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Cerezo Ibarrondo, Alvaro. "La actuación sobre el medio urbano de regeneración y renovación integrada. El nuevo paradigma de la gestión urbanística en suelo urbanizado = The integrated regeneration and renovation in the urban intervention. The new paradigm of city planning management." Cuadernos de Investigación Urbanística, no. 130 (June 30, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20868/ciur.2020.130.4446.
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ResumenLa actuación sobre el medio urbano de regeneración y renovación integrada (aMU-RRi) configura el nuevo paradigma de la intervención urbana, la preservación urbana con carácter conjunto e integrado. Para ello redefine la viabilidad económica, afecta el deber de conservación del derecho de propiedad a la actuación y articula un modelo de equidistribución de reparto de costes que supera las pautas del urbanismo que hemos conocido.El presente artículo constituye un breve recorrido histórico por los instrumentos y técnicas que ha dispuesto el urbanismo español para la preservación urbana: desde inviable e insostenible modelo clásico del urbanismo, pasando por el modelo de la sostenibilidad que incorporó la sostenibilidad plena y el régimen estatutario del derecho de propiedad, pero que estableció un régimen general de intervención sobre el suelo urbanizado inviable y dejó un hueco falto de regulación para la preservación de la ciudad; para alcanzar la definición de la aMU-RRi con la legislación del modelo por la ciudad y sus adaptaciones autonómicas de medio urbano y que ayudará a la formación del nuevo paradigma urbanístico, basado en la función social del derecho de propiedad que nos hemos dado para la preservación urbana conjunta e integrada de eso que llamamos, la ciudad.AbstractThe integrated urban regeneration and renewal intervention (aMU-RRi) configures the new paradigm of urban intervention, with its joint and integrated character for urban preservation. To this end, it redefines the economic viability, affects the duty of preservation of the right of property and articulates a model of equistribution of distribution of costs that surpasses the urban planning guidelines that we have known.This paper constitutes a brief historical journey through the instruments and techniques that Spanish urban planning has provided for urban preservation: from an unviable and unsustainable classic urban planning model, through the sustainability model that it incorporated full sustainability and the statutory property rights regime, but that established an unviable general intervention regime in the existing city areas and also left a gap due to the lack of regulation for the preservation of the city; and finally up to the definition of the aMU-RRi with city preserving legislation and its regional adaptations and that will help the formation of the new urban paradigm, based on the social function of property rights that we have been given for the joint and integrated urban preservation of what we call, the city.
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Santos, Tiago. "Geografias e genealogias do planejamento urbano em Belém: elementos da modernidade e produção de desigualdades / Geographies and genealogies of urban planning in Belém: elements of modernity and the production of inequalities." Caderno de Geografia 28, no. 55 (October 30, 2018): 980–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5752/p.2318-2962.2018v28n55p980-1005.
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Considerando a dinâmica e a estrutura urbana de Belém no início do século XXI como expressão da acumulação das intervenções urbanas e das práticas de planejamento e gestão do espaço da cidade, analisa-se a genealogia do planejamento urbano para compreender a produção de um espaço que tem como característica a negação da natureza e a produção da desigualdade entre classes sociais. Nesse aspecto, identificou-se três períodos específicos que produziram impactos significativos na produção do espaço urbano de Belém: o terceiro quarto do século XVIII (1755 – 1777) com as reformas promovidas no período Pombalino na Amazônia, momento de expressão de uma modernidade urbana e arquitetônica; o final do século XIX e a primeira década do século XX (1890 – 1910), momento de ascensão da economia regional a partir da intensificação de atividades extrativas que produziram reformas urbanísticas com tons higienistas e; por fim, o período entre 1940 e 1970, que marcou uma série de propostas de planejamento com viés técnico-burocrático na produção do espaço. Do ponto de vista da metodologia adotada, estabeleceu-se como percurso de pesquisa: i) levantamento bibliográfico de caráter teórico e empírico da temática; ii) levantamento documental acerca das práticas de planejamento e intervenção dos períodos destacados com base em legislação, planos e projetos de cada um dos períodos; iii) coleta de iconografia representativa da época as quais as políticas foram executadas. Apresenta-se como resultados a hipótese de que a narrativa de uma pretensa ausência de planejamento como fator explicativo dos problemas da cidade é um discurso que não tem base na realidade, posto que historicamente é exatamente o oposto que a pesquisa indica, as modalidades de planejamento efetivadas em Belém acentuam problemas como a segregação socioespacial.Palavras-Chave: História, Planejamento Urbano, Modernidade, Belém.AbstractConsidering the dynamics and urban structure of Belém at the beginning of the 21st Century as an expression of the accumulation of urban interventions and planning and management practices of the city, the historical genealogy of urban planning is analyzed as a way of understanding production of a space that has as characteristic the negation of the nature and the production of the inequality between social classes. In this aspect, three specific periods were identified that produced significant impacts on the production of the urban space of Belém: the third quarter of the seventeenth century (1755 - 1777) with the reforms promoted in the Pombaline period in the Amazon, a time of expression of an urban and architectural design; the end of the nineteenth century and the first decade of the twentieth century (1890 - 1910), a time of great rise of the regional economy from the intensification of extractive activities that produced urban reforms with hygienic tones; and finally, the period between 1940 and 1970, which marked a series of planning proposals with a bureaucratic technical aproach in the production of space in Belém. This work established as following research methodology: i) survey bibliographical of theoretical and empirical character of the analyzed subject; ii) documentary survey of the planning and intervention practices of the highlighted periods based on municipal, state and federal legislation, as well as the master plans and development plans of the periods; iii) collection of iconography representative of the time to which the policies were executed in the urban space. The hypothesis is that the narrative of a supposed absence of planning as a factor of the city's problems is a discourse that has no basis in reality, since historically it is exactly the opposite that the research indicates, that is, the modalities in Belém accentuate problems such as socio-spatial segregation.Keywords: History, Urban Planning, Modernity, Belém.
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Pirozhkova, I. G. "Law-Making Process in the Russian Empire: Urban Planning Policy and Legislation." Lex Russica, no. 5 (May 20, 2020): 106–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2020.162.5.106-115.
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The paper presents the evolution of law-making process in the Russian Empire through the prism of urban planning legal regulation. It covers the period of uncodified and codified legislation with the period up to the appearance of the Digest of Laws of the Russian Empire (all its editions) and the Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire (PSZRI). In these materials, the author identified about 300 historical normative acts related to the regulation of urban development from the era of Peter the Great to 1825 (the period systematized in the PSZRI), and a number of major codified acts of the 19th — early 20th century. The analysis of their content and form formed the basis for conclusions about the quality of law-making process in the Russian Empire.Based on the analysis of normative material covering construction, architectural legislation, legal norms in the field of organization of urban development, the author considers the characteristic features of pre-revolutionary law-making process in encouraging the creation of normative acts, conceptual techniques of legal technology, systematization characteristics. Subjects of law-making process are singled out. Normative acts are classified according to different grounds, a parallel is drawn with the modern hierarchy of normative acts, and historical features of their typology are highlighted. The author draws conclusions about the inaccurate classification of the main identified acts (charters) as codes, about the prevalence of legal idealism in the concept and policy of urban planning regulation. The source of fixing public relations in the form of a legal norm is the monarch’s will. In the research area it is based on the idea of an ideal city, the concept of which has evolved from the idea of regularity to a rational capitalist space. It was supplemented by proposals from the professional community at the end of the period.
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JACKSON, PHILIPPA. "Parading in public: patrician women and sumptuary law in Renaissance Siena." Urban History 37, no. 3 (November 15, 2010): 452–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926810000568.
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ABSTRACT:In Renaissance Italy clothing, particularly of women, was strictly regulated; individuals were regularly denounced when walking through the city. Modesty was a virtue in a republican state and dress played a major part in urban identity, reflecting social values and those of the political regime. Sumptuary laws were a major mode of control, particularly of patrician women, whose dress reflected both their own and their family's wealth and status. Despite increased availability of luxurious fabrics encouraged by urban policies, legislation was used to prohibit new forms of dress and raise money for state coffers. At the end of the fifteenth century Pandolfo Petrucci (1452–1512) took control of Siena. The inner elite of his regime, particularly its female members, were given exemptions from the strict legislation and were able to flaunt their elevated status and the new social order.
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Geerts, Sjirk, Taryn Rossenrode, Ulrike M. Irlich, and Vernon Visser. "Emerging Ornamental Plant Invaders in Urban Areas—Centranthus ruber in Cape Town, South Africa as a Case Study." Invasive Plant Science and Management 10, no. 4 (December 2017): 322–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/inp.2017.35.
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Plant species that receive significant human introduction effort and assistance generally are the most problematic invaders. Despite this, invasive ornamental species in urban settings have received relatively little attention if not invading natural areas. Here we consider Centranthus ruber in an urban setting in South Africa as a case study and explore when emerging invaders are able to cross the urban–wildland interface and what hinders early eradication in urban environments. Centranthus ruber was introduced into Cape Town, South Africa, more than a century ago as a garden ornamental, but until recently was not considered invasive. We determine the current and potential future distribution in South Africa, evaluate current management activities, and provide recommendations for control and legislation. By August 2013, we had found 64 populations, of which 31 were casual, 27 naturalized, and 6 invasive. This increased to more than 530 identified populations by the end of 2015, due to both spread and increased awareness. Centranthus ruber can invade near-pristine areas, with one population found in natural vegetation in the Table Mountain National Park. However, with only one slowly spreading population, the threat might be limited. We found no difference in plant mortality between chemical and mechanical clearing, but with mechanical clearing stimulating the soil seedbank, we recommend chemical methods. Using a species distribution model, we found large parts of South Africa, including the southwestern Cape where we conducted our surveys, to be climatically suitable for this species. Consequently, the category 1b regional listing in NEM:BA in the Western Cape is justified, but a listing in other parts of the country also might be appropriate. Based on our findings, we suggest that the extirpation of C. ruber in South Africa is possible, but without buy-in from residents in urban environments, reinvasion will render this impossible. This study stresses the importance of managing and legislating emerging invaders at the urban–wildland interface and the monitoring of common ornamental species with invasive traits.
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Bach, Peter Marcus, David T. Mccarthy, and Ana Deletic. "Can we model the implementation of water sensitive urban design in evolving cities?" Water Science and Technology 71, no. 1 (December 2, 2014): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.464.
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This study showcases the dynamic simulation capabilities of the Urban Biophysical Environments And Technologies Simulator (UrbanBEATS) on a Melbourne catchment. UrbanBEATS simulates the planning, design and implementation of water sensitive urban design (WSUD) infrastructure in urban environments. It considers explicitly the interaction between urban and water infrastructure planning through time. The model generates a large number of realizations of different WSUD interventions and their evolution through time based on a user-defined scenario. UrbanBEATS' dynamics was tested for the first time on a historical case study of Scotchman's Creek catchment and was trained using historical data (e.g. planning documents, narratives, urban development and societal information) to adequately reproduce patterns of uptake of specific WSUD technologies. The trained model was also used to explore the implications of more stringent future water management objectives. Results highlighted the challenges of meeting this legislation and the opportunities that can be created through the mix of multiple spatial scales.
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Polyanina, O. A. "City Self-Government in Russia at the End of XIX - XXI Centuries: Processes of Decentralization and Internal Structuring." Nauchnyy Dialog, no. 2 (February 28, 2020): 403–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2020-2-403-420.
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The article is devoted to the problem of decentralization of urban self-government in Russia in the XIX - early XXI centuries. Both the practical experience of functioning of intra-urban municipalities (small urban units), and the level of theoretical understanding of the problems of decentralization in different periods of national history are analyzed in the article. The author has identified three time periods when the idea of creating a small city unit took on practical implementation: the revolutionary period in 1917-1918, the decade from 1995 to 2005 and the period from 2014 to the present. The author considers the socio-political context of the transformation at each of these stages. Particular attention is paid to the transformation of the regulatory framework in the studied area. It is shown that the legislation alternately ruled out, then allowed the possibility of creating intra-city municipalities, which impeded the progressive development of this level of municipal authority. The scientific novelty of the work is in the fact that the author revealed common typological features of the decentralization process that are characteristic of all the stages studied. It is concluded that the relatively low efficiency of a small urban unit is due to the politicization of its problems and the lack of historical continuity.
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Reis Sales, Lorena, Richarles Da Silva Soares, Sara Dos Santos Santarém, Frank Henrique Santos Fontineles, David Barbosa de Alencar, and Antônio Estanislau Sanches. "Comparative Analysis of the Constructive Process with the Drain Manual in a Project in Manaus City." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 7, no. 11 (November 30, 2019): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss11.1870.
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This paper aims to make a comparison of the construction method of the drainage implanted in the Peace Alley, between Raimundo Saraiva Street and Santa Helena Street, in the Cidade de Deus neighborhood, Manaus-Am, with manuals and urban drainage rules in which their The objectives are to verify the constructive way of the device implanted there, to make comparisons with norms and manuals of urban drainage and to present the proper way to implant the urban drainage device in the place. To this end, searches were conducted based on bibliographic sources, with data collected through research in libraries and current legislation and searches in digital sources and consultations to academic articles, in order to describe the installation procedures and equipment involved in microdrainage, method used is associated with the development of these works, in order to define the correct form for proper installation of drainage devices according to the Urban Drainage standards and manuals.
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Tsyganov, Alexander A. "Development of housing insurance in the national project «housing and urban environment»." Scientific Works of the Free Economic Society of Russia 227, no. 1 (2021): 246–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.38197/2072-2060-2021-227-1-246-266.
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National projects adopted at the end of 2018 have an important impact on the development of Russian society and the economy, forming goals and targets, quantitative indicators of development. This should be taken into account when adopting new laws, but national projects should also be expanded and adjusted to take into account changes in the world and Russia, modern legislative initiatives.
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Bonjardim, Estela Cristina, Raquel Da Silva Pereira, and Isabel Cristina Dos Santos. "GESTÃO DE RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS URBANOS NO BRASIL PARADOXOS E SOLUÇÕES." Journal on Innovation and Sustainability RISUS 11, no. 4 (January 8, 2021): 36–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.23925/2179-3565.2020v11i4p36-52.
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In Brazil, the National Solid Waste Policy, implemented by the Law 12305/2010, determined the extinction of landfills up to 2014. Were analyzed the Municipal Plans of Integrated Management of Urban Solid Waste, of the seven municipalities from the Great ABC region and actions adopted by the Municipal to perform the Municipal Solid Waste Management. The research is descriptive, using the deductive method, was conducted by a documental analysis of such Plans, in the light of the legislation. The research field was based on interviews with managers responsible for the Urban Solid Waste Management in each studied municipal district. At the end, the following conclusions: selective collection has not yet been deployed as requires the National solid waste Policy and that public managers of the studied municipal districts are favorable to finding solutions Consortium.
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Mata, Catrine Cadja Indio do Brasil da, Erica Almeida Leal, Aniram Lins Cavalcante, and Zina Angelica Caceres Benavides. "Mobilidade urbana: a participação social como um caminho para o direito à cidade - o caso das mobcidades em Ilhéus-BA / Urban mobility: social participation as a way to the right to the city - the case of mobcities in Ilhéis-BA." Revista de Direito da Cidade 12, no. 3 (December 9, 2020): 422–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/rdc.2020.49820.
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ResumoEste trabalho visa demonstrar o processo de redemocratização da cidade, tendo em vista que o Brasil enquanto Estado democrático de Direito, necessita dos instrumentos de participação social, capazes de conferir ao cidadão o sentimento de pertencimento e de apropriação do espaço urbano. Utilizou-se como metodologia a revisão bibliográfica para construção do primeiro e segundo capítulo, enquanto o terceiro capítulo foi construído através do estudo de caso do Projeto MobCidades no Município de Ilhéus-BA. Como resultado, constatou-se que a mobilização dos atores sociais e os mecanismos de democracia participativa ganham relevância no cenário político, mostrando-se imprescindíveis para viabilizar a destinação de recursos públicos para ações e projetos que atendam aos interesses de diversos segmentos sociais e propiciem melhorias significativas no âmbito da acessibilidade e da mobilidade urbana. Apesar da legitimação da participação popular nas questões urbanas, percebe-se que poderes deliberativos ainda permanecem sobre o manto da máquina estatal, enquanto o cidadão encontra-se distante da gestão pública, o que nos faz questionar sobre o funcionamento dos mecanismos de participação social, visando incluir os anseios da população nas decisões referentes a políticas de mobilidade.Palavras-chave: Redemocratização da cidade. Participação social. Inclusão. AbstractThis work aims to demonstrate the process of redemocratization of the city, considering that Brazil as a democratic State of Law, needs the instruments of social participation, capable of giving the citizen the feeling of belonging and appropriation of the urban space. To this end, a case study of the MobCidades Project was carried out in the Municipality of Ilhéus-BA, based on information and data obtained from the Instituto Nossa Ilhéus proponent of the project and a bibliographic review, based on books, periodicals and legislation dealing with on the matter, and case study. As a result, it was found that the mobilization of social actors and the mechanisms of participatory democracy gain relevance in the political scenario, proving to be essential to enable the allocation of public resources for actions and projects that meet the interests of different social segments and provide improvements significant in the scope of accessibility and urban mobility. Despite the legitimacy of popular participation in urban issues, it is clear that deliberative powers still remain under the mantle of the state machine, while the citizen is distant from public management, which makes us question the functioning of the mechanisms of social participation, aiming to include the population's concerns in decisions regarding mobility policies.Keywords: Redemocratization of the city. social participation. Inclusion.
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Modrzyński, Paweł Mateusz. "Animals in the legal culture of Prussian towns (the 13th–16th centuries): An overview." Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza, no. 23 (December 17, 2019): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/sds.2019.23.08.
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Animals were a permanent element in the landscape of medieval towns. Many residents of the then urban centres lived of animal husbandry. In addition to farm animals (e.g. pigs), they kept domestic animals (e.g. dogs and cats) as well as wild animals. The latter often sought food in garbage and suburbs. Such animals were also kept for entertainment. Authorities of Prussian towns regulated many issues related to the functioning of towns, including those concerning animal husbandry. Animals could pose a threat to the health and life of residents. They were also considered to be pests that destroy crops, orchards, and household appliances. The legislation of the period was focused on determining guilt for crimes and offenses committed by animals. Either an animal, treated as an entity responsible for the harmful act, or its owner was blamed for the misconducts. The presence of animals, especially livestock, was considered to be the cause of considerable sanitary problems in towns, mainly due to animal waste. Town authorities regulated issues concerning cattle herding and grazing. The care over the herd was entrusted to urban shepherds whose service was regulated by town legislation. The problem of the perception of animals by the society of that time was also significant. Although seemingly unwanted, they were the only source of income for many residents. For some, animals were pests, and for others, a guarantee of fragile existence. It was also a time when people began to wonder what exactly an animal is, what role it should play in human life, and how to treat it.
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Jadhav, Avkash Daulatrao. "The Role of British Legislations and the Working Class Movement in Bombay: A Historical Study of the Factory Acts of 1881 and 1891 in India." International Social Sciences Review 1 (March 14, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37467/gka-socialrev.v1.1965.
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India has been a country to raise inquisitiveness from ancient times. The era of colonialism in India unfolds many dimensions of struggle by the natives and the attempts of travesty by the imperialist powers. This paper will focus on the two landmark legislation of the end of the 19th century specifically pertaining to the labour conditions in India. The changing paradigms of the urban and rural labour underwent a phenomenal change by the mid 19th century. The characteristic which distinguishes the modern period in world history from all past periods is the fact of economic growth.
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Zhang, Wei. "The British Planning Permission System of Urban Land Use Planning." Applied Mechanics and Materials 174-177 (May 2012): 2391–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.2391.
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Planning permission is required for the carrying out of any development of land. The aim of this report is to understand the concept and procedure of development control law and identify what forms of development require a grant of planning permission, and which do not. It begins with setting out relevant facts of the case. Then it focuses on analyzing the lawfulness of the various activities on the land separately. At the same time, it is necessary to develop the understanding of intensification and the planning unit, since a material change of the use of a building or other land can occur through them. It is also important to explain the purpose of a planning contravention notice, the enforcement powers and procedure of the Local Planning Authority (LPA) to my client. Finally, it will presents what further actions may be taken by the LPA according to the relevant legislation and case law in the end of the report, such as issue an enforcement notice or a stop notice and, in particular, take enforcement action and so on.
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Mercader-Moyano, Pilar, Jesús Roldán-Porras, and Antonio Ramirez-de-Arellano-Agudo. "Sustainability Assessment in Singular Structures, Foundations and Structural Rehabilitation in Spanish Legislation." Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 11, no. 1 (February 14, 2017): 95–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836801711010095.
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The objective of this work is twofold: to determine the scope of the tools currently available for the assessment of sustainability of structures in Spanish legislation; and to identify environmental aspects that have yet to be covered, especially in the case of foundations and of measures aimed at the structural rehabilitation of singular buildings. To this end, the method proposed in the Spanish Instruction of Structural Concrete is applied to the particular case of the supported foundations of the Cylindrical and Colonel buildings in the construction of the new Faculties of Law and of Work Sciences, of the University of Seville during the period between 2005 and 2008. This case was chosen for its special uniqueness and for its inclusion of environmental aspects that remain outside the scope of existing methods. Most of these aspects are also of great relevance in structural rehabilitation activities carried out in urban environments and neighbourhoods, where a major surge is currently underway due to the economic crisis that has hit projects of newly constructed buildings. By virtue of the work carried out in recent years in the field of sustainability and the environment by several research groups at the University of Seville, a number of alternatives are proposed for the quantification of those aspects that remain to be considered. These techniques are based on tools that allow the agents to intervene in a flexible and effective way in the project implementation phase.
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Bahtiyar, Tuba Bülbül, and Esra Yaldiz. "Disidentification in modern architecture products: Edirne government mansion." Global Journal of Arts Education 11, no. 1 (February 27, 2021): 102–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjae.v11i1.5728.
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Urban identity, architectural, cultural, economic, political, psychological, emotional, social and so on, contains many concepts. They are all values that differentiate the city from others and add meaning to the city. The buildings that contribute to the unique identity of the cities and have architectural features related to the period in which they were built play an important role in ensuring the cultural continuity of the city and carry the identity of the cities to the next generations. 20th-century modern architecture products, which started with the products of early Modernism in the early 1900s and were produced until the end of the 1980s in Turkey, make a great contribution to the formation of urban memory and the perception of the original identity of the city, as they bear the traces of a certain period. In this context, Edirne Government House, which was produced by a competition in 1964 as one of the representatives of Modern Architecture products, was considered within the scope of the study. The façade renovation that the building has recently undergone, which caused the loss of its original facade character in the historical city centre, has been evaluated according to international legislation. Interventions in the form of changing the original characteristics of an existing building cause the deterioration of urban identity and create problems in the correct perception of the city by negatively affecting the quality of urban life.
Keywords: Edirne Government House, urban identity, de-identification, modern architecture.
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Cerimovic, Velimir. "Unsustaineble pseudo-urban consequences of legal and urban terminology." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 91, no. 3 (2011): 117–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd1103117c.
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City planning is a complex task and through this work we face the space and natural resources that expose the exploitation (that are to be exploited and prone to unsustainable change). Often without environmental responsibility and the imperative of creating certain measures we make superstructure no matter how much the environment may be disrupted, and whether such relationships create a better society, better network of urban settlements and a better man. At that may also affect our knowledge which is often due to a variety of doctrines and legislative regulations that are applied in the planning and management space. From this it can be seen that modern architecture did not contribute to the creation of better cities. Also, urban planning is mainly restricted to the regulation and it neglected the creative action, regional-planning is lost in theoretical research, while the consideration of the whole problem is abandoned. In addition to this, in today?s transitional terms and the domineering (dominant) urban crisis unsustainable combination and identification of the ?2D? and the ?3D? terminology is recognizable, which is only indicators that in the field of urban planning some transitional trends are prevailing. This unsustainable state of affairs in the transitional planning of urban areas can be applied in the most suitable way to pseudo-urbanization, sub-urbanization, unbalanced eco-reciprocity, non-standard construction of the urban tissue, discontinuity inherited and newly constructed urban substance. In this regard, consequently expressed negative environmental legacy of reproduction and the increased effect of the negative consequences of greenhouse gases from the threatening climate change, only shows that urban planners are not sinless and, they more or less (un)consciously complicit and participate in the contamination of urban and environment. In the end, it definitely guides us to the need to leave or transformation of the previous concept of planning and urbanization, which of us greatly and led to today's threatening effects of greenhouse gases. On this bases the need to articulate the sustainable integrative concept can be recognized with a high degree of urban eco-awareness, knowledge and skills of all professions that participate in the planning and construction of sustainable eco-urban development built environment.
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Miranda, Diana. "Identifying Suspicious Bodies? Historically Tracing Criminal Identification Technologies in Portugal." Surveillance & Society 18, no. 1 (March 16, 2020): 30–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v18i1.12543.
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This article explores how criminal identification technologies evolved in Portugal since the end of the nineteenth century from anthropometric measurements to descriptive, photographic, dactyloscopic, and genetic methods. The historical trajectory of these identification technologies allows us to reflect on the continuities and discontinuities of past and current practices that aim to inscribe the individual identity as a bureaucratic category. The chronological and geographical contexts are fundamental to understanding the archival uses of different techniques that seek to document (on paper and electronically) the suspicious body. Through the collection of documentary evidence (such as case files, reports, personal records, and legislation), this historical analysis situates the use and implementation of these techniques in the Portuguese context. This article demonstrates that the need to identify the criminal and to follow technological developments has been constantly used as a political argument to legitimise the implementation of these technologies. But it also concludes that these identification procedures tend to be extended to the entire population, widening the political will to identify and monitor not only “suspicious” bodies but also those who are regarded as “respectable” citizens.
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Moruzzo, Roberta, Francesco Riccioli, Fabio Boncinelli, Zhaozhong Zhang, Jinjin Zhao, Yaojia Tang, Lara Tinacci, Tommaso Massai, and Alessandra Guidi. "Urban Consumer Trust and Food Certifications in China." Foods 9, no. 9 (August 21, 2020): 1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9091153.
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China has experienced frequent food safety incidents that have undermined consumer trust in the food supply chain. To overcome this problem, China requalified the legislative framework and adopted a comprehensive food certification system over the years. Here, we investigated the influences of food traceability and Chinese certifications (QS/SC—food quality safety market access/production system, hazard-free, green, and organic) on Chinese consumer trust of food safety for different types of products: fish, meat, milk, eggs, and rice. Data were collected through face-to-face surveys conducted in rural and urban Chinese areas. With a sample of 757 questionnaires, we ran a logit model. The results show consumers’ uncertainty and skepticism of certifications guaranteeing food safety attributes, especially for animal-based products. We found that price is used as a cue of safety by Chinese consumers. Individuals with higher education seem less influenced by certifications and other cues included in the analysis. The findings demonstrate that Chinese policy makers should implement new strategies to enhance consumer food safety trust, and design policies by considering different categories (e.g., vegetables, meat, fish, etc.) of food.
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Ali, Karamat, and Abdul Hamid Abdul Hamid. "Major Determinants of Female Child Labour in Urban Multan (Punjab-Pakistan)." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 4, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.1999.v4.i1.a5.
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In recent years, the sensitive issue of child labour has received world-wide attention and has become the focus of serious discussion in developing as well as developed countries. Any exact information on child labour is usually hard to come by as most of the children work in the unorganised informal sector, which is neither regulated by labour laws nor is monitored by any organisation. These working children are usually illiterate and start working at a very early age, are inexperienced and vulnerable, they usually work long hours in deplorable conditions, have no medical cover, go without sufficient and proper food and clothing, and get little rest and recreation. In this paper, an attempt has been made to analyse the major causes of female child labour in the city of Multan and certain measures and policies have been suggested which could help in bringing an end to this inhumane practice. Legislation against child labour is not an ideal solution in a country such as Pakistan. The child labour phenomena is not as simple as it appears and needs consideration in the context of the microeconomics of the family and population growth and macroeconomics of the social security structure of a country, unemployment, underemployment, opportunity cost and productivity of formal education.
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Pusch, L. M., N. Funke, G. Wiesmüller, T. Kistemann, and F. Neuhann. "Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Tuberculosis in an Urban Setting in Germany." Pneumologie 73, no. 09 (September 2019): 516–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0947-4180.
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Abstract Background Big cities in Europe have the highest incidence rates of TB in otherwise low incidence settings. Understanding of the spatio-temporal patterns of TB incidence can support efforts for TB prevention and control in line with the End-TB Strategy of the WHO in such settings for low incidence settings. Methods Data from the municipal TB register of Cologne collected between 2006 and 2015 under the infection prevention legislation were retrieved, addresses geographically identified and all notified incident TB cases retrospectively analysed for their spatial and temporal distribution in this large German city using a geographic information system. Results During the analysed period 1,038 incident cases were reported, equivalent to an incidence rate of 10.03 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. Contagious pulmonary TB contributed 57 % of all cases. Distribution patterns changed over time with decreases in 37 and increases in 22 of the 77 urban sub-districts, three of which showing constant high rates of TB incidence. Conclusion The study presents a complementary method to monitor the distribution and development of incident TB cases at a disaggregated level of urban sub-districts. Identification of areas with comparatively high incidence can support identification of clusters respectively their prevention and allow better planning for targeted local TB services.
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Dufek, J. "The development of the marriage rate, the divorce rate, the birth rate and the death rate." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 53, No. 1 (January 7, 2008): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/853-agricecon.
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The article aims to analyze the development of the basic characteristics of the demographic dynamics in the CR in urban areas divided according to size in 1993−2004 and to express the changes in the development of the natural increase. Urban areas in the CR were divided into 3 groups according to their size (size-related groups): urban areas of up to 2 000 inhabitants − a country type, urban areas with 2 000 to 10 000 inhabitants − a transition type, urban areas with more than 10 000 inhabitants − towns. In 2004, there were 26% of inhabitants living in the country group, 20% in the transition group and 54% in towns. There was a decline in marriage rate in all the groups; in the country, with its higher level, the decline was more moderate. The divorce rate shows a moderate increase except 1999, when it dramatically fell thanks to the legislation. The divorce rate was the highest in towns and the lowest in the country. The birth rate continued its sharp decline in urban areas of all sizes during the first four years of the researched period, then it levelled off, and it has even been slightly rising in the last years. It was considerably lower in bigger towns than in the other two groups, which had practically an identical development. There was a kind of balance at the end of the period. The death rate was generally going down; it was the highest in the country areas, however, it was approximating the values in the other two groups. The dramatic fall of the natural increase levelled off and it also showed a moderate rise. Trends are expressed with polynomial functions. The article presents the characteristics development in graphs and the reasons for changes are being commented upon.
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Almeida, Giovana Goretti Feijó de, Rosí Cristina Espindola da Silveira, and Vonia Engel. "Coleta e Reciclagem de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos: Contribuição ao Debate da Sustentabilidade Ambiental." Future Studies Research Journal: Trends and Strategies 12, no. 2 (May 1, 2020): 289–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.24023/futurejournal/2175-5825/2020.v12i2.445.
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Purpose – To reflect on the selective collection of solid urban waste and what causes unrestrained consumption to society without considering the disposal of the products it consumes.Theoretical framework – The theoretical framework is structured based on the approach to planning policy in the scope of urban solid waste and discussions on lifestyles and environmental education based on the consumption and disposal of urban solid waste. At the end, we present the case of solid urban waste, in Santa Cruz do Sul-RS. This research also discusses how the selective collection and the recycling process of solid urban waste are guided in the context of environmental planning policies, in the municipality of Santa Cruz do Sul-RS, in the period from 2013 to 2016, and from the term of the Municipal Plan for Integrated Solid Waste Management - PMGIRS.Design/methodology/approach – The method is a case study with qualitative research, including secondary data from IBGE, PMGIRS, PERS and SNIS. Questionnaires were applied to SMMASS; Conesul and COOMCAT.Findings – The educational-environmental issue is also a strategy to face the problems related to the recycling of solid urban waste. Although laws have been passed since 2010, only current legislation is still insufficient. Society lacks interest in the correct disposal of urban waste, which reveals indifference to those who work in recycling (waste pickers). It is important to work with quality of life in order to promote local and regional development.Research, Practical Social implications – The importance of working with environmental awareness in the selective collection of solid waste, together with socio-environmental issues from an early age, through an educational stance, as well as the understanding that we are all co-responsible for what society produces and discards.Originality/value – It focuses on discussions on selective collection with a view to recycling solid urban waste, in Santa Cruz do Sul-RS, from the perspective of local and regional development.
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Gong, Xiao Lan, Jing Pan, and Xiao Yong Kang. "A Study of the Comprehensive Management Mechanism during the Overall Processing of Shenzhen‘s Construction a Waste of Silts from an Ecological Perspective." Applied Mechanics and Materials 361-363 (August 2013): 1007–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.361-363.1007.
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Urban construction works produce wastes of mud, silt and silts. Through an environmental economic analysis of the waste disposal and an investigation of the existing management mode, it can be seen that the managements of those waste in Shenzhen--instead of regarding those as resource--are more for imminent discharges which results in the waste of soil and the pollution of the environment. Based on the idea of ecological sustainability, this paper puts forward a mode for the overall process of managing the construction wastes in Shenzhen, which can be divided into four aspects: reduction at source, optimization of the transportation, comprehensive utilization and efficient disposal. In the end, the paper brings up a management mechanism suitable for the overall process from the perspectives of technology, legislation, management and social awareness.
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Benabent Fernández de Córdoba, Manuel, and Lorena Vivanco Cruz. "The experience of the Municipal Spatial Planning in Ecuador." Estoa, no. 15 (2019): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18537/est.v008.n015.a11.
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Since 2010, Ecuador's legal system has obliged provincial, cantonal and parochial decentralized autonomous govern-ments to develop two planning processes, one in 2011 of formulation and the other in 2015 of respective updating of development plans and territorial planning (PDOT). This planning process has been of little benefit, due to the quality of its contents and the vagueness of the legislation regarding the procedure for articulating the different plans with each other and with the National Development Plan. According to this approach, it is necessary to reflect on the planning experience so far, analyzing the different phases of the PDOT: diagnosis, proposal and management model; and the impact of the Organic Law of Territorial Ordinance, Use and Management of Land and other laws in the different instruments of territorial ordering and urban planning, in order to extract inputs for future planning processes.
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Chong, Joanne. "Climate-readiness, competition and sustainability: an analysis of the legal and regulatory frameworks for providing water services in Sydney." Water Policy 16, no. 1 (September 24, 2013): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2013.058.
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This paper examines whether key legislative and regulatory frameworks for the provision of water services in Sydney, Australia, successfully support the complex task of planning and managing urban water systems to balance water security, cost and sustainability considerations. The challenges of managing urban water systems under a changing and uncertain climate became starkly apparent during Australia's ‘Millennium Drought’, a decade-long period of extremely dry conditions throughout the 2000s. As the drought progressed, several state and territory governments assumed control of planning and approvals processes in order to implement large water-supply infrastructure projects with great urgency. However, at the end of the decade La Niña rains saturated catchments, spilled over dam walls and devastated several communities with flooding. Analysis of the frameworks for third-party access, private-sector participation, planning, and water-conservation initiatives reveals that the rules, roles and responsibilities of the many actors are interlinked but not always effectively integrated. The introduction and expansion of competition in the urban water industry are an ongoing experiment with great influence on the governance of the sector and the ways in which water services are planned for and provided.
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Dunning, Claire. "New Careers for the Poor: Human Services and the Post-Industrial City." Journal of Urban History 44, no. 4 (August 26, 2017): 669–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144217726975.
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In the 1960s, a new and popular theory of “new careers” proposed to address urban poverty and deindustrialization by growing the human services sector and hiring so-called nonprofessional workers to aid the delivery of those services. This strategy gained traction in social scientific, philanthropic, and bureaucratic circles and shaped Great Society legislation, which allocated federal grants to create entry-level jobs and professionalizing career ladders in the fields of health, education, and welfare. The implementation of this strategy had consequences for the human service organizations that received federal funds, as well as for the people hired into the new positions. Instead of building ladders to professional employment, efforts produced dead-end positions that left the predominantly African American women hired as aides in poverty. Even as the new careers experiment helped usher in a post-industrial economy, it reinforced the stratification of the labor market along lines of race, gender, and credentials.
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Bevilacqua, Paolo, Matteo Fermeglia, Luca Toneatti, and Salvatore Dore. "“The Italian Job”: Approaching and Tackling Diffuse Soil Pollution in the EU and the Italian Context." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 15, no. 2 (August 27, 2018): 127–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18760104-01502002.
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Diffuse soil pollution is an example of damage caused by human activities and can be understood in the urban context as a combination of causes due to the presence of various and multiple sources of contamination, such as: car traffic, industrial activities and heating. Importantly, the steadfast expansion of city districts over time has brought either industrial activities to enclose residential areas or (although in a few cases) neighborhoods to envelop previously highly industrialized areas. In Italy, both phenomena represent a widely acknowledged reality, e.g., the municipalities of Taranto and Trieste. Yet, despite the widespread awareness of the impact of this form of pollution on natural resources and human health, EU environmental legislation depicts an overall picture of fragmentation and poor coordination. Thus, Italian local administrations are striving to devise appropriate methodologies and planificatory measures to bridge such regulatory gap and ultimately find an adequate and comprehensive solution to the problem.
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Silveira, Géssica Aparecida, Luciana Maria Saran, Wanderley José de Melo, and Lucia Maria Carareto Alves. "Farming and soil urban occupation in the water quality of Jaboticabal and Cerradinho streams." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 40, no. 6 (December 2016): 633–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-70542016406048415.
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ABSTRACT Since the end of the twentieth century, 100% of the urban sewage from the city of Jaboticabal has been collected by interceptors and routed to a treatment plant. Between 1999 and 2000, studies on the effect of this environmental care showed that it did not efficiently clean up the water from the two streams that run through the city and flow into an agricultural area. This paper focuses on assessing the influence of soil use on the water quality of surface waters from these two streams. The study was conducted 15 years after the implementation of sewage interceptors. The sampling dates were bimonthly at eight points (P1 to P8) in the Cerradinho and Jaboticabal streams, in Jaboticabal (São Paulo State, Brazil). P1 was located at the source of the Jaboticabal stream, P2 was in a farming area, P3, P4 and P5 were in an urban area, and P6, P7 and P8 were in a farming area. The physical and chemical variables of the water were assessed. We compared the ability of microorganisms to metabolize different sources of carbon using the EcoPlate (Biolog). The total phosphorus (TP) concentration exceeded the limit set by the Brazilian legislation as well as values found in previous studies, which was also observed for the chemical oxygen demand. However, the bacterial metabolic profile had no association with urban or farming practices. The results of the analysis indicated the possibility of clandestine discharge of wastewater in the streams studied and the influence of the agricultural soil.
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Goździewicz-Biechońska, Justyna. "Prawne aspekty ochrony przed hałasem na obszarach wiejskich." Przegląd Prawa Rolnego, no. 2(23) (December 15, 2018): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ppr.2018.23.2.2.
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The aim of the deliberations presented was an attempt to assess the legal system of the regulation concerning the protection of the environment against noise in rural areas, and to answer the question to what extent the current legislation takes into account the specificity of noise threats occurring in rural areas and whether it provides for an effective and adequate system of instruments for the protection of the acoustic climate of the rural environment. In the conclusion the author states that the specificity of noise prevention in rural areas has been adequately taken into account, despite a clear focus of the regulation put on noise in urban areas. However, the potential of taking a qualitative approach to noise prevention in rural areas or implementing legal instruments for the protection of areas with good acoustic climate, e.g. quiet areas, still remains unexploited, and noise intervention measures continue to be insufficiently included in spatial planning.
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Alías, Francesc, Rosa Ma Alsina-Pagès, Ferran Orga, and Joan Claudi Socoró. "Detection of Anomalous Noise Events for Real-Time Road-Traffic Noise Mapping: The Dynamap’s project case study." Noise Mapping 5, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/noise-2018-0006.
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Abstract Environmental noise is increasing year after year, especially in urban and suburban areas. Besides annoyance, environmental noise also causes harmful health effects on people. The Environmental Noise Directive 2002/49/EC (END) is the main instrument of the European Union to identify and combat noise pollution, followed by the CNOSSOS-EU methodological framework. In compliance with the END legislation, the European Member States are required to publish noise maps and action plans every five years. The emergence of Wireless Acoustic Sensor Networks (WASNs) have changed the paradigm to address the END regulatory requirements, allowing the dynamic ubiquitous measurement of environmental noise pollution. Following the END, the LIFE DYNAMAP project aims to develop a WASN-based low-cost noise mapping system to monitor the acoustic impact of road infrastructures in real time. Those acoustic events unrelated to regular traffic noise should be removed from the equivalent noise level calculations to avoid biasing the noise map generation. This work describes the different approaches developed within the DYNAMAP project to implement an Anomalous Noise Event Detector on the low-cost sensors of the network, considering both synthetic and real-life acoustic data.Moreover, the paper reflects on several open challenges, discussing how to tackle them for the future deployment of WASN-based noise monitoring systems in real-life operating conditions.
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Niemczynowicz, Janusz. "New aspects of urban drainage and pollution reduction towards sustainability." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 5 (September 1, 1994): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0246.
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A very basic problem of open material flows resulting in accumulation of pollution is not adequately addressed in present societies. Developed countries with expensive water-related infrastructure still contribute to local and global pollution. Developing countries to a great extent lack water treatment facilities and environmentally sound water management. Large scale end-of-pipe wastewater treatment is one of the spectacular examples of technologies that must change in order to provide a sustainable solution. In order to start the way towards a solution of increasing worldwide pollution problems, a new holistic approach to resource management must be applied. The final goal of such an approach is to close the cycles of residuals that damage the environment, and recover resources lost in residuals emitted from all human activities. Water management should be integrated with management of other activities such as waste handling, industrial production, transportation, energy production, etc. The most important action is to apply pollution prevention strategy, i.e. to prevent pollution formation at the source during all human activities. Different kinds of effluents should be separated instead of mixed together. Recycling of water, nutrients and solid residuals should be arranged on a lowest possible level of human settlements. Technologies exist that can solve the problem of pollution from wastewater on a very basic level of a single house or residential area. Stormwater flows with different origin can be separated and disposed locally or re-used in a single house. Industries should modify technologies so that, eventually, wastewater is not produced at all, instead all fluid, solid and gaseous residuals are recovered and recycled. Tools for implementation of such solutions are: legislation and administrative actions coupled with education programmes on all societal levels, increasing public awareness, competition rules of the market economy based on long-term profits. The goal is sustainability of the society by resource recovery and re-use. Demonstration projects, in which the rules of preventive approach and novel technology is applied may constitute a practical way of implementing such an approach.
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Pouikli, Kleoniki. "Noise Pollution in Europe: Unpacking a Worryingly “Quiet” Regulatory and Policy Issue." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 16, no. 1 (March 27, 2019): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18760104-01601002.
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Noise constitutes an unwanted by-product of the use of transport infrastructure and various other social and economic activities, especially in dense urbanized territories, affecting citizens’ health, sleep regime, social behavior and psychological comfort as well as the environment. The Directive 2002/49/ec on the assessment and management of environmental noise (end) sets the legislative background for the prevention of environmental noise and the reduction of its harmful effects on humans putting Member States (ms) in the driving-seat when shaping and implementing noise rules. However, although it was the first comprehensive effort aspiring to carve out a coherent eu-wide noise policy, its fragmented and problematic implementation raises crucial questions about its effectiveness. To this end, except from the end enforcement at national level, emphasis will be given to the noise protective regime emerging from echr and the ECtHR case law as well as to the most recent developments in the field, such as the “smart city” mechanisms for improving acoustic well-being in urban living spaces and the Dutch concept of “environmental distribution policy”.
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Tokarsky, Andrey, Dmitry Topchiy, Sergey Ekba, Vyacheslav Bolgov, and Alexandr Gorochov. "Methodological foundations of assessment of the impact of State construction supervision during reprofiling big urban areas." E3S Web of Conferences 164 (2020): 04037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016404037.
Full textAbstract:
The stage of construction is one of the main compulsory periods of the life cycle in the formation of construction end-products – capital construction projects of various functional purposes. The compulsory assessment of conformity of buildings and structures, as well as design construction, installation, setting up and recycling (demolition) processes associated with buildings and structures is conducted in Russia in the form of state construction supervision. An assessment results in a document certifying conformity of the actual indicators with the requirements of design, normative (industrial) and legislative documents. Conformity is assessed in accordance with procedural rules depending on the functional purpose of the capital construction project. There are two conformity assessment forms that appear to be similar: “construction inspection” and “state construction supervision”. They both characterize an approach used to assess the conformity of activities of participants in the construction operations (customers, developers, contractors) on formation of construction end-products – capital construction projects. These terms differ in so far as the construction inspection implies control by the customer of operations of contractors. State construction supervision authorities undertake supervisory (including inspection) activities in order to identify and crack down on violations of the requirements of technological regulations or other normative legal acts and design documents, committed by the key players in the construction investment activities (customer, developer, contractors), with the involvement of state authorities.
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Atkins, P. J. "The spatial configuration of class solidarity in London's West End 1792–1939." Urban History 17 (May 1990): 36–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926800014346.
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For more than two hundred years after the Glorious Revolution, the British aristocracy gained control of ‘every aspect of government, both executive and legislative. They dominated the Cabinet, the highest ranks of the armed forces, the civil service and, to a lesser extent, the judiciary’. During the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries there was a shift in their centre of gravity from that of a rural elite, to a group whose influence was mediated increasingly through the manipulation of the levers of power embedded in the urban system. This urbanization of their consciousness was coupled with, and partly responsible for, a scale jump in their collectivity. By 1850 it was no longer true that ‘society’ owed its allegiance to the local ‘county’ circles. Bush suggests that for the aristocratic class there developed in the nineteenth century a nationwide, shared ethos and culture. This was fostered on the proverbial playing fields of the nascent public schools, but it is the thesis of this paper that the spatiality of the West End of London was also a major factor in what amounts to a process of class formation for the disparate social factions which were eventually moulded into a coalition of the British ruling classes. Such was the binding quality of the social cement manufactured in the West End that it was able to withstand the aggressive solvent of industrial capitalism for something approaching a century.
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Buniak, Daria. "The Role of Anti-Discrimination Principle in Establishing and Implementation of the Right to Freedom of Movement and Labor Rights of People with HIV-Positive Status: a Comparative Analysis." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Humanities and Social Sciences 2021, no. 1 (May 19, 2021): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2542-1840-2021-5-1-73-87.
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In the era of global epidemic, the mechanism of HIV transmission still remains a subject of urban legends. HIV-positive patients are stigmatized in all aspects of life, including access to health services, housing, education, and employment. The article covers the legislation and practice that can affect the rights of HIV-positive people in countries that belong to different models of human rights. The author focused on the principle of non-discrimination and its role in the regulation of the rights of HIV-positive citizens. When it comes to human rights in healthcare, the state should have limited "margin of appreciation", especially if there is no international consensus, and response adequately to relevant questions, e.g. about the difference between the legal status of citizens and foreigners. The research objective was to reveal the importance of new scientific data for legislators and law enforcement agencies in different countries. The author believes that an international dialogue could help states to cooperate in order to guarantee people their rights. Public opinion cannot influence the constitutional right on fair treatment.
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Lippert, Amy. "The Visual Pedagogy of Reform: Picturing White Slavery in America." Journal of Urban History 46, no. 4 (March 27, 2019): 854–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144219834258.
Full textAbstract:
The Progressive-Era movement to end enforced prostitution—hyperbolically termed “white slavery”—achieved substantial and enduring legislative and political victories by the onset of World War I. In the first two decades of the twentieth century, images provided a potent but heretofore overlooked vehicle for the most prominent white slavery activists, a means of picturing the city with all its dangers and temptations, and an effective means of competing with the spectacles of modern society. The visual propaganda of white slavery demonstrates the extent to which prominent members of this reform movement—and several impostors masquerading as earnest reformers—engaged in controversial, explicit tactics in the vein of contemporary true-crime stories. Whether these methods were in the service of arming rural families with valuable knowledge or simply generating attention and profit, they reveal the internal contradictions that threatened to undermine or even undo the reformist message.
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Topchiy, Dmitriy, and Andrey Tokarskiy. "System-technical fundamentals of the structure of state construction supervision in the re-profiling of big urban area." MATEC Web of Conferences 251 (2018): 06016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201825106016.
Full textAbstract:
The stage of construction is one of the main compulsory periods of the life cycle in the formation of construction end-products – capital construction projects of various functional purposes. The compulsory assessment of conformity of buildings and structures, as well as design construction, installation, setting up and recycling (demolition) processes associated with buildings and structures is conducted in Russia in the form of state construction supervision. An assessment results in a document certifying conformity of the actual indicators with the requirements of design, normative (industrial) and legislative documents. Conformity is assessed in accordance with procedural rules depending on the functional purpose of the capital construction project. There are two conformity assessment forms that appear to be similar: “construction inspection” and “state construction supervision”. They both characterize an approach used to assess the conformity of activities of participants in the construction operations (customers, developers, contractors) on formation of construction end-products – capital construction projects. These terms differ in so far as the construction inspection implies control by the customer of operations of contractors. State construction supervision authorities undertake supervisory (including inspection) activities in order to identify and crack down on violations of the requirements of technological regulations or other normative legal acts and design documents, committed by the key players in the construction investment activities (customer, developer, contractors), with the involvement of state authorities.
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Kearney, Stephen G., Josie Carwardine, April E. Reside, Diana O. Fisher, Martine Maron, Tim S. Doherty, Sarah Legge, et al. "The threats to Australia’s imperilled species and implications for a national conservation response." Pacific Conservation Biology 25, no. 3 (2019): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc18024.
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Since European occupation of Australia, human activities have caused the dramatic decline and sometimes extinction of many of the continent’s unique species. Here we provide a comprehensive review of threats to species listed as threatened under Australia’s Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. Following accepted global categories of threat, we find that invasive species affect the largest number of listed species (1257 species, or 82% of all threatened species); ecosystem modifications (e.g. fire) (74% of listed species) and agricultural activity (57%) are also important. The ranking of threats was largely consistent across taxonomic groups and the degree of species’ endangerment. These results were significantly different (P<0.01) from recent analyses of threats to threatened species globally, which highlighted overexploitation, agriculture and urban development as major causes of decline. Australia is distinct not only in the biodiversity it contains but also in the extent and mixture of processes that threaten the survival of these species. Notably, the IUCN threat classification scheme separates the numerous threats (e.g. urban development, agriculture, mining) that cause habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation, hence further research is required to quantify the net impact of these types of habitat change. We provide feasible suggestions for a more coordinated national approach to threatened species conservation, which could provide decision makers and managers at all levels with improved resources and information on threats and management. Adequate policy, legislative support and funding are critical for ensuring that on-ground management is successful in halting the decline of Australia’s threatened species.
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Luithlen, L. "Landownership in Britain and the Quest for Town Planning." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 29, no. 8 (August 1997): 1399–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a291399.
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In this paper I endeavour to show that town planning in Britain, although placed within the ‘public domain’, is largely operating in accordance with the principles of private law. I also argue that town planning is an integral part of the land and property market which itself is conditioned by the definition of the rights in land and property. These rights are shown to be grounded in the traditions of the private land law as evolved over centuries from the feudal system of land and property relations. I therefore begin with an examination of development under the leasehold system in London during the 18th and 19th centuries and find that landowners, in their efforts of maintaining the value of their estate, conducted a form of environmental control very similar to what planners do nowadays as part of their activities in development control. It is then shown how the old system was unable to cope with the pressures of industrialisation and rapidly expanding urban areas. Politicians, royal commissions, and expert committees sought to adapt the leasehold system and to reform existing property rights to accommodate a newly emerging property market. These efforts finally culminated in the 1925 Property Statutes. At the same time governments pursued efforts of devising new structures of urban governance. However, these measures generally were piecemeal and their implementation was fraught with difficulties. A new approach, recognising the interdependence between market processes, market regulation, and ‘public improvement’, were championed by the radical Liberals towards the end of the 19th century. This philosophy is reflected in the enactment of the first planning statutes of 1909 and 1919. Both Acts made provisions for the retainment of development value for reasons of social justice and the funding of urban infrastructure. Subsequent enactments have tended to isolate town planning not only from housing but also from the land market and the issue of betterment, and thus from urban governance. The reason, it is argued, is that property as well as planning legislation are still hemmed in the strait-jacket of the private land law. I conclude that the isolation of town planning within a fragmented ‘public domain’ bodes ill for the future of our cities.
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Casanovas-Rubio, Maria del Mar, Gonzalo Ramos, and Jaume Armengou. "Minimizing the Social Impact of Construction Work on Mobility: A Decision-Making Method." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (February 6, 2020): 1183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031183.
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Minimising the impacts of construction work on mobility, especially in urban areas, is a major issue for local authorities and construction planners that has not been sufficiently studied. This paper proposes a deterministic decision-making method for quantifying the impacts of construction work on mobility, including emergency vehicles, mass transit, individual transport, bicycles, and pedestrians. The method is based on multi-attribute utility theory, interviews with experts representing various stakeholders in construction, and a review of the literature and legislation. The practical use is illustrated with a real case study in which two shaft-construction processes (diaphragm wall excavated using a hydromill and vertical shaft sinking machine) are compared and ranked. The sensitivity analysis shows the robustness of the results. The resulting Mobility Impact Index can easily be integrated with other social, economic, and environmental criteria, thereby enabling the evaluation of alternatives from a multi-criteria perspective, e.g., in tender processes. The method could be useful to public authorities and design and construction companies and is being piloted in construction projects of the city of Barcelona. It has implications for corporate social responsibility, social/sustainable procurement, and social/sustainable impact assessment in construction.
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Falvey, Heather. "‘Scandalus to all us’: presenting an anti-alehouse petition from late Elizabethan Rickmansworth (Hertfordshire)." Rural History 31, no. 1 (April 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793319000402.
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AbstractIn the early summer of 1588, twenty-seven inhabitants of the large parish of Rickmansworth (Hertfordshire) presented a petition to two local Justices of the Peace complaining about disorder in Mill End, on the outskirts of the main town, caused by those frequenting Richard Heyward’s alehouse. Most recent work on alehouse sociability has considered attitudes towards drinking and its regulation after the early Jacobean legislation; in contrast, this article considers attitudes towards drunkenness in late sixteenth-century England, including the views expressed in the official ‘homily against drunkenness’ and in the Sabbatarian pamphlet published in 1572 by Humfrey Roberts. Similarly, most work on early modern protest considers complaints against the activities of the protestors’ social superiors; in this instance petitioners complained about the conduct of their inferiors. Although, due to archival attrition, it is impossible to determine what action the authorities took against Heyward and his clientele, thanks to the chance survival of a personal letter it is possible to reconstruct the reactions of the JPs to whom the petition was addressed, thus shedding light on how JPs might act outside the Quarter Sessions.
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Sanchez, Nancy P., Arian Saffari, Stephanie Barczyk, Beverly K. Coleman, Ziad Naufal, Christopher Rabideau, and Adam P. Pacsi. "Results of Three Years of Ambient Air Monitoring Near a Petroleum Refinery in Richmond, California, USA." Atmosphere 10, no. 7 (July 11, 2019): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10070385.
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Recent regulatory and legislative developments in the state of California (e.g., Assembly Bill (AB) 1647 and AB 617) will increase the extent of air quality monitoring in communities near petroleum refineries and at facility fencelines. This work reports results over a three-year period for currently-installed community and fenceline air quality monitoring for the Chevron refinery in Richmond, California, USA. This paper presents the most comprehensive air quality dataset that has been published to date for a community near a petroleum refinery, including concentration of different air toxics (e.g., benzene, toluene, xylenes, etc.) and criteria air pollutants (e.g., ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and particulate matter (PM)). Instrumental techniques such as ultra-violet differential absorption spectroscopy (UV-DOAS), laser-based spectroscopy and real-time gas chromatography (GC) were used in the community and fenceline monitors. From 2015 to 2017, measured concentrations at community monitors near the Richmond refinery were generally below California thresholds for acute and chronic health (only two exceedances were observed for 8-h average benzene concentrations during the three-year monitoring period). Although more detailed speciation for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) would be needed to confirm certain source profile identities, preliminary application of source apportionment methods indicates the prevalence of typical urban emission profiles, such as from traffic, in the measured community data.
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Pareek, N. K. "Industrial Wastewater Management in Developing Countries." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0011.
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Most developing countries around the globe are striving hard for a fast economic growth and associated industrialization. As a result, numerous industries are emerging mostly in the urban areas of developing countries. The wastewater, which is an obvious byproduct of all industries, receives lower priority in developing countries. The plant designer and supplier normally provide an in-built pollution control system for new industries. The peripheral facilities, like wastewater treatment, suffer due to limited financial resources. In addition, other factors such as lack of experience in operation, management and plant repairs, lack of spare parts, frequent shortage of power/fuel, lack of end products disposal facilities, social and political reasons contribute to inadequate wastewater management in developing countries. Absence of industrial effluent standards and corresponding legislation for enforcing them are common in developing countries. Environmental impact assessment studies for the industrial growth are commonly not carried out in developing countries. Public awareness against pollution is also at a low profile in developing countries. The industrial wastewater problems in developing countries are discussed in this paper with some typical examples. The critical appraisal of the industrial wastewater management situation in developing countries is concluded by recommendations for the course of action.
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Rahola, Tadeo Baldiri Salcedo, Ad Straub, Angela Ruiz Lázaro, and Yves Galiègue. "Energy Efficiency in French Social Housing Renovations via Design-Build-Maintain." Open House International 39, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-02-2014-b0007.
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The renovation of existing building stock is seen as one the most practical ways to achieve the high energy savings targets for the built environment defined by European authorities. In France, the Grenelle environmental legislation addresses the need to renovate the building stock and specifically stresses the key role of social housing organisations. In recent years, French procurement rules have been modified in order to allow social housing organisations to make use of integrated contracts such as Design-Build-Maintain. These contracts have a greater potential to deliver energy savings in renovation projects than do traditional project delivery methods, like Design-bid-Build. This is because they facilitate collaboration between the various actors and boost their commitment to the achievement of project goals. In order to evaluate the estimated potential of such contracts to achieve energy savings, two renovation projects (carried out by two French social housing organisations) were analysed from their inception until the end of construction work. The analysis is based on written tender documents, technical evaluation reports, observations of the negotiation phase (in one of the cases) and interviews with the main actors involved. Findings show that Design-Build-Maintain contracts do indeed offer substantial energy savings. Both projects achieved higher energy targets than those initially required. Furthermore, the energy results are guaranteed by the contractor, through a system of bonuses and penalties. Other results demonstrate that, compared to previous Design-bid-Build renovation projects, these projects were completed in less time (from project inception to completion of the work) and at virtually the same cost. There has also been a substantial improvement in cooperation between the actors involved.
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Tummers, Lidewij, and Heidrun Wankiewicz. "Gender mainstreaming planning cultures: Why ‘engendering planning’ needs critical feminist theory." Raumstrukturen und Geschlechterordnungen 12, no. 1-2020 (March 17, 2020): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/gender.v12i1.02.
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This contribution looks at strategies for gender mainstreaming (GM) in planning practice applying gender/diversity design criteria. It offers a critical discussion of the ‘city of proximity’ (CoP) as a guiding principle for genderaware planning. Examples of guidelines and handbooks from different planning cultures show that the CoP is a widely adopted model, not only in gender mainstreaming, however it is seldom associated with its feminist origin. As planning professionals and researchers, we consider the role of urban and regional planning to change power relations and gendered norms. Taking two Austrian cities as examples, we illustrate the impact of GM on planning practice, revealing both the strength of the legislative framework and the limitations of Leitbilder that unintentionally reproduce gender stereotypes. The paper concludes with suggestions to move beyond the stage of pilot projects and handbooks, particularly in two fields: first, by looking at the attitudes and competences of professionals, and second, by dissociating the city of proximity from neighbourhoods while implementing gender criteria at a larger scale, e.g. in regional development plans.
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Putrino, Valentina, and Dina D’Ayala. "Effectiveness of seismic strengthening to repeated earthquakes in historic urban contexts." Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 29, no. 1 (April 16, 2019): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-07-2018-0230.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss the dynamics of the evolution of damage to the residential buildings within the city walls of Norcia during the six-month seismic swarm that hit Central Italy in the period 24th August 2016 to end of January 2019. This is accomplished by comparing the damage recorded by the Italian Civil Protection usability form (AEDES form) during this period after each event. Design/methodology/approach First, these outputs are compared with a qualitative assessment conducted by means of omnidirectional camera (ODC) imagery collected on site by the authors, to explore the ability of this technology to support post-earthquake damage assessment. The damage level attributed with these two techniques is then further compared with the output of the analytical vulnerability assessment method FaMIVE, which allows to correlate damage to vulnerability. Specifically, the objective is to investigate the efficacy and performance of historic and recent strengthening interventions. Findings Results show that there is a good correspondence between AeDES and ODC assessments for low to medium damage grades (DG). Discrepancies in higher DGs are discussed in light of the different levels of information that can be recorded by using the two tools. The efficacy of strengthening is also well captured by the FaMIVE method. The procedure estimates a decrease of almost 40, 25 and 20 per cent of the total number of buildings failing out-of-plane, respectively, for the three seismic events considered, when restraining elements are in action. Research limitations/implications The analysis conducted in this work make use of deterministic values of Norcia’s masonry fabric characteristics that have been found in literature, thus implying that neither the probabilistic aspects nor the related uncertainties have been properly investigated and addressed. However, this limitation is to be considered within the more general context of the legislation for the preservation of historic buildings which limits substantially any type of semi-destructive tests, hence limiting the reliability of the values available in literature. This in turn affects the decisions informing the design and implementation of strengthening interventions which can be confidently considered reliable and effective. Originality/value The paper addresses for the first time a systematic investigation of damage progression in historic masonry structures, part of urban aggregates in heritage cities. The current urban fabric is discussed in view of historic building codes as the basis for determining the present seismic vulnerability of the historic city centre of Norcia. The study provides new data sets for the city of Norcia and develops a statistical correlation between cumulative damage and analytical vulnerability functions for heritage buildings exposed to a swarm of earthquakes. The analytical assessment of the effect of historic strengthening is totally novel.
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Gristina, S., C. Ellul, and A. Scianna. "DEVELOPING A 3D ROAD CADASTRAL SYSTEM: COMPARING LEGAL REQUIREMENTS AND USER NEEDS." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-2/W1 (October 5, 2016): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-2-w1-223-2016.
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Road transport has always played an important role in a country’s growth and, in order to manage road networks and ensure a high standard of road performance (e.g. durability, efficiency and safety), both public and private road inventories have been implemented using databases and Geographical Information Systems. They enable registering and managing significant amounts of different road information, but to date do not focus on 3D road information, data integration and interoperability. In an increasingly complex 3D urban environment, and in the age of smart cities, however, applications including intelligent transport systems, mobility and traffic management, road maintenance and safety require digital data infrastructures to manage road data: thus new inventories based on integrated 3D road models (queryable, updateable and shareable on line) are required. This paper outlines the first step towards the implementation of 3D GIS-based road inventories. Focusing on the case study of the “Road Cadastre” (the Italian road inventory as established by law), it investigates current limitations and required improvements, and also compares the required data structure imposed by cadastral legislation with real road users’ needs. The study aims to: a) determine whether 3D GIS would improve road cadastre (for better management of data through the complete life-cycle infrastructure projects); b) define a conceptual model for a 3D road cadastre for Italy (whose general principles may be extended also to other countries).
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Nguyen, Duc Quang. "IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THE EXTENDED PRODUCTION RESPONSIBILITY IMPLEMENTATION IN VIETNAM: A STUDY ON ELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 54, no. 2A (March 19, 2018): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/54/2a/11908.
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The electronic waste is now raised in Vietnam as emerging issue, not only by its impact on the environment and public health, but also the chance to utilize the natural resources. In order to sustainable management of major urban-mine sources, including e-waste, an Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) system is proposed under the Decision 16/QĐ-TTg dated 22, May, 2015, to extend the responsibility of producers to the end-of-life product. In this study, the Material Flow Analysis and Policy assessment tool are applied to assess the impact of the EPR system, in case of large home appliances and to find the obstacles on the implementation of the system. Among the experimental appliances, air conditioner has the highest rate of valuable materials and also the highest rate of recyclable materials, then follows the refrigerator, washing machine and desktop computer. On the opposite, Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) monitor has the highest rate of hazardous compounds, where washing machine has no hazardous matter. Three scenarios were developed and assessed based on the obtained benefit–cost from dismantled material and hazardous waste. It is shown that the role of intermediate stakeholders, the infrastructure for e-waste treatment and monetary distribution flows under the pressure of legislation are the main factors that caused failure in the application of the EPR system in Vietnam.
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Kabbour, Amal, Latifa Mouhir, Mohamed Laaouan, Mustapha El Hafidi, and Laila Saafadi. "Effectiveness of vertical system planted with Renealmia Alpinia used in sub-humid climate to treat urban wastewater: a case study in the pilot site Bouregreg-ONEE RABAT." E3S Web of Conferences 150 (2020): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015002001.
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Wastewater treatment is a global environmental issue. In Morocco, 45% of wastewater is treated before its discharge. Their impact on the environment is further aggravated by the degradation or absence of the sewerage liquid system. The constructed wetlands are alternative systems for the treatment of wastewater. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate period adaptation (60 days) of a substitute plant Renealmia alpinia, and its potential for treating wastewater generated by the campus of the National Office of Electricity and Drinking Water (ONEE) of Rabat. A pilot experimental setup (tank) was constructed. The pumping rate was adjusted to 0.7 m3 / h while the density of R. alpinia planting on the surface of the filter massif was 6 plants/m2. At the end of monitoring, planting density was superior of 30, and R.alpinia plants have completed this phase clearly without any disease symptoms present. The treated water obtained from outlet and wastewater were analysed for various water quality parameters such as Biological oxygen demand (BOD), Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and Suspended solids (SS). The vertical system is able to remove 49 % of BOD, 80 % of COD, 88 % of SS. The results obtained are within the permissible limits for domestic rejects according to National legislation of Morocco. Overall results demonstrated that the selected plant posses a high potential for treating wastewater, it could represent a sustainable and inexpensive biotechnological strategy for untreated wastewater.