Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Urban Heat Islands (UHI)'

Numerous research studies have been conducted on the modification of weather and local climate by the urban environment. In studying the urban environment effects, researchers have investigated the urban heat island (UHI), anthropogenic cloud condensation nuclei, anthropogenic heat emissions and other factors. Many of these studies used data sampling networks, while other studies relied solely on computer modeling. This research has taken an approach between the sampling network studies (which were often limited in spatial density) and the pure computer model studies (which lacked the benefits of observational data) to investigate the Tampa Bay Region UHI. The research utilized inexpensive commercially available temperature logging sensors within a 525 km² study area. One hundred temperature logging sensors, deployed within the study area, generated in excess of 250,000 time and temperature data points for analysis. The large number of temperature sensors enabled the generation of detailed spatiotemporal maps of the Tampa Bay Region UHI. Analysis of the data revealed a significant relationship between the percentage of impervious surface in the study area and the intensity of the local UHI delta temperatures. In addition, the analysis identified the existence of micro UHIs within residential areas. These micro UHIs affected readings within the residential areas. In conjunction with the investigation of the relationship between the percentage of impervious surface and the generation of a UHI, wind speed's role as a moderating factor was also investigated. It was found that increases in wind speed are correlated with a lessoning of the observed UHI. Wind speeds above approximately 2 ms-1 exhibit a significant negative relationship to the development of a UHI. The results of this study add to the field of UHI research in subtropical environments.

Nowadays the environmental issues and the climatic change play fundamental roles in the design of urban spaces. Our cities are growing in size, many times only following immediate needs without a long-term vision. Consequently, the sustainable development has become not only an ethical but also a strategic need: we can no longer afford an uncontrolled urban expansion. One serious effect of the territory industrialisation process is the increase of urban air and surfaces temperatures compared to the outlying rural surroundings. This difference in temperature is what constitutes an urban heat island (UHI). The purpose of this study is to provide a clarification on the role of urban surfacing materials in the thermal dynamics of an urban space, resulting in useful indications and advices in mitigating UHI. With this aim, 4 coloured concrete bricks were tested, measuring their emissivity and building up their heat release curves using infrared thermography. Two emissivity evaluation procedures were carried out and subsequently put in comparison. Samples performances were assessed, and the influence of the colour on the thermal behaviour was investigated. In addition, some external pavements were analysed. Albedo and emissivity parameters were evaluated in order to understand their thermal behaviour in different conditions. Surfaces temperatures were recorded in a one-day measurements campaign. ENVI-met software was used to simulate how the tested materials would behave in two typical urban scenarios: a urban canyon and a urban heat basin. Improvements they can carry to the urban microclimate were investigated. Emissivities obtained for the bricks ranged between 0.92 and 0.97, suggesting a limited influence of the colour on this parameter. Nonetheless, white concrete brick showed the best thermal performance, whilst the black one the worst; red and yellow ones performed pretty identical intermediate trends. De facto, colours affected the overall thermal behaviour. Emissivity parameter was measured in the outdoor work, getting (as expected) high values for the asphalts. Albedo measurements, conducted with a sunshine pyranometer, proved the improving effect given by the yellow paint in terms of solar reflection, and the bad influence of haze on the measurement accuracy. ENVI-met simulations gave a demonstration on the effectiveness in thermal improving of some tested materials. In particular, results showed good performances for white bricks and granite in the heat basin scenario, and painted concrete and macadam in the urban canyon scenario. These materials can be considered valuable solutions in UHI mitigation.

The urban heat island (UHI) is a problem that is likely to be exacerbated by ongoing climate change, but it is often claimed that urban trees can mitigate it and hence adapt our cities to climate change. Many researchers have attempted to quantify the cooling effects of trees using modelling approaches. However, the major disadvantage of most of the models is that they consider all vegetation to act as a single saturated layer and that their effect is merely proportional to its surface cover. Therefore, they fail to take into account potential differences between tree species and the effect of different environmental and growing conditions. To address this issue four different studies were conducted in Manchester, UK from February, 2010 to December, 2012. The studies compared the growth and cooling abilities of several commonly planted urban tree species, and investigated a single species planted in a range of growing conditions: investigating the effect of urban soil compaction and aeration and also the effect of urbanization and simulated climate change in the rooting zone. Overall, our studies showed that species selection and growing conditions can substantially alter the evapotranspirational cooling provided by urban trees. Fast growing species such as Pyrus calleryana, with their dense and wide canopy can provide cooling up to 2.2 kW tree-1, 3-4 times that of Sorbus arnoldiana, which have a thinner and narrower canopy and a moderate growth rate. P. calleryana was also investigated under three contrasting growth conditions: in cut-out pits in pavements; in grass verges; and in pits filled with Amsterdam soil. Trees in the less compacted Amsterdam soil had grown almost twice as fast as those in pavements and also had better leaf physiological performance. Together with a longer growing season, and better uptake of soil nutrients and moisture, trees grown in Amsterdam soil provided evapotranspirational cooling of up to 7kW, 5 times higher than those grown in pavements. Another experiment in which P. calleryana trees were planted in 3 standard planting techniques with non-compacted load bearing soils and with or without permeable slabs showed that optimum cooling is not only dependent on preventing soil compaction but also on ensuring that the covering materials are permeable to oxygen. Trees in the open pits provided up-to 1 kW of cooling, compared to around 350 and 650 W by the small and large covered pits respectively. Our final experiment showed that urbanization can increase tree growth by 20-30%; however, despite being under more water stressed conditions trees grown in simulated climate change plots had 40% higher sap flux density, and hence cooling potential. The study suggested that at least with P. calleryana, transpirational cooling benefit might be enhanced in places like Manchester with increased soil temperature in future, but potentially at the expense of photosynthesis and carbon gain. Together these studies show that evaporative cooling of trees depends strongly on both species and growing conditions. If incorporated into regional and local energy exchange models our results can help us to quantify the magnitude and effectiveness of greenspaces in the city in adapting them to climate change.

A combination of the urban heat island effect and a rising temperature baseline resulting from global climate change inequitably impacts socially vulnerable populations residing in urban areas. This dissertation examines distributional inequity of exposure to urban heat by socially disadvantaged groups and minorities in the context of climate justice. Using Cutter’s hazards-of-place model, variables indicative of social vulnerability and biophysical vulnerability are statistically tested for their associations. Biophysical vulnerability is conceptualized utilizing a urban heat risk index calculated from summer 2010 LANDSAT imagery to measure land surface temperature , structural density through the normalized difference built-up index, and vegetation abundance through the normalized difference vegetation index. A cross-section of twenty geographically distributed metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in the U.S. are examined using census derived variables at the tract level. The results of bivariate correlation analysis, ordinary least squares regression, and spatial autoregression analysis indicate consistent and significant associations between greater social disadvantage and higher urban heat levels. Multilevel modeling is used to examine the relationship of MSA-level segregation with tract-level minority status and social disadvantage to higher levels of urban heat. Segregation has a significant but varied relationship with the variables, indicating that there are inconsistent associations with urban heat due to differing urban ecologies. Urban heat and social vulnerability present a varying landscape of thermal inequity in different urban areas, associated in many cases with residential segregation.

De nombreuses études au cours des dernières décennies ont porté sur l'effet l’îlot de chaleur urbain (ICU). Les efforts initiaux visant à comprendre les facteurs qui influent sur l’ICU ont contribué à la mise en place de solutions et de stratégies d'atténuation adaptées. Les stratégies d'atténuation comprennent généralement l'augmentation de l'albédo urbain (réflectivité au rayonnement solaire) et l'évapotranspiration. Les augmentations d'albedo sont obtenues grâce à des technologies de toiture et de pavage ayant un albédo élevé. Une augmentation de l'évapotranspiration est obtenue par une combinaison de la diminution de la fraction de surfaces imperméables et la plantation de végétation dans les zones urbaines. Le confort thermique extérieur est défini à partir d’indices prenant en compte différents paramètres physiques et traduit la perception et la satisfaction des piétons. Ce confort est très difficile à obtenir en climat chaud et aride. Par conséquent, le travail présenté dans ce document met l'accent sur les méthodes appropriées pour réduire l’ICU et ainsi améliorer le confort thermique en plein air des piétons. Jusqu’à présent, peu de recherches ont été menées sur le confort thermique extérieur dans un climat chaud et aride. Les études sur l'atténuation de l'ICU et le confort thermique extérieur sont pratiquement inexistantes pour la ville de Bagdad. Bagdad a un tissu urbain complexe avec des constructions modernes, des maisons traditionnelles et des éléments caractéristiques du patrimoine local. Le climat en été est chaud, et les mois d'été sont considérés comme la plus longue saison avec près de 7 mois de l'année. Dans un premier temps, cette étude se concentre sur l'étude des stratégies d'atténuation à envisager afin d’évaluer comment le confort des piétons est affecté par les choix de conception des constructions, en comparant un quartier traditionnel à un quartier moderne. L’étude envisage ensuite la façon dont la végétation et les ombrages contribuent à réduire l'effet de l'ICU et à améliorer le confort thermique extérieur. Quatre scénarios différents sont élaborés pour évaluer le rôle d’éléments végétaux tels que les arbres, l'herbe et les différents modèles d'ombrage. L'évaluation a été effectuée le jour le plus chaud de l'été, la température radiante moyenne, l'humidité spécifique, la température de l'air et les distributions de la vitesse du vent ont été analysées à l'aide du logiciel ENVI-met. Le confort thermique est ensuite évalué à l'aide des indices thermiques de la température équivalente physiologique PET et du PMV étendu aux ambiances extérieures. En outre, une proposition de solution est abordée afin d’étudier son impact sur le confort thermique pour la journée la plus chaude (situation extrême) et une journée typique d’été. Les résultats ont révélé une amélioration du confort thermique dans la journée typique d’été. L'étude montre comment les facteurs urbains tels que le rapport d'aspect, la couverture végétale, les ombres et la géométrie du quartier sont des éléments cruciaux que les urbanistes et les municipalités doivent prendre en compte, en particulier pour les nouveaux aménagements urbains dans un climat chaud et aride. Une proposition d’aménagement global pour atténuer les ICU dans le cas d’un nouveau quartier sous climat aride, est détaillée en fin de mémoire
Numerous studies over the past several decades focused on the effect of the Urban Heat Island. Initial efforts on understanding the factors affecting UHI contributed to proceed the appropriate solutions and mitigation strategies. Mitigation strategies comprise increase both urban albedo (reflectivity to solar radiation), and evapotranspiration. Albedo increases are obtained through high albedo roofing and paving technologies. An increase in evapotranspiration is achieved through a combination of decreasing the fraction of impervious surfaces and planting vegetation in urban areas. The outdoor thermal comfort is influenced by the perception and satisfaction of the pedestrians, especially in hot and arid climates. Consequently, this work focuses on the appropriate methods for reducing the Urban Heat Island and thus to enhance the pedestrians outdoor thermal comfort. However, there is limited research conducted on the outdoor thermal comfort in hot and arid climate. The studies on the mitigation the Urban Heat Island and the outdoor thermal comfort are almost non-existent for Baghdad city. Baghdad has a complex urban fabric with modern design constructions buildings, traditional and heritage houses. The climate in summer is hot, and summer months are considered the longest season with nearly 7 months of the year. This study focuses on investigating possible mitigation strategies to ensure how pedestrian comfort is affected by the constructions design choices comparing a traditional district to a modern one, and on how vegetation and shading patterns contribute to reducing the effect of UHI and improving the outdoor thermal comfort. Four different scenarios are designed to assess the role of vegetation elements such as trees, grass, and different shading patterns. The evaluation was performed on the hottest day in summer, the mean radiant temperature, specific humidity, air temperature, and wind speed distributions have been analyzed using ENVI-met software. Thermal comfort is assessed using the thermal indices the Physiological Equivalent Temperature PET and the Predicted Mean Vote PMV. Also, a proposal model is designed to evaluate the thermal comfort on the hottest day and the typical day in summer. The results revealed an improvement on thermal comfort in the typical day in summer. The study shows how the urban factors such as the aspect ratio, vegetation cover, shadings, and geometry of the canyon are crucial elements that urban planners and municipalities have to take into account, especially for new urban developments in hot, arid climate

L’alta risoluzione nel telerilevamento termico (Thermal Remote Sensing) da aereo o satellitare si rivela molto importante nell’analisi del comportamento termico delle superfici, in particolare per lo studio dei fenomeni climatici locali dello spazio urbano. La stato termico dell'ambiente urbano è oggi motivo di grande interesse per ricercatori, organi istituzionali e cittadini. Uno dei maggiori campi di studio del comportamento termico urbano interessa il problema energetico: la riduzione dei consumi e delle emissioni di CO2 è un obiettivo primario da perseguire per uno sviluppo sostenibile, spesso supportato da criteri legislativi e progetti comunitari. Su scala differente e con caratteristiche differenti, un altro degli argomenti che scuote da anni e con notevole interesse la ricerca scientifica, è il fenomeno termico urbano che prende il nome di isola di calore; questa si sviluppa non solo in conseguenza al calore sensibile rilasciato da attività antropiche, ma anche a causa della sempre maggiore conversione del territorio rurale in urbanizzato (inurbamento), con conseguente riduzione del fenomeno dell’evapotraspirazione. Oggetto di questa dissertazione è lo studio del comportamento termico delle superfici in ambito urbano, sperimentato sulla città di Bologna. Il primo capitolo si interessa dei principi e delle leggi fisiche sui quali è basato il telerilevamento effettuato nelle bende spettrali dell’infrarosso termico. Viene data una definizione di temperatura radiometrica e cinematica, tra loro legate dall’emissività. Vengono esposti i concetti di risoluzione (geometrica, radiometrica, temporale e spettrale) dell’immagine termica e viene data descrizione dei principali sensori su piattaforma spaziale per l’alta risoluzione nel TIR (ASTER e Landsat). Il secondo capitolo si apre con la definizione di LST (Land Surface Temperature), parametro del terreno misurato col telerilevamento, e ne viene descritta la dipendenza dal flusso della radiazione in atmosfera e dalle condizioni di bilancio termico della superficie investigata. Per la sua determinazione vengono proposti metodi diversi in funzione del numero di osservazioni disponibili nelle diverse bande spettrali dell’IR termico. In chiusura sono discussi i parametri che ne caratterizzano la variabilità. Il capitolo terzo entra nel dettaglio del telerilevamento termico in ambito urbano, definendo il fenomeno dell’Urban Heat Island su tutti i livelli atmosferici interessati, fornendo un quadro di operabilità con gli strumenti moderni di rilievo alle differenti scale (analisi multiscala). Un esempio concreto di studio multiscala dei fenomeni termici urbani è il progetto europeo EnergyCity, volto a ridurre i consumi energetici e le emissioni di gas serra di alcune città del centro Europa. Il capitolo quarto riporta la sperimentazione condotta sull’isola di calore urbana della città di Bologna tramite immagini ASTER con risoluzione spaziale 90 m nel TIR e ricampionate a 15 m dal VIS. Lo studio dell’isola di calore si è effettuata a partire dal calcolo della Land Surface Temperature utilizzando valori di emissività derivati da classificazione delle superfici al suolo. Per la validazione dei dati, in alternativa alle stazioni di monitoraggio fisse dell’ARPA, presenti nell’area metropolitana della città, si è sperimentato l’utilizzo di data-loggers per il rilievo di temperatura con possibilità di campionamento a 2 sec. installati su veicoli mobili, strumentati con ricevitori GPS, per la misura dei profili di temperatura atmosferica near-ground lungo transetti di attraversamento della città in direzione est-ovest.

Background: Numerous epidemiological studies have demonstrated a possible correlation between high temperature and mortality in different settings. Most of these studies have focused on urban settings in industrialized countries, concluding that urban populations are more vulnerable to heat effects than rural populations. This has mainly been attributed to the urban heat island (UHI) effect, a phenomenon which explains the elevated temperatures in urban areas. Others have contradicted this finding and concluded that rural residents are more vulnerable. For this study, we test the hypothesis that rural populations and sub-populations are also vulnerable to heat mortality. Method: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar to identify peer-reviewed studies investigating heat mortality in rural settings. Using keywords and a set of rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria, ten studies were selected. Meta-analysis was then performed using the Comprehensive MetaAnalysis V3.exe software. Results and discussion: The pooled relative risk (RR) was 1.191 (95% confidence interval: 1.130-1.251). Although rural populations may not be exposed to as high temperatures as urban populations, they remain vulnerable to heat effects. Conclusion: There is evidence of heat vulnerability in rural populations and subpopulations. Heat vulnerability is not only determined by heat exposure, but also by sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Rural populations and sub-populations may be vulnerable to heat mortality due to low adaptive capacity. Further studies are needed to assess risk factors that predispose rural populations and sub-populations to heat mortality in order to develop effective public health interventions.

Submitted by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2016-04-01T19:43:27Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rubens Villar Siqueira - 2015.pdf: 4882241 bytes, checksum: 3f8cb0b344dec7efd60e3c7564ed2c56 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-04-04T11:52:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rubens Villar Siqueira - 2015.pdf: 4882241 bytes, checksum: 3f8cb0b344dec7efd60e3c7564ed2c56 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T11:52:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rubens Villar Siqueira - 2015.pdf: 4882241 bytes, checksum: 3f8cb0b344dec7efd60e3c7564ed2c56 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-03
Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
Climate analysis, whether at global, regional or local level, it has been the subject of research in various fields of earth sciences. Among the climatic parameters, temperature and precipitation have gained importance in recent decades because of significant changes in their magnitudes. Thus, this work performs a detailed analysis of the temperature for the Greater Goiânia, using satellite images to generate surface temperature for the study area, at first, through an analysis between the years 1997 and 2008 and after in about twenty years, periodically every four years, for the years 1997, 2001, 2005, 2009 and 2014. The elaborate maps, besides showing the spatial variation of urban heat islands, show that there was significant changes to the minimum temperature, maximum and average. Between the period 1997 and 2008, the minimum decrease about 1.4°C and maximum jump of 31.2°C to 36.0°C. Test results for the five periods between 1997 and 2014, show that the year 2014 is presented as the hottest in the years studied. Through the resulting maps of this analysis, it can see that the range of temperatures, the difference between the maximum and minimum, grow with the years. An estimated temperature of satellite validation model was performed by direct comparison between the surface temperature and the data of GOIÂNIA weather station belonging to INMET, with differences of 0.7°C to 1.9°C between the temperatures demonstrating the applicability of satellite images to estimate temperatures in areas that do not have a dense meteorological network. The last analysis performed is forecast monthly temperatures for the period between the years 2040-2047, using the method of Holt-Winters. The model used for predicting allowed the computation of the seasonality of the minimum monthly temperatures, average and maximum for the historical period between the years 1970 to 2015. The predicted temperatures renew the expectation of increased minimum temperatures, average and maximum presented by the analysis of Historic data. As shown, in addition to the monthly increases in temperature, the occurrence of these will be situated in the highest classes of about 1.0° C warmer. We can see that, too, after 2000, all temperatures rise significantly, where their amplitudes between the minimum and maximum are located at a higher level than in previous years.
A análise do clima, seja em escala global, regional ou local, tem sido objeto de pesquisa em diversas áreas das ciências da terra. Dentre os parâmetros climáticos, a temperatura e a precipitação ganharam importância nas últimas décadas devido as alterações significativas em suas magnitudes. Desta forma, este trabalho executa uma análise particularizada da temperatura para a Região Metropolitana de Goiânia, utilizando imagens de satélites a fim de gerar a temperatura de superfície para a área de estudo, em um primeiro momento, por meio de uma análise entre os anos de 1997 e 2008 e após em cerca de vinte anos, periodicamente a cada quatro anos, para os anos de 1997, 2001, 2005, 2009 e 2014. Os mapas elaborados, além de mostrarem a variação espacial das ilhas de calor urbano, demonstram que houve variações significativas para as temperaturas mínimas, máximas e médias. Entre o período de 1997 e 2008, as mínimas decrescem aproximadamente em 1,4°C e as máximas saltam de 31,2°C para 36,0°C. Os resultados da análise para os cinco períodos entre 1997 e 2014, demonstram que o ano de 2014 se apresentou como o mais quente entre os anos estudados. Por meio dos mapas resultantes desta análise, é possível notar que a amplitude das temperaturas, diferença entre as máximas e mínimas, crescem com o decorrer dos anos. Um modelo de validação das temperaturas estimadas por satélite foi executado por meio da comparação direta entre a temperatura de superfície e os dados da estação meteorológica GOIÂNIA, pertencente ao INMET, apresentando diferenças de 0,7°C a 1,9°C entre as temperaturas, demonstrando a aplicabilidade de imagens de satélite para estimativa de temperaturas em áreas que não dispõem de uma rede meteorológica adensada. A última análise executada trata da previsão de temperaturas mensais para o período entre os anos de 2040 a 2047, utilizando o método de Holt-Winters. O modelo adotado para a previsão permitiu a computação da sazonalidade das temperaturas mensais mínimas, médias e máximas para o período histórico entre os anos de 1970 a 2015. As temperaturas previstas reafirmam a expectativa do aumento das temperaturas mínimas, médias e máximas apresentadas pela análise dos dados históricos. Conforme demonstrado, além dos aumentos nas temperaturas mensais, a ocorrência destas se situará em regiões mais altas, com cerca de 1,0°C mais quentes. Podemos notar que, também, após o ano 2000, todas as temperaturas se elevam de forma significativa, onde suas amplitudes entre as mínimas e máximas se situam em um patamar mais elevado que nos anos anteriores.

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le contexte du changement climatique et de l’étude de ses impacts sur les environnements urbains en se concentrant sur le phénomène d’ICU. L’objectif est de fournir des outils permettant d’identifier les zones vulnérables afin de mettre en oeuvre des mesures ciblées, notamment grâce à des cartes de température de l’air à l’échelle des quartiers. Ce travail propose un cadre méthodologique innovant, combinant des simulations physiques et des approches statistiques s’appuyant sur des mesures in-situ. Le modèle Urban UWG a été utilisé pour construire une base de données de températures d’air en milieux urbains en s’appuyant sur des données rurales et des paramètres de surface. Un modèle basé sur les réseaux de neurones, NUWG-City, a été développé. Pré-entraîné sur les simulations issues de UWG, il a été affiné avec des données issues de stations météorologiques de Toulouse. Cette ville, caractérisée par son tissu urbain diversifié et ses riches données météorologiques, a permis un entraînement et une validation robustes du modèle. NUWG-City améliore les performances d’UWG de 30% et offre une rapidité de simulation supérieure de 33%, tout en offrant une meilleure variabilité spatiale grâce à la prise en compte des spécificités des environnements urbains
This thesis is set within the context of climate change and its impacts on urban environments, focusing on the phenomenon of the UHI. The goal is to provide tools for identifying vulnerable areas to implement targeted measures, particularly through neighborhoodscale air temperature maps. This work introduces an innovative methodological framework that combines physical simulations and statistical approaches. The UWG model was employed to construct an urban air temperature database using rural data and surface parameters. A neural network-based model, NUWG-City, was developed. Pre-trained on simulations generated by UWG, it was finetuned using meteorological station data from Toulouse. This city, characterized by its diverse urban fabric and extensive meteorological records, enabled robust training and validation of the model. NUWG-City improves UWG’s performance by 30% and increases simulation speed by 33%, while providing better spatial variability by incorporating the specific characteristics of urban environments

This study identifies the spatial and temporal change of three types of Urban Heat Island (UHI). The Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) and Canopy Urban Heat Island (CUHI) are common UHI phenomena; however, the Radiant Urban Heat Island (RUHI) is proposed as a new type of UHI. Surface temperature, air temperature, and mean radiant temperature are used as indicators to measure the SUHI, CUHI, and RUHI respectively. Visual, statistical and microclimate approaches are carried out to increase the spatial and temporal resolution of the UHI modelling. The modelling approaches employ the integration of remote sensing, GIS, and ground measurements to improve the 2D and 3D representation of the UHI. Furthermore, the influencing parameters on the formation of the three types of UHI are investigated. The research aim is to produce an integrated approach that improves the low spatial or temporal coverage of UHI models in the literature. Moreover, it quantifies the causative parameters on the formation of UHI, and proposes mitigation strategies accordingly. London, Baghdad and Birmingham are the study areas of the SUHI, to test the variability of the size, population, Land Use/Cover (LULC), geometry, microclimate, geography, and level of development. Birmingham is chosen to study the CUHI and RUHI, because of the availability of the required data to model these UHIs. The SUHI is carried out between (2000- 2015) by the Land Surface Temperature (LST) of the thermal bands of Landsat, ASTER, MODIS and other auxiliary data. The CUHI, on the hand, is undertaken for two years (June 2012- June 2014) using high density air temperature measurements (HiTemp data), and the RUHI is simulated based on the mean radiant temperature (Tmrt) for four seasonal days that are part of the HiTemp. The integrated approach of the research employs three indictors (LST, air temperature, and Tmrt) to model the UHI which is unprecedented in the literature. Furthermore, within the use of each indicator there is a novel approach. The LST is acquired for three different cities using thermal bands from 1 m to 1000 m spatial resolution by employing diverse satellite and airborne images for about 15 years. The air temperature is hourly measured for two years by over 100 ground stations to produce high spatial and temporal thermal maps, and some of the ground stations are used to simulate the Tmrt. The Tmrt is used for the first time to model the UHI as a new indictor, which upgrades the 2D UHI using LST and air temperature to 3D UHI simulation. The influencing parameters on the formation of three types of UHI derived from the three indicators are identified, and they include many potential factors not investigated together in the literature. The findings of such topic might be useful for decision-makers when building new cities or modifying the existing ones, even the public can know more about their environment. The results show that, London and Birmingham core area usually work as SUHI during the day and night-time. However, Baghdad city exhibits low LST in the daytime except for high density residential area as well as indusial and commercial units. Similarly, Baghdad city becomes a SUHI in the night-time, and the water bodies have high LST during the cold nights for the three cities. Despite the higher diurnal, daytime and night-time LST of Baghdad compared to London and Birmingham, the London SUHI intensities were higher than those of Baghdad. The temporal change of the average LST and SUHI for Birmingham did not show significant change over the study period just like London; however, they both gave high spatial variability. The diurnal averages of SUHI are 9.41, 11.29, and 7.63 ºC for Baghdad, London, and Birmingham (during 2003-2015) respectively. The CUHI appear daytime and night-time in Birmingham urban and suburban areas throughout the different seasons for 56% of the total hours of two years, to reach 13.53 ºC. The simulation of Tmrt show the presence of daytime Radiant Urban Cool Island (RUCI) in the City Centre of Birmingham, while, the night-time induced the development of RUHI. Various influencing parameters contribute to the different types of UHI. The land cover types and anthropogenic heat are the main contributors to the SUHI. Fourteen controllable and uncontrollable predictors control the CUHI development. On the other hand, the radiation fluxes and shadow patterns direct the RUHI formation. Overall, the spatial and temporal behaviour of UHI varies for the different types of UHI. Each type of UHI is controlled by a set of causative parameters, and these might differ based on the type of UHI as well as where and when it occurs.

This thesis presents a comparative study on surface urban heat islands effects in Baghdad and Perth. The first part evaluates expansion of built-up areas and quantifies its effects on land surface temperature patterns. The second part examines the extent to which the urban thermal environment is influenced by spatial patterns of land use and land cover (LULC) categories. The final part investigates the thermophysical behaviour of various urban LULC categories using albedo and LST parameters.

Summary The development of urbanization and industrialization has improved the comfort level and the quality of human’s life effectively. But at the same time, it also caused many global environment problems, such as air pollution, greenhouse effect and urban heat island (UHI).  The environment cannot keep the balance because of lots of industrial activities, anthropogenic heat and building surface effect. Almost 3 billion people, who are living in cities, have to face this situation, and the quantity is still increasing. The authors use literature research methodology, case study, comparative study and trend analysis study while writing. UHI have a harmful effect (such like photochemical smog and increasing energy use) on urban ecological environment, daily life and health. As the product of urbanization and industrialization, UHI has become one of the most important climate issues. Urban green space is helpful to reduce urban heat islands. London has a better urban green space system to face UHI and Hong Kong still has a long way to improve the green environment for reduce UHI. This article consider that roof greening is a suitable method to help Hong Kong gets rid of urban heat islands. And the lighting and population could indicate the level of urbanization, also can reflect the effect of urban heat islands preliminary. Over-capitalized lighting will exacerbate urban heat islands.

In the summer of 2007, the number of people living in the world’s urban areas exceeded that of those living in the countryside. Such urbanisation tends to modify the climates of towns and cities as a result of a number of factors which together form the ‘urban heat island’ effect. In order to better design buildings and urban areas to cope with these effects, it is first necessary to understand the heat transfer mechanisms which are taking place. The aim of the current research has therefore been to provide convective heat transfer data appropriate for low-rise urban environments by investigating the effects of wind speed, direction and street geometry. The research has employed the naphthalene sublimation technique which has been extended in several fundamental areas including development of a novel approach to measure the rate of sublimation from wind tunnel models. This technique has permitted measurements to be made over an array of discrete locations, revealing the variation across building surfaces. The uncertainty in the convective heat transfer coefficients obtained was calculated to be approximately ±6%. Tests were conducted in the BRE wind tunnel with an atmospheric boundary layer simulation appropriate to inner city areas. Cube models were arranged so as to form long rows of flat-roofed buildings referred to as ‘street canyons’. A series of correlations have been derived from the experimental results from which the rate of convection occurring from each building surface may be obtained with respect to wind speed. The greatest rates of convective heat transfer have been shown to occur at the top of the windward wall and leading edge of the roof, the lowest rates from the leeward wall of a building. Convection was found to be reduced in narrow street canyons. In wider street canyons, the convective coefficients on the exposed windward and roof surfaces of buildings were higher, but the values on the leeward wall are lessened due to the distancing of the downstream windward vortex. The effect of wind direction was found to be relatively small and therefore it is proposed that the convective heat transfer relationships presented may be applied irrespective of wind direction.

As urbanization and global warming increase, an increasing importance is set on that urban planning processes take the possible effects of urban heat islands into account. In order to provide local city planners with site specific knowledge of the current situation in Stockholm, this study has explored the intra-urban heat island effect in Stockholm municipality by identifying major problem areas as well as addressing the statistical relationship between temperature and factors relating to land cover and urban planning strategies. Remotely sensed land surface temperature (LST) and the Swedish National Land Cover Database (NMD) have formed the data basis for the analyses that were carried out using GIS. The LST and land cover information have been extracted from randomly placed circle polygons in order to create a sample for the statistical analyses.  The results show that there exist differences in temperature within Stockholm municipality, both within the municipality as a whole and between various urban characters. In both cases, land cover is identified as an important, but not sole, factor to explain the differences. On land areas, artificial non-vegetated surfaces and forest is identified as the land cover classes of most relevance when it comes to the urban heat island effect. For both land cover classes, a strong correlation to LST is seen. Even though certain uncertainties and limitations are embedded in the data as well as in the method choices, the study can conclude in that the urban heat island effect is present in Stockholm municipality and that it can be derived from both land cover and urban characters.
I takt med att urbaniseringen och den globala uppvärmningen ökar kommer högre krav ställas på att stadsplaneringen tar hänsyn till de effekter som väntas uppstå kopplat till urbana värmeöar. I syfte att bistå lokala stadsplanerare med platsspecifik kunskap om den nuvarande situationen i Stockholm har den här studien utforskat intraurbana temperaturvariationer i Stockholms stad genom att identifiera de mest utsatta områdena samt genom att undersöka det statistiska sambandet mellan temperatur och faktorer kopplat till marktäcke och stadsutformning. Markens yttemperatur uppmätt från satellit och Nationella marktäckedata (NMD) har utgjort det främsta dataunderlaget för analyserna som genomförts med hjälp av GIS. Genom att extrahera information om yttemperatur och marktäcke från slumpmässigt placerade cirkelpolygoner kunde ett urval till de statistiska analyserna skapas.  Resultaten från studien visar att det finns skillnader i temperatur inom Stockholms stad, både inom kommunen som helhet och mellan olika stadsbyggnadskaraktärer. I båda fallen kan marktäcke identifieras som en viktig, men inte ensam, faktor till att förklara skillnaderna. På landområdena identifieras exploaterad mark och skog som de marktäcken med störst betydelse när det kommer till urbana värmeöar. För båda marktäckena ses i studien en stark korrelation till yttemperatur. Trots att vissa osäkerheter och begräsningar kan kopplas till både använd data och de metoder som använts kan slutsatsen att effekten från urbana värmeöar finns i Stockholms kommun dras. Dessutom kan konstateras att effekten kan härledas både till marktäcke och stadsbyggnadskaraktär.

Orientador: Margarete Cristiane de Costa Trindade Amorim
Resumo: O acelerado crescimento das cidades associado a um planejamento ineficiente ocasionou inúmeros problemas ambientais que recaem sobre a qualidade de vida da população. Nesse contexto de alterações das condições do ambiente natural, inúmeros estudos científicos foram suscitados, dentre eles, destacam-se os que se propuseram a estudar o clima das cidades. Diante disso, esta pesquisa baseou-se na proposta teórica e metodológica do Sistema Clima Urbano (S.C.U), com enfoque no subsistema termodinâmico e teve como objetivo central investigar os efeitos de áreas agrícolas urbanas na intensidade das ilhas de calor em Florianópolis - SC, no que se refere às condições de temperatura, um dos principais elementos climáticos responsáveis pelo conforto térmico. A ênfase dada à Florianópolis relaciona-se à presença de um marco legal que prevê a implantação e apoio à prática agrícola nos espaços intraurbano e periurbano. Os procedimentos metodológicos realizados, consistiram na busca por dados de temperatura a partir de técnicas de sensoriamento remoto e pontos fixos. Foram tratadas e analisadas as imagens do satélite Landsat-8, que mostraram diferenças nas características térmicas dos alvos, comparando-se áreas densamente construídas com áreas não construídas, apresentando intensidades de ilhas de calor de superfície de até 14ºC. As áreas com maior desenvolvimento vegetativo, com destaque para aquelas localizadas nos topos dos morros, apresentaram as menores temperaturas das cenas e as áreas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The accelerated growth of cities associated with inefficient planning has caused numerous environmental issues that affect the population quality of life. In this context of changes in natural environment conditions, several scientific studies have been carried out, among which stand out those who focused on studying the climate of cities. Therefore, the present research was based on the theoretical and methodological proposal of the Urban Climate System (UCS), with emphasis on the thermodynamic subsystem. The main objective was to investigate the effects of urban agricultural areas on the intensity of heat islands in Florianópolis - SC, with regard to temperature conditions, one of the main climatic elements responsible for thermal comfort. The emphasis given to Florianópolis is related to the presence of a legal framework that provides for the implementation and support of agricultural practice in intra-urban and peri-urban spaces. The methodological procedures performed consisted of researching temperature data using remote sensing techniques and fixed points. Landsat-8 satellite images were treated and analyzed, which presented differences in the thermal characteristics of the targets, comparing densely built areas with non-built spaces, revealing intensities of surface heat islands of up to 14ºC. The areas with the highest vegetative development, with emphasis on those located at the top of hills, presented the lowest temperatures in the scenes, and the areas of urban an... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-12-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:51:33Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 viana_ssm_me_prud.pdf: 7796282 bytes, checksum: 8f06453d5a301b5a459faff23b281c8e (MD5)
Este estudo teve como objetivo principal investigar as características da temperatura e umidade relativa do ar intra-urbana e da zona rural próxima a Teodoro Sampaio, SP, cidade de pequeno porte que está localizada a 22° 53' 25 S e 52° 16' 75 W, no extremo Oeste do Estado de São Paulo/Brasil. Para a coleta de dados foram utilizados miniabrigos meteorológicos e transectos móveis. Os miniabrigos meteorológicos foram equipados com psicrômetros e distribuídos em sete pontos, sendo seis na área urbana e um na área rural, sendo que as coletas de dados foram realizadas às 7h, 9h, 15h e 21h. Com relação ao transecto móvel foi utilizado um termômetro digital, com o sensor preso a uma haste de madeira e acoplado na lateral de um veículo, totalizando 17 pontos de coleta entre as 20h30min e 21h. As coletas de dados aconteceram em dias representativos de janeiro de 2005 verão; e em julho de 2005 inverno. Esse estudo concluiu que Teodoro Sampaio, cidade de pequeno porte com aproximadamente 16.000 habitantes, já possui um clima urbano específico, conseqüência da ocupação do solo e das funcionalidades urbanas, o que acabou gerando para a cidade ilhas de calor e de frescor.
The objective of this study was to investigate the temperature and the relative humidity behavior in the urban and rural areas near Teodoro Sampaio, SP. This small town is localized 22° 53' 25 S and 52° 16' 75 W, in the extreme West of Sao Paulo state, Brazil. Small meteorological stations and mobile transects were used as a methodology to collect the data to this work. These small meteorological shelters were equipped with psychometers and distributed into seven points, six of them in the urban areas and one of them in the rural area. All these points were always read at 7 and 9 am, and at 3 and 9 pm. The mobile transects were developed with digital thermometers whose sensors were attached to a wooden rod and coupled to a side of a vehicle, adding up to seventeen points which were checked between 8:30 pm and 9pm. The data collecting process was done on representative days of January 2005(summer) and July 2005 (winter). Through this study, we can conclude that Teodoro Sampaio, a small town with nearly 16,000 inhabitants, has a specific urban climate already and it can be considered a consequence of the land occupation and of the urban functionality which created islands of heat and coolness in the town.

Orientador: Margarete Cristiane de Costa Trindade Amorim
Resumo: Nesta pesquisa levantou-se a hipótese de que conhecer o campo térmico de Jundiaí e saber a forma e intensidade das ilhas de calor urbanas resulta em informações relevantes a serem inseridas nas ações de planejamento. Acredita-se ainda, que a utilização da metodologia das Zonas Climáticas Locais (LCZs) facilita a comparação dos resultados obtidos em Jundiaí com outras áreas urbanas, uma vez que esta proporciona a uniformização e padronização de terminologias referentes aos usos e ocupações da terra. Para tanto, o objetivo principal foi diagnosticar o campo térmico da cidade de Jundiaí/SP e elaborar uma análise síntese, apresentando as intensidades de ilhas de calor em relação às características de superfície. Para atingir os objetivos propostos as pesquisas de campo ocorreram através da instalação de 10 sensores fixos que registraram dados horários de temperatura entre abril e dezembro de 2017 e realizados 10 episódios de levantamento com medidas itinerantes em agosto e setembro do mesmo ano. Os dados fixos identificaram que a maior expressão das ilhas de calor esteve conectada com uma sequência de estabilidade atmosférica. As maiores intensidades das ilhas de calor foram registradas, predominantemente, nos meses com as menores precipitações totais (junho, julho, agosto e setembro), enquanto no ciclo diário, as maiores intensidades foram noturnas. Notou-se também que, predominantemente, as maiores intensidades estiveram relacionadas com LCZs características de áreas urbana, LC... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: In this research it was hypothesized that knowing the thermal field of Jundiaí and knowing the distribution and intensity of urban heat islands results in relevant information to be included in the planning actions. It is also believed that the use of the Local Climate Zones (LCZs) methodology facilitates the comparison of the results obtained in Jundiaí with other urban areas, since it provides the standardization and standardization of land use and occupation terminology. Therefore, the main objective was to diagnose the thermal field of the city of Jundiaí/SP and to elaborate a synthesis analysis, presenting the urban heat island intensities in relation to the surface characteristics. In order to achieve the proposed objectives, the field research was carried out by installing 10 fixed sensors that recorded hourly temperature data between April and December 2017 and carried out 10 episodes of itinerant survey in August and September of the same year. Data from fixed sensors identified that the highest expression of heat islands was connected with an atmospheric stability sequence. The highest intensities of the urban heat islands were predominantly recorded in the months with the lowest total of rainfall (June, July, August and September), while in the daily cycle the highest intensities were nocturnal. It was also noted that, predominantly, the highest intensities were related to LCZs characteristic of urban areas, LCZ 3, LCZ 3B, LCZ 34 and LCZ 7, all compact and with lit... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

Orientador: Margarete Cristiane de Costa Trindade Amorim
Resumo: A investigação da interferência da cidade na composição da atmosfera próxima à superfície remonta ao século XIX. Os estudos pioneiros do clima urbano apresentaram considerações sobre as alterações da cidade e da agricultura nos climas dos lugares. Esse quadro de interferências gerou grande comprometimento da qualidade do ambiente, refletindo nas condições de vida das populações, pois as alterações climáticas influenciam no conforto térmico, na saúde e no desempenho humano. Especialmente no ambiente tropical, o desconforto térmico demanda adaptação via climatização dos ambientes internos, influenciando no maior aporte energético, além de não ser acessível por parte da população. Em contrapartida, os espaços externos estão sujeitos aos efeitos das ilhas de calor, derivadas das condições meteorológicas e das características urbanas (OKE, 1987). O clima urbano é entendido como o clima de um determinado espaço e sua urbanização (MONTEIRO, 1976), não existindo uma escala rígida para o diagnóstico deste fenômeno. Nesse sentido, as cidades médias e pequenas também mostram importantes alterações das suas condições pretéritas à urbanização e exibem relativas facilidades para uma investigação climática qualitativa, pois seus espaços reduzidos permitem a melhor diferenciação dos seus ambientes intraurbanos e existem possibilidades de intervenção e planejamento urbano nos novos espaços em expansão. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar o clima urbano de cidades do ambiente tropical ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The investigation of cities’ interference in the composition of the near-surface atmosphere dates back to the nineteenth century. Pioneering studies on the urban climate presented considerations regarding changes in cities and agriculture in the climates of the places. This situation of interference compromised to a large degree the quality of the environment, reflecting on the living conditions of the populations, as climate change has an impact on human thermal comfort, health, and performance. Particularly in the tropical environment, thermal discomfort demands adaptation via climate control of indoor environments, influencing the greater energy supply, besides not being accessible by the population. In contrast, outdoor spaces are subject to the effects of heat islands, derived from weather conditions and urban characteristics (OKE, 1987). The urban climate is understood as the climate of a given space and its urbanization (MONTEIRO, 1976), and there is no rigid scale for the diagnosis of this phenomenon. In this sense, small and medium-sized cities also show important changes in their conditions prior to urbanization and present relative ease for a qualitative climate investigation, as their small spaces allow a better differentiation of their intraurban environments, and there are possibilities of intervention and urban planning in the new expanding spaces. This research aimed to investigate the urban climate of cities in the tropical environment located in the western ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

Orientador: Margarete Cristiane de Costa Trindade Amorim
Banca: José Tadeu Garcia Tommaselli
Banca: Deise Fabiana Ely
Resumo: Este estudo teve como objetivo principal investigar as características da temperatura e umidade relativa do ar intra-urbana e da zona rural próxima a Teodoro Sampaio, SP, cidade de pequeno porte que está localizada a 22° 53' 25" S e 52° 16' 75" W, no extremo Oeste do Estado de São Paulo/Brasil. Para a coleta de dados foram utilizados miniabrigos meteorológicos e transectos móveis. Os miniabrigos meteorológicos foram equipados com psicrômetros e distribuídos em sete pontos, sendo seis na área urbana e um na área rural, sendo que as coletas de dados foram realizadas às 7h, 9h, 15h e 21h. Com relação ao transecto móvel foi utilizado um termômetro digital, com o sensor preso a uma haste de madeira e acoplado na lateral de um veículo, totalizando 17 pontos de coleta entre as 20h30min e 21h. As coletas de dados aconteceram em dias representativos de janeiro de 2005 verão; e em julho de 2005 inverno. Esse estudo concluiu que Teodoro Sampaio, cidade de pequeno porte com aproximadamente 16.000 habitantes, já possui um clima urbano específico, conseqüência da ocupação do solo e das funcionalidades urbanas, o que acabou gerando para a cidade ilhas de calor e de frescor.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the temperature and the relative humidity behavior in the urban and rural areas near Teodoro Sampaio, SP. This small town is localized 22° 53' 25" S and 52° 16' 75" W, in the extreme West of Sao Paulo state, Brazil. Small meteorological stations and mobile transects were used as a methodology to collect the data to this work. These small meteorological shelters were equipped with psychometers and distributed into seven points, six of them in the urban areas and one of them in the rural area. All these points were always read at 7 and 9 am, and at 3 and 9 pm. The mobile transects were developed with digital thermometers whose sensors were attached to a wooden rod and coupled to a side of a vehicle, adding up to seventeen points which were checked between 8:30 pm and 9pm. The data collecting process was done on representative days of January 2005(summer) and July 2005 (winter). Through this study, we can conclude that Teodoro Sampaio, a small town with nearly 16,000 inhabitants, has a specific urban climate already and it can be considered a consequence of the land occupation and of the urban functionality which created islands of heat and coolness in the town.
Mestre

Submitted by GABRIELA CALDERON null (gabi_calderon_@hotmail.com) on 2017-01-02T20:25:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Analise das variações térmicas e higrométricas em Tapejara.pdf: 10628697 bytes, checksum: 54723a4d70128dbeb4ee5b3d8eea296f (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-01-05T16:26:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 calderon_g_me_prud.pdf: 10628697 bytes, checksum: 54723a4d70128dbeb4ee5b3d8eea296f (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-05T16:26:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 calderon_g_me_prud.pdf: 10628697 bytes, checksum: 54723a4d70128dbeb4ee5b3d8eea296f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-18
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
A presente pesquisa foi realizada em Tapejara/PR, município de pequeno porte, localizado no noroeste do Estado do Paraná. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi analisar as diferenças de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar entre o campo e as áreas intraurbanas, com a finalidade de verificar a ocorrência de ilhas de calor. Para este estudo foi utilizado o método Sistema Clima Urbano proposto por Monteiro (1976), por meio do subsistema termodinâmico e as propostas metodológicas de Mendonça (1994), Amorim (2005) e Amorim, Dubreuil e Cardoso (2015). Foram instalados termohigrômetros digitais em pontos representativos da área intraurbana e rural para coleta dos dados de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar para a elaboração de painéis espaço temporais que demonstraram, de maneira bastante satisfatória, a ocorrência de ilhas de calor ou de frescor e ilhas secas ou úmidas. A temperatura do ar foi registrada ainda por meio de transectos móveis para a realização da modelagem da ilha de calor urbana. A análise dos elementos meteorológicos foi realizada para os meses de julho e agosto de 2014, considerando-se as características geoambientais e geourbanas, tais como, materiais construtivos, presença de vegetação arbórea, uso e ocupação da terra e características do relevo. Os resultados mostraram diferenças importantes nestes elementos, caracterizando a formação de microclimas próprios, e a existência de ilhas de calor urbana com intensidade que chegou a 6,5°C e ilhas secas de até -23% no período analisado, em relação aos dados coletados na área rural.
This research was conducted in Tapejara / PR, a small city located in the northwest of Parana State. The main objective of this research was to analyze the differences in temperature and relative humidity between the field and intra-urban areas, in order to verify the occurrence of heat islands. For this essay we used the proposed method of Urban Climate System, by Monteiro (1976), by means of thermodynamic subsystem and methodological approaches of Mendonça (1994), Amorim (2005) and Amorim, Dubreuil and Cardoso (2015). There were installed digital thermohygrometer in representative points of intra-urban and rural area for data gathering of temperature and relative humidity for the development of temporal space panels have demonstrated, fairly well, the occurrence of heat islands or freshness and dry islands or damp. The air temperature was also recorded by mobile transects to perform the modeling of urban heat island. The analysis of the meteorological elements was performed for the months of July and August 2014, considering the geoenvironmental and geourbanas characteristics, such as building materials, presence of arboreal vegetation, use and occupation of land and relief characteristics. The results showed important differences in these elements, marking the formation of own microclimates, and the existence of urban heat islands with intensity reaching 6,5ºC and dry slands up to -23% in the analyzed period, in relation to the data collected in the rural area.
CNPq: 134208/2014-5

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-05-15T18:12:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 EWERTON VÔLNEY DA SILVA COSTA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGMET) 2015.pdf: 5145716 bytes, checksum: 472ebd5a74a9a155a582c84c559c918d (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-15T18:12:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EWERTON VÔLNEY DA SILVA COSTA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGMET) 2015.pdf: 5145716 bytes, checksum: 472ebd5a74a9a155a582c84c559c918d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-27
Capes
O crescimento desenfreado das cidades é um problema decorrente do aumento da população, causando inúmeras complicações para a sociedade e meio ambiente, como por exemplo, poluição, assoreamento de rios, desmatamento, alterações no clima local ou regional. O aumento da temperatura está diretamente ligado ao crescimento urbano, sendo influenciado pelo alto índice de construções, poluição, redução da vegetação e impermeabilização do solo, ocasionando problemas para a saúde dos habitantes e um desconforto térmico, gerando as chamadas ilhas de calor urbano (ICU). O estudo tem como objetivo identificar áreas propícias para a formação das ICU, caracterizar as mudanças do uso e ocupação do solo sobre a temperatura, estimar o saldo de radiação e os índices de vegetação (NDVI), água (NDWI) e área construída (NDBI) no período entre 1985 e 2007 em Londrina/PR. Foram gerados diagramas de dispersão com o intuito de analisar as relações entre os índices e a temperatura. Durante esse período, a vegetação e as áreas de solo exposto perderam espaço para a malha urbana, que apresentou um crescimento superior a 17%. A temperatura mínima encontrada na zona urbana com o passar dos anos fica cada vez mais elevada, em 1985 apresentou 22,4°C, já em 2007 apresentou 26,3°C, um aumento de aproximadamente 4°C. A temperatura na malha urbana também se apresentou mais elevada em comparação com as outras classes, chegando a marcar mais de 8°C em comparação com a vegetação densa. As temperaturas mais altas se apresentam nas regiões de solo exposto, estradas e alta densidade de edificações e as menores temperaturas foram identificadas nos corpos hídricos. A relação entre temperatura e os índices, indicou que quanto maior a temperatura, menor os valores de NDVI e NDWI. Já o NDBI, apresentou valores maiores à medida que a temperatura aumenta.
The rampant growth of cities is a problem due to increased population, causing numerous complications for society and the environment, such as pollution, silting of rivers, deforestation, changes in local or regional climate. The temperature rise is directly linked to urban growth, being influenced by the high number of buildings, pollution, reduction of vegetation and soil sealing, causing problems for the health of inhabitants and thermal discomfort, generating the so-called urban heat islands (ICU ). The study aims to identify areas suitable for the formation of the ICU, to characterize the changes of land use and occupation over temperature, estimate the net radiation and the vegetation index (NDVI), water (NDWI) and building area (NDBI ) between 1985 and 2007 in Londrina / PR. Scatter plots were generated in order to analyze the relationship between the indexes and the temperature. During this period, vegetation and bare soil areas lost space to the urban fabric, which showed a growth of 17%. The minimum temperature found in the urban area over the years becomes increasingly higher in 1985 showed 22.4 ° C in 2007 showed 26.3 ° C, an increase of about 4 ° C. The temperature in the urban also showed the highest in comparison with the other classes, reaching scores more than 8 ° C as compared with dense vegetation. The higher temperatures present in the soil exposed areas, roads and buildings high density and lower temperatures have been identified in water bodies. The relationship between temperature and indices indicated that the higher the temperature, the lower the NDVI values and NDWI. Since the NDBI, had larger values as the temperature increases.

Submitted by JANAINA LOPES MOREIRA null (janainamoreira1991@hotmail.com) on 2016-12-22T03:37:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO-JANAÍNA_FINAL.pdf: 19293867 bytes, checksum: 4cf16c000fdc8b424a5b8638279a09e4 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-12-22T13:47:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 moreira_jl_me_prud.pdf: 19293867 bytes, checksum: 4cf16c000fdc8b424a5b8638279a09e4 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-22T13:47:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 moreira_jl_me_prud.pdf: 19293867 bytes, checksum: 4cf16c000fdc8b424a5b8638279a09e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-07
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
A cidade se consolidou como local de morada de grande parte da população mundial no século XX. Segundo a ONU, desde 1990, o mundo tem visto um incremento na concentração da população nas áreas urbanas. Esse aumento pode ser associado aos processos de urbanização mais recentes ocorridos em alguns países, tais como os localizados na América Latina e Caribe, que entre 1950 e 1990 viram suas populações urbanas crescerem de 40% para 70%. No Brasil, esse fenômeno se manifestou principalmente através da apropriação do campo pela produção capitalista, que gerou grande êxodo rural e rápido crescimento populacional nos centros urbanos. Fato que foi determinante para o agravamento das mazelas urbanas, e consequentemente, para as condições de vida e a atual configuração das cidades brasileiras. Dentre os problemas ambientais urbanos provenientes desse processo, destacam-se os referentes à atmosfera urbana, tais como o acúmulo de calor, poluição e inundações, que têm causado desconfortos e prejuízos à qualidade de vida dos citadinos. Nesta perspectiva, o objetivo desse estudo foi detectar o fenômeno de ilha de calor em Penápolis/SP e suas magnitudes, considerando-se seus atributos geoambientais e geourbanos. A pesquisa teve como referência a teoria do Sistema Clima Urbano proposta por Monteiro (1976), com ênfase no que o autor denominou de subsistema termodinâmico. Os procedimentos metodológicos realizados se basearam na realização de transectos móveis, na instalação de dois pontos fixos e na utilização de imagens de satélite e técnicas de sensoriamento remoto. As imagens de satélite foram utilizadas para o mapeamento dos condicionantes geoambientais e geourbanos, tais como vegetação, relevo, temperatura de superfície e densidade de edificações. A escolha dos dois pontos fixos foi pautada em referencial bibliográfico, sendo que um desses pontos ficou localizado na área central da cidade, caracterizado por um elevado grau de edificações, e o outro na área rural do município, ambos com altitudes semelhantes. O monitoramento das variáveis climáticas (temperatura e umidade) também se realizou através de transectos móveis, o que implicou na realização de dois percursos (norte-sul/leste-oeste). As coletas foram efetuadas em dias com condições atmosféricas que se caracterizaram pela estabilidade, sem chuva e sem vento, às 21h e em meses representativos do verão e inverno. Sendo assim, os registros foram realizados em dezesseis episódios distribuídos em oito transectos nos meses de dezembro de 2014 e janeiro de 2015 e outros oito nos meses de junho e julho de 2015. Os resultados apontaram, que sob condições de estabilidade atmosférica, a ilha de calor urbana em Penápolis/SP alcançou intensidade máxima de 3,5ºC nas medidas fixas e 9,5ºC nas medidas móveis. Para as medidas fixas foi observada uma ilha de calor praticamente constante entre 23h e 24h de duração em dezembro, enquanto que janeiro já apresentou menor duração, entre 21h e 24h. Julho e junho apresentaram similaridades com duração entre 15h e 16h. No que se refere à variabilidade estacional, as ilhas de calor e seca apresentaram maior expressividade no verão, com máxima em dezembro para as medidas fixas e em janeiro para as medidas móveis. As medidas móveis demonstraram a formação de ilha de calor urbana caracterizada pelo padrão de aquecimento centro-periferia, com temperaturas mais elevadas no centro da cidade e em áreas densamente ocupadas, próximas ao centro e queda da temperatura afastando-se do centro em direção a periferia. As áreas de fundo de vale e densamente vegetadas foram favoráveis às temperaturas mais baixas e a umidade mais elevada. Portanto, a intensidade da ilha de calor e seca esteve condicionada às características geoambientais e geourbanas da cidade, principalmente a cobertura arbórea e a densidade de edificação.
The city has established itself as the main place where most of the world's population live in the twentieth century. According to ONU, since 1990, the world has seen an increasing concentration of population in urban areas. This increase can be associated with more recent urbanization processes that occurred in some countries, such as those located in Latin America and the Caribbean, which urban population grew from 40% to 70% between 1950 and 1990. In Brazil, this phenomenon manifests itself mainly through the appropriation of field sites by the capitalist production, which led to a large rural exodus and a rapid population growth in urban centers. That circumstance was crucial to worsen the urban issues, and consequently, the living conditions and the current configuration of Brazilian cities. Among the urban environmental problems arising from this process, we highlight those related to the urban atmosphere, such as heat storage, pollution and flooding, which have caused discomfort and damage to the quality of life of residents. Therefore, the objective of this study was to detect the generation of the heat island and its intensity in the city of Penápolis/SP, considering the land use, land cover and urban built form. The research was based on the Urban Climate System theory proposed by Monteiro (1976), focusing on what the author called “thermodynamic subsystem”. The methodologies included mobile traverses, installation of two fixed stations, satellite images and remote sensing techniques. Satellite images were used to map the environmental and urban characteristics, such as vegetation, relief, surface temperature and building density. The selection of the two fixed points was based on bibliographical references, one located in downtown, a high-density area, and other situated in the rural area, both with similar altitudes. The measurements of climatological variables (temperature and humidity) was performed using mobile surveys along two traverses (north-south / east-west). The traverses were carried out during eight summer evenings (December 2014-January 2015) and eight winter evenings (June-July 2015), under calm conditions, with light winds and no precipitation. The results showed that under atmospheric stability, the urban heat island in Penápolis/SP reached a maximum intensity of 3.5ºC at the fixed points and 9.5ºC along the mobile traverses. During the fixed measures in December, the urban areas experienced up to 23h or 24h of heat island, while in January the duration was shorter, between 21h and 24h. Urban heat islands in June and July showed similar duration, about 15h and 16h. Analyzing the seasonal variability, the heat and dry islands were greater in the summer, with maximum in December (fixed points) and January (mobile survey). The results indicated the formation of an urban heat island characterized by higher temperatures in downtown and in densely built-up areas near the city center, and lower temperatures towards the periphery. Moreover, valley bottom areas with vegetation cover presented lower temperatures and higher humidity. Therefore, the intensity of the dry and heat islands related to the environmental characteristics and urban features, especially the tree cover and the building density.
La ciudad se ha consolidado como local de la vivienda de gran parte de la población mundial en el siglo XX. Según la ONU desde 1990, el mundo ha visto un incremento en la concentración de la población en las zonas urbanas. Este aumento puede estar asociado con los procesos de urbanización más recientes ocurridos en algunos países, como los ubicados en América Latina y el Caribe, que entre 1950 y 1990 vieron sus poblaciones urbanas crecer del 40% para el 70%. En Brasil, este fenómeno se manifestó principalmente a través de la apropiación del campo por la producción capitalista, que generó gran éxodo rural y rápido crecimiento de la población en los centros urbanos. Este hecho fue crucial para el agravamiento de los males urbanos, y consecuentemente, para las condiciones de vida y la configuración actual de las ciudades brasileñas. Entre los problemas ambientales urbanos de este proceso, se destacan los relacionados con la atmosfera urbana como la acumulación de calor, la contaminación del aire y las inundaciones, que han causado incomodidad y daños a la calidad de vida de los habitantes de las ciudades. En esta perspectiva, el objetivo de este estudio fue detectar el fenómeno de isla de calor en Penápolis/SP y sus magnitudes, considerando sus atributos geo-ambientales y geo-urbanos. La investigación tuvo como referencia la teoría del Sistema Clima Urbano propuesto por Monteiro (1976), con énfasis en lo que el autor denominó de subsistema termodinámico. Los procedimientos metodológicos adoptados se basaron en la realización de transectos móviles, en la instalación de dos puntos fijos y el uso de imágenes de satélite y técnicas de teledetección. Las imágenes de satélite fueron utilizadas para el mapeo de las características geo-ambientales y geo-urbanas, tales como la vegetación, relieve, temperatura de la superficie y la densidad de las construcciones. La elección de los dos puntos fijos se basó en las referencias bibliográficas, siendo que uno de esos puntos se ha localizado en la zona central de la ciudad que se caracteriza por un elevado grado de construcciones y el otro en la zona rural del municipio, ambos con altitudes similares. El monitoreo de las variables climáticas (temperatura y humedad) también se ha realizado a través de transectos móviles, lo que resultó en la realización de dos recorridos (nortesur/este-oeste). Los registros se hicieron en días con condiciones climáticas que se caracterizaron por la estabilidad, sin lluvia y sin viento, a las 21h y en meses representativos de verano y de invierno. De esta manera, los registros fueron realizados en dieciséis episodios distribuidos en ocho transectos en los meses de Diciembre de 2014 y Enero de 2015 y otros ocho en los meses de Junio y Julio de 2015. Los resultados mostraron que en condiciones de estabilidad atmosférica, la isla de calor urbano en Penápolis/SP alcanzó intensidad máxima de 3,5ºC en medidas fijas y 9,5ºC en las medidas móviles. Para las mediciones fijas se ha observado una isla de calor casi constante entre 23h y 24h de duración en Diciembre, mientras que en Enero se ha presentado con menor duración, entre 21h y 24h. Los meses de Junio y Julio mostraron similitudes con duración entre las 15h y 16h. En lo que se refiere a la variación estacional, las islas de calor y sequedad mostraron una mayor expresión en el verano, con máxima en Diciembre para las medidas fijas y Enero para las medidas móviles. Las medidas móviles demostraron la formación de isla de calor urbano que se caracteriza por el patrón de calentamiento centro-periferia, con temperaturas más altas en el centro de la ciudad y en las zonas densamente ocupadas, cerca del centro y descenso de la temperatura alejándose desde el centro para la periferia. Las áreas de fondo del valle y con vegetación densa fueron favorables a las temperaturas más bajas y humedad más elevada. Por lo tanto, la intensidad de la isla de calor y sequedad estuvo condicionada a las características geo-ambientales y geo-urbanas de la ciudad, principalmente la cobertura arbórea y la densidad de edificación.
FAPESP: 2014/05824-4

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-06-09T13:53:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 6611581 bytes, checksum: c211426580c5968c831b220686a8f8f8 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-09T13:53:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 6611581 bytes, checksum: c211426580c5968c831b220686a8f8f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-30
The microclimate consequences of a particular place to demonstrate that he as urban growth and exploitation of natural resources are increasing unfortunately. The weather is the most important component in maintaining the ecological balance. And his study becomes complex due to the various facets that involve him, turning indispensable interdisciplinary study, it could help in the reduction and / or more efficient solution of the urban problems. Studies of this order become relevant to planning and environmental management, which arouses interest for research on the thermal field of urban areas. The problem of this research is related to concern about anthropogenic implications on the local microclimate. It is known that human actions on the microclimate and the lack of proper planning of a particular place, can contribute to the thermal discomfort of users and demand higher energy costs. The present search, has as main objective to analyze the field thermal the Campus IVUFPB, located in the city of Rio Tinto-PB. In this case, seeks if relate the anthropogenic actions with the main thermal problems, detected on site. To obtain microclimate data, were installed in similar (which takes into account the type of soil cover, in this case, coating in cementitious composition) points, measuring equipment, in six points within the campus IV- UFPB, in dry season (from March 04 to April 7, 2015) and during the rainy season (from 09 June to 13 July 2015), totalizing 35 days in each measurement period. From the analysis and management of the data obtained, the presence of heat islands was detected within the study area as well as the rise in temperature in places with low circulation of winds and decreased moisture and the low individuals presence of arboreal. The results allowed the elaboration of suggestions with proposed thermal environmental, as; the ceramic roof replacement, in the hottest areas for green cover; replacing paving stones and interlocked block, per tread grass, that provide the minimization of thermal effects identified in the Campus IV-UFPB. With this, this research, can to corroborate to reveal the adverse effects of the anthropogenic actions that provoke microclimatic modifications in the thermal field of Campus IV-UFPB, making a relation with its urban components.
As consequências microclimáticas de um determinado local demonstram o quão desastrosamente o crescimento urbano e a exploração dos recursos naturais vêm aumentando. O clima é o componente mais importante na manutenção do equilíbrio ecológico. E seu estudo se torna complexo devido às diversas facetas que o envolvem, tornando imprescindível o estudo interdisciplinar que pode auxiliar, na diminuição e/ou solução mais eficiente das problemáticas do meio urbano. Estudos dessa ordem se tornam relevantes para o ordenamento e a gestão ambiental, o que desperta interesse para pesquisas sobre o campo térmico de áreas urbanas. A problemática desta pesquisa está relacionada com a preocupação sobre as implicações antrópicas sobre o microclima local. Sabe-se que as ações antrópicas sobre o microclima e a falta de planejamento adequado de um determinado local, podem contribuir para o desconforto térmico dos usuários e demandar maiores custos energéticos. A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo geral analisar o campo térmico do Campus IV-UFPB, localizado na cidade de Rio Tinto-PB. Nesse caso procura-se relacionar as ações antropogênicas com as principais problemáticas térmicas, detectadas no local. Para a obtenção de dados microclimáticos, foram instalados, em pontos semelhantes (que levam em consideração o tipo de recobrimento do solo, neste caso, revestimento de composição cimentícia), equipamentos de medição, em seis pontos dentro do campus IV-UFPB, no período seco (de 04 de Março a 07 de Abril de 2015) e no período chuvoso (de 09 de Junho a 13 de Julho de 2015), somando-se 35 dias em cada período de medição. A partir da análise e ordenamento dos dados coletados, ficou constatada a presença de ilhas de calor dentro da área de estudo, bem como o aumento de temperatura em locais com pouca circulação dos ventos e a diminuição da umidade em locais com pouca presença de indivíduos arbóreos. A análise dos resultados permitiu elaborar sugestões com propostas termo ambientais do tipo, substituição de telhado cerâmico, nas áreas mais quentes, por telhado verde extensivo; a substituição de paralelepípedos e blocos intertravados, por piso grama que proporcionem a minimização dos efeitos térmicos identificados, no Campus IV-UFPB. Com isso, esta pesquisa, pode vir a corroborar no desvendar dos efeitos adversos das ações antropogênicas, que provocam alterações microclimáticas no campo térmico do Campus IV-UFPB, fazendo uma relação com seus componentes urbanos.

A referida pesquisa teve como finalidade utilizar ferramentas de geotecnologias para avaliar o comportamento térmico de diferentes tipos de superfícies urbanas e sua consequente contribuição na variação da temperatura do ar e no conforto térmico humano em ambientes abertos. Para o estudo do conforto térmico fez-se necessário avaliar o desempenho do modelo COMFA (modelo de conforto térmico ao ar livre) em prever o conforto térmico em condições de clima quente, uma vez que este modelo, até então, só havia sido testado em países de clima temperado. Assim, esta pesquisa foi realizada em duas etapas distintas: a primeira avaliou o desempenho do modelo COMFA, considerando fatores pessoais de adaptação e aclimatação em situações de clima ameno a calor intenso. De modo a obter o voto real dos individuos (Actual thermal Sensation - ATS), foram aplicados ao longo de 5 dias 467 questionários em condições variadas de clima e exposição ao sol. Posteriormente os valores de ATS obtido foram plotados com o conforto térmico previsto (Predict Thermal Sensation- PTS) gerados pelo modelo COMFA. Os dados foram processados e analisados na Universidade de Guelph (Canadá) onde contou -se com a contribuição dos autores do modelo. Comparando - se os resultados de pesquisas similares realizadas no Canadá, o estudo concluiu que há um importante fator de adaptação e aclimatação dos indivíduos, o que sugere a necessidade de ajustes à escala de interpretação da sensação térmica (PTS) correspondente. Assim, dentro das condições climáticas estudadas, o presente trabalho indicou um PTS onde o intervalo mais adequado para determinar a zona de neutralidade térmica seria entre 50 W/m² e 100 W/m² em estações quentes e entre 0 W/m² e 70W/m² para estações frias. Houve um claro ajustamento sazonal, onde a faixa de neutralidade térmica se movimente para mais ou para menos, de acordo com a expetativa e aclimatação das pessoas. Na segunda etapa, avaliou -se a diferença no nível de conforto térmico humano em duas áreas da cidade de Piracicaba- SP, bem distintas quanto a proporção entre a área vegetada e a área costruida. Utilizou-se uma estação meteorológica móvel para o registro da temperatura do ar ( TºC), da umidade ralativa do ar ( UR), a radiação solar (W/m²) e da velocidade do vento ( m/s). Nestas duas áreas amostrais também foram adquiridas imagens de alta resolução da videografia aérea multiespectral e imagens termais (temperatura de superfície) de uma cena de 1km x 1km. A partir disso, com a técnica da classificação supervisionada foram separados por classes as porcentagens dos diferentes tipos das superfícies urbanas. Também obteve-se mapas temáticos com valores da temperatura radiante da superfície urbana da cenas. De acordo com os resultados do trabalho, pôde-se constatar que a influência da cobertura de superfície das áreas monitoradas sobre as condições climáticas é significativa para o conforto térmico humano.
This research aimed to use geotechnology tools to evaluate the thermal behavior of different types of urban surfaces and their consequent contribution to the variation of air temperature and human thermal comfort in outdoor environments. To study the thermal comfort was necessary to evaluate the performance of the model COMFA (thermal comfort outdoor model) to predict the thermal comfort in hot weather conditions, since in this model, until then, was only been tested in temperate countries. Thus, this research was conducted in two stages: the first evaluated the performance of COMFA model, considering personal factors of adaptation and acclimatization in situations of mild to intense heat climate. In order to obtain the actual vote of individuals (Actual thermal Sensation - the ATS), were applied over 5 days 467 questionnaires during varied climate and sun exposure. Afterwards the ATS values obtained were plotted with the thermal comfort provided by the model COMFA (Predict Thermal Sensation). The data were processed and analyzed at the University of Guelph (Canada) with contributions from authors of the model. Comparing the results of similar surveys conducted in Canada, the study concluded that there is a significant factor of adapting and acclimatization of the subjects, which suggests the need for adjustments to the scale of interpretation of thermal sensation (PTS) correspondent. Thus, within the climatic conditions studied, this study indicated a PTS where the most appropriate for determining the zone of thermal neutrality would be range between 50 W / m² and 100 W / m² in warm seasons and between 0 W / m² and 70W / m² for cold seasons. There was a clear seasonal adjustment, where the range of thermal neutrality moves more or less, according to the expectation of the people and acclimatization. In the second stage, we evaluated the difference in the level of human thermal comfort in two areas of the city of Piracicaba-SP, distinct as the ratio of vegetated area and built area. We used a mobile station forecast to record the air temperature (T ºC) of relative humidity (RH), solar radiation (W/m²) and wind speed (m / s). These two sites were also obtained high-resolution images of multispectral aerial videography and thermal images (surface temperature) of a 1km x 1km scene. From this, using the technique of supervised classification were separated the percentages of different types of urban surfaces. Also was obtained thematic maps with values of radiant scenes of urban surface temperature. According to the results of the work, it can be stated that the influence of surface coverage of the monitored areas on climate conditions is significant for human thermal comfort.

Tato práce se zaměřuje na představení městské zeleně jako důležitý prvek udržitelné výstavby, a především jako prvek, který zbavuje okolní vzduch znečištění a přispívá k lepšímu prostředí ve městech. Dále se tato diplomová práce zabývá vztahem mezi městskou zelení a znečištěním ovzduší oxidem uhličitým v Brně. Ve městě byla prováděná měření koncentrací oxidu uhličitého, kyslíku a sekundárních veličin po dobu půl roku od června do listopadu roku 2019. Měření byla prováděna na čtyřech místech v Brně a dále tato data byla mezi sebou porovnána. Dále byla navrhnuta zelená opatření. Ve dvou vybraných lokalitách v Brně byly vybrány střechy, na které byla navrhnuta extenzivní zelená střecha.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Urbanization and the changes imposed by man disturb the complex natural system, modifying the elements and characteristics of climate on a local scale. Considering the influence of urbanization as derived from the fact that the local climate and responsible for the generation of an urban environment specifically, this work was to analyze the field thermo-hygrometric and the formation of heat islands and urban cool in Santa Maria RS (Rio Grande do Sul, State of Southern of Brazil), relating these variables geourbans and geoecologycs in the study area. To accomplish this work was used the methodology of the transects, consisting of mobile collections in points pre-established. It was established two transects for data collection of temperature and relative humidity of the atmospheric air: one has the direction more or less in a north/northwest-south/southeast (NNW-SSE), linking Street Sete de Setembro , in Neighborhood Perpétuo Socorro , the end Fernando Ferrari Avenue in Neighborhood Nossa Senhora de Lourdes and the other in the east/northeastwest/southwest (WSW-ENE), linking the Street Major Duarte to get Street Venâncio Aires near the Arroio Cadena at Central portion of the Santa Maria City. The data were collected on days August 14, 2008 and January 06, 2009, the area was under the weather for the South Atlantic Polar Mass in winter time and the Old Polar Mass or modified in the summer, respectively. Were made cotte measures at five different times (9, 12, 15h, 18h and 21h), in order to verify the responses of thermal and humidity from the points pre-established and distributed along the transects, totaling 13 points of measures along the transect 1 (NNWSSE) and 15 in the transect 2 (ENE-WSW). Armed with the data of temperature and humidity, were made cartograms of the field thermo-hygrometric. For this application was used the Software Surfer for Windows 8.0. In the preparation of cartograms of the thermal field were established color scales to represent the values of temperature, so the cool colors were associated with lower temperatures and the warm colors at higher temperatures. Cartograms of hygrometric field values were represented in the cartogram using a variation of blue scale, so the lighter blue was used to represent the values of lower humidity and dark blue for higher values. The results highlight that the hygrometric and thermal fields of the coverage area of the transects, both on the day of collection in the field of Mass Polar Atlantic in winter time and in the field of Old Polar Mass or modified in the summer, need to move apparent daily sun exposure of the slopes and to solar radiation. By analyzing the thermal field of January 06, 2009 in five hours of collection, it became clear the migratory movements of the heat islands of the eastern slope, during the morning, to the slopes facing the north and west quadrant, during periods of midday and afternoon. The weather conditions that occurred on January 06, 2009 (summer), with clear skies, calm winds and a light with high incidence of solar radiation on the surface, favored the formation of heat islands and freshness of magnitude rating, strong and very strong. Was verified the thermal contrast between the center and periphery of the study area.
A urbanização e as transformações impostas pela ação do homem desequilibram o complexo sistema natural, modificando os elementos e as características do clima na escala local. Considerando a influência da urbanização como fato derivador do clima local e responsável pela geração de um clima especificamente urbano, este trabalho, teve por objetivo analisar o campo termohigrométrico, bem como a formação de ilhas de calor e de frescor urbanas em Santa Maria/RS, relacionando-as as variáveis geourbanas e geoecológicas existentes na área de estudo. Para isso utilizou-se a metodologia dos transectos, que consiste em coletas móveis em pontos pré-estabelecidos. Foi estabelecido dois transectos para a coleta dos dados de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar: um no sentido norte/noroeste-sul/sudeste (NNW-SSE), ligando a rua Sete de Setembro, no bairro Perpétuo Socorro, ao final da avenida Fernando Ferrari no bairro Nossa Senhora de Lourdes e o outro no sentido leste/nordeste-oeste/sudoeste (ENE-WSW), ligando a rua Major Duarte ao começo da rua Venâncio Aires próximo, ao Arroio Cadena. Os dados foram coletados nos dias 14 de agosto de 2008 e 06 de janeiro de 2009, sob domínio das condições atmosféricas pela Massa Polar Atlântica no inverno e pela Massa Polar Velha ou modificada no verão, respectivamente. As coletas foram realizadas em cinco horários diferentes (9h, 12h, 15h, 18h e 21h), com o intuito de verificar as respostas térmicas e de umidade dos pontos pré-estabelecidos e distribuídos ao longo dos transectos, num total de 13 pontos ao longo do transecto 1 (NNW-SSE) e de 15 no transecto 2 (ENE-WSW). De posse dos dados de temperatura e umidade do ar, foram confeccionados os cartogramas do campo termo-higrométrico. Para tal foi utilizado o aplicativo Surfer for Windows 8.0. Na elaboração dos cartogramas do campo térmico foram estabelecidas escalas de cores para os valores de temperatura, onde as cores frias foram associadas a temperaturas mais baixas e as cores quentes a temperaturas mais altas. Nos cartogramas do campo higrométrico os valores de umidade foram representados utilizando uma variação da cor azul. Assim, o azul mais claro foi utilizado para representar os valores de umidade mais baixos e, a cor azul escura, para os valores mais altos. Como resultados destaca-se que os campos térmico e higrométrico da área de abrangência dos transectos, tanto no dia de coleta sob domínio da Massa Polar Atlântica, no inverno, quanto no domínio da Massa Polar Velha ou modificada, no verão, estão condicionados ao movimento aparente diário do sol e a exposição das vertentes à radiação solar. Ao analisar o campo térmico do dia 06 de janeiro de 2009, nos cinco horários de coleta, percebe-se o movimento migratório das ilhas de calor da vertente leste, para as vertentes voltadas para o quadrante norte e oeste. As condições de tempo ocorridas no dia 06 de janeiro de 2009 (verão), com céu limpo, ventos calmos a leve e com forte incidência de radiação solar na superfície, favoreceram a formação de ilhas de calor e de frescor de magnitude media, forte e muito forte, bem como o contraste térmico entre o centro e a periferia da área de estudo.

Urban heat island is a phenomenon of different temperatures in cities compared to temperatures in the surrounding landscape. The intensity of this phenomenon can be influenced by the presence of vegetation in cities. There is evaluated the effect of vegetation on microclimate in various parts of the city České Budějovice in this thesis. The assessment is based on the evaluation of multispectral Landsat satellite images and thermal images, which were taken in-situ using thermal camera, and their statistical processing. The results show statistically significant differences in surface temperatures in the different areas of the city with a different amount of vegetation. Surface temperatures are significantly lower in areas with a large amount of vegetation than in areas without vegetation. Equally, selected vegetation surfaces have lower temperatures compared to anthropogenic surfaces, at least about 9 ° C.

The city of Melbourne in southeast Australia experiences an Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, which is exacerbated during heatwaves, and the latter are becoming more frequent, intense and longer in southeast Australia. In addition, Melbourne is the fastest growing city in Australia. Therefore, it is urgent to understand the dynamics of UHI and impacts of future urban expansion on the UHI during heatwaves. Based on these issues, there is a crucial need to investigate the effectiveness of potential mitigation strategies to minimize UHI effects during heatwaves. The overarching aim of the thesis is to investigate the impacts of future urban expansion on the UHI during heatwave events in Melbourne, and examine the effectiveness of different Green Infrastructure (GI) scenarios such as green/cool roofs, mixed forest (MF), mixed forest and grassland (MFAG), and mixed shrublands and grasslands (MSAG) in mitigating UHI effects. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with the Single Layer Urban canopy Model (SLUCM) was used in simulating the UHI and heatwaves. Since the WRF model is known to be sensitivity to the choice of physical parameterisation options, an initial sensitivity analysis of the model was conducted and the best-possible WRF configuration to simulate the UHI during heatwaves in Melbourne was determined, among a 27-member physics ensemble. This configuration was used throughout the rest of the thesis. Urban expansion increased near surface UHI by 0.75 to 2.80 °C during the night but no substantial impacts during the day. Urban surfaces absorbed more solar heat during the day as compared to vegetated surfaces, and the absorbed heat was released slowly from evening to early morning. The storage heat in urban surfaces was the key driver in increasing UHI during the night. Urban expansion did not substantially affect human health (HTC) comfort in existing and expanded urban areas. Green roofs showed good performance in reducing roof surface UHI (1 to 3.8 °C) and near surface UHI (0.3 to 1.1 °C) during the day but not during the night, while cool roofs showed higher reductions at the roof surface UHI (2.2 to 5.2 °C) and near surface UHI (0.5 to 1.6 °C) during the day. Green roofs increased evapotranspiration and provided shading, and consequently, increased Latent Heat (LH) and substantially decreased storage heat and sensible heat, and as a result, reduced the UHI. Cool roofs reflected a major portion of incoming solar radiation due to higher albedo, and reduced the sensible heat flux and storage heat, and these were the key drivers in reducing UHI during the day. In addition, both green and cool roofs showed good potential in improving HTC from extreme to very strong during the day. Other GI scenarios such as MF, MFAG and MSAG were effective in reducing UHI effects and improving HTC during the night but no substantial reductions were occurred during the day. By increasing GI fractions from 20 to 50 %, the UHI was reduced by 0.6 to 3.4 °C for MF, 0.4 to 3.0 °C for MSAG and 0.6 to 3.7 °C for MFAG. The night time cooling was driven by reductions in storage heat as 20 to 50 % urban areas were replaced by GI, which would have led to even less radiation reaching the ground surface during the day due to their higher LAI and shade factor, and leading to lower storage heat. As the green and cool roofs showed potential in reducing UHI effects during the day while urban vegetated patches showed effectiveness during the night, therefore, a combination of green/cool roofs and urban vegetated patches could be an optimal mitigation strategy in reducing UHI effects and improving HTC during both day and night.

Urbanisation alters the hydrologic response of a catchment, resulting in increased runoff rates and volumes, and loss of infiltration and base flow. Quantification of uncertainties is important in hydrologic designs of urban infrastructure. Major sources of uncertainty in the Intensity Duration Frequency (IDF) relationships are due to insufficient quantity and quality of data leading to parameter uncertainty and, in the case of projections of future IDF relationships under climate change, uncertainty arising from use of multiple General Circulation Models (GCMs) and scenarios. The work presented in the thesis presents methodologies to quantify the uncertainties arising from parameters of the distribution fitted to data and the multiple GCMs using a Bayesian approach. High uncertainties in GEV parameters and return levels are observed at shorter durations for Bangalore City. Twenty six GCMs from the CMIP5 datasets, along with four RCP scenarios are considered for studying the effects of climate change. It is observed that the uncertainty in short duration rainfall return levels is high when compared to the longer durations. Further it is observed that parameter uncertainty is large compared to the model uncertainty. Disaggregation of precipitation extremes from larger time scales to smaller time scales when the extremes are modeled with the GPD is burdened with difficulties arising from varying thresholds for different durations. In this study, the scale invariance theory is used to develop a disaggregation model for precipitation extremes exceeding specified thresholds. A scaling relationship is developed for a range of thresholds obtained from a set of quantiles of non-zero precipitation of different durations. The disaggregation model is applied to precipitation datasets of Berlin City, Germany and Bangalore City, India. From both the applications, it is observed that the uncertainty in the scaling exponent has a considerable effect on uncertainty in scaled parameters and return levels of shorter durations. A Bayesian hierarchical model is used to obtain spatial distribution of return levels of precipitation extremes in urban areas and quantify the associated uncertainty. Applicability of the methodology is demonstrated with data from 19 telemetric rain gauge stations in Bangalore City, India. For this case study, it is inferred that the elevation and mean monsoon precipitation are the predominant covariates for annual maximum precipitation. For the monsoon maximum precipitation, it is observed that the geographic covariates dominate while for the summer maximum precipitation, elevation and mean summer precipitation are the predominant covariates. In this work, variation in the dependence structure of extreme precipitation within an urban area and its surrounding non-urban areas at various durations is studied. The Berlin City, Germany, with surrounding non-urban area is considered to demonstrate the methodology. For this case study, the hourly precipitation shows independence within the city even at small distances, whereas the daily precipitation shows a high degree of dependence. This dependence structure of the daily precipitation gets masked as more and more surrounding non-urban areas are included in the analysis. The geographical covariates are seen to be predominant within the city and the climatological covariates prevail when non-urban areas are added. These results suggest the importance of quantification of dependence structure of spatial precipitation at the sub-daily timescales, as well as the need to more precisely model spatial extremes within the urban areas. The work presented in this thesis thus contributes to quantification of uncertainty in precipitation extremes through developing methodologies for generating probabilistic future IDF relationships under climate change, spatial mapping of probabilistic return levels and modeling dependence structure of extreme precipitation in urban areas at fine resolutions.

Urbanisation alters the hydrologic response of a catchment, resulting in increased runoff rates and volumes, and loss of infiltration and base flow. Quantification of uncertainties is important in hydrologic designs of urban infrastructure. Major sources of uncertainty in the Intensity Duration Frequency (IDF) relationships are due to insufficient quantity and quality of data leading to parameter uncertainty and, in the case of projections of future IDF relationships under climate change, uncertainty arising from use of multiple General Circulation Models (GCMs) and scenarios. The work presented in the thesis presents methodologies to quantify the uncertainties arising from parameters of the distribution fitted to data and the multiple GCMs using a Bayesian approach. High uncertainties in GEV parameters and return levels are observed at shorter durations for Bangalore City. Twenty six GCMs from the CMIP5 datasets, along with four RCP scenarios are considered for studying the effects of climate change. It is observed that the uncertainty in short duration rainfall return levels is high when compared to the longer durations. Further it is observed that parameter uncertainty is large compared to the model uncertainty. Disaggregation of precipitation extremes from larger time scales to smaller time scales when the extremes are modeled with the GPD is burdened with difficulties arising from varying thresholds for different durations. In this study, the scale invariance theory is used to develop a disaggregation model for precipitation extremes exceeding specified thresholds. A scaling relationship is developed for a range of thresholds obtained from a set of quantiles of non-zero precipitation of different durations. The disaggregation model is applied to precipitation datasets of Berlin City, Germany and Bangalore City, India. From both the applications, it is observed that the uncertainty in the scaling exponent has a considerable effect on uncertainty in scaled parameters and return levels of shorter durations. A Bayesian hierarchical model is used to obtain spatial distribution of return levels of precipitation extremes in urban areas and quantify the associated uncertainty. Applicability of the methodology is demonstrated with data from 19 telemetric rain gauge stations in Bangalore City, India. For this case study, it is inferred that the elevation and mean monsoon precipitation are the predominant covariates for annual maximum precipitation. For the monsoon maximum precipitation, it is observed that the geographic covariates dominate while for the summer maximum precipitation, elevation and mean summer precipitation are the predominant covariates. In this work, variation in the dependence structure of extreme precipitation within an urban area and its surrounding non-urban areas at various durations is studied. The Berlin City, Germany, with surrounding non-urban area is considered to demonstrate the methodology. For this case study, the hourly precipitation shows independence within the city even at small distances, whereas the daily precipitation shows a high degree of dependence. This dependence structure of the daily precipitation gets masked as more and more surrounding non-urban areas are included in the analysis. The geographical covariates are seen to be predominant within the city and the climatological covariates prevail when non-urban areas are added. These results suggest the importance of quantification of dependence structure of spatial precipitation at the sub-daily timescales, as well as the need to more precisely model spatial extremes within the urban areas. The work presented in this thesis thus contributes to quantification of uncertainty in precipitation extremes through developing methodologies for generating probabilistic future IDF relationships under climate change, spatial mapping of probabilistic return levels and modeling dependence structure of extreme precipitation in urban areas at fine resolutions.

The urban heat island (UHI) is a phenomenon of noticeably higher temperatures in the cities as compared to their respective surrounding areas. This thesis aims at characterizing the influence of city expansion to the urban heat island phenomenon. The study is carried out in a city of Caceres in the Spanish province of the same name. A model input data is obtained with Landsat multispectral images. The analysis of satellite images shows that functional vegetation cover and water surfaces help in mitigating urban heat island effect. However, the Caceres city expansion does not influence the urban heat island intensity. A possible explanation for it is as the city expanded the ratio of vegetation to dry land remains constant in time.

Wang, Juan.
Thesis Ph.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2014.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 142-161).
Abstracts also in Chinese.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on 09, December, 2016).

碩士
銘傳大學
媒體空間設計研究所碩士班
94
The Patterns of Green Space Influence on the Urban Heat Islands Effect Lee yang-yi (Leon) Email:leon8642@hotmail-com Abstract Urban Heat Island (UHI) is severely day-by-day in the urban environment. The heat environment of urban area could be attempered by green space, such as open space, water, and plants etc. This research is focus on urban heat island effect due to the different patterns of green space, and then discusses its influenced surrounding environment. It used literature review to summary the influence factors, and cases study in different green space types to surveys the temperature of site and sounding areas. Used the investigation data to know of the different type and proposed the influence formula, then to collocate the geography information to afforest scope of afterwards the shape influence by the 3D-GIS simulation. Finally, this research contributed the simulation model based on the data. It discovered some of the heat island on urban park, and the others are Cool Island. Some patterns of green space cannot effectively improve the influence sounding, such as pocket park, small park, linear green shape, has not constructed the open area and so on. Be partial regarding can effective influence peripheral region case that are medium park, large-scale park, special square and park these three kinds.

碩士
中國文化大學
景觀學系碩士班
97
With the rapid growth of economic development, the pace of urbanization hastens. A high degree of urbanization results in the decrease and fragmentation of urban green space, an increase of buildings that consists of heat-absorbing hard material, and an increase of asphalt pavement and impervious surface. All these changes cause the temperature inside a city to be higher than the surrounding outskirts, a phenomenon known as the urban heat island. Continued high temperature inside a city is one of characteristics of the heat island effect. Direct and indirect impacts include: increased water use, excessive consumption of energy, psychological and physiological discomfort and diseases, impacting the quality of urban life. This thesis studied the time and space variations of urban heat island effect in Taipei city and their relationships with green space. Mobile measurements were used to obtain the temperature of major parts of the city, GIS was used to map the results and extract spatial data, and statistical methods were used to analyze the samples to understand the driving factors of urban temperature. The scope of the study region is mainly in downtown Taipei, bounded in the west by the Danshui River、in the north by the Keelung River, in the south by the Xindian River, and in the east to Zhongxiao E. Road Section 5. Measurements were taken on 20 non-major roads, 10 in the East- West direction, and 10 in the North-South direction. Investigation time was in 2008, with winter data collected in January to March, and summer data collected in June to August. Measurements were taken during the daytime and at night. Equipment used was the MET3A (temperature, pressure, humidity meter), measured every five seconds, and recorded with GPS positioning. The 20 survey routes were measured 2 times each. The temperature data at the Taipei Weather Bureau station for the same time was obtained and used to calculate the relative heat/cold island intensity of each measurement point. GIS was then used to map the distribution of relative heat/cold islands within the surveyed area and to map out spatial samples 50m, 150m, 500m, and 1000m from 107 sample green spaces. The results of the study show that in summer days, when the distance of the measurement points were within 50m from the edge of a park, the floor area in the area is more than 2 square meters, and the park has an NDVI greater than 0.14 and an area of more than 1897.15 square meters, the temperature measurements were lower. When the distance of the measurement points were between 500-1000m from the edge of a park, the NDVI in the same area was more than 0.035, floor height was less than 4 stories, the conditions were also conducive to summer cooling. Therefore, it is recommended that urban buildings be kept below 4 stories and the city's green space be increased. I hope the results of this study can be used to provide scientific information for future urban redevelopment, urban planning, and land use, in hopes to make Taipei a sustainable city. Keywords: Green space、Urban heat island、Sustainable city

Understanding climate change and variability at urban scale is essential for water resource management, land use planning, and development of adaption plans. However, there are serious challenges to meet these goals due to unavailability of observed and / or simulated high resolution spatial and temporal climate data. Recent efforts made possible the availability of high resolution climate data from non-hydrostatic regional climate model (RCM) and statistically downscaled General Circulation Models (GCMs). This study investigates trends in climate and urbanization and their impact on surface water supply for the city of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The methodology presented in this study focused on the observed and projected NIMRHadGEM2- AO model and Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) of B2 and A2 of HadCM3 model are also employed for rainfall, maximum temperature and minimum temperature data using for climate analysis. Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) modeling system was used for determination of climate and urbanization impacts on water. Land-Sat images were analyzed using Normalized Differencing Vegetation Index (NDVI). Statistical downscaling model (SDSM) was employed to investigate the major changes and intensity of the urban heat island (UHI). The result indicates monthly rainfall anomalies with respect to the baseline mean showing wet anomaly in summer (kiremt) during 2030s and 2050s, and a dry anomaly in the 2080s under A2 and B2 scenarios with exception of a wet anomaly in September over the city. The maximum temperature anomalies under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) also show warming during near, mid and end terms. The mean monthly minimum temperature anomalies under A2 and B2 scenarios are warm but the anomalies are much lower than RCPs. The climate under the RCP 8.5 and high population growth (3.3 %) scenario will lead to the unmet demand of 462.77 million m3 by 2039. Future projection of urban heat island under emission pathway of A2 and B2 scenario shows that, the nocturnal UHI will be intense in winter or dry season episodes in the city. Under A2 scenario the highest urban warming will occur during October to December (2.5 ºC to 3.2 ºC). Under RCP 8.5 scenario the highest urban warming will occur during October to December (0.5 ºC to 1.0 °C) in the 2050s and 2080s. Future management and adaptation strategies are to expand water supply to meet future demand and to implement demand side water management systems of the city and UHI
Environmental Sciences
Ph. D. (Environmental Management)

博士
國立成功大學
建築學系
88
In this research, the urban heat islands of the four metropolises in Taiwan, namely Taipei, Taichung, Tainan, and Kaohsiung are surveyed by the motorcycle-traverse method and studied by the multivariate statistical analysis methods, from which solutions to mitigate heat island are derived. The results conducted by the survey show that, at mid summer night, the heat island intensity of Taipei is 4.5℃, and Taichung 2.7℃, Tainan 3.5℃, and Kaohsiung 3.2℃. While the greatest heat island intensities of Taichung, Tainan, and Kaohsiung, found in the evenings, are 3.2℃, 4.4℃ and 3.4℃ respectively. Otherwise, in Taipei, the greatest intensity is found at noon as high as 4.9℃. Of the three seasons, spring, summer and winter surveyed in Tainan, summer has the largest heat island intensity. The results reveal that the different heat island phenomena of the four metropolises are distinct due to their differences in geography, population, urbanization, etc. In summary, results of the survey are: (1)in urban areas, large greened areas or parks play a key role in reducing temperatures, (2)patterns of the heat island of the coastal cities, Tainan and Kaohsiung, are affected by the sea and land breezes, (3)although Taipei and Taichung are both basin landforms, the distribution of the heat island in Taichung is centered and distinct, while that of Taipei is large and of a wide variety because of its high development and urbanization, (4)compared to other metropolises in the world, with the same population, the four metropolises in Taiwan have smaller heat island intensities. In addition, data collected from the urban heat island survey of the four metropolises are analyzed with the urban geographical information through the multivariate statistical analysis methods, which include correlation analysis, stepwise regression analysis, canonical analysis, and cluster analysis. Results of the analyses indicate that urban thermal environment can be improved by proper city plan. Moreover, solutions valuable to city planning to mitigate heat islands are also included.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
The purpose of this study was to identify urban heat island locations within Center Township, Indiana and to develop a model to determine areas of high social vulnerability. In addition, an urban heat island mitigation strategy was developed for socially vulnerable and highest temperature locations. Land surface temperature was estimated using Landsat ETM+ satellite imagery. Social vulnerability was estimated using principal components analysis and spatial analysis methods such as kernel density functions. These methods incorporate various socioeconomic variables, land surface temperature, and tree canopy cover. Tree canopy cover was extracted using Quickbird imagery among other techniques. Areas with high social vulnerability, high temperature and low tree canopy cover were analyzed and plantable spaces were assessed. The findings of this study will be shared with Keep Indianapolis Beautiful, Inc. so that they can inform their tree planting campaigns that seek to reduce the effects of urban heat islands on socially vulnerable populations.

碩士
中國文化大學
景觀學系碩士班
93
City roads are a source of urban heat-islands: previous studies have shown that city temperatures rise as their road density increases. This research aims to study the local heat islands caused by major roads of Taipei city. We selected a total 46 major roads sections using a stratified sampling scheme based on car flux and lane numbers. In July-September 2004 ( 10:00 to 14:00 and 22:00 to 2:00 the next day) and in December, 2004 to March, 2005 ( 10:00 to 14:00 and 21:00 to 1:00 the next day ), we used a moving survey method to survey the road sections and their branching service roads of their temperatures, green cover, water permeability, road-widths, wind speeds, sky-view angle, and land-use. We then ran tree-analysis and regression analysis at the collected data. Results show that when green cover of major roads is greater than 45% and road width is less than 35 meters and the road is a local cold-island. However, when green cover is less than 35% and road width is larger 30m, the road is a heat-island. The green cover, width, car flux, and relative wind direction of the major roads are also shown to affect service road temperatures. The temperature influence zone of major roads differ slightly on the two sides: on service roads up-wind form the major roads the influence zone range from approximately 30 to 100 meters approximately；on service roads down-wind from the major roads, the influence zone range from approximately 40 to 120 meters. The most optimal cooling conditions for major roads are those with water permeability > 15%, green cover > 45% and road width < 35 meters. Those with green cover < 40%, and water permeability < 7.5% should best be avoided in road-planning due to their high tendency of increasing temperatures. The results of this study can be used to guide the design of urban streets on major roads, in hope to improve city climate, enhance the living quality, and provide a comfortable-and energy-saving sustainable city.

Dans le contexte du changement climatique, la chaleur est, depuis le début des années 2000, une préoccupation grandissante, d’abord en tant qu’enjeu sanitaire puis comme problématique affectant la qualité de vie des citoyens. Au Québec, le concept d’îlot de chaleur urbain, issu de la climatologie urbaine, a graduellement émergé dans le discours des autorités et de certains acteurs de l’aménagement. Or, on constate l’existence d’un certain décalage entre les connaissances scientifiques et l’interprétation qu’en font les urbanistes. Dans le cadre de ce mémoire, on a tenté d’identifier les facteurs explicatifs de ce décalage en s’intéressant au processus d’acquisition des connaissances des urbanistes québécois. Par le biais d’entretiens réalisés auprès des principaux acteurs ayant contribué à l’émergence de l’ICU au Québec, on a été en mesure d’identifier les éléments ayant entraîné certaines distorsions des connaissances. L’absence d’interdisciplinarité entre la climatologie urbaine et l’urbanisme tout au long du processus d’acquisition des connaissances ainsi qu’une interprétation tronquée de la carte des températures de surface expliquent principalement la nature du décalage observé.
In the context of current debates on climate change, heat has become a growing concern since the early 2000s, as it impacts people’s health and quality of life. As an element of urban climatology, the concept of urban heat islands emerged as a standard reference used by a number of Quebec scholars and practitioners in environmental management. However, there appears to be certain discrepancies between our current scientific knowledge and its interpretation by urban planners. The objective of this thesis is to better understand the factors that explain this discrepancy, through a study of knowledge acquisition among Quebec urban planners. Using a series of interviews with key actors in the emerging field of UHI’s in Quebec, it has been possible to identify the elements that caused distortions in knowledge transfer. Generally, the lack of interdisciplinarity in the areas of urban climatology and planning throughout the knowledge acquisition process, as well as a partial understanding of the surface temperature maps, help explain the nature of these discrepancies.

L’urbanisation transforme et fragmente le paysage en plus de changer son climat et d’induire une homogénéisation biotique mondiale, c’est-à-dire une perte de biodiversité inter-habitats. Qu’elles soient historiques ou contemporaines, naturelles ou humaines, les nombreuses perturbations au sein d’une ville compliquent l’étude des relations entre les plantes et leur environnement, mais l’originalité de cette thèse est de les décortiquer soigneusement à diverses échelles de temps et d’espace. Mes recherches visent à comprendre l’effet de l’urbanisation sur la diversité floristique et fonctionnelle des boisés. L’étude se déroule à Montréal et sur trois îles environnantes, au cœur de la région la plus peuplée du Québec. J’examine d’abord les changements temporels des communautés végétales d’un boisé, et identifie les processus en cause. La comparaison d’inventaires effectués au Bois-de-Saraguay (96 ha), avec ceux d’une étude similaire menée 30 ans plus tôt, a permis d’atteindre cet objectif. Je regarde ensuite s’il est possible de recourir aux ptéridophytes pour estimer l’intégrité forestière urbaine. À cette fin, la diversité ptéridologique a été répertoriée au sein de 82 boisés (paysage) et de 225 quadrats (microhabitats). Des variables révélatrices des perturbations ont servi à définir les niveaux d’intégrité. En troisième lieu, j’identifie les rôles des contraintes (filtres) associées à l’urbanisation et des processus sous-jacents dans l’assemblage des communautés de sous-bois. Pour ce faire, la diversité des plantes vasculaires de sous-bois a été recensée dans 50 boisés et 431 quadrats. Avec ces données, 18 aspects de la diversité taxinomique et fonctionnelle ont été examinés. Des filtres de grande (paysage) et fine (habitat) échelles ont été définis à partir de variables environnementales et spatiales. Mon dernier objectif consiste à dresser le portrait de la flore de l’aire d’étude. Mon analyse des communautés du Bois-de-Saraguay révèle qu’une homogénéisation fonctionnelle du sous-bois s’y est produite. Celle-ci résulte d’une réorganisation spatiale des populations dans laquelle des espèces similaires — comprenant les plantes ligneuses à fruits charnus et clonales — sont devenues dominantes. Selon mes résultats, ces changements ont commencé grâce à des événements de dissémination des espèces, puis en suivant les perturbations anthropiques en place. Mon analyse de la diversité ptéridologique montre qu’elle diminue dans les boisés perturbés par l’effet d’îlots de chaleur et par l’effet de lisières. Des niveaux d’intégrité du paysage forestier et des microhabitats peuvent donc être indiqués par les ptéridophytes. Mon analyse de la flore de sous-bois montre que les caractéristiques contemporaines des forêts, de la matrice urbaine et des habitats locaux représentent les trois catégories de filtres qui façonnent le plus d’aspects de la diversité végétale. L’histoire forestière influence peu d’aspects, hormis la présence de plantes exotiques par exemple. L’assemblage des communautés est principalement contrôlé par l’environnement et très secondairement par des processus spatiaux tels que la dissémination végétale. L’analyse des filtres révèle que les grands boisés sont riches en espèces, alors que les petits ou ceux de formes allongées favorisent les plantes clonales ou de grande taille. Les plantes se disséminant sans assistance se rencontrent davantage dans les boisés des zones faiblement urbanisées, les arbustes exotiques dans les zones résidentielles et les espèces à fruits adhésifs dans les zones fortement bâties. Les îlots de chaleur font chuter la diversité de traits fonctionnels. À petite échelle, la couverture arborée et arbustive influence fortement le type de diversité des sous-bois. De plus, mes inventaires dévoilent que les boisés étudiés sont très riches en plantes indigènes, qu’ils recèlent encore de nouvelles espèces pour le Québec, et ne comptent pas moins de 20 % de la flore provinciale. En somme, ma thèse milite en faveur de la conservation de l’ensemble des boisés urbains, même ceux de petite taille.
Urbanization transforms and fragments the landscape. It also changes its climate and induces a global biotic homogenization, namely a loss of between-habitat biodiversity. Whether historical or contemporary, natural or human, the numerous disturbances within a city make it difficult to study the relationships between plants and their environment. The originality of this thesis is to dissect them at various scales of time and space carefully. In this context, my main aim is to understand the effect of urbanization on the floristic and functional diversity of woodlands. My study takes place in Montreal and on three surrounding islands of the most populated region of Quebec. I first examine the temporal changes of communities in a forest park and identify the processes involved. The comparison of inventories carried out in the Bois-de-Saraguay (96 ha), with similar surveys conducted 30 years ago, made it possible to achieve this objective. Second, I consider the possibility of using pteridophytes to estimate the urban forest integrity. To this end, I recorded pteridological diversity among 82 woodlands (landscape) and 225 quadrats (microhabitats). I used metrics of disturbances to define the integrity levels. Third, I identify the roles of constraints (filters) associated with urbanization and underlying processes in the assembly of understorey communities. To this aim, I identified the diversity of understorey vascular plants in 50 woodlands and 431 quadrats. From these data, I examined 18 taxonomic and functional diversity aspects. I defined large (landscape) and fine (habitat) scale filters based on environmental and spatial variables. My final objective is to describe the flora of the study area. My analyses reveal that a functional homogenization occurred in the understorey communities of the Bois-de-Saraguay. This homogenization results from a spatial reorganization of communities in which species with similar traits — including woody plants with fleshy fruits and clonality — became dominant. According to my results, these changes began through species dispersal events, then following anthropogenic disturbances in place. Pteridological diversity decreases in woodlands disturbed by the heat island effect and by the edge effect, suggesting that this group of species is a good surrogate for urban forest integrity. My analyses of the understorey flora show that the contemporary features of forests, urban matrix and local habitats represent the three categories of filters that shape the most aspects of plant diversity. Forest history influences few aspects, apart from the presence of exotic plants for example. The assembly of communities is mainly controlled by the environment and secondarily by spatial processes such as plant dispersal. Analysis of the filters reveals that large woodlands are species rich, while small or elongated ones favor tall or clonal plants. Plants with unassisted dispersal are more common in forests located in weakly urbanized areas, exotic shrubs in residential areas, and adhesive-fruit species in highly built-up areas. Urban heat islands significantly reduced the diversity of functional traits. At the fine scale, tree and shrub cover strongly influences the type of understorey diversity. Finally, my inventories reveal that the studied forests are very rich in native plants. They still harbor unrecorded species for Québec and account for no less than 20% of the provincial flora. Overall, my thesis argues for the preservation of all the urban forests, even small ones.