Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Urban mega projects'

This thesis focuses on identifying inter-relationships between three different types of mega projects, including mega urban transport projects (MUTPs), sustainable urban regeneration schemes and mega events, such as the Olympics. This research attempts to test the hypothesis that ‘MUTPs can be an effective agent for sustainable urban regeneration and mega events’. It further assumes that ‘A well-functioning co-operation within this cluster of mega project can bring about a favourable outcome, i.e. maximum benefits and minimum costs’. The premise of the research discussed is that an appreciation of institutional arrangements and power relationships is vital in understanding the nature of complexity in decision-making regarding MUTP planning and delivery, and their associated developments. The methodology outlined is essentially a two-strand approach applied for purposes of illustration to a case study (the Channel Tunnel Rail Link). Strand one of the methodology is pre-hypothesis led - based on an analysis of the narrative, whilst the other is hypothesis led - based on an analysis of the returns to conventional interview questionnaires. This study concludes that conditions which allow one to coordinate the delivery of these three different types of mega projects include having a proactive partnership between the public and private sectors, a brokerage role played by local authorities, visionary politicians, streamlined planning powers, good stakeholder management, and continuous political commitment. Moreover, the locomotive role played by the MUTP which enables the urban regeneration schemes and mega events to happen could not implement without existing brownfield sites and the injection of significant public investments. In addition, the coalition of interests that forms itself around these projects is a leading dimension of these major developments. This coalition is mostly constituted by elite groups. It is also suggested that the coordination between these major projects remains rhetoric which is achieved by the interdependency between project discourses.

This research explores the short to long-term impacts that Mega Urban Transport Projects (MUTPs) have on the communities they serve. In particular, intentional and unintentional social impacts that occur in the communities for the non-user of the MUTP. By their very nature of being ‘mega’, these MUTPs act as catalysts for change at the physical, economical and socio-demographic level. Current appraisal methods for planning and implementing MUTPs are relatively short on a standardised framework for assessing and monitoring the social impacts that communities under-go. This PhD research proposes that GIS can provide a fast and powerful overview of social patterns that can assist planners and decision-makers at local, regional and national levels to consider the ‘knock-on’ effects of the MUTP. This contributes towards understanding how to shape change in those communities to improve the socio-economic status for the whole population, beyond the users of the MUTP. The research also proposes the use of the Cynefin decision-making model with which to assess, act and respond to these impacts and to manage the outcomes so as to amplify the positive effects and dampen the negative. The case-studies are the two non-London hubs of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link; Ebbsfleet and Ashford, Kent. Building from the 1991 census to the most recent digital datasets the toolkit creates ‘planning-to-implementation’ stage profiles of the communities. Variables that are mapped include demographic diversity, socio-economic deprivation, accessibility, journey to work modes, and a pilot study to explore the impact of the MUTP upon changes in social exclusion and community cohesion. The findings of this study conclude that whilst useful lessons can be learnt and future guidelines created for planners and decision-makers for other MUTPs, this hypothetical toolkit has weaknesses related to the lack of spatial and temporal resolution in the datasets utilised.

O objetivo deste trabalho é a análise das práticas de planejamento urbano vigentes em Porto Alegre em sua relação com os grandes projetos urbanos (GPUs) associados à realização da Copa do Mundo 2014. Para tanto, foram abordados os conceitos de empresariamento, gerencialismo e marketing urbano com a finalidade de compreender o conceito de empreendedorismo urbano. Buscou-se compreender, também, as relações entre empreendedorismo urbano, práticas de planejamento, GPUs e megaeventos. A pesquisa, realizada com base em estudo de caso único, integrado por três unidades de análise (mobilidade, estádios e orla), envolveu o estudo de 18 projetos. As análises feitas exploraram as múltiplas dimensões de GPUs, buscando conhecer o contexto em que os projetos surgiram e como se justificaram, bem como identificar as práticas de planejamento, os atores envolvidos, possíveis desdobramentos socioambientais, bem como as fontes de recursos a eles associados. Por fim, analisou-se a relação entre o processo e estratégias típicas do empreendedorismo urbano, indicando seus vínculos com os grandes projetos.
This work aims to analyses the urban planning practices present in Porto Alegre, and its relation with large urban projects being articulated for the FIFA World Cup 2014 mega event. The concepts addressed are entrepreneurialism, managerialism and urban marketing in its original fields to comprehend how Harvey built the urban entrepreneurialism concept and its best translation to Portuguese. This work aims, as well, comprehend the relation between urban entrepreneurialism and urban planning practices, large urban projects and mega events. This is a case study research with 3 unities of analysis incorporated: 1) mobility; 2) stadia; 3) water front. Those unities, therefore, are constituted by 18 different projects related to the FIFA World Cup, in a direct or indirect fashion. Their analyses are built by exploring its multiple dimensions regarded to large urban projects, by understanding the context where those projects have been created and how they are justified, by describing the projects elaboration processes to identify the urban planning practices related and its social and environmental impacts associated, and by analyzing the relation between this process and the urban entrepreneurialism strategies assigned by Harvey, indicating which project belongs to each strategies.

A presente dissertação de mestrado tem como objetivo analisar as mudanças socioespaciais ocorridas no bairro de Itaquera localizado na Zona Leste do Município de São Paulo a partir de uma série de intervenções no espaço urbano da região entre os anos de 2010 e 2014. Consideramos que tal processo é decorrente de determinadas ações provenientes dos diversos agentes sociais que influem na dinâmica de produção e reprodução do espaço por meio da elaboração de Grandes Projetos Urbanos e da realização do megaevento esportivo Copa do Mundo FIFA de futebol 2014 na região. Para tanto, o texto aborda primeiramente uma discussão teórica sobre o espaço urbano, a produção do espaço no sistema capitalista e o processo de urbanização da sociedade, que no caso particular da cidade de São Paulo deu origem a uma organização socioespacial fragmentada e desigual. A pesquisa busca demonstrar também, tal qual um objetivo secundário, o processo de formação socioespacial de Itaquera ao longo do século XX, bem como suas características atuais por meio da apresentação de dados socioeconômicos. Num segundo momento, o texto aborda o atual modelo de planejamento urbano (estratégico) na elaboração de grandes projetos urbanos e dos megaeventos. E por fim, a pesquisa analisa o projeto denominado Polo Institucional Itaquera e as consequentes mudanças socioespaciais observadas no espaço urbano de Itaquera. Avaliamos que a prática desse modelo de planejamento urbano recentemente tem como finalidade a expansão do capital imobiliário e a construção de novas centralidades na cidade. A pesquisa é de caráter documental e analítico qualitativo e propõe um exame interdisciplinar acerca da problemática exposta na elaboração de um grande projeto urbano em uma região de periferia e confirma a hipótese da expansão do capital imobiliário que neste caso persiste em reproduzir grandes desigualdades socioespaciais
This master thesis aims to analyze the socio-spatial changes in the Itaquera neighborhood located in the East Zone of São Paulo City from a series of interventions in urban areas of the region since the year 2010. We believe that this process is due to certain actions from the various social actors that influence the dynamics of space production and reproduction through the development of Large Urban Projects and the realization of the mega-sports-event FIFA Soccer World Cup 2014 in the region. Firstly, the text deals with a theoretical discussion of the urban space, the space production in the capitalist system and the process of ghe society urbanization, which in the particular case of the city of São Paulo has led to a fragmented and uneven socio-spatial organization. The research also seeks to demonstrate, like a secondary objective, the socio-forming process of Itaquera throughout the twentieth century and its current characteristics through the presentation of socioeconomic data. Secondly, the paper addresses the current urban planning model (strategic) in the development of Large Urban Projects and mega-events. Finally, the research analyzes the project called Polo Institutional Itaquera and the consequent socio-spatial changes observed in the urban areas of Itaquera. We assess that the practice of urban planning model recently aims at the expansion of real estate capital and the construction of new center spots in the city. The research has a documentary and qualitative analytical characteristics, and proposes an interdisciplinary examination about the exposed contradictions in the development of a major urban project in a periphery region, where such a project contrasts with the situation found in Itaquera and confirms the hypothesis of expansion real estate capital on the outskirts of Sao Paulo that as a result persists in reporting great socio-spatial inequalities

Comme un « nouvel animal politique et matériel », les mégaprojets urbains (MPUs) représentent aujourd’hui une réalité urbaine répandue tout autour du monde. Depuis, les MPUs ne cessent de transformer la ville, ainsi que la vie sociale et politique du pays, notamment à travers les politiques économiques qui visent à maintenir le secteur de la construction et, par la même occasion, contribuent fortement à l’émergence d’une nouvelle bourgeoisie conservatrice proche du gouvernement d’AKP. L’objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre comment un objet technique sert comme une nouvelle « technologie du pouvoir » qui transforme non seulement des geographies, mais aussi profondément les entités sociales. Pour cela, elle propose d’étudier deux mégaprojets d’infrastructure, dont le pont de Yavuz Sultan Selim et le Grand Aéroport d’Istanbul.Cette thèse propose de suivre une approche complémentaire à cette littérature, qui considère la mobilisation des investissements de l’Etat de mégaprojets urbains par le gouvernement comme une méthode stratégique pour recréer et distribuer la rente foncière, pour stimuler l’économie, pour gouverner à la fois le discours politique et la narration développementaliste, et, enfin, pour restructurer les relations socio-spatiales et la mémoire collective. Dans cette approche, les infrastructures sont conceptualisées dans le contexte plus général des assemblages du capital et du pouvoir, où elles ont la capacité de transformer non seulement les terres, mais aussi les relations de nature sociale. Ainsi, la théorie de l’assemblage est mobilisée pour étudier ces différents aspects des mégaprojets urbains, tant du point de vue des acteurs qui y sont impliqués dans et touchés par ces derniers, que du point de vue des symboles et des idées qui les entourent.L’argument principal de cette thèse est que l’investissement des infrastructures de grande ampleur offre au gouvernement Turc, un ensemble d’outils, de politiques, de moments et d’espaces stratégiques et tactiques, qui permettent d’intervenir sur le plan économique et de légitimer les discours hégémoniques, tout en transformant le pays et la société en profondeur et de manière incontournable, à travers du « béton ». La première partie qui porte sur la capacité transformative des infrastructures, analyse la mobilisation de divers mécanismes autour des deux projets étudiés, tels que les modifications législatives, l’expropriation des terres et des ressources naturelles, les contrats publics pour le développement d’infrastructures urbaines et les partenariats public-privé dans le secteur de la construction. La deuxième partie porte sur la manière dont AKP a réinventé les mégaprojets d’infrastructure présumément pour contribuer au développement et à la pérennisation d’une nouvelle bourgeoisie conservative. La troisième et dernière partie explore enfin le contexte commun des dirigeants politiques et économiques de la Turquie, à travers l’analyse des waqfs. Elle montre que comme le point focal des « aspirations et des visions grandissantes » d’Istanbul, les mégaprojets urbains constituent également le terrain de réinvention de l’identité nationale. Cette identité réinventée est en réalité une réincarnation des origines Ottomane, Islamique et Turkic de la Turquie et est animée par les symboles, les rituels et les représentations fondées sur la glorification d’un passé ottoman. En somme, alors que « l’économie du don » qui est remodelé à l’ère d’AKP autour de secteur de la construction permet à certains groupes sociaux de s’encastrer dans le système politique et économique, elle produit également de l’exclusion pour des groupes dissidents
A “new political and physical animal” – urban mega projects – have become ubiquitous throughout the world’. In Turkey, they have become part of our daily lives since 2011 when Erdoğan, the Prime Minister of time, announced his Kanal Istanbul project by saying: “Turkey deserves to see 2023 with such a big, crazy and great project. Today, we are rolling up our sleeves for one of world's greatest projects, which cannot even be compared with Panama Canal, Suez Canal or Corinth Canal”. Since then, we have been witnessing urban transformation by mega infrastructure projects (UMPs) as well as social and political transformation of the country by economic policies in order to keep alive the construction sector, with the associated emergence of a bourgeoisie during the AKP era. We selected two UMPs for our dissertation: Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge and Istanbul Grand Airport in Istanbul. Our research attempts to conceptualise infrastructure policies as “technologies of government”. When we look at the Turkish case, the literature on infrastructure analysis has generally adopted a limited focus on either infrastructure as a technical object that transforms the landscape or on its success/failure based on economic and engineering criteria. An alternative approach would consider the government’s adoption of state-led urban mega project investments as a strategic method in order to re-create and distribute the land rent, to boost the economy, to preside over both the political discourse and developmentalist narrative and finally, to reform the socio-spatial relations and collective memory. In this work, we advance a different approach to infrastructure. Rather than considering a mega infrastructure project as a technical object which would be usually evaluated by success and failure stories, we conceptualise it within the wider assemblages of capital and power, where it has the capacity to be a transformative mechanism not only on land but also on social relations. Thus, we mobilize assemblage thinking to discuss thoroughly all aspects of urban mega projects: the actors involved in and influenced by these mega projects, and the symbols and ideas that come into existence around them. The main argument of this dissertation is that large-scale infrastructure investment provides the Turkish government with strategic and tactical tools, policies, moments, and spaces through which to intervene in the economy and to govern and manage the legitimisation of a hegemonic discourse, while transforming the country and society profoundly and irreversibly by the “concrete”. Part 1 elaborates on infrastructures' capacity of being a transformative mechanism not only on land but also on social relations, through the mobilisation of various mechanisms such as law amendments, expropriation of natural resources, public contracts for urban infrastructure development, and public–private partnerships in the construction sector. Part 2 examines how the AKP has re-invented mega infrastructure projects to allegedly contribute to sustainability as well as to the development of a new conservative bourgeoisie. Finally, Part 3 explores the common background of the economic and political rulers of Turkey through an analysis of waqfs. While the focal point for the “growing aspirations and visions” of Istanbul, urban mega projects also constitute the centre of a reinvented milli kimlik (national identity). This re-invented identity is reincarnated in the Ottoman, Islamic, and Turkic origins of Turkey and has been framed in symbols, rituals and representations based on the glorification of the Ottoman past, while ignoring multicultural and multi-ethnic components. Indeed, we find that whilst the construction-based “gift economy” reshaped during the AKP era enables some social groups to be embedded into the political and economic system, it creates a dis-embeddedness for the dissident groups

Depuis les réformes du Đôi Moi (Renouveau) de 1986, la région de Hô Chi Minh Ville est devenue le fer de lance de l’économie vietnamienne. Comptant un tiers des zones industrielles du Vietnam, les quatre provinces économiquement avancées de la région, à savoir Hô Chi Minh Ville, Binh Duong, Đông Nai et Ba Ria Vung Tau, forment la plus grande dorsale urbano-industrielle du sud du pays et s’intègrent rapidement à l’économie mondiale. Sous l’effet de cette industrialisation globalisée, les périphéries métropolitaines de ces provinces se transforment rapidement, avec la construction de nombreux projets immobiliers, de villes nouvelles et d’infrastructures d’envergure. Cette thèse de doctorat vise à analyser la synergie entre l’industrialisation, l’urbanisation autoproduite et l’urbanisme de projet, ainsi que les liens d’interdépendance entre les territoires et entre les acteurs. Le métropolisation de cette région urbaine s’inscrit dans un processus de recomposition de jeux d’acteurs. Celui-ci se caractérise non seulement par l’avènement d’une alliance public-privé, mais aussi par la généralisation de nouvelles pratiques de négociation, de concensus et de passe-droit dans un contexte où l’État réinvente les mécanismes de gouvernance dans l’objectif de préserver sa capacité interventionniste face aux acteurs privés. Avec l’émergence de nouveaux pôles de développement, les provinces émergentes entrent en concurrence avec la métropole de Hô Chi Minh Ville, formant ainsi une construction régionale polycentrique. Si les stratégies diversifiées de métropolisation conduisent communément à la transformation paysagère et au redéploiement fonctionnel, celles-ci sont aussi génératrices de fragmentations territoriales, d’inégalités socio-économiques et de problèmes environnementaux
Since the Đôi Moi (Renovation) reforms initiated in 1986, the Hô Chi Minh City region plays a fundamental role in the economic development of Vietnam. Owning one-third of Vietnam’s industrial parks, the four most developed provinces of Hô Chi Minh City, Binh Duong, Đông Nai and Ba Ria Vung Tau form the largest urban-industrial pole in the south of Vietnam. Under the effects of the globalized industrialization, the suburban areas of the Hô Chi Minh City region are rapidly transforming, from the construction of multiples real estates projects and new cities to the development of new regional infrastructures. This thesis aims to decipher the synergy between industrialization, spontaneous urbanization and mega urban projects, as well as the interdependent relationship between localities and between different stakeholders. From local authorities to private real-estate developers, stakeholders adopt new negotiation methods and breaking-fence tactics, which leads to the creation of multiples public-private alliances in urban-industrial development. Contributing to the creation of new development pole, the metropolization intensified the competition between emerging provinces and Hô Chi Minh City, which reinforces the polycentric trend of regional construction. If the diversified metropolitan strategies adopted by the provincial authorities commonly lead to landscape transformation and functional redeployment, the competition between Hô Chi Minh City and the neighboring provinces generates multiples territorial fragmentation, socio-economic inequalities and environmental problems

Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2014.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 118-124).
This thesis asks how opportunities emerge for states in the Global South to undertake large-scale spending on public transport, particularly in cases where they have previously withdrawn from its provision. In recent years, such opportunities have emerged in the form of mass transit mega-projects, particularly BRT mega-projects. Most of the recent research on BRT adoption predominantly attributes these increasing investments to the changing nature of urbanization and associated increases in demand for public transport, as well as the political will shown by strong, committed local individuals. However, a limited number of scholars have pointed out that demand and political will are not sufficient explanatory variables, and have called for incorporating alternative explanations that pay greater attention to the processes, politics, and the relationships between different agents. This thesis heeds these calls and investigates how these processes and linkages converge to open a 'window of opportunity' that enables change to take place. Using the case of Lahore's first BRT corridor, this study shows that the window of opportunity opened in 2012 as the by-product of an idea under development for roughly two decades in Lahore. Further, it shows that the opportunity for the state to undertake large-scale infrastructure investment in public transport emerged not simply due to individual actors or purely technical reasons, but due to the inter-linkages between a number of agents and broader structural, technological, and historical forces at play. Hence, this thesis argues that it is essential to understand change not simply through individual-centric explanations, but to ground such explanations in the particular political-institutional context in which they are based. This approach can allow us to understand not only how opportunities emerge for states in the Global South to undertake large-scale spending on public transport, but also the reasons why these opportunities arise in the manner that they do. Further, it can allow us to situate the spaces through which more effective, equitable solutions can be imagined.
by Fizzah Sajjad.
M.C.P.

A partir da segunda metade do século XX, o futebol consolidou-se como um importante ramo da indústria do entretenimento no Brasil e assim sendo, deflagrou a necessidade de se projetar novos estádios, mais eficientes especialmente no que tange os processos de requalificação do seu entorno construído. O crescimento desordenado das cidades brasileiras a partir das décadas de 1960 e 1970, conjugado ao desenvolvimento da indústria do futebol expuseram a incapacidade dos grandes estádios brasileiros, construídos na sua maioria em concreto armado durante o regime militar, de se tornarem peças centrais em processos de regeneração urbana e nem mesmo de acomodar com qualidade seus espectadores. Portanto, o presente trabalho visa reavaliar o arquétipo do estádio de futebol contemporâneo verificando a presença de estratégias projetuais que permitam a estes edifícios tornarem-se qualificadores do espaço construído, especialmente neste momento em que o país será sede de mega eventos esportivos, como a Copa do Mundo e os jogos olímpicos. Além disto, a organização destas competições, juntamente com a consolidação da industria esportiva nacional, deve ser compreendida como uma possibilidade de desenvolvimento de sistemas de infraestrutura urbana e políticas sociais que contribuam para a regeneração de áreas urbanas subutilizadas. Sendo assim, o presente resumo sintetiza os resultados obtidos com a dissertação de mestrado intitulada: O estádio contemporâneo: uma arquitetura regeneradora do seu tecido urbano. Inicialmente, o trabalho foi desenvolvido a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica em periódicos internacionais, como: European Urban Studies, Urban Environment, Built Environment, Town Planning Review, Annals of Regional Science, Economic Development Quarterly, Urban Studies, Tourism Management, Journal of Sport Management, Leisure Studies, World Leisure and Recreation Studies, Journal of Urban Affairs, Sb Magazine. Posteriormente, a metodologia aplicada a pesquisa utilizou-se da análise de estudos de caso, que apontaram os aspectos arquitetônicos que contribuíram para que os edifícios analisados tornassem-se regeneradores, e não desagregadores de seu contexto urbano. Portanto, o estudo concentrou-se na análise dos estádios de futebol contemporâneos, construídos como sedes de competições internacionais, a partir da compreensão das estratégias projetuais presentes nestes edifícios propostos como requalificadores de seu contexto urbano. Os resultados obtidos pelo estudo indicaram que as tendências arquitetônicas apresentadas pelos estádios contemporâneos são consequências de transformações morfológicas ocorridas durante o século XX que incorporaram ao edifício novas tecnologias e sistemas construtivos que reafirmam a sua função enquanto regeneradores de tecidos degradados. A necessária ligação ente o estádio e o seu contexto urbano demanda que estes sejam concebidos conjugadamente com sistemas de infraestrutura, possibilitado ao edifício estar inserido na malha consolidada de grandes cidades, uma condição fundamental para que estes equipamentos consolidem-se enquanto pontos focais de sua estrutura espacial. Desta forma, o estudo dos estádios contemporâneos, sedes de grandes eventos esportivos, possibilitou identificar as diretrizes de projeto e planejamento que possibilitam repensar esta tipologia arquitetônica, propondo uma integração coerente com a malha consolidada de sua cidade, permitindo assim que o mesmo seja parte integrante de processos de regeneração urbana
Brazil, has been well known worldwide for its deep relation with soccer as its national sport. Through the last century this sport modality has become a strong branch of the entertainment industry and it has brought with it the need of more efficient stadia specially regarding the urban regeneration aspect. The massive growth of Brazilian cities during the 60\'s and 70\'s and the development of soccer industry in the last decades have exposed the incapability of Brazilian\'s huge concrete bowls built for soccer practice during the military regime to function as catalysts of urban change nor to accommodate fans. Clearly there is a great need of reviewing the archetypal of Brazilian stadia since the country will be the next host of the two greatest contemporary mega-events: the World Cup and the Summer Olympics. Furthermore, hosting this mega-events and the settlement of its sports industry can be understood as a possibility to develop urban infrastructure systems and social policies contributing for the regeneration of underdeveloped urban areas. Therefore, this abstract summarizes the results obtained with the dissertation entitled: The contemporary stadium: an urban regeneration architecture. Initially, the work was developed from a bibliographical research in international journals such as: European Urban Studies, Urban Environment, Built Environment, Town Planning Review, Annals of Regional Science, Economic Development Quarterly, Urban Studies, Tourism Management, Journal of Sport Management, Leisure Studies, World Leisure and Recreation Studies, Journal of Urban Affairs, Sb Magazine. This research focus on the analysis of the contemporary stadia built for mega-events starting from the comprehension of the design strategies proposed by these buildings which expect to become the centerpieces of a process of urban renewal. The research understands that the design trends proposed by contemporary stadia is a consequence of a set of architectural morphological transformations occurred during the 20th century, which incorporated new technologies and building systems to its conception, confirming a new function to this typology of building also responsible for the urban regeneration of parts of the city. The connection between the stadium and its surroundings suggests that this buildings must be designed together with infrastructure systems, which allow these great sports buildings to be placed near the city centre, a fundamental condition for these facilities to achieve the status of architectonic monument. Therefore, the systems of mass transportation are a key element on the stadia proposal, especially in the cases where these building will be venues of important sports events such as the summer Olympics or the World Cup. A critical analysis of contemporary stadia will identify the relation between this buildings and its host cities, using the mass transportation systems planned for mega-evens since Atlanta 1996 as an object of the study as well as the architectonic aspects that contribute for the stadium to boost the regeneration process instead of becoming a burden to the host city.

Mega projects have become an important new development strategy in globalizing cities, and a new or emerging form of development in economic, technological, social and political life, influenced by global flows of capital. Despite being acknowledged as an important factor in globalizing economies, the role of mega projects has failed to receive appropriate research attention in terms of analysis of the various advantages and disadvantages that they carry. This research seeks to achieve a better understanding of the nature of urban development, and its implications for Dubai. The research involves an assessment of whether urban mega projects actually develop as a result of globalisation processes and draws conclusions on conflicting discussions about economic growth and social change. The research aims to establish Dubai’s attitudes towards urban mega projects and globalisation, focusing on the ways the phenomenon is conceptualized, and on understanding the impacts of the new urban paradigm, with particular reference to the Jumeirah Palm Island mega project. The research sets out to examine three key issues; firstly what are the effects of global economic factors and foreign direct investment, and how have economic factors have become a catalyst for development? Secondly, the thesis considers the technological and architectural features of large-scale development. Thirdly, it focuses on new social trends and the extent of public participation, and analyses the political dimensions of globalisation. The research reveals that whilst there are some similarities with other mega projects around the world, the Jumeirah Palm Island mega project is the product of a unique development policy. There are many global elements in the Palm Island development but there is also a significant regional dimension, as in many of the underpinning capital flows. It is argued that the adoption of a mega projects policy may have had negative consequences on the indigenous population of Dubai, which has become a minority 12% of the total population.

The theoretical framework of accumulation by dispossession allows for a critical examination of urban development projects within neoliberalism (Harvey, 2009; Swyngedouw, Moulaert & Rodriguez, 2002). Within the same neoliberal paradigm, sports mega-events have come to play a significant role for urban regeneration and policy-making (Hall, 2006). Meanwhile attending to the well-documented cases of mass-evictions and reduction of standard housing rights as a recurrent consequence of cities hosting such events (Blunden, 2012), we believe that such a critical examination is arguably important in order to do justice to these kinds of urban regeneration projects. In this paper we analyse, by a case study approach, how mega-events amplify and accelerate the process of accumulation by dispossession. We attend to the development of the Olympic Park and Olympic Village, Barra da Tijuca, in preparation for the Rio 2016 Games, as well as the neighbouring community of Vila Autódromo. By analysing different types of source material, we discuss how the mechanisms of privatisation and entrepreneurialism are reflected in our case; understood as two important mechanisms that facilitate the process of accumulation by dispossession (Harvey, 2009).

Associadas a uma governança urbana empreendedorista e a um desenvolvimento baseado no estímulo ao consumo, as estratégias de organização dos megaeventos da atualidade estão fortemente orientadas às diferentes formas de lazer, turismo, esporte e entretenimento. Atualmente, os Jogos Olímpicos são considerados o evento esportivo de maior dimensão e repercussão no mundo e, sua organização, diz respeito a um amplo conjunto de intervenções urbanas que, quando bem organizadas e estruturadas, podem estimular a qualificação do espaço urbano trazendo benefícios para a população local. No entanto, em um relatório publicado em 2007 pelo Centro de Direitos de Moradia e Expulsão (COHRE), foi divulgado que entre 1988 e 2008 as Olimpíadas deslocaram mais de dois milhões de pessoas, de forma direta e indireta, ao redor do mundo e são uma das principais causas da inflação imobiliária, gerando processos de gentrificação. Como parte crucial de um planejamento estratégico adotado pela cidade, o Rio de Janeiro sediará, em 2016, os Jogos Olímpicos de Verão e tem incluído em seu Plano de Legado Urbano e Ambiental a reestruturação urbana da Região Portuária da cidade, através de uma Operação Urbana Consorciada, denominada Porto Maravilha, objeto de estudo desse trabalho. Com uma temática relacionada aos processos de gentrificação decorrentes das reestruturações urbanas vinculadas aos Jogos Olímpicos, essa pesquisa tem como objetivo principal, verificar se, após seis anos do lançamento do Projeto Porto Maravilha e com a primeira etapa das obras de infraestrurura concluída, há indícios de um processo de gentrificação ocorrendo no local. Para alcançar o objetivo, são delimitadas, através da construção da análise, quatro variáveis de pesquisa para o estudo de caso: a física, a econômica, a social e a cultural. Os métodos de coleta de dados englobam levantamento de arquivo, levantamento físico, levantamento fotográfico, produção de mapas, observação e entrevistas semiestruturadas com moradores, artistas, comerciantes e prestadores de serviço, localizados no percurso escolhido para a análise. Por meio da descrição dos resultados das quatro variáveis apresentadas, constata-se que apesar da área estar em uma fase de transição, já é possível observar no recorte espacial indícios de algumas características fundamentais dos processos de gentrificação, tais como o reinvestimento no dilapidado ambiente construído, valorizações significativas no mercado imobiliário, melhorias no padrão de estabelecimentos comercias e de serviços, indícios iniciais de mudanças no perfil da população e novos discursos culturais sobre o bairro, redesenhando assim, o perfil da região.
Associated with an entrepreneurial urban governance and development based on consumption stimulation, organization strategies of current mega events are strongly oriented to different forms of leisure, tourism, sports and entertainment. Currently, the Olympics are considered the largest and with biggest impact sporting event on the world and its organization, refers to a wide range of urban interventions that, when properly organized and structured, can stimulate the qualification of urban space bringing benefits for local people. However, in a report published in 2007 by the Center of Housing Rights and Expulsion (COHRE), it was reported that between 1988 and 2008 Olympic Games have displaced more than two million people, directly and indirectly, around the world and are a major cause for price raising on housing market, generating gentrification. As a crucial part of a strategic plan adopted by the city, Rio de Janeiro will host the 2016 Summer Olympics and has included in its Urban Legacy and Environmental Plan an urban restructuring of the city´s Port Region, through an Urban Operation consortium, called Porto Maravilha, study object of this work. With a theme related to gentrification processes arising from urban restructuring linked to the Olympic Games, this research aims to determine whether, after six years of Porto Maravilha Project launch and infrastructure´s first stage completed, there are gentrification process indications taking place in one location. To achieve the goal, are bounded through the construction of the analysis, four research variables for the case study: physical, economic, social and cultural. Data collection methods include file searching, physical survey, photographic survey, map production, observation and semi-structured interviews with residents, artists, merchants and service providers, located in the chosen route for analysis. Through the results description of the four variables presented, it appears that despite the area being in a transition phase, it is possible to observe the spatial area´s evidence of some fundamental features of gentrification processes, such as reinvestment in dilapidated built environment, significant increases in the housing market, standard improvements of commercial and service establishments, initial indications of changes in the population profile and new cultural discourses about the neighborhood, so redesigning the region´s profile.

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Assessing the landscape of rivers in cities is the subject of this work, considering that, in most cases, banks and courses are transformed over time by the action of uses and harmful occupations, sublimating their identity and resulting in "residual space", according to Ferrara (2000). The degrading condition of urban fountains, at first glance, suggests the strangeness of landscape study, but imposes itself as one of the factors that required the extension of the term in contemporary (Cauquelin, 2007). The aesthetic perception becomes important from the relative seriousness of environmental issues in view of the progressive spatial degradation of streams, ponds, swamps, springs, beaches and rivers, for example, the Meia Ponte river route in Goiania. In the city, among the 85 water bodies that drain the territory of the metropolitan region there are only two rivers being one of them being the Meia Ponte, having their margins hit by high pollution levels(ANA, 2012). Even if in the past the fountain has represented reason for choosing the territory of the new capital Goias and subsequently their planning has been based on idealism preservationist system of green areas proposed by planners Attilio Corrêa Lima and Armando de Godoi (RIBEIRO, 2010), even bitterness titles as the seventh most corrupt spring of Brazil (ANA, 2011). The spatial perceptions, combined with the subsistence needs, possibly led man to elect the proximity to waterways one of the factors responsible for its fixation in the territory. Ironically, these days, this one is the reason for their estrangement. The different behaviors regarding the use of riverbanks express representing relationships in the social context of the place, acting decisively in the potentiation or limitation of its resources.
A avaliação da paisagem dos rios nas cidades é o tema deste trabalho, considerando que, em sua maioria, margens e cursos são transformados ao longo do tempo pela ação de usos e ocupações perniciosos, sublimando sua identidade e resultando no que Ferrara (2000) conceitua de “espaço residual”. A condição degradante de mananciais urbanos, à primeira vista, sugere estranhamento ao estudo da paisagem, mas impõese como um dos fatores que exigiram a ampliação do termo na contemporaneidade (CAUQUELIN, 2007). A percepção estética adquire importância a partir da gravidade relativa às questões ambientais, em vista da progressiva degradação espacial de córregos, lagoas, mangues, nascentes, praias e rios, como, por exemplo, o percurso do rio Meia Ponte em Goiânia. No município, dentre os 85 cursos d’água que drenam o território da região metropolitana existem apenas dois rios sendo um deles o Meia Ponte, tendo suas margens atingidas por altos níveis de poluição (ANA, 2012). Mesmo que, no passado, o manancial tenha representado motivo para a escolha do território da nova capital goiana e, posteriormente, seu planejamento tenha se baseado no idealismo preservacionista do sistema de áreas verdes proposto pelos urbanistas Attílio Corrêa Lima e Armando de Godói (RIBEIRO, 2011), ainda amargura títulos como o de sétimo manancial mais poluído do Brasil (ANA, 2011). As percepções espaciais, aliadas às necessidades de subsistência, possivelmente levaram o homem a eleger a proximidade com os cursos d’água um dos fatores responsáveis para a sua fixação no território. Ironicamente, nos dias de hoje, está se constitui a razão para o seu distanciamento. As diferentes condutas acerca da utilização das margens de rios expressam relações representativas no contexto social do lugar, atuando de forma decisiva na potencialização ou na limitação dos seus recursos.

The 1980s witnessed a trend toward a new model of urban development, the urban mega—projects (UMPS). These projects have significant impacts on cities, on the way we practice planning and on the way we involve the community in decision— making processes. A critical question from a community standpoint is the degree to which ordinary citizens have the opportunity to influence the nature and shape of such development. In short, how participatory are UMP planning processes? This leads to the question of how we can evaluate the effectiveness of public participation? This leads in turn to the important question of why public participation in UMP planning processes can be effective or not? To address these questions it is necessary to develop a theoretical categorization of public participation. Three models are identified that each inform a different perspective on the practice of public participation. These range from the current dominant tradition of the rational comprehensive model, through the advocacy model, to the radical planning model. The theory is also used to identify characteristics of effective public participation. It is argued that effective public participation must be equitable, efficient and efficacious. Public participation can only be effective when community organizations have sufficient power in the process to ensure that their priorities are recognised and acted upon. The research data consists of a case study of one of the largest UMPS currently being developed in North America: the Pacific Place development in Vancouver. This is supplemented by reference to other contemporary UMPS, including Harbourfront and the Railway Lands in Toronto; Battery Park City in New York; the London Docklands and Canary Wharf; and the Mission Bay project in San Francisco. The research methods adopted within the case studies included a literature review, semi—structured interviews with the actors involved, participant observation, and the use of various published sources. The conclusion that emerges is that public participation in UMP planning is not particularly effective. The necessary components of equity, efficiency and efficacy are missing. A number of principle reasons are outlined: the characteristics of the UMPS themselves, the nature of the public participation process and the theoretical foundations on which it is based. On the contrary the development of more effective public participation must rely on a bottom-up process that should start with citizens groups. It is argued that city governments need to forge stronger links with the community and emphasize the role of locality in determining the nature of UMPS. There is a need to revitalize local democracy and reaffirm the importance of effective public participation as part of this process.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
地理環境資源學研究所
94
The influence of state is remarkable for cities in, or once in, authoritarian states, but there is insufficient knowledge concerning the issue. Urban studies talk about urban policies and urban political operation, but seldom take the role of state seriously; political studies bring the role of state back into researches of policy, but scarcely apply the perspective to cross-scale, such as urban scale, studies. The experience of Taiwan, as well as those of many other developmental states, lay at the conjunction between paucities of both theoretical traditions. This thesis looks into Kaohsiung, the second largest city in Taiwan, and targets at the Kaohsiung Mass Rapid Transit System (KMRT), to explore the political operation of a mega-project. With this example of a city encountering development crisis and a state in transition to democracy, the thesis tries to enrich the comprehension of the question: how can political structure be restructured in the process of a mega-project? Discarding the dominant state-center perspective, this study looks down to the role of local government, from which the intricate political process of the project, regarding various agents and region difference, is pictured out. Therein the power structure and the rationale of relevant agents are summarized into three parts, First comes the policy analysis. Initiated for urban traffic demands, KMRT later advanced to means of development, with which the city authorities claimed to carry out the transition against the crisis of globalization. This turn, including the BOT institution to which it adapted, was adorned by the government as signs of progress and a representation of its pluralism-governance. Nevertheless, empirical evidences showed that the causes of the turn didn’t accord with the official story; an alternative interpretation referring to concerns of legitimacy is suggested. Secondly, according to the statements and acts on KMRT by state and city governments, dynamics of central-local governmental relationship in the transitional authoritarian state are analyzed. Further, the governance rationale on local policies of the central government, which concerns both the rank of a city and the status of its chief, is outlined. Accordingly, with a comparison analysis covering the period of party alternation in power at both central and local levels, it is suggested that, even if the transition to democracy was claimed complete in Taiwan, the old governance rationale of the authoritarian state may still function. At last, narrowing down to urban scale, the city governance comes to analysis. After party alternation in power in Kaohsiung, a new urban regime, which includes the new mayor and some old local factions, was established, and its evolvement hinged around the implement of KMRT. This coalition, different from traditional ones that benefited from local property development and land-values, exploited state capital of the project through means of construction and engineering. But, it is found that while the government is new in the so-claimed democratic era, its governance patterns still resembles the old mode of clientalism during authoritarian ages. Put together, this study reveals the old-wine-in-new-bottle features of current political operation in Taiwan and Kaohsiung: Even if KMRT seems a policy of a new era, it is not as progressive as it claimed to be. The relevant political operation still somehow corresponds to rationales or patterns in the old authoritarian state. This, of course, is not saying the new political operation is a duplication of the old; further research and discussion are still called for.

Concord Pacific Place, a glass wall of tall, thin condominium towers lining the north shore of Vancouver's False Creek, is an urban mega-project being developed on the former Expo '86 lands sold to Hong Kong property magnate Li Ka-shing in 1988. This study examines the local, provincial. federal. and Hong Kong-based cultural, economic, social, and political conditions implicated in the production of Concord Pacific Place and how the mega-project's architecture and artworks refer to these conditions. This thesis argues that Concord Pacific espoused a high-tech self-image as a strategy to challenge the local perception of the mega-project as a Hong Kong-funded development for Hong Kong buyers. This study illustrates how the site's Supermodern architecture and some of its artworks overtly emphasize that the space is a high-tech community and also subtly allude to Chinese transnationality by using inconspicuous references intended to be detected only by Concord Pacific's Hong Kong consumers.

Tese de doutoramento em Sociologia, apresentada à Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra
A presente tese consiste em um estudo sociológico a partir do caso da Usina Hidroelétrica Belo Monte, em construção no Estado do Pará, na Amazônia brasileira. O objetivo deste estudo foi dedicar um olhar para a questão da saúde a partir da perspectiva das populações atingidas pelo megaprojeto hidroelétrico. O trabalho inicia com uma apresentação do histórico dos projetos de barramento do rio Xingu, em meados dos anos 1970. Dos primeiros estudos da bacia hidrográfica do Xingu até o início da obra de Belo Monte passaram-se aproximadamente trinta anos e, durante esse período, muitas polémicas e disputas envolveram as populações atingidas, políticos, intelectuais, artistas, cientistas, ativistas e movimentos sociais. Também é discutido nesta tese o modelo de desenvolvimento económico brasileiro, para se compreender como se dá a opção pela construção de grandes projetos de infraestrutura, como é o caso de Belo Monte. A partir dessa primeira abordagem ao megaprojeto, passo a dar ênfase à perspectiva das populações atingidas por Belo Monte. Para tanto, foi necessário, primeiramente, conhecer melhor o universo de populações atingidas, compostas por populações urbanas, rurais, comunidades ribeirinhas e indígenas. Através do trabalho empírico realizado em Brasília/DF e Altamira/PA, foi possível conhecer e reconhecer a diversidade dessas populações e, assim identificar algumas questões importantes que não foram objeto de debate com o poder público e o empreendedor. É o que Boaventura de Sousa Santos (2006) chama de produções de não existência, ou invisibilidades. A utilização da matriz teórica das epistemologias do Sul (Santos, 2002) permitiu o reconhecimento dessas invisibilidades, isto é, permitiu ver como as alterações no ambiente e nos modos de vidas das populações atingidas por Belo Monte afetam a saúde e a qualidade de vida destas. É a partir dessa lente que se dedica o olhar para a saúde das populações atingidas, e a problematização dessa questão é realizada nesta tese tendo como protagonistas as próprias populações atingidas. Assim foi identificado como um dos problemas relevantes decorrentes da construção da Usina Hidroelétrica Belo Monte a relação entre o sofrimento sentido pelas populações atingidas e o surgimento de agravos à saúde. O sofrimento difuso é um conceito desenvolvido por Valla (2001) que será discutido nesta tese na medida em que é constatado como uma consequência de Belo Monte invisibilizada. Isto porque não foi previsto ou discutido como uma possibilidade, nem no Estudo de Impacto Ambiental (EIA), nem no seu respectivo Relatório de Impacto Ambiental (Rima). Também não foi percebido como uma situação merecedora de atenção por parte do órgão fiscalizador responsável pela conceção das licenças que permitiram Belo Monte ser construída, o Ibama. Ainda, a relação entre o sofrimento e os agravos à saúde das populações atingidas não foi alvo de políticas públicas na área da saúde pública. Dessa forma, pretende este trabalho contribuir para a discussão sobre a saúde das populações atingidas pelo megaprojeto Belo Monte, a partir do reconhecimento das populações atingidas como detentoras e produtoras de conhecimento relevante. ~This thesis consists of a sociological study from the case of Belo Monte Hydroelectric Power Plant, under construction in the State of Pará, in the Brazilian Amazon. The aim of this study was to dedicate a look at the issue of health from the perspective of the people affected by hydroelectric megaproject. The work begins with a presentation of the history of the Xingu River dam projects in the mid-1970s From the first studies of the watershed of the Xingu to the early work of Belo Monte it took about thirty years and during this period, many controversies and disputes involving the populations concerned, politicians, intellectuals, artists, scientists, activists and social movements. It is also discussed in this thesis the Brazilian model of economic development, to understand how is the option for the construction of large infrastructure projects, such as the case of Belo Monte. From this first approach to megaproject, then I give emphasis to the perspective of populations affected by Belo Monte. Therefore, it was necessary, firstly, to know the universe of affected populations, composed of urban, rural populations, coastal communities and indigenous people. Through the empirical work done in Brasilia / DF and Altamira / PA, it was possible to know and recognize the diversity of these populations and thus identify some important issues that were not subject to discussion with the government and the entrepreneur. It's what Boaventura de Sousa Santos (2006) calls invisibilities. Using the theoretical framework of South epistemologies (Santos, 2002) allowed the recognition of these invisibilities, allowed to see how changes in the environment and ways of life of the populations affected by Belo Monte affect the health and quality of life of that people. It is from this lens that is dedicated to looking at the health of the populations, and the questioning of this issue is carried out in this thesis having as protagonists the affected populations themselves. Thus it was identified as one of the relevant issues arising from the construction of the Belo Monte Hydroelectric Plant the relationship between the suffering experienced by the affected populations and the emergence of health problems. The diffuse suffering is a concept developed by Valla (2001) which will be discussed in this thesis since it is found as a result of Belo Monte. This is because it was not planned or discussed as a possibility, or the Environmental Impact Study (EIA), or in their respective Environmental Impact Report (RIMA). It was also not perceived as a worthy position of attention by the supervisory body responsible for the design of the licenses that allowed Belo Monte is built, the Ibama. Also, the relationship between suffering and health problems of the affected population was not the target of public policies in the field of public health. Thus, this work aims to contribute to the discussion on the health of populations affected by Belo Monte mega-project, from the recognition of the people affected as having relevant knowledge.
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) - Nº BEX 1749-13-7