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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Urban labour market

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Academic literature on the topic 'Urban labour market'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Urban labour market"

1

Hillmann, Felicitas. "Ethnisierung oder Internationalisierung?" PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 30, no. 120 (September 1, 2000): 415–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v30i120.769.

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The paper examines the intersection of migration systems and urban labour markets and focusses then empirically on the case of the Turkish ethnic economy in Berlin and the ethnic structuration of its labour market. Ethnic economies are further conceptualized as functioning also gendering revolving doors between the formal and the informal segments of the labor market.

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Crampton, G. R. "Labour-Market Search and Urban Residential Structure." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 29, no. 6 (June 1997): 989–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a290989.

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The application of labour market matching theory to the context of urban spatial variations in vacancies, unemployment, and job search has recently begun to receive research attention. Empirical analysis is very difficult because of the virtual unobservability of job search. Various forms of theoretical study of spatial labour markets are summarised in this paper, together with macroeconomic empirical evidence on labour matching technology. The Cobb—Douglas form of the matching function is applied to a simple linear city model, and theoretical relationships are derived which would be necessary for a static urban labour market equilibrium. A start is made on the theoretical implications of calculating an optimal job search area for individual workers, and a complex integral form of a present value function is obtained.

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Todaro][, [Michael P., and Gerry Rodgers. "Urban Poverty and the Labour Market." Population and Development Review 16, no. 1 (March 1990): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1972545.

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Umair, Muhammad, and Lubna Naz. "Gender Pay Gap Among Urban-Urban Migrant Workers: Pakistan's Two-Tier Urban Labor Market." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 20, no. 2 (September 8, 2020): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v20i2.518.

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Urban-urban migration has socio-economic and demographic consequences on the labor markets. It affects job mobility and gender-balance in the urban workplace. This study analyzes the gender wage gap among urban-urban migrant workers in Pakistan. The study used the most recent Labour Force Survey, a nationally representative dataset, to identify the determinants of wages for male and female migrant workers separately. The wages of urban-urban female migrants tend to be 45% lower than their male counterparts. The results indicated disparities in working hours and human capital endowment as some of the contributing factors to the increasing gender wage gap. This research calls for implementing drastic measures, i.e., gender-insensitive capacity building of urban migrant workers, workplace incentives for women, and enhancement of women leadership roles, to reduce gender inequalities in the urban labor market.

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Webster, C. J., and S. D. White. "Child-Care Services and the Urban Labour Market. Part 1: The Urban Child-Care Market." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 29, no. 8 (August 1997): 1419–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a291419.

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In this two-part paper we examine some of the market characteristics of urban child-care services. Part 1 is concerned with theory. In it we review the contemporary child-care and preschool education service issue; consider questions of market efficiency and equity, and formulate these in a general equilibrium model which generates testable household labour-supply and service-supply functions. In part 2 we report on an empirical study in which aggregate versions of these functions are calibrated for the supply of labour from mothers with young children and for the supply of childminding services. We focus on the childminder sector, which is of interest as a personal social service that has traditionally been left to the private sector and as a private service with relatively easy entry and exit. These models yield interesting results which indicate on the one hand that access to child-care services is a binding constraint on female labour-market participation and on the other, that the supply of child-care services is quite unresponsive to demand.

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Arriagada, Irma. "Changes in the urban female labour market." CEPAL Review 1994, no. 53 (August 18, 1994): 91–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/1302aa65-en.

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Hojman, David E. "Land Reform, Female Migration and the Market for Domestic Service in Chile." Journal of Latin American Studies 21, no. 1-2 (June 1989): 105–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00014449.

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In recent years there has been significant improvement in terms of the quantity and quality of empirical studies on Latin American urban labour markets.1 The relative degree of ignorance concerning the market for domestic service is therefore particularly notorious. Some important gaps in the current state of our knowledge are the determinants of long-term trends and of short and medium-term fluctuations in this market, the relationship between domestic service and female rural–urban migration, and that between domestic service and the aggregate labour market.

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Iversen, Vegard, and Gaute Torsvik. "Networks, middlemen and other (urban) labour market mysteries." Indian Growth and Development Review 3, no. 1 (April 20, 2010): 62–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17538251011035882.

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Knight, J., and L. Yueh. "Segmentation or competition in China's urban labour market?" Cambridge Journal of Economics 33, no. 1 (June 17, 2008): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cje/ben025.

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Banerjee, Biswajit, and J. B. Knight. "Caste discrimination in the Indian urban labour market." Journal of Development Economics 17, no. 3 (April 1985): 277–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(85)90094-x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Urban labour market"

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Li, Dan. "Discrimination in the Chinese urban labour market." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/21310/.

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Manfor, Lamine. "Determinants of earnings in the Libyan urban labour market." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287244.

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Bhalotra, Sonia R. "Four essays on the urban labour market in India." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9a092af7-55fe-48f9-b5bb-42c9ad385bdb.

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This thesis explores labour market processes in urban India. Investigating large and persistent differentials in urban unemployment rates across the Indian states, we find that regions with higher wage push or better amenities have higher unemployment rates, controlling for labour force composition. The differentials are maintained by rural-urban migration rather than by barriers to inter-state migration. Our investigation of wage determination yields evidence of imperfect competition in the labour market which is not simply 'institutional'. Indian firms pay efficiency wages which induce sufficient productivity gains to pay for themselves. After identifying the long and short run structural processes in the labour market, we consider recent aggregate trends in India's factory sector. There was negative employment growth in the 1980s even as output growth touched record levels. Our analysis suggests that this had less to do with wage growth, as proposed by the World Bank, and more to do with increasing work intensity, encouraged by wage incentives, improved infrastructure and increased competition. Considerable slack was inherited from the past, evidence of which flows from the wage and production function estimates. We find that increased labour utilization raises capacity utilization. This is important because Indian industry has chronically carried large excess capacity. A breakthrough in total factor productivity growth accompanied declining employment in the 1980s and has been interpreted as the reward of deregulation in this decade. Existing studies mismeasure productivity growth by neglecting labour utilization (hours) and assuming perfectly competitive product markets. We produce new estimates at the aggregate and industry levels. A natural ceiling to hours worked moderates bad news on the employment front and good news on the productivity front. Our analyses are expected to contribute to the evaluation of current and controversial policy changes in India.

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Barufi, Ana Maria Bonomi. "Agglomeration economies and labour markets in Brazil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12138/tde-04022016-162856/.

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Agglomeration economies have a relevant impact on local labour markets. The interaction of workers and firms in dense urban areas may generate productivity advantages that result in higher wages. They may be accompanied by an increase in local costs, but the existence of cities that continue to grow is a sign by itself that these gains supersede higher costs. Therefore, large urban areas have an expected positive impact on wages. However, not only the size of the city but also the sectoral composition is relevant to understand locational choices of firms of a specific sector. The industrial scope of agglomeration economies is investigated in the first chapter of this dissertation, and the main results indicate that there is not a unique optimal local industrial mix to foster productivity in different technological sectors. Furthermore, high-tech and low-tech manufacturing sectors benefit more from urban scale in Brazil, followed by services associated with higher knowledge intensity. These sectors are supposed to locate relatively more in large urban areas in order to profit from these advantages. Agglomeration economies may have static and dynamic effects for individuals. These effects are reinforced by a process of sorting of skilled workers into large urban areas. In fact, initial and return migration are mechanisms that select more skilled and more productive workers into large urban areas. Then, cities with a higher percentage of skilled workers attract more of these highly-qualified individuals. Second migration seems to reinforce these relations. The estimation of static agglomeration economies indicate that the inclusion of individual fixed effects decreases density coefficient significantly. Then, dynamic agglomeration economies are estimated considering previous work experience in cities. In this case, static agglomeration advantages become insignificant and whenever years of previous experience are combined with the current place of work, individuals working in less dense cities who had previous experience in denser areas will benefit the most from these gains. Finally, controlling for worker heterogeneity previous experience has a relevant and positive impact on wage growth only in cities with at least the same density level of the current place of work. Finally, city size has an important impact on the relative bargaining power of workers and firms in the labour market. When analysing the relationship of local wages and the business cycle, wage flexibility, measured by the wage curve, is higher in informal sectors in less dense areas. Therefore, large agglomerations are supposed to provide a higher bargaining power for workers, as they have further job opportunities. All these results indicate that agglomeration economies in Brazil are likely to stimulate spatial concentration and increase regional inequalities. Workers and firms self-select themselves into agglomerated urban areas, in which they find a more diversified environment and a larger share of high-skilled individuals. Bigger centres also provide the conditions for workers to bargain for higher wages, even if they are in the informal sector.
Economias de aglomeração possuem um impacto importante sobre o mercado de trabalho. A interação entre trabalhadores e firmas em áreas de elevada densidade pode gerar ganhos de produtividade que resultam em salários mais elevados. Tais áreas também podem possuir custos de vida mais elevados, mas o crescimento recente das cidades parece indicar que os ganhos se sobrepõem aos custos. Portanto, grandes áreas urbanas têm um impacto esperado positivo sobre os salários. No entanto, não só o tamanho da cidade, mas também a composição setorial é relevante para entender as escolhas de localização das empresas de um sector específico. O escopo industrial de economias de aglomeração é investigado no primeiro capítulo desta tese, e os principais resultados indicam que não há um único mix setorial local ótimo para fomentar a produtividade em diferentes setores tecnológicos. Além disso, setores de alta tecnologia e setores industriais de baixa tecnologia se beneficiam mais da escala urbana no Brasil, seguidos de setores de serviços associados a intensidade de conhecimento mais elevado. As economias de aglomeração podem ter efeitos estáticos e dinâmicos. Eles são reforçados por um processo de seleção de trabalhadores qualificados para grandes áreas urbanas. As migrações inicial e de retorno constituem mecanismos essencial para a auto-seleção de trabalhadores mais qualificados e mais produtivos para grandes áreas urbanas. Assim, cidades com maior percentual de trabalhadores mais habilidosos deverão atrais mais indivíduos qualificados. A estimação de economias de aglomeração estáticas indica que a inclusão do efeito fixo individual reduz o coeficiente da densidade de maneira significante. Quando economias de aglomeração dinâmica são estimadas tendo por base a experiência prévia de trabalho em cidades, as vantagens estáticas se tornam não-significantes. Conforme esses anos de experiência são iterados com a densidade do local de trabalho atual, indivíduos trabalhando em cidades menos densas com experiência em cidades mais densas serão os maiores beneficiados. Por fim, a experiência prévia de trabalho tem um efeito positivo sobre o crescimento do salário somente no caso da experiência em cidades com ao menos a mesma densidade da cidade atual. Finalmente, o tamanho da cidade tem um impacto importante sobre o poder de barganha relativo dos trabalhadores e das empresas no mercado de trabalho. Ao analisar a relação dos salários locais e do ciclo de negócios, a flexibilidade salarial, medida pela curva de salário, é maior em setores informais em áreas menos densas. Portanto, as grandes aglomerações supostamente oferecem maior poder de barganha dos trabalhadores, pois eles têm mais oportunidades de emprego. Esses resultados indicam que as economias de aglomeração no Brasil parecem estimular a concentração espacial e ampliar as desigualdades regionais. Trabalhadores e firmas se auto-selecionam para grandes áreas urbanas, nas quais encontram um ambiente mais diversificado e outros trabalhadores altamente qualificados. Adicionalmente, grandes centros proporcionam maior poder de barganha aos trabalhadores em negociações salariais, mesmo que estejam no setor informal

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5

Tan, Jialong. "Economic analysis of Chinese urban labour market : effects of labour laws reform and hukou reform." Thesis, University of York, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/20354/.

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The thesis consists of three main chapters. Chapter 2 studies the effects of Employment Protection Legislations (EPL) on labour market outcomes in the Mortensen Pissarides (1994) job search and matching model with an informal sector. The model predicts that rising costs of laying off workers unambiguously decrease the labour market’s tightness and a firm’s reservation productivity. Both job creation and job destruction are eschewed. In addition, given a Cobb–Douglas-form job matching function, there is a U-shaped relationship between layoff costs and the size of the informal sector and an inverse U-shaped relationship between layoff costs and the wage rate in the formal and informal sectors. Chapter 3 empirically examines the effect of 2008 China’s Labour Contract Law (CLCL) on the formal–informal divide in the China’s urban labour market. We use a range of indicators measure the regional enforcement of EPL and regional judiciary orientation. Panel data discrete choice models are employed to predict individuals’ probabilities of being in each employment status. The results provides weak evidence for an association between the regional enforcement of EPL and worker’s employment decisions. Chapter 4 explores the wage gap between urban workers and rural-to-urban migrants with a non-parametric matching approach proposed by Nopo (2008). Results show that the share of the unexplained wage gap to the mean wage gap between urban workers and rural migrants decreases significantly from nearly 50% to 29.7% if we compare only comparable individuals.

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Veldsman, Dewald. "Transforming the existing transportation interchange / labour market /." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02212007-134739.

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Yu, Li. "Labour market outcomes, migration intentions of rural-urban migrants and return migration in China." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Geography, c2013, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3340.

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It has been widely documented that migrant labourers have made great contributions to the urban economy of China; as well, the explosive growth of rural-urban migrants has generated several "migration problems," such as growing social inequality in urban China. It is widely reported that a large number of migrants have returned to their places of origin, after several years of "urban life," and this trend has been accelerated after the global economic crisis after 2008. Consequently, the large number of return migrants have created many problems in the cities, such as labour shortage in the manufacturing industry, and also posed a huge challenge to the rural areas in the resettlement of these returnees. In sum, to understand both the migrants in destination cities and return migrants in their places of origin is of great importance for both urban and rural development in China. The research so far, on the understanding of migrants' behaviour and labour market outcomes in a multi-phased migration process, seems highly controversial and therefore, insufficient. This study, based on migrant survey data collected in Fujian Province, and return migrant interview data collected in Sichuan and Jiangxi Provinces, explores migrant labour market outcomes in the cities, as well as their geographical differentiation; migrant return intentions, and their gender differentiations; return behaviour and the resettlement situations of actual returnees. The results show that the multi-phased migration process of rural migrants in China is synthetically shaped by macro, meso, and micro factors, and by the interactions between these factors. To be more specific, findings of this study indicate that migrant labour markets in urban China are largely geographically differentiated according to several regional characteristics. The study also finds that a large proportion of rural-urban migrants intends to return to their places of origin. As well, their return intentions are significantly gender-differentiated. Finally, the resettlement situations of return migrants are closely connected to their migration experience.
ix, 160 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm

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Mengistae, Taye. "Ethiopia's urban economy : empirical essays on enterprise development and the labour market." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285537.

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Di, Addario Sabrina. "The effects of urban and industrial agglomeration on the Italian labour market." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.424879.

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Landor, Jeremy. "Poverty and the urban labour market: An anthropological study of a peripheral slum in Cairo." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.489182.

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Books on the topic "Urban labour market"

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Thorat, Sukhadeo. Urban labour market discrimination. New Delhi: Indian Institute of Dalit Studies, 2009.

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Thorat, Sukhadeo. Urban labour market discrimination. New Delhi: Indian Institute of Dalit Studies, 2009.

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Thorat, Sukhadeo. Urban labour market discrimination. New Delhi: Indian Institute of Dalit Studies, 2009.

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Thorat, Sukhadeo. Urban labour market discrimination. New Delhi: Indian Institute of Dalit Studies, 2009.

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Thorat, Sukhadeo. Urban labour market discrimination. New Delhi: Indian Institute of Dalit Studies, 2009.

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Crampton, Graham. Labour market search and urban residential structure. Reading: University of Reading, 1993.

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Biswal, Kamalakanta. Theories of labour market segmentation: Implications for analysis of urban labour market in India. New Delhi: Commonwealth Publishers, 1995.

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Stambøl, Lasse Sigbjørn. Urban and regional labour market mobility in Norway. Oslo: Statistics Norway, 2005.

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The urban informal sector and labour market information systems. Santiago, Chile: PREALC, 1986.

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1949-, Kannan K. P., Rodgers Gerry, International Institute for Labour Studies., Centre for Development Studies (Trivandrum, India), and University of East Anglia. School of Development Studies., eds. Urban labour market structure and job access in India: A study of Coimbatore. Geneva: International Institute for Labour Studies, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Urban labour market"

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Griffin, Keith. "The Urban Labour Market." In The Economy of Ethiopia, 192–221. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12722-1_8.

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Hasmath, Reza. "The Ethnic Minority Experience in the Urban Labour Market." In Urban China in the New Era, 155–67. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54227-5_8.

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Nunes, Ana Bela. "Portuguese Urban System: 1890–1991." In Urban Dominance and Labour Market Differentiation of a European Capital City, 7–47. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5382-9_2.

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Srinivasan, M. V. "Arni’s Workforce: Segmentation Processes, Labour Market Mobility, Self-employment and Caste." In Exploring Urban Change in South Asia, 65–96. New Delhi: Springer India, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2431-0_3.

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Wenkai, Sun. "Urban Development in the Context of Hukou System Reform." In Population and Labour Market Policies in China's Reform Process, 77–88. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003288091-6.

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House, William J. "The Status and Pay of Women in the Cyprus Labour Market." In Sex Inequalities in Urban Employment in the Third World, 117–69. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18467-5_3.

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Baganha, Maria Ioannis, and Maria Margarida Marques. "Lisbon: Social Differentiation and the Formation of Labour Markets." In Urban Dominance and Labour Market Differentiation of a European Capital City, 75–122. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5382-9_4.

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Pradhan, K. C., P. C. Parida, and Tapas Sarangi. "Impact of Education on Labour Market Outcomes in Rural and Urban India." In Reflecting on India’s Development, 153–74. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1414-8_8.

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Baptista, Luís, and Teresa Rodrigues. "Population and Urban Density: Lisbon in the 19th and 20th Centuries." In Urban Dominance and Labour Market Differentiation of a European Capital City, 49–74. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5382-9_3.

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Mishra, Vinod, and Russell Smyth. "Returns to Education in China’s Urban Labour Market: Evidence from Matched Employer-Employee Data for Shanghai." In Urban China in the New Era, 169–83. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54227-5_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Urban labour market"

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Wurdack, Anja, and Philipp Vom Berge. "Geocoding of German Administrative Data." In CARMA 2016 - 1st International Conference on Advanced Research Methods and Analytics. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/carma2016.2016.3127.

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This presentation investigates the intra-urban spatial structure of labourmarket inequality. This has been difficult so far because of the requirement ofstandardized data collection at a very fine spatial scale. We present thepotential of geocoded register data on the German labour market forinequality research. The data cover the entire workforce liable to statutorysocial security and all working-age social benefit recipients. We start ouranalysis with a case study on the three largest German cities: Berlin,Hamburg, and Munich. The three cities show distinctly shaped spatialstructures in social inequality.

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Wolny, Ada, Marek Ogryzek, and Ryszard Zróbek. "Challenges, Opportunities and Barriers to Sustainable Transport Development in Functional Urban Areas." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.126.

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The process of identifying urban areas in OECD countries uses population density to identify urban cores, and travel-to-work flows to identify the hinterlands as the “worker catchment area” of the urban labour market, outside the densely inhabited core. As the travel-to-work analysis seems to be an important issue for creating coherent functional urban areas, the main determinants of daily commuting in a sub-regional scale should be investigated. There is a common opinion, that residents of the suburbs are bound to use individual forms of transportation, and public transport does not meet their needs. That is why the aim of this research is to identify the main challenges, opportunities and barriers to sustainable transport development in functional urban areas, in order to avoid the adverse effects of urbanisation. For the purpose of the article, a comparative analysis for selected Polish functional urban areas was conducted, and both shortterm and long-term prospects of transport development are depicted. The article includes statistical, spatial and descriptive analyses based on Central Statistical Office data, Regional Operational Programmes for 2014–2020, made for the Polish provinces, as well as selected development strategies, due to inter-municipal cooperation within delimited functional urban areas. As a result, on the basis of the compared and transformed information, the sustainable development scenarios for a selected functional urban area are built.

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Álvares Fernandes, Patrícia Capanema. "Fissuras urbanas em Belo Horizonte (Brasil)." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Barcelona: Facultad de Arquitectura. Universidad de la República, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.6141.

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Na Física fissuras – ou trincas – aparecem em duas circunstâncias: sob uma forte colisão provocando uma cisão ou no encontro (mais lento e) incompatível de duas materialidades distintas. No urbanismo, fissuras são encontradas, por exemplo, quando dois ou mais sistemas distintos colidem violentamente como urbanização e geografia, interesses de mercado e demandas sociais, ou na interação entre sociedade civil e Estado. Alternativamente, fissuras são encontradas em movimentos opostos, paralelos, suaves, porém constantes, entre duas racionalidades distintas: indústria e trabalho, uso do solo e economia, Estado e povo, pobres e ricos, etc. A metáfora de fissuras será aqui utilizada para identificar e descrever aspectos tanto físicos quanto sociais do meio urbano. Através de uma leitura espacializada da historiografia de Belo Horizonte, este artigo busca a identificação dessas fissuras na intenção de se buscar novas escalas e novos métodos para o desenho urbano e para ações no contexto urbano na América Latina. In physics, fissures - or cracks - appear under two circumstances: a forceful collision provoking a split; or the incompatibility in the encounter of two distinct materialities. In urbanism cracks are found for example when two or more different systems violently clash such as urbanization and geography, market interests and social needs, state and civil society interaction. Alternatively, fissures are found in a more soft, but constant, parallel and oppositional move between two distinct rationalities: industry and labour, land use and economy, state and people, rich and poor, etc. The metaphor of fissures will therefore be used here to identify and describe both physical and social aspects of the urban realm. Through a spatialized reading on the historiography of Belo Horizonte, Brazil, this paper seeks the identification of urban fissures aiming at finding new scales and methods for urban design and actions in latin-american urban contexts.

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Li, Yanqun, Hong Geng, and Erpeng Shi. "Response Path Adapted to the Unbalanced Shrinkage of Small Towns in Metropolitan Areas." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/aeut4486.

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Along with the global wave of urbanization, urban agglomerations with megacities as the core have become the main form of urbanization in various countries. The polarization effect around the metropolis leads to the centripetal flow of capital, labour, land and other resource elements in the surrounding small towns, which causes the shrinkage of small towns in the metropolis, such as population reduction, economic recession, idle housing and dilapidated space. The shrinkage of small towns in the metropolis has become a global issue. However, as an important spatial unit in the spectrum of urbanization that serves, connects and couples urban and rural areas, the shrinking phenomenon faced by small towns has an important influence on the healthy development of urbanization. Exploring the development path of adaptive shrinkage for small towns has become an important part of the healthy urbanization of metropolises. Based on the public data of population, land and economy in Wuhan, China from 2004 to 2014, this paper uses GIS and other spatial analysis technologies to comprehensively measure the relevant characteristics of the shrinkage of small towns. The results showed that the small towns in Wuhan are in the form of "unbalanced shrinkage" under a local growth. And the towns present a spatial pattern of "circle increasing shrinkage" around the boundary of main downtown. With a further exploration of the formation mechanism of "unbalanced shrinkage", it is found that this shrinkage pattern is caused by a combination function of various factors, such as downtown deprivation in the policies supply, centripetal delivery of social capital and reconstruction of regional division of labour network. Based on this, this paper tries to propose some response paths for small towns in metropolitan areas to adapt to the "unbalanced shrinkage". First of all, the small towns should integrate into the regional differential development pattern and strive for the institutional dividend. Secondly, the small towns should promote an industrial transformation, and then attract the market release of social capital. Thirdly, the small towns should improve the living environment and promote intensive use of land. Through these paths, we can stabilize the three-level structure system of “urban-township-village”, and ensure the healthy urbanization of metropolitan areas.

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DREJERSKA, Nina. "http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/archive/conferences/urban_rural/doc/caseconclusions.pdf." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.122.

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Labour market in rural areas is diversified across Poland. Different processes have been influenced it during the last years. The study deals with spatial approach to sectoral structure of employment, including also characteristics for males and females. It was based on the data of the Central Statistical Office of Poland refereeing to the numbers of employees in three sectors: (a) agriculture, forestry and fishing like services; (b) industry and construction; (c) services. A new European Union typology of: predominantly rural, intermediate, and predominantly urban regions, based on a variation of the OECD methodology, was applied. Graphical presentation of the sectoral employment structures across NUTS 3 regions was used. Generally in Poland, very similar proportions of rural inhabitants work in agriculture, forestry and fishing like in the sector of services (third sector). In 2013, in predominantly rural regions, 37 % of inhabitants worked in agriculture, forestry and fishing (respectively 38 % of males, 37 % of females), 25 % of inhabitants worked in industry and construction (respectively 36 % of males, 15 % of females), and 37 % of inhabitants worked in services. Industry and construction is a sector important for employment of male rural inhabitants whereas services were typical for female employment. Agriculture, forestry and fishing is a very important sector of employment in the south-eastern part of Poland whereas the second and third sectors are more popular in the north-western part of Poland. Identification of these spatial patterns contributes to spatial characteristics of rural economies across Poland as well as it proves existence of a functional region, exceeding regional administrative boundaries, of high important of agriculture in the economy.

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Lu, Kang-yin, Pan Hu, and Li Zhang. "Gender differentials in wage and employment opportunity in urban labor market." In 2009 16th International Conference on Management Science and Engineering (ICMSE). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmse.2009.5318870.

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Xu, Ruqing. "An Analysis on Urban Labor Market Integration of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region from the Perspective of Labor Wage." In Proceedings of the 2019 3rd International Conference on Education, Management Science and Economics (ICEMSE 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icemse-19.2019.42.

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Té Figueroa, Emilio Isaac. "Formación de la ciudad red en la frontera sur de México a través del establecimiento de comunidades migrantes." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Mexicali: Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7678.

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El siguiente trabajo presenta una propuesta para el estudio de una problemática urbana en la región frontera sur del estado de Quintana Roo que surge a partir de los procesos migratorios de las últimas décadas y que originan la transformación del espacio urbano. Se pretende lograr una caracterización de este problema mediante el abordaje de conceptos e ideas que surgen a partir de investigaciones previas que se relacionan con las condiciones observadas. La investigación se centra en el análisis de la estructura del sistema de ciudades en la microrregión frontera sur del estado de Quintana Roo a partir del establecimiento y desarrollo de núcleos migrantes y su posible propensión a estructurarse como un sistema en red interdependiente. La principal observación que permitió el planteamiento de la problemática está relacionada con el constante desarrollo de las ciudades que originan nueva formas de articulación y que, a su vez, precisa nuevos modelos de estudio para su planeación. Esta nueva dinámica está caracterizada por la conformación de un sistema articulado en nodos poblacionales quedando definido como ciudad red, cuya característica es la existencia de un cierto número de centros urbanos en determinada región o policentralidad y que establecen funciones complementarias, es decir, se establece una relación de interdependencia. Estas observaciones condujeron a plantear que las características de los centros urbanos de la frontera sur de Quintana Roo a partir del establecimiento de núcleos migrantes en torno a la ciudad de Chetumal, promueven la conformación de un sistema urbano interdependiente que funciona como una red articulada de nodos poblacionales cuya característica es el constante flujo de bienes, servicios y personas; la manera en la que estos centros se desarrollan obedece a constantes movimientos migratorios alentados en su origen por estrategias de gobierno. La disposición geográfica de estos centros como ciudades periféricas y el mercado de trabajo para las mismas en relación con este sistema articulado en nodos hace factible analizar la situación actual de las actividades productivas y su relación con el desarrollo del sistema urbano en red. This paper presents a proposal for urban studies about the situation in Mexico‟s south border which arises from migration of the last decades causing the transformation of urban space. This job aims to get a characterization of the problem by learning from concepts and ideas established in former investigations related with actual conditions observed. Investigation focuses in analyzing the city system‟s structure in Quintana Roo‟s south border trough establishment and development of migrant communities and its possible tendency to conform an interdependent network system. The main observation that led to an approach to the problem is related with the constant growth of cities and city space leading to new forms of spatial occupation and demand new theorical models for planning. This dynamic is particularly seen as a nodal based system known as a network city, mainly defined by policentricity a concept that refers to the existence of a number of urban centers in a certain area establishing complementary functions, deriving in a relationship of interdependence. The analysis of this situation in the region allows to propose that the geographical characteristics of the urban centers in the south border of the state of Quintana Roo trough the establishment of migrant people in communities nearby Chetumal city, capitol of Quintana Roo, stimulates the formation of an urban system that functions as an interdependent network articulated in nodes with a constant and intense of goods, services and workers‟ flow; the way this communities develops it‟s mainly due to constant migration encouraged by government. The geographic characteristics of these communities as satellital cities and labor market in them within the context of policentricity makes this study plausible.

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Durgun, Özlem. "Herbal Production in the Turkish Agricultural Sector." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00573.

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Agricultural production depends on natural conditions. All the countries try to stabilize and increase the food supply for communities. For this reason, the agriculture sector, support policies analyzed and conducted well. In agricultural support policies, there are different objectives like raising farm incomes, production and productivity. In Turkey, agricultural is very important. Because certain part of the population of Turkey live in rural areas. There are agricultural activities. They support those living in urban areas, especially in times of crisis. People living in rural areas, as well as food and labor force ready for those living in urban areas. In 2001 is an important milestone in Turkish agricultural policies. Before 2001, agricultural support policies consisted of mainly market price support, credit support and input subsidies. New policies started to be implemented after 2001. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of success in the new agricultural support policies in the context of the agreement with the European Union. We tried to find the best way to deal with the current main problems of Turkish Agricultural Sector in last year's.

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Vukosavljevic Pavlovic, Valentina. "APPLICATION OF DIFFERENT MANAGEMENT MODELS IN PRIVATE AND PUBLIC ENTERPRISES THROUGH THE PROCESS OF PROFESSIONALIZATION AT THE LEVEL OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT." In 5th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2021 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2021.287.

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City economic structures on the territory of the Republic of Serbia should adapt and accelerate the process of balanced development between the urban and rural parts of the city on modern principles of management. On the other hand, the role of the process of professionalization of company management, as a factor of modernization at the level of local private and public companies should be explored, starting from the position that management is not only an economic category dominated by rational, financial, market principles and activities but also a sociological category, primarily reflected in the professionalization and democratization of labor relations. For the purpose of analysis, the forms of changes of the following should be considered: a) development strategies, b) production/property relations, c) changes in existing management models.

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Reports on the topic "Urban labour market"

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Johnson, Eric M., Robert Urquhart, and Maggie O'Neil. The Importance of Geospatial Data to Labor Market Information. RTI Press, June 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.pb.0017.1806.

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School-to-work transition data are an important component of labor market information systems (LMIS). Policy makers, researchers, and education providers benefit from knowing how long it takes work-seekers to find employment, how and where they search for employment, the quality of employment obtained, and how steady it is over time. In less-developed countries, these data are poorly collected, or not collected at all, a situation the International Labour Organization and other donors have attempted to change. However, LMIS reform efforts typically miss a critical part of the picture—the geospatial aspects of these transitions. Few LMIS systems fully consider or integrate geospatial school-to-work transition information, ignoring data critical to understanding and supporting successful and sustainable employment: employer locations; transportation infrastructure; commute time, distance, and cost; location of employment services; and other geographic barriers to employment. We provide recently collected geospatial school-to-work transition data from South Africa and Kenya to demonstrate the importance of these data and their implications for labor market and urban development policy.

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Bakhtiar, M. Mehrab, Abu Sonchoy, Muhammad Meki, and Simon Quinn. Virtual Migration through Online Freelancing: Evidence from Bangladesh. Digital Pathways at Oxford, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-dp-wp_2021/03.

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Youth unemployment is a major issue in many developing countries, particularly in locations not well connected with large urban markets. A limited number of available job opportunities in urban centres may reduce the benefit of policies that encourage rural–urban migration. In this project, we investigated the feasibility of ‘virtual migration’, by training rural youth in Bangladesh to become online freelancers, enabling them to export their labour services to a global online marketplace. We did this by setting up a ‘freelancing incubator’, which provided the necessary workspace and infrastructure – specifically, high-speed internet connectivity and computers. Close mentoring was also provided to participants to assist in navigating the competitive online marketplace. We show the exciting potential of online work for improving the incomes of poor youth in developing countries. We also highlight the constraints to this type of work: financing constraints for the high training cost, access to the necessary work infrastructure, and soft skills requirements to succeed in the market. We also shed light on some promising possibilities for innovative financial contracts and for ‘freelancing incubators’ or ‘virtual exporting companies’ to assist students in their sourcing of work and skills development.

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Eberts, Randall W. Urban Labor Markets. W.E. Upjohn Institute, June 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.17848/wp95-32.

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Hellerstein, Judith, and David Neumark. Employment in Black Urban Labor Markets: Problems and Solutions. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w16986.

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Neumann, Todd, Price Fishback, and Shawn Kantor. The Dynamics of Relief Spending and the Private Urban Labor Market During the New Deal. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13692.

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Busso, Matías, Juan Pablo Chauvin, and Nicolás Herrera L. Rural-Urban Migration at High Urbanization Levels. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002904.

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This study assesses the empirical relevance of the Harris-Todaro model at high levels of urbanization a feature that characterizes an increasing number of developing countries, which were largely rural when the model was created 50 years ago. Using data from Brazil, the paper compares observed and model-based predictions of the equilibrium urban employment rate of 449 cities and the rural regions that are the historic sources of their migrant populations. Little support is found in the data for the most basic version of the model. However, extensions that incorporate labor informality and housing markets have much better empirical traction. Harris-Todaro equilibrium relationships are relatively stronger among workers with primary but no high school education, and those relationships are more frequently found under certain conditions: when cities are relatively larger; and when associated rural areas are closer to the magnet city and populated to a greater degree by young adults, who are most likely to migrate.

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Acevedo, Ivonne, Francesca Castellani, Giulia Lotti, and Miguel Székely. Labor Market Gender Gaps in the Time of COVID-19 in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004580.

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This study shows that the trend of declining gender gaps in labor market indicators in Latin America in previous decades did not change significantly in most countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, a closer look at the dynamics during the 2019-2021 period shows that (i) women were harder hit in terms of employment losses during the 2020 economic shock; (ii) despite the labor market recovery, women in 2021 often remained less likely to work than they did in 2019; nevertheless, (iii) in a subset of countries the gender gap in employment rates widened. However, relative to the value of their 2019 wages, the accumulated income losses were considerably greater for women than for men in most cases. This can create scarring effects for the future through greater vulnerability, lower incomes, and reduced probabilities of job insertion. The groups of women hit hardest by the shock were those with less than a tertiary education, those in the 14-24 year-old age group, those living in urban areas, and those working in the tertiary sector.

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Acevedo, Ivonne, Francesca Castellani, María José Cota, Giulia Lotti, and Miguel Székely. Open configuration options Higher Inequality in Latin America: A Collateral Effect of the Pandemic. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003967.

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This study explores the evolution of inequality in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic using primary data available from household and employment surveys collected in 2020. Inequality increased on average by 2 percent between 2019 and 2020, twice the average annual growth in the inequality indicator that marked the decade of growing inequality in the 1990s. We obtained heterogeneous results when disaggregating by gender, urban/rural location, and sector of economic activity. Surprisingly, we found that the differences in income by education level declined in most cases. Remittances had a modest effect, while government transfers played a central role in preventing greater disparities in half the countries studied. Our estimations show that the decline in employment levels due to the economic contraction caused by COVID-19 is associated with increases in income inequality that we project will gradually diminish with the recovery. However, the lost schooling and losses in education attainment due to the pandemic may generate future pressures on inequality once school-age youth enter the labor market.

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Kawar, Mary. Gender and generation in household labor supply in Jordan. Population Council, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy2000.1001.

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This paper examines gender and age differences in the labor supply of households in Jordan, and the impact of young women’s employment on gender and generation relations. The objective of the study is to address the issues of gender and generation as factors influencing accessibility to labor markets, and to provide a broader understanding of female employment by exploring age-related factors. Empirically, the study looks at the disproportionate workforce participation of young urban single women in Amman, Jordan, and argues that this generation of working women is evidence of a new stage in the lives of Jordanian women: single employed adulthood. It looks at a specific “time” in the social and economic lives of households and individuals. Within this context, the paper constructs a profile of employment characteristics of adult household members to explore the intersecting influences of age and gender and the specific positions of young women. It then addresses how normative gender and generation hierarchies within households respond to these phenomena of young women’s work, their prolonged single status, and their expanding horizons.

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Jiang, Yi, Liming Chen, and Eugenia Go. Accessibility Analysis of the South Commuter Railway Project of the Philippines. Asian Development Bank, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/brf2101314-2.

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This brief outlines findings on how the 54.6 km South Commuter Railway (SCR) to be built between Metro Manila and Laguna province in the Philippines is expected to improve access to jobs. A quantitative analysis estimates that residents of cities and municipalities with an SCR station will be able to reach an average of 300,000 extra jobs within a 1-hour commute—an increase of 15.3% in the south and 8.5% in Metro Manila. This could lead to better labor market matching, higher income for workers and more job opportunities for low-income households. The study contributes to efforts to quantify the wider economic benefits of infrastructure projects, especially efficient urban transport systems.

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