colonial period into smaller neighborhood parks; and further, how the urban green sprawl into the everyday life of the local communities. Under the circumstances of insufficient green coverage in the capital city, the municipal government adopted flexible strategies of spatial transformation and made the best use of the ‘transitional green’ to ‘green-beautify’ the neighborhood environment, while the community members motivated themselves to initiate autonomous actions in terms of stretching the green effect into daily routines and corners to improve their quality of life. Employing the methodology of content analysis and secondary-data analysis, this thesis exemplifies the production and the subsequent facilitation of neighborhood parks and the transitional green as vital features of the community living network. In addition, the research follows the mode of participant observation to record the interactions between local residents and the green areas as well as the hidden power relations in the community while maneuvering the green tactics. The research also conducts in-depth interviews to understand the collaboration process between the community organizations and the governmental agencies and how the community members participate in greening community spaces. Ordinary residents extend private potted plants to green the neighboring spaces and claim their territories, and their urban tactics of green bricolage transform the community public spaces around the streets and alleys. By overlaying GIS and existing maps of various periods, this research contends that the bottom-up process of green bricolage can be stimulated by the top-down governmental policy of mobilizing the uses of the transitional green, as a compensation of the structural deficiency of urban parks. The planned green system and the green bricolage interweave a green living network that is different from the discourses and practices of either landscape urbanism or new urbanism.

碩士
國立高雄大學
都市發展與建築研究所
96
Under the trend of sustainable development and ecological city, how to use the resource effectively through reducing consumption, reusing and recycling resources to create a city which have ecology of processing health, coexist with the natural peace without endangering the nature, it has already been the most important subject to what the quality of the life requires of every country in the world. This research is to probe into the thinking based on the bicycle path as ecological corridor, use GIS as studying tools to plan the bicycle path in order to contact the Green Land Project, perfect the green ecological network of the city, set up a sustainable and low impact ecologic traffic system. By the retrospect of relevant documents at first , this study gathers together and exactly assesses the factor tentatively, screens the suitable assessment factors and set up factor level structure further; And then set up the weight of each assessing factor through expert's questionnaire investigation and level analysis method, and then builds the route of constructing green network of city bicycle paths, via the positive research finally, establishes the integrality of assessing structure, and propose that the real example base - the suggestion that the systematic route of path network of bicycle in Yancheng district in Kaohsiung is planned and set up The assessing structure for combining the bicycle path of urban area with the green network of the city from this research has two levels, the goal level is the establishment for green network of bicycle path of the city; The first level has three items including the user's exploitable potentiality, the ecological development potentiality and the space planning potentiality. the second level is drafted eight assessment factors. The relation of level and weight including: The first level relatively has importance with user's potentiality to be exploited (0.38072), secondly is the ecological development potentiality (0.333) and the space planning potentiality (0.3096). Assessing factor of the second level is divided into three groups, the weight level comparison of three items of assessment factor of the first group: “ecological development potentiality” is to take the “green zone width” (0.367 ) of the road > “greenery area connection (0.3264 ) > “the distance from habitat “(0.3128); The weight level comparison of three items of assessment factor of the second group “space planning potentiality” is the “land industry's attribute” (0.3796 ) > “width and quality of the pavement“(0.305 ) > “width of the mixing lane” (cycle) (0.2858 ); The weight level comparison of two assessment factors of the third group: “user potentiality to be exploited” is “the linking the resource of tourism and landscape” (0.3165) >“node linking of communications and transportation” (0.297). Finally, According to various kinds of main objective conditions and factors of Yancheng district, the plan for Yancheng district’s bicycle path network and establishing tactic and suggestion are proposed.

碩士
中華大學
景觀建築學系
105
With the rapid development of city area, urban pedestrian environment becomes critical in order to allow pedestrians to comfortably stay in open space and experience spatial quality in the dialogues with the cities. Urban landscape is the comprehensive effect of three-dimensional space of city, time and humans’ environmental perception and it leads to four basic elements of environment: human activities, nature, buildings and urban facilities. Therefore, the keys of urban spatial quality refer to positive crowd behavioral model, proper green space, aesthetic architectural form and appropriate open space. Research scope is based on city center of potential Hsinchu City as empirical place. As to research method, the researcher adopts mixed design to conduct qualitative and quantitative analysis. Through literature review, observation, interview and case study, the researcher generalizes current situation of construction of urban pedestrian environment green network and theory. By spatial and overlay analysis, this study reviews urban pedestrian environment structure to propose urban core area analysis, urban field and transportation network analysis, urban square model analysis and urban green network analysis to further establish planning and design of empirical scope. Based on research findings, this study constructs development program of urban pedestrian environment green network and establishes positioning and design strategy of urban pedestrian environment by core area of Hsinchu City as empirical scope. Urban life cycle is based on cycle system such as educational cycle, green environment cycle, public facility institutions and commercial zone. As to urban vision and axis positioning, this study constructs double city axis, academic axis and green commercial axis. Upon ecological green path, urban green network theory and practical development of field design and strategy, the design and development program of this study serves as important reference for construction of urban pedestrian environment green network. The said development program can be employed by Hsinchu City in different periods and years to practice pedestrian environment green network and improve the construction.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
建築與都市設計研究所
92
In recent years, reducing CO2 emission has become a trend around the world in order to prevent the global climate from deteriorating. However, the increasing population and traffic congestion make city become the main source of CO2 emission. The urban green network, the lung of city, can reduce the CO2 emission rapidly. However, using the urban green network to reduce the CO2 emission is still a budding concept. There are still no practical measures. The aim of this study is to discuss the relation between the planning of green network in city and CO2, and to establish an analytical method of practical measure. First of all, through literature review, Measure-Analysis Method would be suggested. Second, via GIS, the relationship between the distribution of CO2 density and planning of green network would be analyzed. Finally, the possibility of reducing CO2 emission through green network in this area also would be evaluated so as to provide some recommendations of CO2 reduction via the planning of green network in cities. The outcomes of case study is presented as follows: 1.The average density of CO2 is 409ppm is higher than 353ppm which is the quantity of 1990. 2.The green space of road can reduce the density of CO2 around this area from 6 to 12ppm. Furthermore, because of the green space of parks is quite low, it hardly reduces the density of CO2 in this area. 3.If the CO2 weight of reduction is 223.8% in green space of public facilities, the goal of CO2 reduction would be attained. However, because of the emission of CO2 would be increased gradually, the planning of green network would become not met the goal in 2010.

Spatial and temporal patterns of urban vegetation have been widely studied since the mid-twentieth century, but these studies have focused mainly on northern hemisphere countries, and little research has been conducted in developing countries. Urban vegetation is characterized by the presence of species that are adapted to the particular environmental conditions of cities, and a high diversity of exotic species. This occurs due to a combination of factors: on one hand, it is possible to find wild vegetation (weeds) on abandoned lands or those with little intervention, as well as on walls and buildings. On the other hand, there is also an enormous variety of ornamental and mainly exotic species, which have been cultivated by humans. The processes of species selection performed individually or collectively are a major determinant of the diversity of urban vegetation and flora. Individual decisions relate to private spaces such as residential gardens whose owners manage the vegetation according to their preferences and interests. Collective decisions relate to public spaces, which, by their nature, are subject to the action of multiple stakeholders. At the collective level, decision-making occurs in the context of processes involving local governments, other state agencies, NGOs and various interest groups present in the city. Each of these actors has its own vision on the role of urban vegetation, their preferences and criteria for the selection and management. This study aims to investigate the processes of decision-making responsible for the current composition of the vegetation in public spaces of the Metropolitan Area of Santiago (MAS). Through this research is expected to identify the criteria for the selection of species to be planted in public spaces, the reasons that explain the predominance of certain species, and the difference between parks managed by different public agencies in MAS. The research assumes that the various public and private actors involved in the planting and management of vegetation in public spaces, act guided by criteria and preferences that are finally expressed in the observed patterns of urban vegetation. For this purpose, the conceptual framework of governance is used, understood as the process of decision-making concerning public affairs, which involves multiple agents or interests including government agencies, non-governmental organizations and civil society groups. The overarching objectives of this Thesis are: a) To contribute to the knowledge of interactions between governance system and urban vegetation patterns in metropolitan areas of developing countries, recognizing both social and environmental processes interacting. b) Contribute to urban planning and policies by generating knowledge relevant to decision- making regarding urban vegetation. A robust knowledge of the factors defining the composition and structure of urban vegetation is essential to design effective policies for increasing vegetation cover, with consequent environmental and social benefits.

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies
Accessibility to different services in cities has been studied as form of analysing equity, especially in urban settings. Green spaces are one of these services; they have known benefits on the wellbeing of the urban residents. This work intends to determine if the variation in accessibility to urban green spaces is affected by the distribution of socio-economic variables such as income, and how these affect the green equity in a city. Green spaces have been categorised into different functional levels based on their size and accessibility and equity has been analysed, taking into consideration income, density, migrant populations and age-based variables. The analysis conducted involved a network-based service area analysis as well as spatial and statistical analysis using ArcGIS, GeoDa and R. The case study selected was the city of Barcelona (Spain). The results of the analysis reject the hypothesis of inequity in accessibility at functional levels based on the variables studied although some spatial associations exist.

碩士
逢甲大學
土地管理所
90
The temperature in Taiwan is higher and higher results in the urbanization─losing more and more green cover in urban areas. To increase the green cover in urban areas to drop the temperature, we create a model between the ration of green cover and temperature. This research uses SPOT Multispectral image to get the land-cover information to calculate the ration of urban green cover. This research classifies the SPOT image based on Gaussian Maximum Likelihood Classification Rule and Back-propagation Anural Network Rule. In general, the experiments reveal that neural network approaches is better than maximum likelihood classification. So the calculation of the ration of the green cover is based on the result of Back-propagation Anural Network. In order to assess how the ratio of urban green cover affects the city temperatures, we selected several weather stations to measure temperatures three times a day. These measured temperature data were processed using a linear regression model. And the analysis found that the increase of the ration of green cover can keep the temperature in urban areas in balance.

Trabalho de projecto apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciência e Sistemas de Informação Geográfica.
Face a uma elevada pressão urbanística, medidas devem ser tomadas no sentido de garantir um planeamento e ordenamento do território adequado, que salvaguarde o elevado valor natural, histórico-cultural e paisagístico do município de Cascais, permitindo no entanto o usufruto dos espaços pela população em geral, de uma forma equilibrada e sustentável. É neste âmbito que surge a necessidade de analisar e delimitar a estrutura ecológica municipal no concelho. As ciências e sistemas de informação geográfica são elementos fundamentais na sua elaboração, assim como na sua implementação e gestão. Neste trabalho procura-se apresentar um conjunto de métodos de análise espacial que, entre outros, levaram à delimitação da Estrutura Ecológica de Cascais. Entre os métodos usados destacam-se a análise em redes, a análise multi-critérios e a álgebra de mapas.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
園藝暨景觀學系
101
Most urban planner in the world argued that cities and towns should be designed as networks that link together residential areas to public open spaces and natural green corridors with benefits for both people and wildlife. It follows that landscape planning and management should be based around building multifunctional green networks and green infrastructure in town which can help urban areas to respond more flexibly to a changing set of environmental challenges. This study tries to planning for urban green networks in a rapid-growth small town, Jhubei City where is located at the hub of high-speed railway station (HSHR), HsinChu Biomedical Science Park (HBSP), and HsinChu Science-based Industrial Park (HSP). Dou-zih-pu creek and the surroundings in Jhubei was selected as the main case study site. The final conclusion and related suggestion will propose the significant implementation strategies, plans, and exemplify a specific design solution of urban green infrastructure based on landscape urbanism. The practice of urban green infrastructure through public-participated planning not only can inspire civic awareness, but also can offer potential to help adapt people for green life toward the sustainable urban development.

abstract: With more than 70 percent of the world's population expected to live in cities by 2050, it behooves us to understand urban sustainability and improve the capacity of city planners and policymakers to achieve sustainable goals. Producing and linking knowledge to action is a key tenet of sustainability science. This dissertation examines how knowledge-action systems -- the networks of actors involved in the production, sharing and use of policy-relevant knowledge -- work in order to inform what capacities are necessary to effectively attain sustainable outcomes. Little is known about how knowledge-action systems work in cities and how they should be designed to address their complexity. I examined this question in the context of land use and green area governance in San Juan, Puerto Rico, where political conflict exists over extensive development, particularly over the city's remaining green areas. I developed and applied an interdisciplinary framework -- the Knowledge-Action System Analysis (KASA) Framework --that integrates concepts of social network analysis and knowledge co-production (i.e., epistemic cultures and boundary work). Implementation of the framework involved multiple methods --surveys, interviews, participant observations, and document--to gather and analyze quantitative and qualitative data. Results from the analysis revealed a diverse network of actors contributing different types of knowledge, thus showing a potential in governance for creativity and innovation. These capacities, however, are hindered by various political and cultural factors, such as: 1) breakdown in vertical knowledge flow between state, city, and local actors; 2) four divergent visions of San Juan's future emerging from distinct epistemic cultures; 3) extensive boundary work by multiple actors to separate knowledge and planning activities, and attain legitimacy and credibility in the process; 4) and hierarchies of knowledge where outside expertise (e.g., private planning and architectural firms) is privileged over others, thus reflecting competing knowledge systems in land use and green area planning in San Juan. I propose a set of criteria for building just and effective knowledge-action systems for cities, including: context and inclusiveness, adaptability and reflexivity, and polycentricity. In this way, this study also makes theoretical contributions to the knowledge systems literature specifically, and urban sustainability in general.
Dissertation/Thesis
Ph.D. Sustainability 2012