Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Urban hydrology'
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Matheussen, Bernt Viggo. "Effects of anthropogenic activities on snow distribution, and melt in an urban environment." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-243.
Full textIn many parts of the world snow melt runoff influence discharge from combined sewer overflows (CSO) and flooding in urban drainage systems. Despite this, urban snow hydrology is a field that has received little attention from the urban drainage community. The objectives of this research were to better understand urban snow hydrology and through field work and hydrological modelling quantify effects of anthropogenic activities (AA) on snow distribution, and melt in an urban environment. This means in principle how the presence (design geometry) and operation of roads and buildings influence the snow distribution and melt in urban areas. The Risvollan urban catchment (20 ha) located in Trondheim, Norway, was used as a study area. A literature review of urban snow hydrology was also carried out.
A gridded urban hydrology model (GUHM) was developed as part of the study. The principal idea of the GUHM is to subdivide an urban catchment into orthogonal equal area grid cells. The snow routine in the GUHM is based on an energy balance approach, which together with a soil-runoff routine is used to calculate a time series of rain, snow water equivalent (SWE), snow melt, and runoff, for each grid cell. In GUHM, processes such as snow clearing of roads, locally low albedos, heat/shadowing from buildings, and effects of slope and aspect are included in the model structure.
A technique for observing time series of snow covered area (SCA) for an urban catchment is presented. The method is based on image processing and neural network technology to calculate SCA from a time series of images taken from a tall building in the Risvollan catchment. It was shown that SCA on roads and roofs in general becomes more rapidly snow free during melt periods compared to the park areas of the Risvollan catchment. This can be explained by snow clearing of roads, snowdrift from roofs and high snow melt rates on roofs and roads. The high melt rates was attributed to locally low albedos in vicinity to roads, rooftop snow packs exposure to wind and solar radiation, in addition to anthropogenic heat release from the roofs themselves.
Field observations of SWE were carried out in the Risvollan catchment and it was shown that areal mean SWE located on/or nearby roads and buildings were significantly lower during mid and end of the winter, than in park areas. This can be attributed to higher melt rates caused by AA. A time series of SCA and SWE was obtained through field work for the period from 2000 to 2003 in the Risvollan catchment.
The GUHM was applied and calibrated for the Risvollan catchment for a three year period. Two seasons were used as validation period. Comparison between the simulated and observed SWE, SCA and runoff data showed that the GUHM was able to simulate snow accumulation and melt for whole seasons with short time resolution (1 hour) satisfactory.
The GUHM was used to quantify effects of AA on snow distribution and melt for six different land use scenarios in the Risvollan catchment for the period June 1998 to June 2003. The modelling results showed that when the area coverage of buildings and roads increased, the SCA and SWE more rapidly decreased during melt periods. Because of this more runoff will be produced in the early winter season (Jan-March) compared to if the catchment had been covered with only sparsely vegetated areas.
The simulation results showed that when the impervious surface covers of a catchment increase, the peak and volume runoff will also increase, as expected.
Both the field observations and the hydrological model study carried out in this work showed that AA lowers SCA and SWE more rapidly in an urban environment compared to more untouched terrain. The reasons for this are redistribution of snow, and strong snow melt rates on roads, roofs, and in snow deposit areas. Low albedos and anthropogenic heat release are the main reasons for the enhanced snow melt rates.
Ganesan, Maya. "A circular model of urban hydrology." Thesis, This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09182008-063254/.
Full textMandilaris, Konstantinos. "An Empirical Study on Socio-Hydrology and the HistoricalEvolution of Flood Riskin Pori, Finland." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-303605.
Full textUrbaniseringen växer fortlöpande över hela världen. Både industriländer och utvecklingsländer befrämjar snabb expansion för ökad tillväxt och produktion. Dock leder urbanisering i kombination med klimatförändring till högre risk för extrema översvämningar. Människor har i alla tider bosatt sig runt vattendrag och flodslätter som naturligt är mer benägna att översvämmas, något som gör att dagvattenhantering och stadsplanering är absolut nödvändigt för ökad säkerhet och reducerad översvämningsrisk.Fram tills nu har många viktiga studier genomförts som behandlar farorna för människor bosatta i urbaniserade städer intill flodslätter, men de flesta av dem har utgått från utvecklingsländer som Bangladesh eller Vietnam, något som lett till en märkbar avsaknad av information gällande industri-länder. Gemensamt för dessa studier är dock att de ignorerar den ständigt föränderliga mänskliga faktorn och på så sätt inte tar i beaktning interaktioner mellan vatten och samhälle.Socio-hydrologi är en ny gren inom hydrologi som är nära besläktad med Integrerad Vattenresurs-förvaltning och som försöker utforska detta dynamiska samspel. Denna studie undersöker den historiska utvecklingen av en starkt urbaniserad industristad i Finland och försöker tolka de mänskliga och tekniska effekterna av urbanisering. Staden Pori (Björneborg på svenska) är den mest översvämningsbenägna platsen i Finland, vilket gör denna studie till ett viktigt arbete för att ta fram betydelsefulla resultat och eventuella rekommendationer för framtida forskning. Dessutom inkorporeras socio-hydrologi, den mänskliga faktorn och översvämningsrisk för första gången i forskning gällande en större europeisk stad.Detta är ett empiriskt projekt med data insamlat från olika källor som sammanställts för första gången och som kan förändra både invånares och forskares synsätt, samt vara en grund för mer utförlig och modellbaserad forskning i framtiden. Frågan som denna avhandling försöker besvara är hur socio-hydrologisk dynamik har påverkat förändringar av översvämningsrisker i staden Pori i Finland över de senaste årtiondena.
Rujner, Hendrik. "Green Urban Drainage Infrastructure : Hydrology and Modelling of Grass Swales." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Arkitektur och vatten, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-67325.
Full textUrban dagvattenhantering har utvecklats parallellt med en ökad förståelse för dagvattnets allmänna miljöpåverkan. Utöver ytvattenkvalitén i recipientvatten påverkas även den hydrologiska regimen genom reducerad infiltrationsförmåga i mark orsakad av allt tätare ytskikt samt reducerad evapotranspiration orsakad av minskad vegetationsutbredning. Detta ger både förhöjda toppflöden och avrinningsvolymer, vilket kan resultera i översvämning och slutligen en försämrad ytvattenkvalité i recipienterna. Dagens urbana dagvattensystem förändras mot en högre grad av grön infrastruktur som en central systemkomponent. Decentraliserad omhändertagning av dagvatten såsom svackdiken utjämnar och för bort dagvattensflöden, samtidigt som de fungerar tillförlitligt och deras underhållsåtgärder är välkända. Uppbyggda med små svackor och låglutande slänter samlar svackdiken in och infiltrerar dagvatten från parkeringsytor och vägar. Dessa svackdikens hydrologiska funktion bestäms av en rad faktorer, utöver teknisk dimensionering och avrinningsområdets storlek och hydrologi, även av hydraulik och jordartsrelaterad hydrologi som förändras beroende på respektive nederbördstillfälles intensitet och varaktighet. Eftersom svackdikens utflöde passerar nedströms liggande dagvattentekniker/anordningar, antingen konventionella ledningssystem eller andra teknologier, krävs full förståelse och kunskap om de faktorer som styr svackdikens hydraulik och hydrologi. Mot denna bakgrund fokuserar avhandlingen på frågorna (i) vilka skillnader finns med avseende på hydraulisk och hydrologisk prestanda för de studerade svackdiken, (ii) i vilken mån påverkar markartsförhållanden, inklusive ingående markfuktighet, svackdikens vattenbalans vid varierande hydraulisk belastning; samt (iii) hur och i vilken mån kan ovanstående simuleras högupplöst och förutsägbart, via den rutnätsbaserade distribuerade modellen Mike SHE. Därför har fullskaliga studier bedrivits i två 30 m långa svackdiken i Luleå kommuns södra stadsområde, där hydrauliska och hydrologiska data insamlats baserat på standardiserade nederbördsförlopp, återskapande blockregn med 2 månaders och 3 års återkomsttid. Data för avrinning och markfukthalter användes för att beräkna svackdikenas vattenbalans, nederbördförloppens hydrografer samt erhålla kalibrering- och valideringsdata för modellsimuleringar. Resultaten från experimenten visade att den volymetriska flödesreduktionen minskade relativt sett med ökande markfukthalt, indikerande en övergång för svackdikets dominerande funktionalitet: vid låga initiala SWC var avrinningen tydligt dämpad (upp till 74%), medan för höga SWC innebar att transportfunktionen dominerade (med dämpningsgrad ner mot 17%). Avrinnande momentana toppflöden reducerades proportionellt mot volymreduktionen. Laggtiden för svackdikets utflödeshydrograf varierade mellan 5 och 15 minuter och reducerades med ökande markfukthalt. Fuktförhållandena i svackdiket påverkade avrinningsförloppet, flödesdämpning och efterföljande utsläpp, och enbart svackdikets översta markskikt berördes under de kortvariga bevattningscyklerna. I de tre testade svackdikena varierade jordart, initial markfukthalt, mättad hydraulisk konduktivitet och topografi signifikant. Mätningar med dubbelrings infiltrometrar gav följande resultat, 1.78, 4.04 samt 9.41 cm/h (n=9), vilket avvek från medelvärdesbaserat estimat från spatialt integrerade infiltrationshastigheter. Med avseende på spatial variabilitet påverkade endast svackdikenas topografi, i form av ojämnheter i och nära dikesbotten, avrinningsförloppen och bortledning under den inledande fasen av regnhändelsen. Sammantaget med uppskattningar av den lagrat vatten i marklagrets toppskikt, bedöms 4-32% av svackdikets ytavrinning från ett simulerade nederbördtillfälle med 2 månaders återkomststid kunna lagras tillfälligt. Mike SHE befanns kapabel att med god noggrannhet kunna reproducera naturbundna dräneringsförlopp och flöden i svackdiken, förutsatt tillbörlig kalibrering. God överensstämmelse (NSE>0.8) framkom inte bara mellan uppmätta och simulerade utgående hydrografer, utan också beträffande ändring av markfukthalt i ytligt marklager med snabb höjning av fukthalt upp emot full vattenmättnad. Däremot framkom endast mindre (eller total frånvaro av) överensstämmelse vad gäller markdjup av 0.2 m. Modellens output uppvisade låg känslighet för ursprunglig markfukthalt, speciellt gällande lågt flöde vilket resulterade i större residualer för simulerade toppflöden och avrinningsvolymer. För fältförsöken framkom att den initiala markfukthaltens spatiala variabilitet inte påverkade utflödet från svackdiket – i motsats till noggrannheten i dikets topografiska representation. Denna uppsats belyser samband och följdverkningar beträffande påverkan från undersökta parametrar på en modell för flödes- och vattenföring i ett svackdike och framledes framtida design av svackdiken.
Santini, Junior Mauricio Antonio. "Modelagem hidráulica/hidrológica do escoamento superficial com a utilização do SWMM integrado ao SIG : o exemplo de Ilha Solteira-SP /." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/153972.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Desde o começo da formação dos conglomerados urbanos no Brasil, a drenagem urbana sempre teve uma abordagem sanitarista. Tal prática causa cada vez mais problemas como enchentes e eutrofização dos corpos d’água. Atualmente, os constantes problemas enfrentados pelas cidades retratam a forte situação de negligência em que se encontra este tema no país. Neste prisma, o presente projeto teve como objetivo propor um modelo Hidráulico/Hidrológico da rede de drenagem de Ilha Solteira, a fim de subsidiar decisões futuras de gestão da bacia urbana como um todo. A área de estudo foi a sub-bacia do córrego Sem Nome localizado na cidade de Ilha Solteira-SP. A base de dados utilizada foi obtida por meio de estudos disponibilizados pela prefeitura, ensaios de campo e a instalação de sondas e pluviógrafos na área de projeto. Além disso, foram usadas imagens de satélite obtidas por meio do Software Livre Google EarthPro. Foram utilizados os softwares ArcGis 10 e o Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) para estabelecer um modelo digital representativo da bacia, por meio das equações de Saint-Venant 1D e da onda cinemática. Foi realizada uma análise de sensibilidade, além da calibração e validação do sistema. Os cálculos desta pesquisa tiveram por base 31 eventos ocorridos durante o desenvolvimento da mesma, e o modelo foi avaliado sob o escopo de cinco indicadores estatísticos. Os resultados mostraram que o modelo elaborado teve desempenho satisfatório, com coeficientes de eficiência de Nash-Sutcliffe médios de 0,69; indicador de concordância médio de 0,92; erro médio na vazão de pico equivalente à 21% e erro médio no tempo de pico igual a 2 minutos e 40 segundos.
Since the beginning of the formation of urban conglomerates in Brazil, the urban drainage has been taken a sanitary approach. This practice has caused more and more problems, such as flooding and eutrophication of streams. The constant problem faced by most cities is the strong neglect that lies in this country. In this perspective, the present work proposes a Hydraulic/hydrological model of the storm water network of Ilha Solteira, in order to support future subsidization of urban basin management as a whole. The study area was the sub-basin of the Sem Nome stream located in the city of Ilha Solteira-SP. The used database was obtained by city hall studies, field trials, probes and rain gauges installed in the project area; the satellite images were obtained by using the Free Software EarthPro., ArcGis 10 and Stormwater Management Model (SWMM), to establish a representative digital model of the basin using the Saint-Venant 1D equations and the kinematic waveform. Sensitivity, calibration and validity analyses of the system were performed, 31 events were captured and a model was evaluated by five statistic indicators. The results have shown that the elaborated model has presented a satisfactory performance with mean Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients of 0.69, index of agreement of 0,92, average error in peak flow equivalent to 21% and mean error with no peak time equal to 2 minutes and 40 seconds.
Herath, Mudiyanselage Sujeewa Malwila Herath. "Downscaling approach to evaluate future climate change impacts on urban hydrology." Thesis, Curtin University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/54089.
Full textJames, Matthew Bruce. "Bioretention Hydrologic Performance in an Urban Stormwater Network." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42639.
Full textMaster of Science
Bhaskar, Aditi Seth. "Effects of urban development on groundwater flow systems and streamflow generation." Thesis, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3609831.
Full textThis work quantifies the impacts of urban development on groundwater storage and groundwater-surface water interactions using intensive data analysis and mathematical modeling. The monthly water balance for the period 2000-2009 for 65 Baltimore area watersheds was calculated using remote sensing data and the dense network of instrumented sites in this region. This analysis included estimation of spatially-distributed anthropogenic fluxes (water supply pipe leakage, lawn irrigation, and infiltration and inflow (I&I) of groundwater and stormwater into wastewater pipes) as well as natural fluxes of precipitation, streamflow, and evapotranspiration. Inflow fluxes of water supply pipe leakage and lawn irrigation were significant but small compared to precipitation, but I&I was approximately equal to gaged streamflow. Building on knowledge of the altered water balance, an integrated hydrologic model of the Baltimore metropolitan region was developed to quantify the impact of urban development on groundwater storage. The three-dimensional groundwater-surface water-land surface model ParFlow.CLM was implemented and a methodology to incorporate urban and hydrogeologic input datasets was developed. Using the model, the impacts of reduced vegetative cover, impervious surfaces, I&I, and other anthropogenic discharge and recharge fluxes were isolated. Removal of I&I led to the largest change in storage, and removal of impervious surface cover had the smallest effect. To investigate the relationship between pre-event water proportion, storage, and streamflow at small watershed scales spanning a gradient of urbanization, chemical hydrograph separation, hillslope numerical experiments, and simple dynamical systems analysis were utilized. From analysis of high-frequency specific conductance data, the pre-event water proportion of stormflow was found to be greatest for storms with higher total precipitation. Using the simple dynamical systems approach, watersheds with larger percentages of impervious surfaces were found to have the largest sensitivity of streamflow to changes in storage. HydroGeoSphere, a three-dimensional groundwater-surface water flow and transport model, was implemented in an idealized hillslope and showed that the relationship between streamflow and storage was clockwise hysteretic. Overall this work demonstrates the importance of infrastructure leakage on urban hydrologic systems and shows that pre-event water contributions of stormflow are primarily related to precipitation and not initial storage in urban watersheds.
Kanaley, Chelsea Noelle. "Turbidity and Nutrient Response to Storm Events in the Wissahickon Creek, Suburban Philadelphia, PA." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/496177.
Full textM.S.
The Wissahickon Creek is an urban stream that runs through Montgomery and Philadelphia Counties and discharges to the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia. A majority of stream segments in the Wissahickon watershed are considered impaired by the USEPA due to sediment and nutrients. Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) were implemented in 2003 for nutrients (NO3-, PO43-, NO2-, and CBOD5) and siltation. A new TMDL for total phosphorus (TP) was proposed in 2015, despite minimal data on the effectiveness of the 2003 TMDLs. This new proposal was met with concern, suggesting more data must be collected to better understand impairment in the Wissahickon Creek. The purpose of this research was to study turbidity and nutrient responses to storm events, as storm events are known to contribute significant loads of both sediment and nutrients. Twelve sites were chosen for high frequency turbidity and water level monitoring along the Wissahickon Creek and one of its main tributaries, Sandy Run. These sites were selected around three of the major wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to determine the relative roles of WWTPs and overland flow as sources of turbidity and nutrients during storm events. The upstream site and first downstream site at each WWTP were monitored for nutrients during storms using high frequency loggers and ISCO automatic samplers. Stream assessments were done at each site to characterize in-stream physical parameters, bank vegetation, and algae cover. High frequency turbidity data suggests that the turbidity is locally sourced, as turbidity peaks at the same time as water level, or within an hour or two, at all sites regardless of storm size. Comparisons of the turbidity response with in-stream parameters and land cover helped determine that the main factor driving the turbidity response is discharge, although bank topping and impervious cover, particularly roads, may increase turbidity responses at some sites. Similarities in nutrient, turbidity, and conductivity responses upstream and downstream of the WWTPs strongly suggest that overland flow, not WWTP effluent, is the major source of nutrients and sediment during storm events. Finally, a strong relationship between total phosphorus and high turbidity suggests that only during high discharge events is there a significant increase in TP in the Wissahickon Creek. Results from this research identify the source of turbidity and nutrients to the Wissahickon Creek during storms as primarily coming from overland flow, that the primary factor controlling the turbidity response is discharge, with some secondary influence from over-banking and the contribution of roads to land use, and a close link between TP concentrations and sediment during storms in the stream.
Temple University--Theses
Christensen, Eric. "Measurement and modelling of snow properties in urban and suburban Montreal neighbourhoods." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=86748.
Full textMalgré que le comportement de la neige soit bien documenté en milieu rural grâce à des réseaux de mesure en place depuis longtemps, la complexité des milieux urbains fait en sorte que le transfert de données acquises dans une ville à une autre n'est pas justifiable. Dans le but de la recherche présentée dans cette thèse, des mesures de la couverture neigeuse ont été effectuées dans un quartier résidentiel de la ville de Montréal, Québec, Canada et dans une de ses banlieues au cours de la saison hivernale 2007-2008. Les tendances générales se comportent similairement à celles observées en milieu rural à l'exception que les valeurs de densité se rapprochaient plus de valeurs observées au cours d'autres études urbaines. Les propriétés de la neige ont alors été mises à l'échelle de la zone source convective d'équipements de mesure de flux énergétiques. Les flux convectifs n'ont pas montrés de signe d'une dépendance aux conditions de neige. La base de données de l'évolution des propriétés de la neige a également servi dans la validation d'une version autonome du modéle de neige faisant partie du modéle d'échange de surface ISBA. Les meilleurs résultats ont étés obtenus pour des endroits subissant le minimum de perturbations humaines. Les pires résultats découlent de la simulation d'endroits très dérangés.
Woodson, David. "Precipitation Estimation Methods in Continuous, Distributed Urban Hydrologic Modeling." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/90373.
Full textMaster of Science
Estimating the amount of rain that fell during a precipitation event remains a key source of error when predicting how much stormwater runoff will be produced, particularly in small, urban watersheds which respond rapidly to precipitation and can experience significant spatial variability in rainfall distribution. Rainfall estimation in small, urban watersheds has received relatively little attention, and studies which have examined this topic have generally only examined a small number of discrete storm events. This study sought to compare the efficacy of multiple precipitation estimation methods when simulating discharge in a small, urban watershed on a continuous basis using an operational hydrologic model and precipitation inputs. The Research Distributed Hydrologic Model (RDHM), commonly used by the National Weather Service, was used to model a basin in Roanoke, Virginia, USA forced with rainfall estimates from four methods: mean field bias (MFB) correction of radar data, kriging of rain gauge data, uncorrected radar data, and a basin-uniform estimate from a single gauge inside the watershed. Based on comparisons between simulated and observed discharge at the basin outlet for a 6-month period in 2018, simulations forced with the uncorrected radar QPE had the highest accuracy, as measured by several performance statistics, despite systematic underprediction of actual precipitation. Simulations forced with MFB corrected radar data consistently and significantly overpredicted discharge but had the highest accuracy in predicting the timing of peak flows.
Amalfi, Frederick A., and Milton R. Sommerfeld. "Organic Contaminants in Urban Lake Sediments: A Preliminary Assessment." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296424.
Full textBottom sediments from several urban lakes located in the Phoenix metropolitan area were collected and analyzed for organic priority pollutants. The lakes selected for analysis were broadly representative of the diversity of lake characteristics found in the Phoenix area. That is, lakes were sampled that had different types of primary water sources and that were located in watersheds of differing degrees of urbanization. Preliminary results indicate that only nine of the 114 listed organic priority pollutants were found in measurable quantities in the sediments of the lakes surveyed. The pollutants detected were either phthalate esters or volatile or semi-volatile halogenated compounds. None of the pollutants were common to all the lakes sampled. Dibutyl phthalate was detected in three of the six lakes. A larger database is being developed and will be necessary to determine whether a statistical correlation exists between watershed characteristics and feedwater, and organic composition of lake sediments.
Du, Plessis Claire. "Lotus and the Machine: architecture for the symbiosis of cities and urban hydrology." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/18176.
Full textDespite the abundance of fresh water produced in the mountains surrounding Cape Town, a range of factors contribute towards the imminent water crisis felt locally and internationally. While governing bodies have management strategies and infra structural upgrades planned, these interventions address issues of water quantity only. Steadily declining water quality is an equally important issue which will continue to impact on available fresh water quantities if action is not taken. The threats on water availability in cities stem from growing urbanization itself. The question this dissertation poses is how architecture can encourage a symbiotic relationship between built and natural environments, with special regard for urban water systems. The answer is found in the balance of quantity management, quality improvement and long-term protection of water - a symbiosis between city and urban hydrology. This dissertation documents the research and design of a speculative architectural proposition to embody such a symbiosis. It is hypothesized that the design must address quantity and quality issues simultaneously by coupling infrastructure with community facilities. This will ensure immediate remediation of a water system and encourage a long-lasting protection of water quality through passive education and public conscientizing. The research identifies the Lotus River, located near the Philippi Horticultural Area in Cape Town, as an appropriate representative of the urban hydrological cycle in Cape Town. Through an understanding of the major pollutants in the river and a study of current technology, an industrial process which recycles pollution into fertilizer is proposed as the major programme of the project. This programme is overlaid with an agricultural training center and public amenities which encourage and incentivise environmental awareness among the community. The architectural theories of symbiosis and the social' condenser are proposed as precedent for the way in which architecture has, through the creation of transitional spaces, attempted to usher society into a new way of living. This project explores the creation of a transitional space between building and nature to encourage a symbiotic relationship between urbanity and water, where the Lotus meets the Machine.
Gallo, Erika Liliana. "Patterns and Controls of Monsoonal Urban Runoff Hydrologic and Hydrochemical Responses of Semi-arid Catchments." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204889.
Full textBrendel, Conrad. "Analysis, Modeling, and Forecasting Of Urban Flooding." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/105131.
Full textDoctor of Philosophy
As the world becomes more urbanized and heavy precipitation events increase in frequency and intensity, urban flooding is an emerging concern. Urban flooding is caused when heavy rainfall collects on the landscape, exceeding the capacity of drainage systems to effectively convey runoff. Unlike riverine and coastal flooding, urban flooding occurs frequently, and its risks and impacts are not restricted to areas within floodplains or near bodies of water. The objective of this dissertation is to improve our understanding of urban flooding and our capability to predict it through the development of tools and knowledge to assist with its analysis, modeling, and forecasting. To do this, three research objectives were fulfilled. First, the Stream Hydrology And Rainfall Knowledge System (SHARKS) app was developed to improve upon existing real-time hydrologic and meteorological data retrieval/visualization platforms through the integration of analysis tools to study the hydrologic processes influencing urban flooding. Next, the ability to simulate the hydrologic response of urban watersheds with large storm sewer networks was compared between the fully distributed Gridded Surface/Subsurface Hydrologic Analysis (GSSHA) model and the semi-distributed Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). Finally, the Probabilistic Urban Flash Flood Information Nexus (PUFFIN) application was created to help users evaluate the probability of urban flash flooding and to identify specific infrastructure components at risk through the integration of high-resolution quantitative precipitation forecasting, ensemble forecasting, and hydrologic and hydraulic modeling. The outcomes of this dissertation provide municipalities with tools and knowledge to assist them throughout the process of developing solutions to their site-specific urban flooding issues. Specifically, tools are provided to rapidly analyze and respond to rainfall and streamflow/depth information during intense rain events and to perform retrospective analysis of long-term hydrological processes. Evaluations are included to help guide the selection of hydrologic and hydraulic models for modeling urban flooding, and a new proactive paradigm of probabilistic flash flood guidance for urban areas is introduced. Finally, several potential directions for future work are recommended.
Zhang, Lihong. "Capturing the essential spatial variability in urban hydrologic miodeling by GIS." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1999. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_etd_hy0032_m_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
Full textOlson, Pamela Renee. "Novel Remediation Schemes for Groundwater and Urban Runoff." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1306849957.
Full textValeo, C. "Variable source area modeling in urban areas." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0007/NQ42884.pdf.
Full textAmalfi, Frederick A., and Milton R. Sommerfeld. "A Limnological Investigation of an Urban Lake System in Central Arizona." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296398.
Full textShelley, James Adam. "Monitoring and Evaluating the Influences of Class V Injection Wells on Urban Karst Hydrology." TopSCHOLAR®, 2018. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/3086.
Full textJavaheri, Hamed. "Automatic calibration of urban run-off models using global optimization techniques." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21305.
Full textIn this study, two automatic calibration methods were considered based an two different optimization algorithms: the Downhill Simplex (DHS), a popular local optimization technique, and the Shuffled Complex Evolution (SCE), a global optimization procedure. The consistency of SCE in estimating the SWMM model parameters was assessed under two different scenarios: (1) using "error-free" synthetic data, and (2) using observed data available an the Upper Bukit Timah catchment in Singapore. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
Behl, Elizabeth 1955. "Chloride/bromide ratios as a natural tracer of urban runoff in the Tucson basin, Arizona." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277261.
Full textFahy, Benjamin. "Evaluating the Impact and Distribution of Stormwater Green Infrastructure on Watershed Outflow." PDXScholar, 2019. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4732.
Full textAmalfi, Frederick A., and Milton R. Sommerfeld. "Accumulation of Heavy Metals and Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Urban Lakes: Preliminary Results." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296412.
Full textA preliminary survey of several urban lakes in the Phoenix metropolitan area was undertaken to assess the degree of accumulation of priority pollutant metals and petroleum -based hydrocarbons in these impoundments. Three sediment samples were collected from each lake along a transect (from a probable point of stormwater addition to the opposite shore), and were composited on an equal weight basis prior to analysis. Total petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations ranged from 30 to 8000 mg /kg dry weight. The concentration ranges (mg /kg dry weight) of total metals were: arsenic 7-26, copper 25-2800, chromium 14-55, nickel 5-40, lead < 1-138, selenium < 0.5-1.1, and zinc 33-239. Silver and cadmium were undetectable (< 5.0 and < 0.5 mg /kg, respectively). Factors that may be associated with the magnitude of accumulation in urban lakes include lake age, primary source of influent, reception of stormwater runoff, mechanical aeration of the water, and direct chemical addition.
Goonetilleke, Ashantha. "Use of geographical information systems for hydrological evaluation and urban planning." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1998.
Find full textLane, L. J., T. J. Ward, and J. J. Stone. "Evaluation of Hydrologic and Hydraulic Procedures for Small Urban Watersheds in the Southwest." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296362.
Full textHydrologic and hydraulic design procedures developed by the Pima County Department of Transportation and Flood Control District were proposed for use by the Department of Transportation, Engineering Division of the City of Tucson, Arizona. These procedures were evaluated with respect to their reasonableness of approach and in comparison with other methods and existing data used to derive similar methodology and standards. The proposed criteria/methodology were found to be consistent with procedures used in other cities in the Southwest, and with the current state of the art in urban hydrology and hydraulic engineering practices and procedures. However, locally derived rainfall intensity -duration relationships were found to be superior to regionally based relationships, and minor modifications were suggested for channel design procedures.
Poff, Boris. "The Cost Effectiveness of Multi-Objective Forest Management in the Wildland Urban Interface." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296579.
Full textLindberg, Boel. "Resilience in urban hydrology : A study of storm water management in the municipality of Stockholm." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-249651.
Full textMiljöfrågor inom dagvatten hanteras i policyarbete på flera olika institutionella nivåer. Begreppet ”hållbart dagvatten” utgår i Europa från den naturliga vattencykeln och EU:s vattendirektiv (WFD) har en systeminriktning som utgår från avrinningsområden istället för andra geografiska gränsdragningar. Stockholms Stad antog en ny dagvattenstrategi 2015 med en hållbarhetsinriktning, som innehåller mycket terminologi från WFD och publikationer från branchorganisationen Svenskt Vatten AB. För att hitta nya aspekter för en hållbar utveckling av dagvattenhantering i Stockholm använder denna studie ett teoretiskt ramverk inom resiliens,, som bygger på sju principer, i en analys av stadens dagvattensstrategi (SSWS). Blandade metoder användes för att genomföra en kvalitativ studie, där policydokument granskades tillsammans med intervjuer av nyckelpersoner, vilket kompletterades med en skrivbordsstudie av litteratur om dagvattenhantering samt deltagande i relevanta workshops. För att bredda studien användes exempel från ett planprogramsområde inom Stockholms kommun, Stora Sköndal, liksom en annan kommun i Östersjöområdet; Helsingfors (Finland). SSWS bygger juridiskt på miljökvalitetsnormerna, men brister i myndighetssamordning på nationell och kommunal nivå i Stockholm. Problemformuleringar och infrastrukturlösningar har hög mångfald, precis som involverade aktörer, vilket är en indikation på att systemet bygger upp resiliens. Detta i kombination med att struktur och kommunikationslänkar är något bristfälliga leder till en komplex och ineffektiv dagvattenhantering, vilket underminerar resiliensen i systemet. Eftersom SSWS och andra relaterade styrdokument (t.ex. lokala åtgärdsprogram och hållbarhetskrav) är nya, genomgår systemet förändringar, vilket visar på anpassningsförmåga och komplext, adaptivt systemtänk (CAS), vilket är en ytterligare resiliensindikator. Implementeringen av WFD på kommunal nivå är också kopplad till CAS-tänkande, liksom ett polycentriskt styrsystem - en av de sju principerna för resiliens i det teoretiska ramverket som används. Några av de huvudsakliga problem för att bygga resiliens som hittades i denna studie är relaterade till uppföljning och ansvarsfördelning.
Thye, F. Brian. "Virginia Tech Duck Pond Retrofit for Improved Water Quality in Stroubles Creek." Master's thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46523.
Full textMaster of Science
MacDonald, Kit. "CASE STUDIES IN STREAM AND WATERSHED RESTORATION (URBAN, AGRICULTURAL, FOREST AND FISH HABITAT IMPROVEMENT)." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621701.
Full textPlauche, Mary A. "Land cover and infrastructure influences on chloride and nitrate concentrations of urban streams in Northeast Ohio." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1564124123666625.
Full textBlauch, Garrett. "Abundance, Mobility, and Geomorphic Effects of Large Wood in Urban Streams." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1532016674833626.
Full textMillay, Curtis A. "Restoring the Lost Rivers of Washington: Can a city's hydrologic past inform its future?" Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31770.
Full textMaster of Landscape Architecture
Salvan, Leslie. "Connaissances et modélisations pour la gestion du pluvial en zone urbaine : application à la ville de Nice." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4124/document.
Full textTheoretical background about hydrology, hydraulics and computational tools and methods are widely developed and worldwide used. In the same time however, important issues during flood crisis are not solved and practical solutions take time to be implemented. On top of that, ongoing climatic change will not make things easier and intense events will increase in frequency. To worsen the picture, local economic means in France will not increase to help municipalities and local communities to tackle the issue. The objective of this thesis is to investigate on the available ways to improve our local knowledge of stormwater related concepts to allow an efficient modelling. The proposed methodology consists in a three-step-approach including: 1. A thorough analysis of local topography data; 2. The assessment of sewer-surface interactions; 3. An integrated approach to model pluvial flood in urban areas. The results of Step 1 show that topography data is essential in flow path definition and significantly impacts hydraulic modelling results. This leads to Step 2 where it is seen that sewer overflow is one aspect of urban flood issues but represents only part of flood sources. Overland flow generated by runoff should be included in flood models. Then Step 3 presents that integrated urban pluvial modelling is possible with existing tools and can represent the real processes better. This proposed modelling approach should not be disconnected from the reality of stormwater management practical aspects and current constraints. It is shown how complementary actions can be taken to enrich local knowledge and memory thus allowing a more efficient and wiser modelling process
Shehu, Bora [Verfasser]. "Improving the rainfall nowcast for fine temporal and spatial scales suitable for urban hydrology / Bora Shehu." Hannover : Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1229615024/34.
Full textGreve, Adrienne I. "Toward a more complex understanding of urban stream function : assessing post-developmental recovery period and channel morphology and the relationship between urban built form, land cover pattern, and hydrologic flow regime /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10815.
Full textAguilar, Marcus F. "Regulatory and Economic Consequences of Empirical Uncertainty for Urban Stormwater Management." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/82726.
Full textPh. D.
Carsillo, Vincent John. "MONITORING STORMWATER INFILTRATION IN A VACANT LOT COMPARING TIME-LAPSE ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY TOMOGRAPHY." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/518905.
Full textM.S.
Vacant lots in cities and surrounding urban areas can potentially be used for stormwater management because they are pervious. However, the extent to which vacant lots provide pervious cover to increase infiltration and reduce stormflow is poorly understood. The goal of this study was to develop faster methods for monitoring stormwater infiltration to improve characterization of heterogeneous urban systems. Geophysical techniques are capable of mapping and characterizing subsurface materials, but are often limited by time and sensitivity constraints. In this study, the infiltration characteristics of a vacant lot created by the demolition of a house was characterized using a series of modeling, field and lab experiments. Site characterization under background conditions with an EM Profiler was used to map zones of different fill materials. Three zones were identified in the study site: grass area, driveway area, and a former house area. Transient soil moisture conditions were monitored during irrigation tests using two geophysical methods (electrical resistivity tomography [ERT] and electromagnetic induction [EM]) to evaluate method sensitivity and differences between the three zones. ERT proved more sensitive than EM profiling at detecting changes in the three zones. Soil moisture changes in the driveway area were particularly difficult to detect using EM. The EM Profiler showed a reduction rather than increase in conductivity at the start of irrigation and storms, which was attributed to flushing of high conductivity pore fluids by dilute irrigation or rain water. This explanation was supported using Archie’s Law to model the response of apparent conductivity under highly conductive pore fluid conditions. The EM Profiler was also used under natural precipitation conditions to quickly monitor areas too large for the ERT to reasonably survey. The results suggested that EM instrument drift needs to be corrected to make the method more sensitive. It was difficult to detect differences in hydrologic characterization between areas of the vacant lot using traditional soil point measurements because of the inherent spatial variability. The most useful point measurement was soil moisture loggers. Data from soil moisture loggers was used to parameterize the model; in addition, the soil moisture loggers showed a slow drying period. By combining the EM Profiler method with soil moisture data and applying corrections for drift, some improvement in sensitivity might be achieved. Quantitative characterization of fill material was shown by ERT, which detected more heterogeneous infiltration in the area of the former house than in the grass area.
Temple University--Theses
Males, Ryan James. "Complex, deterministic hydrological modelling towards decision support for urban catchment management." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52170.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: Historically, urban waterresources have too often been managed without recognition that the flow in a river integrates many landscape and biological features. This has often resulted in the elimination of natural processes and their replacement by man-made streamlined structures with the effects of increased urbanisation being primarily addressed from an engineering and economics point of view to the detriment of environmental and social issues. Catchment Management, as legislated in the Water Act, No. 36 of 1998, is a management approach to address the negative consequences of an urban stormwater design philosophy restricted to flood restriction. It is a systems approach that integrates engineering and scientific skills, socio-economic concerns, and environmental constraints within a new multidisciplinary decision-making process that recognises the different components of the hydrological and aquatic cycles are linked, and each component is affected by changes in every other component. In order to make effective management decisions, catchment managers require tools to provide reliable information about the performance of alternative arrangements of stormwater management facilities and to quantify the effects of possible management decisions on the water environment. A deterministic hydrological model is such a tool, which provides the link between the conceptual understanding of the physical catchment characteristics and the empirical quantification of the hydrological, water quality and ecological response. In order to provide effective computer based decision support, the hydrological model must be part of an integrated software application in which a collection of data manipulation, analysis, modelling and interpretation tools, including GIS, can be efficiently used together to manage a large potion of the overall decision process. This decision support system must have a simple and intuitive user interface able to produce easily interpreted output. It must have powerful graphical presentation capabilities promoting effective communication and be designed to solve ill-structured problems by flexibly combining statistical analysis, models and data. The Great Lotus River canal, situated on the Cape Flats, Cape Town, has been designed and controlled through extensive canalisation and the construction of detention pond facilities to avoid the flooding of urban areas of the catchment. This approach has resulted in these channels becoming stormwater drains, transporting waste and nutrients in dissolved and particulate forms, and reducing their assimilatory capacity for water quality improvement. In order to investigate the use of hydrological modelling in decision support for Catchment Management, the semi-distributed, physically based model, SWMM, was applied to the Great Lotus River canal. SWMM consists of a number of independent modules allowing the hydrological and hydraulic simulations of urban catchments and their conveyance networks on an event or continuous basis. In order to ease the application of the Fortran based SWMM model, the GUl, PCSWMM98, was developed by Computational Hydraulics Inc (CH!). This provides decision support for SWMM through large array of tools for file management, data file creation, output visualisation and interpretation, model calibration and error analysis and storm dynamic analysis thus easing any simulations with SWMM. In addition, PCSWMM was developed with a GIS functionality for graphically creating, editing and/or querying SWMM model entities and attributes, displaying these SWMM layers with background layers and dynamic model results, and exporting data to SWMM input files thus providing an interface between a GIS and SWMM. In terms of Catchment Management, the above DSS can be used effectively to assist decisionmaking. This is to address tensions between the fundamental catchment management considerations of physical development, social considerations and maintaining ecological sustainability. It is at the stages of Assessment and Planning that the model can play the most significant role in providing decision support to the Catchment Management process. Assessment in the Catchment Management process refers to the collection, storage, modelling and interpretation of catchment information. It is in this quantification, interpretation and assessment of catchment information that a hydrological model contributes to an increase in knowledge in the Catchment Management process. In identifying and quantifying, at a sufficient temporal and spatial scale, the dominant cause and effect relationships in the urban physical environment, a hydrological model is able to highlight the main contributing factors to an issue. This is used in the Planning stage of the Catchment Management process and when combining these contributing factors with assessments of the socio-economic and administrative environments, enables the prioritisation of the principal issues requiring attention in a Catchment Management Strategy. It is possible to link the multiple decision-making requirements of Catchment Management with the abilities of a hydrological model to provide information on these requirements in a conceptual framework. This framework consists of the fundamental catchment considerations of Physical Development, Environmental Management and Social Development and resolves these considerations into the various management issues associated with each consideration ~s well as its management solution. The management solutions are linked to the model through formulating the solution in terms of the model parameters and perturbing the affected parameters in ways to simulate the management solution. This results in model output and graphical interpretation of the effects of the suggested management solution. A comparison between the simulated effects of each management solution allows the Catchment Management body to identify optimal management solutions for the various management Issues. The present model of the Great Lotus River catchment is sufficient to simulate the overland and subsurface flows from individual parts of the catchment and to route these flows and associated pollutant loadings to the catchment outlet. At its present level of complexity, the finely discretised model subcatchment and conveyance network provides decision support for Catchment Management through the simulation, at a pre-feasibility stage, of various Catchment Management issues and their proposed solutions. Given more detailed canal and drainage network dimensions and water quality data, it is possible for the model to incorporate hydraulic calculation routines to assess the implications of alternative river rehabilitation techniques and waste management strategies. This would allow greater capability in assessing the role of the various BMPs in ameliorating stormwater impacts and pollutant loading. In addition, a detailed level survey of the stormwater pipe and canal network could result in hydrological modelling being utilised to identify critical areas where stormwater upgrading would be necessary. In order to facilitate future complex, finely discretised catchment hydrological models, it is imperative that complete and detailed drainage patterns and stormwater network characteristics are available. In addition, to minimise model generation costs and time of model setup, this spatially representative data must be captured in a GIS for rapid inclusion into the model. Furthermore, complete spatially representative precipitation datasets are necessary to ensure that model error is reduced. These two issues of available spatial data and comprehensive precipitation records are crucial for the generated models to function as effective decision support systems for Catchment Management.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Histories is stedelike waterbronne te dikwels bestuur sonder inagneming dat die vloei van die rivier baie landskap- en biologiese kenmerke insluit. Dit het dikwels daartoe gelei dat natuurlike prosesse uitgeskakel is en vervang is deur mensgemaakte, stroombelynde strukture waarvan die effek van toenemende verstedeliking hoofsaaklik aangespreek word vanuit 'n ingenieurs- en ekonomiese oogpunt tot nadeel van omgewings- en sosiale kwessies. Opvangsgebiedsbestuur, soos bepaal deur die Waterwet, Wet 36 van 1998, is 'n bestuursbenadering om die negatiewe gevolge van 'n stedelike stormwaterontwerpfilosofie wat beperk is tot vloedbeperking aan te spreek. Dit is 'n stelselbenadering wat ingenieurs- en wetenskaplike vaardighede, sosio-ekonomiese probleme en omgewingsbeperkings integreer in 'n nuwe multidissiplinêre besluitnemingsproses wat erkenning daaraan gee dat die verskillende komponente van die hidrologiese en watersiklusse verbind is, en elke komponent beïnvloed word deur veranderings in elke ander komponent. Om doeltreffende bestuursbesluite te neem, benodig opvangsgebiedsbestuur die hulpmiddels om betroubare inligting oor die prestasie van alternatiewe moontlikhede VIr stormwaterbestuurfasiliteite en om die effek van moontlike bestuursbesluite op die wateromgewing te kwantifiseer. 'n Deterministiese hidrologiese model is so 'n hulpmiddel wat die skakel daarstel tussen die konseptueie begrip van die fisiese opvangsgebiedskenmerke en die empiriese kwantifisering van die water-, waterkwaliteit- en ekologiese reaksie. Om doeltreffende rekenaarbesluitnemingsteun te verskaf, moet die hidrologiese model deel wees van 'n geïntegreerde sagteware-aanwending waarin 'n versameling datamanipulasie-, analise-, modellerings- en interpreteringshulpmiddels, insluitend GIS, doeltreffend saam gebruik kan word om 'n groot deel van die algehele besluitnemingsproses te bestuur. Hierdie besluitnemingsteunstelsel moet 'n eenvoudige en intuïtiewe gebruikersvlak hê wat in staat is om maklik interpreteerbare uitsette te lewer. Dit moet goeie grafiese voorleggingsvermoëns hê wat doeltreffende kommunikasie vergemaklik en ontwerp wees om swak gestruktureerde probleme deur die buigsame samevoeging van statistiese analise, modelle en data op te los. Die Groot Lotusrivierkanaal op die Kaapse Vlakte, Kaapstad is ontwerp en word beheer deur uitgebreide kanalisasie en die konstruksie van detensiedamfasiliteite om die oorstroming van stedelike opvangsgebiede te vermy. Hierdie benadering het daartoe gelei dat hierdie kanale stormwaterafvoerpype geword het wat afval en nutriënte in opgelosde en partikelvorm vervoer en hulle assimilasievermoë vir die verbetering van waterkwaliteit verminder. Om die gebruik van hidrologiese modelle in besluitnemingsteun vir Opvangsgebiedsbestuur te ondersoek, is die semi-verspreide, fisiesgebaseerde model, SWMM, op die Groot Lotusrivierkanaal toegepas. SWMM bestaan uit 'n aantalonafhanklike modules wat die hidrologiese en hidroulika simulasies van stedelike opvangsgebiede en hulle vervoemetwerke per geleentheid of deurlopend monitor. Om die aanwending van die Fortran gebaseerde SWMM model te vergemaklik is die GUl, PCSWMM98 deur Computational Hydraulics Inc (CHD ontwikkel. Dit verskaf besluitnemingsteun vir SWMM deur 'n groot aantal hulpmiddels vir lêerbestuur, die skep van datalêers, uitsetvisualisering en interpretasie, modelkalibrasie, foutanalise en stormdinamikaanalise om enige simulasies met SWMM te vergemaklik. Daarby is PCSWMM ontwikkel met 'n GIS funksionaliteit vir die grafiese daarstelling, redigering en/of navraagfunksie van SWMM model entiteite en kenmerke, wat hierdie SWMM vlakke met agtergrondvlakke en dinamiese modelresultate vertoon en data in SWMM inset1êers plaas en op daardie manier 'n koppelvlak tussen 'n GIS en SWMM verskaf. Volgens Opvangsgebiedsbestuur kan bogenoemde DSS doeltreffend gebruik word in besluitneming. Dit IS om die spanning tussen fundamentele opvangsgebiedsbestuursoorwegings van fisiese ontwikkeling, sosiale oorwegings en ekologiese volhoubaarheid aan te spreek. Dis in die stadiums van Waardebepaling en Beplanning wat die model die belangrikste rol kan vervul in die verskaffing van besluitnemingsteun vir die Opvangsgebiedsbestuursproses. Waardebepaling in die Opvangsgebiedbestuursproses verwys na die versameling, berging, modellering en interpretasie van opvangsgebiedsinligting. Deur hierdie kwantifisering, interpretasie en waardebepaling van opvangsgebiedsinligting dra 'n hidrologiese model by tot 'n verhoging in kennis in die Opvangsgebiedsbestuur. Deur die identifisering en kwantifisering, op 'n ruim genoeg tydelike en ruimtelike skaal, van die dominante oorsaak en gevolg verhoudings in die stedelike fisiese omgewing, kan die hidrologiese model die hoof bydraende faktore uitlig. Dit word gebruik in die Beplanningsfase van die Opvangsgebiedproses en wanneer hierdie bydraende faktore by die waardebepaling van die sosio-ekonomiese en administratiewe omgewings saamgevoeg word, maak dit moontlik om die belangrike kwessies wat aandag behoort te kry in 'n Opvangsgebiedsbestuurstrategie in volgorde van voorrang te plaas. Dit is moontlik om die verskeidenheid besluitnemingsvereistes van Opvangsgebiedsbestuur met die vermoëns van 'n hidrologiese model te koppel om inligting oor hierdie vereistes in 'n konseptuele raamwerk te verskaf. Die raamwerk bestaan uit die fundamentele opvangsgebiedsoorwegings van Fisiese Ontwikkeling, Omgewingsbestuur en Sosiale Ontwikkeling en los hierdie oorwegings op in die verskillende bestuursaangeleenthede wat met elke oorweging en die bestuuroplossing geassosieer word. Die bestuursoplossings word aan die model gekoppel deur die formulering van die oplossing volgens die modelparameters en versteuring van die relevante parameters op sekere manier om die bestuursoplossing te simuleer. Dit lei tot modeluitset en grafiese interpretasie van die effek van die voorgestelde bestuursoplossing. 'n Vergelyking tussen die gesimuleerde effek van elke bestuursoplossing laat die Opvangsgebiedsbestuursliggaam toe om die optimale bestuursoplossings vir die verskeie bestuursaangeleenthede te identifiseer. Die huidige model van die Groot Lotusrivieropvang is genoegsaam om die bo- en ondergrondse vloei vanaf individuele dele van die opvangsgebied te simuleer en om die watervloei en geassosieerde besoedelstofladings na die opvangsgebiedsuitlaatplek te lei. Op sy huidige vlak van kompleksiteit verskaf die fyn gediskretiseerde model subopvangsgebied en vervoernetwerk besluitnemingsteun aan Opvangsgebiedsbestuur deur die simulasie, teen 'n voor-lewensvatbaarheidstudie, van verskeie opvangsgebiedsbestuurkwessies en die voorgestelde oplossings. Indien meer gedetailleerde kanaal- en dreineringsnetwerkdimensies- en waterkwaliteitdata ingevoer word, is dit moontlik vir die model om hidroulikaberekeningsroetines te inkorporeer om die implikasies van alternatiewe rivierrehabilitasietegnieke en afvalbestuurstrategieë te beoordeel. Dit sou die vermoë verbeter om die waarde van die verskeie BMPs te bepaal om die impak van stormwater en besoedelstoflading te versag. Daarby kan 'n gedetailleerde vlakopname van die stormwaterpyp en -kanaalnetwerk daartoe lei dat hidrologiese modelle gebruik kan word om kritieke areas te identifiseer waar stormwateropgradering nodig is. Om toekomstige komplekse, gediskretiseerde opvangsgebiedshidrologiese modelle te verbeter, is dit noodsaaklik dat volledige en gedetailleerde dreineringspatrone en stormwaternetwerkkenmerke beskikbaar is. Om die model-ontwikkelingskoste en tyd bestee aan die opstel van 'n model te minimiseer, moet hierdie ruimtelik verteenwoordigende data ingelees word in 'n GIS vir vinnige insluiting in die model. Daarbenewens is volledige, ruimtelik verteenwoordigende presipitasie datastelle nodig om te verseker dat modelfoute verminder word. Hierdie twee kwessies van beskikbare ruimtelike data en omvattende presipitasierekords is van die uiterste belang sodat die gegenereerde modelle as doeltreffende besluitnemingsteun vir Opvangsgebiedsbestuur kan funksioneer.
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Full textDavidson-Bennett, Keely Marie. "Watershed Urbanization Impacts to Headwater Streams in Northeastern Ohio." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306884770.
Full textThakali, Ranjeet. "ANALYZING THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON URBAN STORMWATER INFRASTUCTURES." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2156.
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Full textRosato, Dagmar. "Aqua.Street.Scapes: Interpreting Natural Hydrologic Processes while Enhancing the Urban Streetscape." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78268.
Full textMaster of Landscape Architecture
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Full textThe surface water quality may change because of natural processes like weathering and erosion of the earth´s surface, but it can also change because of anthropogenic impact. The largest impacts on Swedish streams are diffuse emissions from landfills or contaminated areas and traffic. The aim of this study is to analyze and evaluate the possible relationship between the concentration of metals and precipitation and discharge. The study area is the river Göta älv, from the outlet of Lake Vänern down to the city of Gothenburg. With the current climate change, the global mean temperature will increase, which will cause changes in the precipitation, in terms of both intensity and volume. Precipitation is expected to increase by 10-25 % in the region of Västra Götaland towards the end of this century. Hidden sources of contaminations in the ground can rise to the surface if the groundwater levels start to fluctuate. Surface runoff can also bring contaminations from urban areas to the streams. If streams have an urban connection they can more easily be affected by contaminants because of the closeness to the source of contamination. Measured concentration of metals have been analyzed and evaluated in correlation analyses. The water quality has also been evaluated between the 10 gauging stations along the river Göta älv. The results from this study show the significance of stream regulation for identification of possible relationship. No relationships appeared in the first correlation between discharge of a regulated stream and metal concentration. However, a weak relationship was found between the concentrations of chromium and a non-regulated discharge. The clearest relationship was discovered in the correlation between the concentrations of chromium, nickel and cobalt and an accumulated three month precipitation. The explanation is most likely due to groundwater levels which fluctuate, increased surface runoff and increased discharge which flushes the metals out from the nearby ground. Except for the metals, turbidity has shown a clear relationship between both non-regulated discharge and accumulated precipitation. More data is needed to confirm these relationships and to ensure their meaning. For future studies it is important to plan the measurements so they can cover all the changes and the variability of precipitation and discharge.