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Li, Dan. "Discrimination in the Chinese urban labour market." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/21310/.
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Manfor, Lamine. "Determinants of earnings in the Libyan urban labour market." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287244.
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Bhalotra, Sonia R. "Four essays on the urban labour market in India." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9a092af7-55fe-48f9-b5bb-42c9ad385bdb.
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This thesis explores labour market processes in urban India. Investigating large and persistent differentials in urban unemployment rates across the Indian states, we find that regions with higher wage push or better amenities have higher unemployment rates, controlling for labour force composition. The differentials are maintained by rural-urban migration rather than by barriers to inter-state migration. Our investigation of wage determination yields evidence of imperfect competition in the labour market which is not simply 'institutional'. Indian firms pay efficiency wages which induce sufficient productivity gains to pay for themselves. After identifying the long and short run structural processes in the labour market, we consider recent aggregate trends in India's factory sector. There was negative employment growth in the 1980s even as output growth touched record levels. Our analysis suggests that this had less to do with wage growth, as proposed by the World Bank, and more to do with increasing work intensity, encouraged by wage incentives, improved infrastructure and increased competition. Considerable slack was inherited from the past, evidence of which flows from the wage and production function estimates. We find that increased labour utilization raises capacity utilization. This is important because Indian industry has chronically carried large excess capacity. A breakthrough in total factor productivity growth accompanied declining employment in the 1980s and has been interpreted as the reward of deregulation in this decade. Existing studies mismeasure productivity growth by neglecting labour utilization (hours) and assuming perfectly competitive product markets. We produce new estimates at the aggregate and industry levels. A natural ceiling to hours worked moderates bad news on the employment front and good news on the productivity front. Our analyses are expected to contribute to the evaluation of current and controversial policy changes in India.
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Barufi, Ana Maria Bonomi. "Agglomeration economies and labour markets in Brazil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12138/tde-04022016-162856/.
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Agglomeration economies have a relevant impact on local labour markets. The interaction of workers and firms in dense urban areas may generate productivity advantages that result in higher wages. They may be accompanied by an increase in local costs, but the existence of cities that continue to grow is a sign by itself that these gains supersede higher costs. Therefore, large urban areas have an expected positive impact on wages. However, not only the size of the city but also the sectoral composition is relevant to understand locational choices of firms of a specific sector. The industrial scope of agglomeration economies is investigated in the first chapter of this dissertation, and the main results indicate that there is not a unique optimal local industrial mix to foster productivity in different technological sectors. Furthermore, high-tech and low-tech manufacturing sectors benefit more from urban scale in Brazil, followed by services associated with higher knowledge intensity. These sectors are supposed to locate relatively more in large urban areas in order to profit from these advantages. Agglomeration economies may have static and dynamic effects for individuals. These effects are reinforced by a process of sorting of skilled workers into large urban areas. In fact, initial and return migration are mechanisms that select more skilled and more productive workers into large urban areas. Then, cities with a higher percentage of skilled workers attract more of these highly-qualified individuals. Second migration seems to reinforce these relations. The estimation of static agglomeration economies indicate that the inclusion of individual fixed effects decreases density coefficient significantly. Then, dynamic agglomeration economies are estimated considering previous work experience in cities. In this case, static agglomeration advantages become insignificant and whenever years of previous experience are combined with the current place of work, individuals working in less dense cities who had previous experience in denser areas will benefit the most from these gains. Finally, controlling for worker heterogeneity previous experience has a relevant and positive impact on wage growth only in cities with at least the same density level of the current place of work. Finally, city size has an important impact on the relative bargaining power of workers and firms in the labour market. When analysing the relationship of local wages and the business cycle, wage flexibility, measured by the wage curve, is higher in informal sectors in less dense areas. Therefore, large agglomerations are supposed to provide a higher bargaining power for workers, as they have further job opportunities. All these results indicate that agglomeration economies in Brazil are likely to stimulate spatial concentration and increase regional inequalities. Workers and firms self-select themselves into agglomerated urban areas, in which they find a more diversified environment and a larger share of high-skilled individuals. Bigger centres also provide the conditions for workers to bargain for higher wages, even if they are in the informal sector.Economias de aglomeração possuem um impacto importante sobre o mercado de trabalho. A interação entre trabalhadores e firmas em áreas de elevada densidade pode gerar ganhos de produtividade que resultam em salários mais elevados. Tais áreas também podem possuir custos de vida mais elevados, mas o crescimento recente das cidades parece indicar que os ganhos se sobrepõem aos custos. Portanto, grandes áreas urbanas têm um impacto esperado positivo sobre os salários. No entanto, não só o tamanho da cidade, mas também a composição setorial é relevante para entender as escolhas de localização das empresas de um sector específico. O escopo industrial de economias de aglomeração é investigado no primeiro capítulo desta tese, e os principais resultados indicam que não há um único mix setorial local ótimo para fomentar a produtividade em diferentes setores tecnológicos. Além disso, setores de alta tecnologia e setores industriais de baixa tecnologia se beneficiam mais da escala urbana no Brasil, seguidos de setores de serviços associados a intensidade de conhecimento mais elevado. As economias de aglomeração podem ter efeitos estáticos e dinâmicos. Eles são reforçados por um processo de seleção de trabalhadores qualificados para grandes áreas urbanas. As migrações inicial e de retorno constituem mecanismos essencial para a auto-seleção de trabalhadores mais qualificados e mais produtivos para grandes áreas urbanas. Assim, cidades com maior percentual de trabalhadores mais habilidosos deverão atrais mais indivíduos qualificados. A estimação de economias de aglomeração estáticas indica que a inclusão do efeito fixo individual reduz o coeficiente da densidade de maneira significante. Quando economias de aglomeração dinâmica são estimadas tendo por base a experiência prévia de trabalho em cidades, as vantagens estáticas se tornam não-significantes. Conforme esses anos de experiência são iterados com a densidade do local de trabalho atual, indivíduos trabalhando em cidades menos densas com experiência em cidades mais densas serão os maiores beneficiados. Por fim, a experiência prévia de trabalho tem um efeito positivo sobre o crescimento do salário somente no caso da experiência em cidades com ao menos a mesma densidade da cidade atual. Finalmente, o tamanho da cidade tem um impacto importante sobre o poder de barganha relativo dos trabalhadores e das empresas no mercado de trabalho. Ao analisar a relação dos salários locais e do ciclo de negócios, a flexibilidade salarial, medida pela curva de salário, é maior em setores informais em áreas menos densas. Portanto, as grandes aglomerações supostamente oferecem maior poder de barganha dos trabalhadores, pois eles têm mais oportunidades de emprego. Esses resultados indicam que as economias de aglomeração no Brasil parecem estimular a concentração espacial e ampliar as desigualdades regionais. Trabalhadores e firmas se auto-selecionam para grandes áreas urbanas, nas quais encontram um ambiente mais diversificado e outros trabalhadores altamente qualificados. Adicionalmente, grandes centros proporcionam maior poder de barganha aos trabalhadores em negociações salariais, mesmo que estejam no setor informal
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Tan, Jialong. "Economic analysis of Chinese urban labour market : effects of labour laws reform and hukou reform." Thesis, University of York, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/20354/.
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The thesis consists of three main chapters. Chapter 2 studies the effects of Employment Protection Legislations (EPL) on labour market outcomes in the Mortensen Pissarides (1994) job search and matching model with an informal sector. The model predicts that rising costs of laying off workers unambiguously decrease the labour market’s tightness and a firm’s reservation productivity. Both job creation and job destruction are eschewed. In addition, given a Cobb–Douglas-form job matching function, there is a U-shaped relationship between layoff costs and the size of the informal sector and an inverse U-shaped relationship between layoff costs and the wage rate in the formal and informal sectors. Chapter 3 empirically examines the effect of 2008 China’s Labour Contract Law (CLCL) on the formal–informal divide in the China’s urban labour market. We use a range of indicators measure the regional enforcement of EPL and regional judiciary orientation. Panel data discrete choice models are employed to predict individuals’ probabilities of being in each employment status. The results provides weak evidence for an association between the regional enforcement of EPL and worker’s employment decisions. Chapter 4 explores the wage gap between urban workers and rural-to-urban migrants with a non-parametric matching approach proposed by Nopo (2008). Results show that the share of the unexplained wage gap to the mean wage gap between urban workers and rural migrants decreases significantly from nearly 50% to 29.7% if we compare only comparable individuals.
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Veldsman, Dewald. "Transforming the existing transportation interchange / labour market /." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02212007-134739.
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Yu, Li. "Labour market outcomes, migration intentions of rural-urban migrants and return migration in China." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Geography, c2013, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3340.
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It has been widely documented that migrant labourers have made great contributions to the urban economy of China; as well, the explosive growth of rural-urban migrants has generated several "migration problems," such as growing social inequality in urban China. It is widely reported that a large number of migrants have returned to their places of origin, after several years of "urban life," and this trend has been accelerated after the global economic crisis after 2008. Consequently, the large number of return migrants have created many problems in the cities, such as labour shortage in the manufacturing industry, and also posed a huge challenge to the rural areas in the resettlement of these returnees. In sum, to understand both the migrants in destination cities and return migrants in their places of origin is of great importance for both urban and rural development in China.
The research so far, on the understanding of migrants' behaviour and labour market outcomes in a multi-phased migration process, seems highly controversial and therefore, insufficient. This study, based on migrant survey data collected in Fujian Province, and return migrant interview data collected in Sichuan and Jiangxi Provinces, explores migrant labour market outcomes in the cities, as well as their geographical differentiation; migrant return intentions, and their gender differentiations; return behaviour and the resettlement situations of actual returnees. The results show that the multi-phased migration process of rural migrants in China is synthetically shaped by macro, meso, and micro factors, and by the interactions between these factors. To be more specific, findings of this study indicate that migrant labour markets in urban China are largely geographically differentiated according to several regional characteristics. The study also finds that a large proportion of rural-urban migrants intends to return to their places of origin. As well, their return intentions are significantly gender-differentiated. Finally, the resettlement situations of return migrants are closely connected to their migration experience.ix, 160 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm
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Mengistae, Taye. "Ethiopia's urban economy : empirical essays on enterprise development and the labour market." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285537.
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Di, Addario Sabrina. "The effects of urban and industrial agglomeration on the Italian labour market." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.424879.
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Landor, Jeremy. "Poverty and the urban labour market: An anthropological study of a peripheral slum in Cairo." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.489182.
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Isaza, Castro Jairo Guillermo. "Occupational segregation, gender wage differences and trade reforms : empirical applications for urban Columbia." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2013. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/44798/.
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This DPhil thesis comprises three empirical essays that survey the evolution of gender differences in the labour market of urban Colombia since the 1980s. The first essay examines the evolution of gender segregation using occupational indices between 1986 and 2004, and presents a decomposition of their changes over time using a technique proposed by Deutsch et al. (2006). We find that a substantial proportion of the reduction in segregation indices is driven by changes in both the employment structure of occupations and the increasing participation of female labour observed over these years. The second essay assesses the effects of occupational segregation on the gender wage gap in urban Colombia between 1984 and 1999. The empirical strategy involves the estimation of a counterfactual distribution of female workers across occupations, as if they had been treated the same as their male counterparts. This provides a basis to formulate a decomposition of the gender wage gap in which the explained and unexplained portions of the gender distribution of jobs are explicitly incorporated. The results indicate that the unequal distribution of women and men across occupations actually helps, on average, to reduce gender pay differences in urban Colombia, particularly in the ‘informal' segment where the labour income differential between women and men is the largest. The third and final essay examines the effects of trade liberalisation on the gender composition of employment across manufacturing industries in urban Colombia from 1981 to 2000. The empirical strategy involves a comparison of estimates drawn from different panel data techniques. As a main finding, we verify that increasing trade flows are associated with higher proportions of female employment.
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Psihopeda, Maria. "Ethnic enclaves in urban Canada : a comparative study of the labour market experiences of the Italiana and Jewish communities in Toronto." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60108.
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This thesis is a comparative, data-based analysis of the labour market experiences of the Italian and Jewish populations of Toronto at the end of the 1970s, beginning of the 1980s. It also provides historical and empirical information on the emergence and development of ethnic enclaves, and assesses whether such distinct enclave economies constitute channels for upward mobility for the Italian and Jewish individuals who participate in them.The historical findings provide evidence for the distinctiveness of an enclave labour market within these two ethnic communities. The empirical evidence reveals however, that participation in the enclave economies is quite low for Toronto's Jewish and Italian communities. The evidence does not indicate that participation in the enclave is associated with either economic benefits or losses. However, informal networks and ethnic ties have strong positive effects on enclavic participation.
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Ali, Khadija. "Urban women in households and in the labour market under structural adjustment policy and programmes : a case study of Pakistani working women." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.392302.
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Kilje, Bim. "Quests for knowledge and social mobility : Vocational and on-the-job-training as navigational tactics in the urban labour market of Sierra Leone." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för kulturantropologi och etnologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-433784.
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This ethnographic study investigates the experiences of those learning tailoring and trading in Freetown, Sierra Leone via apprenticeships, other on-the-job training or Technical and Vocational Education and Training programs (TVET). I examine these forms of occupational training by investigating the practices underway, how knowledge transmission occurs, as well as why learners engage with and what they get out of these activities. I consider how the job learners utilise occupational training as a manner of increasing social, cultural and economic capital in Bourdieu's sense of those terms to navigate the urban labour market. I find that the learners aspire fundamentally to social mobility and a sense of self-worth. To achieve this, they use four main tactics: flexibility, reframing, co-operation and diligence. However, I find all tactics are developed in response to greatly circumscribed opportunities to obtain a good and stable income, and increased social status, due to structural inequality. Local political neoliberal discourse on youth unemployment emphasising diligence, belies these inequities and the limited ways in which social mobility is within the individual’s control. Hence, I argue, a focus on training without addressing structural inequality is inadequate. As the training usually does not lead to paid and reliable employment, I argue it serves more fundamentally as a form of moral education and a vehicle for personal and social development. I argue it helps develop certain personal moral traits and alleviate society's concern about immoral "idle youth". Further, that it helps develop what I term resilience capital; that is, the hard-working and stubborn disposition developed by reframing previous experiences of adversity, which may later assist the individual in acquiring other forms of capital. Although not its main focus, this study also seeks to contribute to academic scholarship through developing our understanding of knowledge transmission. I find that the process of knowledge transmission is fundamentally social and shaped by hierarchy, subjective positions of power, the inculcation of moral and ethical values, and more dependent for success on various forms of capital than it might at first appear.
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Acikalin, Neriman. "A Sociological Study Of Working Urban Poor In Istanbul And Gaziantep." Phd thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605400/index.pdf.
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ABSTRACT
A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY OF WORKING URBAN POOR
IN ISTANBUL AND GAZiANTEP
Neriman Açikalin PhD, Department of Sociology Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sibel Kalaycioglu Eylü
l, 2004, 242 pages In this study, the aim is to find some indications about urban poverty in Turkey, which recently became a major topic in sociological studies. In order to study this topic, the thesis focuses on working urban poor to be able to examine the effects of the changing labor market. Urban poverty in general, and more specifically the working urban poor, are analysed in three levels, namely macro, mezzo and micro. In the macro level, the effects of great transformations after the 1980&rsquo
s and the new international division of labor, on the emergence of new urban poor is discussed. In the mezzo level, &ldquo
Structural Adjusment Policies&rdquo
as one of the significant impacts of this transformation, which mostly have affected the underdeveleped countries like Turkey is understood. The thesis, however, will mostly focus on the micro aspects of poverty. In the micro level, family and kinship reciprocal relations and mutual ties of solidarity
values and customs about social and economic life
survival strategies
the effects of culture of poverty
and factors of disempowerment are examined. Furthermore, the starting definitions of the urban poor are based on Peter Lloyd&rsquo
s study, which was carried out in Peru. In this context, a field study was carried out in Istanbul and Gaziantep to find out some indications to understand the regional differences of the working urban poor in Turkey. Turkey has also been affected by the conjunctural changes in the world and a new urban poor has been also emerging. In terms of regional differences of working urban poor istanbul labor market reflects the effects of new international division of labour and the structural adjustment policies more than Gaziantep. istanbul has an urban labour market which mainly performs as the periphery of international capital. Urban labour market in Gaziantep however, includes rural and local elements of causal labour as well, besides its links to the new international division of labour. In the micro level, istanbul working urban poor represent more western and urban values, more literacy and higher level of education and more positive attributes to the role of education, better working conditions of casual labour, more feelings of isolation but also more hopeful for future prospects and more motivated for initiating coping mechanisms. On the other hand, Gaziantep working urban poor represent a very complicated and multi-step migration process compared to istanbul migrants and migrant women in Gaziantep tend to work more in pieceworking jobs due to agro-industry. Hence, the thesis argues that to designate urban poverty and more specifically working urban poor in Turkey, regional, cultural factors and dynamics of migration are significant.
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Khamis, Melanie. "An Empirical investigation of the informal labour market, minimum wages and workfare programmes at the times of growth and crisis in urban Argentina, 1992-2005." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.498176.
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Nihalani, Mohit. "Hacking the New Development : Turning a Shopping District into a Garment Manufacturing District." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-292294.
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Chrisp Street Market in London, the first pedestrian shopping district in the UK, will be redeveloped into a contemporary version of a pedestrian shopping district. The design employs the 'mixed-use' building typology often used to make public life 'active' and 'lively', by attracting the population to participate in consumer society in public space, at a time when the role of overconsumption in the acceleration of climate change within sectors like the fashion industry is becoming increasingly problematic. This project explores the potential of hacking into the imagined new development of a shopping distrct, learning the ways in which the urban design creates a consumer society and the capitalist framework under which it operates, in order to imagine a hacked proposal of a garment manufacturing district in which an alternative creative-productive society is created. In this imagined hacked proposal, labour is rendered hyper-visible, the attempt to decolonise fashion is made, and the value of materials from clothes down to the yarn is recaptured.
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Amior, M. A. "Essays on urban labour and housing markets." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1451368/.
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This thesis examines the operation of urban labour and housing markets. I bring new insights to old questions about migration, unemployment and homeownership. The first essay studies the impact of immigration on the wages of native-born workers. In standard competitive models, the effect comes entirely through changes in marginal products of different labour types. But, I argue that firms with monopsonistic power can exploit the lower reservation wages of recent migrants by cutting wages for natives and migrants alike. I present evidence from cross-city variation in local skill distributions, wages, and employment rates. The second essay looks at why higher skilled workers are more likely to migrate long distances within a country. It is commonly argued that they face comparatively low migration costs. But, US survey evidence on reported reasons for moving suggests this explanation is at best incomplete. I argue that high skilled workers are relatively mobile, more fundamentally, because of larger potential gains from a successful job match. The third essay documents descriptive facts on regional unemployment differentials. In the UK, unemployment has remained persistently high in less productive cities since the 1980s. But, there is no such relationship in the US: local populations adjust quickly to meet local demand. I speculate that relatively generous out-of-work benefits in the UK may allow unemployed workers to remain in poor-performing cities, while low local housing costs discourage them from searching elsewhere. The final (co-authored) essay focuses on the determinants of homeownership. It is commonly argued that households bring forward their home purchase because of uncertainty over future house price fluctuations. But, using a life cycle model, we argue that households are more likely to respond to price risk by increasing their liquid savings. We present supporting evidence from cross-city variation in ownership rates and loan-to-value ratios.
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Timothy, Darren Paul. "Urban labor markets and commuting." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11270.
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Serneels, Pieter M. "Unemployment and wages in urban African labour markets." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270474.
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Lin, Jeffrey. "Agglomeration and labor-market activities evidence from U.S. cities /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3310079.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2007.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed August 6, 2007). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Koike, Quintanar Sayuri Adriana. "Urban structure, labor market, informal employment and gender in Mexico City." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/323361.
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Existe una amplia literatura que identifica cómo la estructura urbana afecta los resultados en el mercado laboral a través de dos factores. El primero es la desconexión espacial entre trabajadores y las oportunidades laborales y, el segundo es la segregación residencial. Actualmente, es común que las personas vivan lejos de sus lugares de trabajo. Asimismo, es conocido que los individuos con similares características socioeconómicas tienden a vivir en el mismo vecindario. Por tanto, la segregación residencial y la desconexión espacial entre el trabajo y la residencia de los individuos podrían tener influencia sobre sus resultados en el mercado de trabajo, así como en la tasa de empleo, en la informalidad y en el ingreso. Además, si lo anterior es cierto, los patrones geográficos de estos resultados son menos aleatorios, lo que podría implicar la presencia de efectos derrame. La existencia de estos efectos significaría que la desconexión espacial y la segregación residencial tendrían un rol clave en la determinación de los resultados antes mencionados. En otras palabras la concentración de ventajas o desventajas socioeconómicas ocasionaría efectos derrame sobre los individuos y los vecindarios donde viven. Bajo esta perspectiva, la Ciudad de México es un caso de estudio interesante como se discute extensivamente. La evidencia empírica apunta a que esta ciudad sufre de desconexión espacial y segregación residencial, lo que afecta los resultados en el mercado laboral de sus residentes. Es a partir de esta idea central en la cual se construye la presente tesis. La tesis tiene dos objetivos principales. El primer objetivo es analizar la relación entre la estructura urbana (desconexión espacial y segregación residencial) y los resultados en el mercado laboral en la Ciudad de México en 2010. El segundo objetivo es estudiar los patrones espaciales de tres resultados en el mercado laboral de 1990 a 2010. Estudiar estas cuestiones es relevante, pues la elección residencial de los individuos afecta sus resultados laborales a través del acceso a los puestos de trabajo, la segregación residencial o los efectos vecindario. El espacio es un factor económico importante al incrementar los efectos positivos o negativos de la concentración espacial de las ventajas o desventajas, respectivamente. La tesis contribuye a la literatura estudiando los efectos que tiene el acceso a puestos de trabajo informales sobre el empleo. Para probar esta relación estimamos un modelo de probabilidad de estar empleado incluyendo diversos índices de accesibilidad por nivel educativo (básico y post-básico) y estatus laboral (formal e informal). Asimismo, estimamos el parámetro de este índice, el cual toma diferentes valores dependiendo del modo de transporte y del estatus laboral. Esto indica que la accesibilidad por estatus laboral podría afectar la probabilidad de estar empleado de forma distinta. Los resultados indican que los más afectados por la cercanía a las oportunidades laborales son las mujeres, los trabajadores menos educados y los trabajadores informales. Otra contribución es la identificación del impacto distinto que tiene la estructura urbana sobre las oportunidades laborales de acuerdo al género de los trabajadores. Encontramos que la segregación residencial afecta negativamente la participación de las mujeres en la fuerza laboral, en tanto vivir en un vecindario rezagado decrece la probabilidad de ser trabajador formal en los hombres. Finalmente, estudiamos los patrones espaciales de tres resultados en el mercado laboral (la tasa de no empleo, la tasa de informalidad laboral y los salarios). Utilizamos diferentes modelos econométricos para explicar los patrones espaciales de dichas variables, identificando los efectos endógenos y contextuales (o los efectos derrame globales y locales, respectivamente). La mayor contribución fue analizar estos resultados por género, extendiendo el análisis a otros resultados laborales además de la tasa de desempleo.There is a significant portion of the literature that identifies the way the urban structure can affect labor market outcomes by means of two factors. The former is the spatial disconnection between workers and job opportunities, and the latter is residential segregation. At present, it is common for people to live far away from the place they work. Additionally, it is well known that individuals with similar socioeconomic characteristics, such as income, tend to reside in the same neighborhood. Hence, residential segregation and the spatial disconnection between jobs’ location and individuals’ residence may have an influence on the labor market outcomes of individuals, and producing an impact on as the rate of employment, informal employment, and the level of wages. Moreover, if so, the geographic patterns of those labor market outcomes become less random and, then, involving the presence of spillover effects. The existence of spillovers means that spatial disconnection and residential segregation have a key role in determining the previous outcomes. In other words, the spatial concentration of either socio-economic disadvantages or advantages entails spillover effects both for individuals and for the neighborhoods in which they live. Under this perspective, Mexico City is an interesting case study, as we discuss extensively in this dissertation. Empirical evidence witnesses that this city suffers from spatial disconnection and residential segregation that affects the labor market outcomes of its residents. This is the core idea in which the discussion of this thesis will be built around. This dissertation targets two main objectives. The former is to analyze the relationship between urban structure, such as spatial disconnection and residential segregation, and labor market outcomes in Mexico City in 2010. The latter is to study the observed spatial patterns of selected labor marker outcomes from 1990 to 2010. Addressing these research questions is relevant because the residential choices of individuals affect an individual’s labor market outcomes through access to jobs, residential segregation, or neighborhood effects. Space turns to be an important economic factor. It can heighten either positive or negative effects of the spatial concentration of advantageous or disadvantageous opportunities, respectively. The dissertation contributes to the literature by studying the effects of access to informal jobs on employment. In order to prove this relationship, we estimate a probability model of being employed, including different types of job accessibility indices by level of education (basic and post-basic education) and labor status (formal and informal). We also estimate the decay parameter of the accessibility index. This decay parameter takes different values depending on the mode of transport and labor status. This condition indicates that job accessibility by labor status could affect the probability of being employed differently. Our results assess that the most affected by closest job opportunities were women, less educated workers and informal workers. Other contribution of this dissertation is to identify to which extent the effects of the urban structure impact on job opportunities according to the workers’ gender. We found that residential segregation has negative effects on labor-force participation for married women and that living in a deprived neighborhood decreases the probability of being a formal worker for men. Finally, we study the spatial patterns of three labor markets outcomes, namely non-employment rates, informal employment rates, and wages. We use different spatial econometric models to explain the spatial patterns of those variables, identifying endogenous and contextual effects (or global and local spillover effects, respectively). The major contribution of our analysis is studying the different kinds of labor market outcomes by gender, instead of limiting the scope to unemployment only.
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Pan, Xi. "THE LABOR MARKET, POLITICAL CAPITAL, AND OWNERSHIP SECTOR IN URBAN CHINA." UKnowledge, 2010. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/788.
Full textAbstract:
Over the past three decades, economic reforms have brought about dramatic changes in China. The wave of structural and economic reforms regarding the State-owned Sector (SOS), and the surge of the Non-State-owned Sector (NSOS), have influenced returns in the labor market, such as the returns concerning human capital and political capital in urban China. Presumably, the NSOS would be more marketed-oriented compared to the SOS, and it would have different returns concerning political capital, as represented by Chinese Communist Party (CCP) membership. This is likely because the NSOS would not value Party membership as much as the SOS does. The question of how Party membership is rewarded in the two sectors might also change with the development of the two ownership sectors, as more time passes since the establishment of the economic reforms.
I examine whether CCP members display any earnings advantage in these two sectors, and I also explore how such an advantage might have changed over time. Unlike most of the previous studies that have focused on earnings in urban China, I treat Party membership affiliation and ownership sector selection as being endogeneous. I apply the Mlogit -OLS two-stage selection correction estimation proposed by Lee (1983) and discover evidence which suggests that Party membership serves as a proxy for both political and productive skills. A flat Party premium in the SOS and a decreasing Party premium in the NSOS suggest that the Party card served a similar function in the payment scheme present in the SOS during this three year span, whereas the NSOS valued political capital by a decreasing amount over time.
The evidence presented in my dissertation indicates that economic reforms tend to mitigate the earning advantage of Party members that occurs as a result of unequal treatment based on Party membership. This evidence suggests that CCP membership is losing its earning power, at least in the NSOS. In addition, the CCP members sacrifice the benefits previously possessed in the adaptation to the transformed economic environment in urban China. However, the rewards to other forms of human capital have increased over time.
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Morgner, Katarina. "(UN) EQUAL ACCESSIBILITY TO URBAN LABOR MARKET : CASE STUDY OF STOCKHOLM." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-143818.
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El-Bakly, Ahmed Abdel-Aziz. "The informal sector and urban labour markets in Egypt : a life path approach." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369019.
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Wolhuter, Adri. "Labour markets and agglomeration : the urban rat race in South Africa / Adri Wolhuter." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4610.
Full textAbstract:
This study focuses on testing for the existence of an urban rat race within urban South
Africa by investigating the relationship between agglomeration and hours worked in the
South African labour market. This dissertation follows the work of Rosenthal and
Strange (2002), who find evidence that industrious professionals are drawn to
agglomerated areas and that agglomeration increases the amount of hours worked,
thus supporting Akerlof?s (1976) theory of the urban rat race. Using cross–sectional data
from the September 2007 Quarterly Labour Force Survey, Ordinary Least Squares
(OLS) regressions were run using the log of hours worked as dependent variable and
different worker attributes, dummy variables and agglomeration variables as
explanatory variables in order to establish a relationship between agglomeration and
hours worked in the urban areas of South Africa. Findings from the empirical analysis
yield atypical results concerning the relationship between worker characteristics,
agglomeration and hours worked in South Africa. Overall, results indicate that a workspreading
effect occurs amongst professional workers, whilst non–professional workers
appear to work the longest hours in South Africa.Thesis (M.Com. (Economics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Bernstein, Dan S. "The use of Markov processes to examine mobility patterns in the labor market." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/71375.
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Morron, Salmeron Adrià. "Unemployment in local labor markets : empirics and theory." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/403954.
Full textAbstract:
The existence of transportation costs gives labor markets a local dimension. In particular, the well-documented existence of agglomeration economies creates a positive correlation between a city's size and the productivity of the workers living there. The thesis explores the implications of this stylized fact on local unemployment rates as well as local labor market flows. First, based on the logic of a standard search and matching model of the labor market, I show that one would expect job finding rates to be increasing in city size, job separation rates to be decreasing in city size and, thus, unemployment rates to be decreasing in city size. Second, I show that, in fact, both job finding and separation rates are decreasing in city size, leading to a zero-correlation between unemployment rates and city size. Finally, I develop three theoretical models that attempt to rationalize these stylized facts within the framework of a local labor market governed by a constant-returns-to-scale matching function.La presència de costos de transport fa que els mercats laborals tinguin una dimensió local. Concretament, l'existència d'economies d'aglomeració fa que hi hagi una correlació positiva entre la mida d'una ciutat i la productivitat dels treballadors que hi viuen. La tesi explora les implicacions d'aquest fet estilitzat sobre les taxes d'atur urbanes i sobre els fluxes del mercat laboral. En primer lloc, a partir de la lògica d'un model estàndard d'aparellament al mercat laboral, es demostra que caldria esperar que la probabilitat de trobar una feina augmenti amb la mida de la ciutat, que la probabilitat de perdre una feina disminueixi amb la mida de la ciutat i que, per tant, la taxa d'atur sigui menor en ciutats més grans. En segon lloc, es mostra que, segons les dades, tant la probabilitat de trobar una feina com la de perdre-la disminueixen amb la mida de la ciutat, de tal manera que les taxes d'atur no estan correlacionades amb la mida de la ciutat. En darrer lloc, construeixo tres models que racionalitzen aquests fets estilitzats dins del marc d'un mercat laboral local governat per una funció d'aparellament amb retorns constants a escala.
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Duggan, Ed. "The impact of industrialization on an urban labor market Birmingham, England, 1770-1860 /." New York : Garland Pub, 1985. http://books.google.com/books?id=HAktAAAAMAAJ.
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Duggan, Edward P. "The impact of industrialization on an urban labor market : Birmingham, England 1770-1860 /." New York ; London : Garland publishing, 1985. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34897370v.
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Marquardt, Nadine. "Feministische Geographie." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-220694.
Full textAbstract:
Die feministische Geographie verfolgt drei miteinander verbundene Anliegen: Als geographische Geschlechterforschung untersucht sie den Zusammenhang von gesellschaftlicher Räumlichkeit und Geschlechterverhältnissen. Im Rahmen wissenschaftstheoretischer Debatten werden Möglichkeiten der Integration feministischer und geographischer Theoriebildung gesucht. Disziplinpolitisch fokussiert sie bestehende Ungleichheitsverhältnisse und geschlechtsspezifische Arbeitsteilungen in der Hochschulgeographie.
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Pires, Roberto Rocha Coelho. "Flexible bureaucracies : discretion, creativity, and accountability in labor market regulation and public sector management." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/55135.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2009.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 173-186).
This dissertation is about state bureaucracies and the conditions under which they learn, innovate, and play a positive role in social and economic development. It takes issue with the extant literature on the topic, which has either looked at such organizations from the outside and prescribed the "essential" prerequisites for success (e.g. corporate coherence, cohesiveness, performance management, etc.) or examined such organizations from the inside and emphasized the obstacles for change and improvement (e.g. resistance to change and impediments for accountability in "street-level bureaucracies"). In contrast to these approaches, this dissertation aimed at understanding how bureaucrats behave (what they do) when they actually promote development. Through what processes do bureaucrats manage to learn, change, innovate, and solve problems? Why in some cases they use their discretion to serve rather than, as previous literatures have asserted, to thwart the public interest? The research involved extensive data collection through on-site fieldwork on the Brazilian Labor Inspection Department, as well as detailed investigations of a sample of 27 cases of labor inspectors' intervention in different economic sectors and states. This sampling strategy generated a series of subnational and controlled comparative analyses at three distinct levels: a) variation in behaviors at the street-level; b) management practices and structures, their effects on work routines and inspection practices; and c) the role of narratives about work and horizontal relationships within the organization.
(cont.) The findings suggest that many of the descriptions and arguments in the literature about how bureaucracies operate and the processes through which they supposedly trigger development are at best myopic. In contrast to prevalent models that neglected or characterized discretion and variability in bureaucratic behavior as impediments for development, I argue flexible bureaucracies explore discretion as a condition for organizational learning and improvement. By discussing previously understudied links between discretion, creativity, and accountability, this dissertation elaborates on the processes through which internal heterogeneity and the seemingly organizational inconsistency resulting from discretion (e.g. coexistence of different understandings about work, practices, and behaviors within the same organization) create opportunities for experimentation, continual reflection on practice, as well as alternative forms of accountability on bureaucratic behavior.
by Roberto Rocha Coelho Pires
Ph.D.
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Zhu, Erqian. "Urban poor in China a case study of Changsha /." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2007. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1442876.
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Baffour, Priscilla Twumasi. "Earnings and employment determination in Africa, evidence from urban labour markets in Ghana and Tanzania." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.659189.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis centres on three core issues: determinants of urban worker earnings in Tanzania and Ghana: the role of education, determinants of selection into employment sectors in urban Tanzania and Ghana and finally an investigation into the pattern of returns to education in Ghana. On determinants of urban worker earnings in Tanzania and Ghana, we examine the role of education in earnings determination by using Urban Household Worker Surveys on Tanzania and Ghana for 2004-2006 in pooled sample estimations. We begin the analysis by investigating earnings determinants amongst self-employed (informal sector), private and public sector workers with particular focus on education. Secondly, we examine the role of education and other characteristics in facilitating entry into employment sectors in addition to analysing the pattern of returns to education along the earnings distribution. After addressing endogeneity and selectivity biases, we find that education plays an important role in promoting access to lucrative formal sector jobs particularly public sector employment, but has a minimal impact on earnings within the sector particularly in Ghana. Overall, we find higher returns to high levels of education in both countries particularly within the private sector. Estimated earnings determinants along the earnings distribution indicate primary and secondary levels of education are earnings inequality reducing among workers in Tanzania contrary to that of Ghana where these levels of education are found to increase earnings inequality. A consistent pattern is found for tertiary education in both labour markets which is indicative of the fact that tertiary education widens earnings inequality. Consequently we conclude that in Tanzania, primary and secondary education and ability are substitutes whereas tertiary education and ability, as is the case for all levels of education in Ghana are complements in the labour market.
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Marquardt, Nadine. "Feministische Geographie." Goethe-Universität, 2015. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A15410.
Full textAbstract:
Die feministische Geographie verfolgt drei miteinander verbundene Anliegen: Als geographische Geschlechterforschung untersucht sie den Zusammenhang von gesellschaftlicher Räumlichkeit und Geschlechterverhältnissen. Im Rahmen wissenschaftstheoretischer Debatten werden Möglichkeiten der Integration feministischer und geographischer Theoriebildung gesucht. Disziplinpolitisch fokussiert sie bestehende Ungleichheitsverhältnisse und geschlechtsspezifische Arbeitsteilungen in der Hochschulgeographie.
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Falco, Paolo. "Occupational choices and their outcomes in African labour markets." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5df582c5-99f1-4987-b88c-db66829eb49d.
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This thesis is an investigation into the microeconomic mechanisms that govern some of the occupational choices faced by workers in Sub-Saharan Africa, and into the monetary and non-monetary returns to their decisions. Chapter 1 begins by exploring the decision process that leads workers to allocate themselves to different occupations within the economy. In particular, I investigate the role of risk-aversion in the allocation of workers between formal and informal jobs in Ghana, hence attempting to explain a fundamental dimension of duality through an investigation into workers' preferences. In my model of sectoral allocation risk-averse workers can opt between entering the free-entry informal sector and queuing for formal occupations. Conditional on identifying the riskier option, the model yields testable implications on the relationship between risk-aversion and workers' allocation. My testing strategy proceeds in two steps. First, using the first three waves of the Ghana Household Urban Panel Survey (GHUPS) dataset, I estimate expected income uncertainty and find it considerably higher in the informal sector than in formal employment. Second, using experimental data to elicit risk-attitudes I estimate the effect of risk-aversion on occupational choices and I find that, in line with the first result, more risk-averse workers are more likely to queue for formal jobs and less likely to be in the informal sector. The conclusion of the first chapter is that attitudes to risk should feature more prominently in models of sector allocation and in the design of labour market policies, in particular when those policies aim to impact workers' vulnerability to risk and uncertainty. Chapter 2 focuses on the largest occupational category in the Developing world, self-employed workers with small productive activities, and it tries to estimate the returns to different productive assets, namely physical capital, labour and human capital. These are the workers that form most of the informal sector analysed in chapter 1, which allows me to draw a direct link with the analysis so far. The chapter begins by specifying a model for the income-generating process grounded in the literature on firms' production and hence abridging the gap between the analysis of individual earnings and the study of firms' value added. Identification in the empirics is achieved by means of panel estimators that are suitable to address the endogeneity of input choices, which derives from both time-varying and time-invariant unobservable heterogeneity. The use of these estimators is made feasible by the length of the Ghanaian Household Urban Panel Survey dataset at CSAE. I also explore issues of endogeneity in the selection of different technologies, defined by their relative capital and labour intensity. Finally, I analyse the shape of returns to capital, with the aim to detect potential non-convexities in technology. The results show that capital and work-experience play the strongest role in income-generation, while the shares of value added attributed to labour and to formal schooling are low. Marginal returns to investment are high at low capital levels and they decrease very rapidly, pointing against the existence of non-convexities due to minimum scale requirements, but implying that real income gains resulting form micro-investment are modest. Chapter 3 returns to the issue of earnings uncertainty and risk-aversion explored in Chapter 1, but it now takes the allocation choice as given and explores the direct welfare implications of income uncertainty for worker's well-being. Namely, the chapter explores the relationship between income and welfare, with a particular attention on the link between income vulnerability and happiness. Using unique longitudinal data on life-satisfaction and labour market outcomes, I estimate an individual measure of vulnerability (defined as the probability of falling below a low-income threshold) and investigate its effect on well-being. After controlling for unobservable individual fixed effects, work-satisfaction, relative income and other relevant worker characteristics, I find a sizable impact of vulnerability, over and above the income effect. When I explore the mechanisms behind my results, I find that aspiration adaptation to current income may result in a transitory income effect. Moreover, using my direct measure of attitudes to risk from field-experiments (already used in chapter 1), I can test directly the hypothesis that more risk-averse agents suffer more heavily from a given increase in income vulnerability. Overall, my findings support policy interventions that aim to reduce vulnerability, as I expect such policies to have a 'direct' impact on agents' happiness given the prevailing attitudes to risk and uncertainty in the population. Finally, from the point of view of overall social welfare, my results suggest that non-Rawlsian growth models, whereby 'someone may be left behind', may fail to enhance general welfare, for high enough levels of risk-aversion in the population, if the risk of falling behind is sufficiently widespread.
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Garavito, Cecilia. "Education and Youth Employment in Urban Peru." Economía, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117243.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this paper is to analyze which variables determine that young people who still live with their parents study, work, combine both activities or stay away from them. We are interested in what is it that keeps young people in the educative system, even if they are working, and if there are differences related to gender roles. We work with a model of efficient cooperative negotiation between parents and the son or daughter, and estimate a Multinomial Logit regression with data for urban Peru in the year 2014. We find that young people will stay in the educative system, even if they are working, when their negotiation power at home is high, when their opportunity cost is low, and when their parents have a higher level of education.El objetivo de este artículo es analizar qué determina que los jóvenes que aún viven en la casa de sus padres se encuentren estudiando, trabajando, combinado ambas actividades, o fuera del sistema educativo y de la fuerza laboral. Nos interesa determinar qué mantiene a los jóvenes en el sistema educativo, aun si están trabajando, y si existen diferencias por género. Partimos de un modelo de negociación cooperativa eficiente entre los padres y el joven, y estimamos una regresión Logit Multinomial con datos del Perú Urbano para el año 2014. Encontramos que los jóvenes se mantendrán en el sistema educativo aun si están trabajando, mientras mayor sea su poder de negociación en el hogar, menor su costo de oportunidad, y más años de estudios tengan sus padres.
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Gueye, Cina. "Activités invisibles et compétitions dans la ville africaine contemporaine : migration chinoise et reconfiguration économique à Dakar." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2032.
Full textAbstract:
Notre thèse s’intéresse particulièrement aux répercussions des modes d’inscription économiques des entrepreneurs chinois sur la recomposition des équilibres internes du marché du travail invisible à Dakar, incarné par des acteurs économiques accumulant les écarts aux normes majoritaires dans un environnement urbain marqué par la lutte des différents acteurs en présence pour l’appropriation des territoires et des ressources offertes par la ville. Notre ambition est de rendre compte des régimes de concurrence, de coopération, des luttes pour l’espace et les ressources offertes par la ville, des logiques de distanciation entre acteurs évoluant sur des segments concurrents. Dans cette perspective, nous avons opté pour une approche multi-site impliquant divers acteurs de la compétition urbaine : commerçants de rue sénégalais, cordonniers, pour apprécier les différentes postures d’acteurs de l’économie invisible face à la recomposition de l’équilibre interne de leurs segments d’activités. L’accent mis sur la reconfiguration du marché du travail invisible induit par cette coprésence dans cette recherche de type ethnographique interroge les rapports de domination, de résistance, mais aussi d’adaptation qui rythment le jeu des acteurs dans l’espace urbain où se construisent de nouveaux dispositifs commerciaux entre tensions et compromisOur thesis is particularly interested in the impact of economic modes inscriptions of Chinese entrepreneurs on the of internal balances recomposition of the invisible job market, incarnated by economic actors accumulating the differences to the majority standards in an urban environment characterized by the struggle of the different actors involved in the appropriation of land and resources offered by the city.Our goal is to realize competition regimes, cooperation, fights for space and resources offered by the city, distancing logic between actors working on competing segments. In this perspective, we opted for a multi-site approach involving various urban competition actors: Senegalese street traders, shoemakers, to appreciate the different postures of the actor’s invisible economy facing to the recomposition of the internal balance of their business segments.The emphasis on the reconfiguration of the invisible job market induced by the co-presence in this type of ethnographical research examines the domination reports, resistors, but also adaptations that punctuate the actors in the urban area where is building new trade arrangements between tension and compromise
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Davis, Lisa (Lisa Nicole) 1971. "Linking real estate development and employment : land use and labor market choices in the South Boston Seaport District." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/65465.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (S.M. and M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1999.Includes bibliographical references (p. 64-69).
Boston's waterfront has been called the most attractive development opportunity in the United States. The South Boston Seaport District, a 1,000-acre, largely industrial section adjacent to Boston's financial district, is slated for massive redevelopment over the next twenty years. An MIT study done this year for the Boston Harbor Conference estimated that the redevelopment of the district will bring the construction of five thousand new hotel rooms and fourteen million square feet of commercial and residential space. The study predicts that this development will create sixty thousand new jobs in the hotel, retail, office, and entertainment industries over the next twenty years. This development is coming to an area of Boston that has historically been a center of manufacturing and port industries. The employment impacts of this new real estate development will be dramatic and may well represent the final chapter in a story of deindustrialization and a shift to services. While the vast majority of the new jobs in the Seaport will be in offices, the hospitality industry is expected to experience the highest growth rate in the next twenty years. Many of the higher-paying jobs in both sectors may be beyond the education and training of many disadvantaged workers. At the same time, most of the jobs accessible to these workers will be low-paying, insecure service jobs. During the redevelopment, community groups and policy makers will make choices affecting the prospects of less-educated inner-city job seekers in the Seaport District. Linkage, the payment of an exaction or the provision of other community benefits in exchange for zoning approval, could be a powerful way to improve access, work conditions, wages, and career ladders in the District. To date, linkage implementation has been disorganized and without significant community input. This thesis seeks to answer the question of how linkage and other tools available during the real estate development process can be used to maximize the number of good living-wage jobs in the Seaport District. To answer this question, this thesis will consider the types of jobs to be created in the district, followed by a discussion of linkage programs in other cities, a presentation some technical and legal aspects of linkage in Boston, and an evaluation the application of linkage in Boston in the past. In this evaluation of linkage in Boston, the linkage agreement made in conjunction with the new Boston Convention and Exhibition Center will be discussed, and the Seaport Hotel Community Outreach and Job Readiness Program, the first jobs program funded by linkage in the District, will be presented. The thesis will conclude with some recommendations for improving linkage.
by Lisa Davis.
S.M.and M.C.P.
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Raheem, Zakiyyah. "Labor market participation and drug trafficking: related characteristics of incarcerated African- American males from urban enclaves." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1990. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/2836.
Full textAbstract:
This was a quantitative-descriptive study which utilized survey research techniques to examine reports of labor market participation and participation in drug trafficking by incarcerated African-American males from urban enclaves. A stratified sample of 100 was selected from among 678 incarcerated African-American males, who had been arrested for alleged drug trafficking.
From the response pattern of those surveyed, Measures of Central Tendency, Measures of Variability, and Frequency Analysis were utilized for statistical procedures.
This study provided a glimpse into the development and socialization of a generation of African-American males who made an initial decision to participate in irregular (illegal) economic activities. Data obtained from respondents provided information on how individuals respond to extremely powerful pressures which exist in their environment. The most prominent of these pressures is the attractiveness of possibly earning high incomes by participating in the irregular (illegal) economic activity of drug trafficking. The possibility of earning a high income from drug trafficking was juxtaposed with the reality that participation could lead to serious injury, death, arrest and incarceration.
Nevertheless, many African-American males weighed the advantages and disadvantages of participation in drug trafficking activities, and elected to participate.
Preliminary findings of this study identified some of the factors which may influence many young African American males to forego participation in educational systems which would provide some skills, allowing them to participate in legitimate employment enterprises.
One factor of influence which was identified is the relatively low self-esteem expressed by some respondents.
Another factor of influence was the perception that society has targeted African-Americans, in general, as failures. These findings have implications for social work in the areas of counseling and supporting an increasing number of young African-American women who will be forced to raise children without the presence of fathers; increases of criminal and mental health problems in certain age cohorts; development of even greater levels of anomie by African-American males; and development of a range of support services for families which have males incarcerated with long sentences.
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Oliveira, Hipolita Siqueira de. "Economia metropolitana e mercado de trabalho : um estudo das regiões metropolitanas do Estado de São Paulo." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/285784.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Marcelo Weishaupt ProniTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T09:29:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_HipolitaSiqueirade_D.pdf: 2561410 bytes, checksum: 0af764cb925a70bf86aa936e4890eb05 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009
Resumo: No que se refere à problemática do mercado de trabalho, a urbanização no sistema capitalista cumpre papel fundamental na concentração de força de trabalho, em quantidade e qualidade, requerida pelos avanços na dinâmica de acumulação e na divisão social do trabalho. Nesses termos, o urbano mais avançado, ou seja, o espaço metropolitano, entendido como uma escala amplificada dos processos de diversificação produtiva e diferenciação social que estruturam o urbano em geral, contribui decisivamente para a superação de problemas de rigidez e estabilidade da oferta de força de trabalho e o estabelecimento das bases de organização dos mercados gerais de trabalho. Sob o referencial da economia política do desenvolvimento, o eixo analítico deste estudo reside nas transformações das estruturas produtivas e ocupacionais do espaço urbano brasileiro mais avançado, conformado pela "unidade do diverso" que tem seu epicentro na metrópole de São Paulo e se estende e se projeta para as regiões metropolitanas de Campinas e da Baixada Santista. Nesta abordagem, toma-se como pressuposto a constituição de distintas bases de diferenciação econômica e social e formas específicas de organização do mercado urbano de trabalho assalariado. Entende-se que a grande complexidade temática envolvida neste tipo de estudo requer esforço coletivo de distintas áreas disciplinares, sobretudo quando se considera que têm predominado abordagens que estabelecem relações imediatas entre espaço metropolitano e mercado de trabalho, tendo por base um mero balanço entre vantagens e desvantagens competitivas, dessa forma, impondo modelos analíticos de alta generalidade concebidos nos países centrais. Se do ponto de vista das orientações de políticas públicas tais abordagens têm efeitos deletérios, do ponto de vista teórico, pouco ou nada contribuem para pensar as especificidades da urbanização capitalista periférica e subdesenvolvida, mesmo no espaço urbano mais avançado do capitalismo brasileiro.
Abstract: With regard to labor market, urbanization plays a fundamental role in the capitalist system, providing concentration of labor power, in quantity and quality, which is required by accumulation dynamic and the advances in social division of labor. From this point of view, the constitution of the metropolitan spaces, understood as an amplified urban scale of the process of productive diversification and social differentiation, contributes to structuring a general labor market. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the transformations in the productive and occupational structures of the São Paulo State metropolitan regions, São Paulo, Campinas and Baixada Santista, which is the most advanced Brazilian urban space. Using the political economy of development approach this thesis assumes that there are different social and economic patterns and specific forms of urban labor market organization. Furthermore, this study criticizes the regional and urban predominant literature that establishes links between metropolitan space and labor market considering a mere balance of competitive advantages and disadvantages. From the point of view of public policies, the influence of these studies has devastating effects, and, in theoretical terms, they bring little contribution to understand the urbanization problems in underdeveloped countries, even in the most advanced Brazilian urban space.
Doutorado
Economia Social e do Trabalho
Doutor em Desenvolvimento Economico
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Wigren, Emma, and Linda Nilsson. "The impact of Human Capital on earnings - a study regarding urban Vietnam." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-45061.
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The stock of human capital plays an important role for a sustained economic development, both at the individual and the country level. In order to prosper as a middle income country Vietnam need to increase the nation ́s human capital stock and this thesis shows that human capital theory holds for investments in years of education, knowledge of a foreign language and experience. Human capital investments, such as educational attainment and knowledge of a foreign language, are estimated to have significant impact on earnings in year 2012. Subjective evidence through interviews and observations are used to understand the underlying interpretation of these results in order to see how the labor market actually works in Vietnam.
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Mercado, Maira T. "Changes in the Effects of Determinants of Earnings Inequality and Their Labor Implications in Urban China, 1988 - 2002." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/340.
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This study seeks to analyze the changes in the effects of determinants of earnings inequality and their labor market implications in urban China from 1988 to 2002. It analyzes urban individual data from the 1988, 1995, and 2002 surveys of the China Household Income Project by studying its inequality measures and summary statistics, and by conducting an ordinary least squares regression, quantile regression, and regression-based decomposition analysis. It finds that the labor market has indeed been rewarding human capital variables, in which age and work experience, which are related to seniority, have been decreasing in their contribution to earnings inequality, whereas education and skill-based occupation have been increasing their contributions to earnings inequality. In addition, the labor market has become more discriminatory in terms of gender, which has increased its contribution to earnings inequality, and less discriminatory in terms of minority status and Communist party membership, which have decreased their contributions to earnings inequality. The labor market has also become more segmented in terms of work unit sector, which has increased its contribution to earnings inequality, but has also become less segmented in terms of ownership, which has actually started to contribute to earnings equality. These observations show that urban China’s labor market has been becoming more market-oriented and has been progressing overall, except for its increasing gender discrimination and segmentation by sector.
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Stoll, Michael A. (Michael Aldon). ""Can I get a job?" : the relative importance of space and race in urban young adult labor markets." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70267.
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Gorham, Lucy S. (Lucy Stetson) 1954. "The role of international trade in the declining economic position of less-educated workers in metropolitan labor markets." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/66778.
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McDonald, Sharon M. "Utilizing a Structuration Perspective to Examine Perceptions of Labor Market Opportunities & Constraints in a Distressed Urban Neighborhood." VCU Scholars Compass, 2004. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5211.
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The purpose of this study is to understand how members of an urban extreme poverty neighborhood experience the labor market and how they perceive the role of social policies and institutions that attempt to facilitate or mediate employment opportunities.
Residents of extreme poverty neighborhoods have been the subject of numerous public policy efforts designed to ameliorate the geographic concentration of poverty as well as strategies to promote work participation based on existing theoretical models of how work participation can be induced. It is argued that the predominant theoretical models that shape inquiry and the development of policy recommendations are incomplete and that adoption of a new orientation may offer additional insight. It is further argued that the use of a structuration perspective to guide research inquiry may extend existing knowledge and facilitate the development of responsive social policies and practice strategies (Wilson, 1995).
A structuration perspective guides the researcher to analyze the labor market participation of a stigmatized group with a different lens. It recommends focusing on the individual’s perceptions of how labor market engagement is constrained and enabled by structural properties. It further recommends attending to the resiliency of individuals by examining how participants respond to such constraints: how they are navigated, how they are transformed, and how they are reproduced.
The research design may best be described as an instrumental single case study using qualitative methods (Creswell, 1998). The focus of the study is the experiences of residents in one bounded community; it relies on multiple sources of data and closely attends to how the phenomenon is embedded within the social-political context. The goal of the research is to develop new understanding and build or extend theory.
In-depth interviews were conducted with 25 residents, 11 community based service providers or program and policy administrators, and 1 staff person of an elected city official. A purposive sampling strategy was utilized. To increase the likelihood that diverse perspectives were captured among residents, variation was sought in employment and housing status, age, gender, and use of public benefits. An elite sampling strategy was utilized with city program administrators and service providers nominated by residents based on their identified role in the community or their capacity to provide rich information. Interviews were taped and all audiotapes were fully transcribed. Data were analyzed using Atlas.ti qualititative data analysis software. Rigor was achieved by meeting Lincoln and Guba's (1985) standards for assessing the trustworthiness of interpretive research.
This study highlights constraints and how people respond to them. Residents of the extreme poverty neighborhood interviewed for this study face significant stressors and challenges simply to live safely in their neighborhood. There are a number of responses by residents to these challenges, including learning how to live within the context of those constraints, working to change those constraints for members of their community by contributing personal strengths and resources, or by trying to leave.
Residents of the neighborhood also report significant employment barriers that are constraining. The residents and service providers alike respond in various ways, including trying to dismantle those barriers, managing within the context of those barriers, or giving up. Service providers and city administrators have tools to intervene but can feel similarly constrained by limited resources, lack of flexibility in how resources can be utilized, program rules and practices, and imposed outcome requirements that occasionally seem counterproductive to shared goals. In each instance, whether responding to the challenges of living within an extreme poverty neighborhood or by responding to employment barriers, residents and service providers require additional supports and resources to strengthen their existing efforts.
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Silva, Thiago Sousa. "Career expectations and intergration of experiences in the labour market: study Administration course graduates and graduates." Universidade de Taubaté, 2015. http://www.bdtd.unitau.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=802.
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The entry into higher education is considered an important decision to be made by students. The choice of profession to be followed appears as one of the concerns of young people, since numerous variables contribute that certain areas are more atractive than others. However it is known that at the moment are considered various aspects, among which stand out the economic and social context. On the other hand, the conclusion of college course shows to the graduates as a reflexion of the professional carreer chosen. The ease of obtaining a university degree makes, for recent graduates, the competitive market and makes it difficult the insertion process on the labor market. This study aims to understand the insertion of expectations in the job and career development market of those who are completing higher education, and to evaluate the professional experiences of the graduates of the course of Directors of a Private Higher Education Institution in city of Imperatriz, Maranhão state. An exploratory field research was performed out with quantitative and qualitative approach. Were studied 74 students who are in the penultimate and last semester by means of questionnaires, and will be studied 12 recent college graduates using semi-structured interviews. The datas from the questionnaires were analyzeds using quantitatives techniques with the help of Excel software and the material collected in the interviews will be analyzed using qualitative techniques and content analyzes. The results show that students have highs expectations of the labor market as administrator. On the other hand graduates are still in search of continuous improvement, growth opportunities and improvements in their professional careers. It can be concluded that occur visions of diverging market between them, especially with regard to the experiences and expectations related to the course of Administration.O ingresso no curso superior é considerado uma importante decisão a ser tomada pelos estudantes. A escolha da profissão a ser seguida configura-se como uma das preocupações dos jovens, uma vez que inúmeras variáveis contribuem para que certas áreas sejam mais atrativas que outras. Porém, é sabido que neste momento são considerados vários aspectos, dentre os quais se destacam o contexto econômico e social. Por outro lado, a conclusão do curso universitário apresenta-se, para os egressos, como um reflexo da carreira profissional escolhida. O presente estudo tem como objetivo compreender as expectativas de inserção no mercado de trabalho e de desenvolvimento de carreira daqueles que estão concluindo o ensino superior, bem como, analisar as experiências profissionais vivenciadas pelos egressos do curso de Administração de uma Instituição de Ensino Superior Privada no município de Imperatriz no Estado do Maranhão. Foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo, exploratória, com abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa. Foram estudados 74 discentes que estão no penúltimo e último semestre do curso, por meio da aplicação de questionários, e foram estudados 12 profissionais recém-formados, utilizando-se um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturada. Os dados obtidos nos questionários foram analisados por meio de técnicas quantitativas com o auxílio do software Excel e o material coletado nas entrevistas foram analisados por meio de técnicas qualitativas de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os formandos possuem grandes expectativas em relação ao mercado de trabalho como administradores. Por outro lado, os egressos ainda estão em busca de aperfeiçoamento contínuo, oportunidades de crescimento e melhoria em suas carreiras profissionais. Pode se concluir que, ocorrem visões de mercado divergentes entre ambos, principalmente no que tange às experiências e expectativas relacionadas ao curso de Administração.
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Torrecillas, Jódar Juan. "Essays on Urban Mobility and Gender Inequality." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673017.
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Esta tesis estudia la relación entre costes de movilidad y desigualdad de género en el mercado laboral. Se argumenta que, en un contexto de roles de género tradicionales, que imponen en las mujeres mayor responsabilidad en el cuidado familiar y del hogar, el reciente incremento en los costes de movilidad puede haber ralentizado el ritmo de convergencia de las brechas de género en el mercado laboral.
En el segundo capítulo de esta tesis, estudio cómo la organización espacial de la actividad económica ha podido perjudicar la participación femenina en el mercado laboral en un contexto histórico. En la España del siglo XIX, había dos tipos de asentamientos: concentrados, donde la gente vivía en un núcleo de población grande, dejando otros núcleos prácticamente despoblados; y dispersos, donde la gente vivía homogéneamente distribuida en muchos y pequeños asentamientos. Los asentamientos concentrados se caracterizaban por altos costes de desplazamiento, ya que se encontraban alejados de la tierra donde se trabajaba. Los asentamientos dispersos, por el contrario, se caracterizaban por tener unos bajos costes de desplazamiento, ya que la tierra se encontraba cerca de la casa, y muchas veces dentro de la misma. Utilizando datos del censo de 1887 y una estrategia de variables instrumentales utilizando la Reconquista como variación exógena de los tipos de asentamientos, encuentro que los asentamientos dispersos presentaban mayor participación femenina en el mercado laboral, menores tasas de fecundidad y mayor edad de primer matrimonio. Además, muestro que este efecto es persistente en el largo plazo, en tanto que partidos judiciales más dispersos en 1887 todavía presentan mayor participación femenina en el mercado laboral y mayor igualdad de género en el mercado laboral. Finalmente, utilizando una muestra de migrantes internos, encuentro evidencia sugestiva de que la persistencia de roles de género tradicionales es un mecanismo potencial que puede explicar este efecto persistente.
Siguiendo esta línea, el tercer capítulo de esta tesis estudia el efecto de los tiempos de transporte al trabajo sobre la participación femenina en el mercado laboral y sus horas trabajadas. La hipótesis es que las mujeres casadas responden a incrementos en el tiempo de transporte al trabajo saliendo de la oferta laboral con mayor frecuencia que los hombres casados. Utilizando la forma geométrica de la ciudad como instrumento para los tiempos de transporte, en tanto que ciudades más redondas y compactas presentan desplazamientos más cortos por definición y esta forma depende de accidentes geográficos, mostramos que los incrementos en el tiempo de transporte al trabajo afectan de forma negativa a la participación femenina en la oferta de trabajo. Este efecto, además, es especialmente fuerte para mujeres casadas con hijos menores de 5 años, pero no existente para sus maridos. En la misma línea, encontramos que las mujeres inmigrantes que vienen de países con roles de género más tradicionales responden fuertemente a incrementos en los tiempos de desplazamiento. Esto sugiere que las normas sociales que imponen a las mujeres el rol de cuidadores del hogar son el principal mecanismo que explica este efecto, y no diferencias en productividad en el trabajo doméstico.
Finalmente, estudio cómo la flexibilidad horaria en el trabajo y la movilidad geográfica afectan a la autoselección de mujeres en diferentes ocupaciones. Para ello, utilizo el mercado de asignación de especialidades médicas para residentes (MIR) como escenario. Utilizando datos de las elecciones MIR y una encuesta que permite categorizar atributos de cada especialidad MIR, muestro que las mujeres tienden a elegir especialidades que no impliquen moverse geográficamente y que tienen mayor flexibilidad horaria y menores horas de trabajo. Además, encuentro un efecto similar cuando restrinjo el análisis los primeros 1.000 estudiantes, que pueden elegir especialidad con muy pocas restricciones, y un mayor efecto de la movilidad geográfica. Esto sugiere que los hombres están más dispuestos a moverse geográficamente, pero sólo cuando la recompensa potencial de moverse es mayor, es decir, cuando los hospitales y plazas más prestigiosas están aún disponibles.
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Blind, Ina. "Essays on Urban Economics." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-260898.
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This thesis consists of four self-contained essays. Essay 1 (with Olof Åslund and Matz Dahlberg): In this essay we investigate the impact of commuter train access on individual labor market outcomes. Our study considers the exogenous introduction of a commuter train linking locations in the northern part of Uppsala County (Sweden) to the regional employment center, considerably decreasing commuting times by public transit to the center for those living close to the pre-existing railroad. Using difference-in-differences matching techniques on comprehensive individual panel data spanning over a decade, our intention-to-treat estimates show that the reform had mainly no impact on the earnings and employment development among the affected individuals. Essay 2: In this essay I look into the role of public transit for residential sorting by studying how the introduction of a commuter train linking locations in the northern part of Uppsala County (Sweden) to the regional employment center affected migration patterns in the areas served. Using a difference-in-difference(-in-difference) approach and comprehensive individual level data, I find that the commuter train had a positive effect on overall in-migration to the areas served and no effect on the average out-migration rate from these areas. With regards to sorting based on labor market status, I find no evidence of sorting based on employment status but some evidence that the train introduction increased the probability of moving out of the areas served for individuals with high labor incomes relative to the probability for individuals with lower income. Considering sorting along other lines than labor market status, the analysis suggests that people born in non-western countries came to be particularly attracted towards the areas served by the commuter train as compared to other similar areas. Essay 3: In this essay I look into the relation between housing mix and social mix in metropolitan Stockholm (Sweden) over the period 1990-2008. Using entropy measures, I find that although the distribution of tenure types over metropolitan Stockholm became somewhat more even over the studied period, people living in different tenure types still to a large extent tended to live in different parts of the city in 2008. The degree of residential segregation was much lower between different population groups. I further find that the mix of family types, and over time also of birth region groups and income groups, was rather different between different tenure types in the same municipality. The mix of different groups however tended to be similar within different tenure types in the same neighborhood. While the entropy measures provide a purely descriptive picture, the findings thus suggest that tenure type mix could be more useful for creating social mix at the municipal level than for creating social mix at the neighborhood level. Essay 4 (with Matz Dahlberg): The last decade’s immigration to western European countries has resulted in a culturally and religiously more diverse population in these countries. This diversification manifests itself in several ways, where one is through new features in the cityscape. Using a quasi-experimental approach, essay 4 examines how one such new feature, public calls to prayer, affects neighborhood dynamics (house prices and migration). The quasi-experiment is based on an unexpected political process that lead way to the first public call to prayer from a mosque in Sweden combined with rich (daily) information on housing sales. While our results indicate that the public calls to prayer increased house prices closer to the mosque, we find no evidence that the public calls to prayer served as a driver of residential segregation between natives and people born abroad around the mosque in question (no significant effects on migration behavior). Our findings are consistent with a story where some people have a willingness to pay for the possibility to more fully exert their religion which puts an upward pressure on housing in the vicinity of a mosque with public calls to prayer.
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Karlsson, Emil. "It’s a match? : A comparison of the aggregated job-matching efficiency in urban and rural regions in Sweden." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-44285.
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The purpose of this thesis is to examine if there is a difference between Swedish urban and rural regions in terms of job-matching efficiency. The thesis employs the Beveridge curve with unemployment rate as the dependent variable as a framework and a longitudinal dataset covering 60 regions and the period 1998-2015. Two aspects of the job-matching efficiency are considered; the determinants of unemployment and the temporal changes in the job-matching efficiency. Considering the determinants of unemployment, some differences between urban and rural regions are detected. The results indicate that the mean age of a region’s population is negatively related to the unemployment rate while the share of women in the labor force is positively related in both types of regions. According to the Beveridge curve, this implies that the job-matching efficiency increases with a higher mean age while a higher share of women in the labor force decreases the matching efficiency. However, both variables are significantly stronger related to the unemployment rate in urban regions. Education is found to be positively associated with unemployment rate in urban regions while insignificant in rural ones. Lastly, no major difference between the two types of regions regarding the changes or position of the Beveridge curve are found. This implies that the job-matching efficiency is similar and change simultaneously in both urban and rural regions.