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Journal articles on the topic 'Urban poor – Zimbabwe – Harare'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Musemwa, Muchaparara. "Urban Struggles over Water Scarcity in Harare." Daedalus 150, no. 4 (2021): 27–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_01871.

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Abstract This essay counters the growing tendency in current scholarship to attribute nearly all the enduring water scarcity problems to climate change. Focusing on Harare, Zimbabwe's capital city, this essay contends that recurrent water crises can only really be understood within the contentious, long, and complex history of water politics in the capital city from the colonial to the postcolonial period. Although the colonial and postcolonial states in Zimbabwe had very different ideological and racial policies, for various reasons, neither was willing nor able to provide adequate supplies of water to the urban poor even as water was abundant in the city's reservoirs. It posits that while the colonial government racialized access to water by restricting its use by urban Africans, the postcolonial government failed to change the colonial patterns of urban water distribution and did little to increase water supplies to keep pace with a swiftly growing urban population and a geographically expanding city.

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2

Nhapi, Innocent. "The water situation in Harare, Zimbabwe: a policy and management problem." Water Policy 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 221–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2009.018.

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Harare, the capital city of Zimbabwe, is facing water quantity and quality problems, with serious pollution of the downstream Lake Chivero. Often, these problems are attributed to rapid population growth, inadequate maintenance of wastewater treatment plants, expensive technologies and a poor institutional framework. Rampant urban agriculture could also result in washing off and leaching of nutrients. This paper brings out a number of issues related to sustainable water management in Harare. The study was based on key informant interviews, focus group discussions and a literature review. The results show that monitoring and enforcement of regulations in Harare is poor because of economic hardships and lack of political will to deal with offenders. Also, there is irregular collection of garbage, low fines owing to hyper-inflation and a general failure by the city to collect water and other charges from residents. The city has also failed to raise tariffs to economic levels owing to heavy lobbying by residents and interference by government. It was concluded that Harare cannot overcome its water-related problems under the current set-up. It is recommended that a corporatised body, free from political influence and with a higher degree of autonomy, be established to run the water services for Harare and the neighbouring towns. Such a body would need a sound and flexible system for setting tariffs and enacting/enforcing reasonable regulations.

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3

Masvaure, Steven. "Coping with food poverty in cities: The case of urban agriculture in Glen Norah Township in Harare." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 31, no. 3 (May 20, 2015): 202–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170515000101.

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AbstractThe focus of this study is on urban agriculture which is a common informal sector activity across most sub-Saharan African cities. Urban agriculture is more common among poor urban households, and acts as a poverty coping mechanism. Poor households often spend more than 60% of their income on food alone. The major thrust of this study was to understand the underlying mechanisms driving farming in cities. A mixed method research approach was adopted and data was collected from 103 households in Glen Norah Township in Harare, Zimbabwe through semi-structured interviews, questionnaires and observations. Arising from analysis of the data, the Urban Livelihoods Coping Model (ULCM) is proposed in order to explain the phenomenon of urban agriculture in African cities. This model acknowledges the fact that the socio-economic conditions and the socio-historical context of Zimbabwe and other African countries today is as a result of the influence of ‘Western leaning’ development policies influenced by modernization and associated theories. These theories combined with cultural factors and the impact of Structural Adjustment Policies resulted in the present situation where urban agriculture plays a critical role in the survival of the urban poor as a coping mechanism against food poverty. The ULCM ascribes the emergence of urban agriculture to necessity, ability and opportunity. The significance of this study is that it will contribute to understanding the socio-economic role of urban agriculture and how it can be factored into the urban planning systems of developing countries.

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4

Muchadenyika, Davison. "Slum upgrading and inclusive municipal governance in Harare, Zimbabwe: New perspectives for the urban poor." Habitat International 48 (August 2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.03.003.

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5

Shand, Wayne. "Making spaces for co-production: collaborative action for settlement upgrading in Harare, Zimbabwe." Environment and Urbanization 30, no. 2 (August 6, 2018): 519–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247818783962.

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To make co-production work as a strategy for urban development, and to establish a basis for collaborative action, states and organized communities must find a way to manage their unequal power relationship. Effective partnerships, constructed through projects of co-production, require participants to move beyond institutionally defined roles of service provider and service consumer to forge new terms for collaboration and spaces for joint decision-making. The processes of making space for co-production can be centrally important to establishing the legitimacy of development activity that includes the urban poor as stakeholders. Drawing from research undertaken in Harare, Zimbabwe, this paper examines how a memorandum of understanding was used to frame dialogue between community and state actors and facilitate co-production of housing and infrastructure in a low-income settlement.

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6

Musavengane, Regis, Pius Siakwah, and Llewellyn Leonard. "“Does the poor matter” in pro-poor driven sub-Saharan African cities? towards progressive and inclusive pro-poor tourism." International Journal of Tourism Cities 5, no. 3 (November 29, 2019): 392–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijtc-05-2019-0057.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to question the extent to which Sub-Saharan African cities are progressing towards promoting pro-poor economies through pro-poor tourism (PPT). It specifically examines how African cities are resilient towards attaining sustainable urban tourism destinations in light of high urbanization. Design/methodology/approach The methodological framework is interpretive in nature and qualitative in an operational form. It uses meta-synthesis to evaluate the causal relationships observed within Sub-Saharan African pro-poor economies to enhance PPT approaches, using Accra, Ghana, Johannesburg, South Africa, and Harare, Zimbabwe, as case studies. Findings Tourism development in Sub-Saharan Africa has been dominantly underpinned by neoliberal development strategies which threaten the sustainability of tourism in African cities. Research limitations/implications The study is limited to three Sub-Saharan African countries. Further studies may need to be done in other developing countries. Practical implications It argues for good governance through sustainability institutionalization which strengthens the regulative mechanisms, processes and organizational culture. Inclusive tourism approaches that are resilient-centered have the potential to promote urban tourism in Sub-Saharan African cities. These findings contribute to the building of strong and inclusive Institutions for Sustainable Development in the Sub-Saharan African cities to alleviate poverty. Social implications These findings contribute to the building of strong and inclusive institutions for sustainable development in the Sub-Saharan African cities to alleviate poverty. Originality/value The “poor” are always within the communities, and it takes a community to minimise the impact of poverty among the populace. The study is conducted at a pertinent time when most African government’s development policies are pro-poor driven. Though African cities provide opportunities of growth, they are regarded as centres of high inequality.

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7

Kasilo, Ossy M. J., Charles F. B. Nhachi, and Hatatu A. Achameley. "Nonprescription medication use in urban Harare, Zimbabwe." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 49, no. 6 (June 1, 1992): 1495–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/49.6.1495.

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8

Mbara, T. C., and D. A. C. Maunder. "Travel Characteristics of Urban Households in Harare, Zimbabwe." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 30, no. 8 (June 1997): 645–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)43894-8.

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9

BROADHEAD, JEREMY C., and MELANIE A. ABAS. "Life events, difficulties and depression among women in an urban setting in Zimbabwe." Psychological Medicine 28, no. 1 (January 1998): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291797005618.

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Background. A previous paper (Abas & Broadhead, 1997) reported that among 172 women randomly selected from a Zimbabwean township 30·8% had a depressive or anxiety disorder during the previous year. Compared with London, the higher annual prevalence of disorders in Harare could mostly be accounted for by an excess of onset cases in the study year (annual incidence of depression 18%). This paper reports on the role of life events and difficulties in the aetiology of depression among these women.Method. Randomly selected women (N=172) from a township in Harare were interviewed with a Zimbabwean modification of the Bedford College Life Events and Difficulties Schedule (LEDS).Results. Events and difficulties proved critical in provoking the onset of depression in Harare. Far more events occurring in Harare were severe or disruptive. Furthermore, a proportion of the Harare severe events were more threatening than have been described in London. As in London, certain types of severe event were particularly depressogenic, i.e. those involving the woman's humiliation, her entrapment in an ongoing difficult situation, or bereavement. However, more severe events in Harare involved these specific dimensions.Conclusions. Results indicate a common mechanism for the development of depression, as defined by international criteria, between Zimbabwe and London. The high frequency of severe events, and their especially adverse qualities, offer an explanation for the high incidence of depression in Harare.

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10

Kamusoko, Courage, Jonah Gamba, and Hitomi Murakami. "Monitoring Urban Spatial Growth in Harare Metropolitan Province, Zimbabwe." Advances in Remote Sensing 02, no. 04 (2013): 322–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ars.2013.24035.

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11

Nhidza, Godwell, Kudzaishe Mutsaka, Garikai Malunga, and Danai Tavonga Zhou. "Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Urban Harare, Zimbabwe." Open Public Health Journal 11, no. 1 (January 22, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944501811010001.

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Introduction:According to the WHO, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) means glucose intolerance with onset during pregnancy. Unfortunately, women affected by GDM could suffer from Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) later while babies born to mothers with GDM are at increased risk of being too large for gestational age. This cross-sectional study screened GDM in women attending Parirenyatwa Antenatal Clinic in urban Harare, Zimbabwe using 2006 WHO diagnostic criteria.Methodology:Urine samples were collected from all consenting pregnant women. If urinalysis indicated glycosuria and if a woman reported clinical symptoms of GDM, random blood sugar analysis was subsequently carried out. Those suspected of having GDM due to elevated glucose (n=17) were screened with glucose load challenge the following day, after collecting the sample for fasting blood sugar. Family history of diabetes was self-reported.Results:Women (N=150), between 24 – 28 weeks of gestation who consented were recruited. Participants had mean age 27.2(3.5) years and about half were gradiva 1. All participants reported no maternal history of T2DM, but reported other family history of T2DM. Out of the 150 recruited and 17 tested by OGTT, 10 (6.7%) tested positive for GDM.Conclusion:Prevalence of GDM is lower than two similar African studies but similar to one Indian study. Of note is the fact that variations in reported prevalence, in populations from different studies could be due to different diagnostic criteria used. Results need further enquiry on larger group of pregnant women using latest 2013 WHO criteria.

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12

Moyo, Ngonidzashe A. G., and Crispen Phiri. "The degradation of an urban stream in Harare, Zimbabwe." African Journal of Ecology 40, no. 4 (November 5, 2002): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2028.2002.00399.x.

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13

Chisita, Collence Takaingenhamo, and Madeleine Fombad. "Knowledge Management for Climate Change Adaptation to Enhance Urban Agriculture Among Selected Organisations in Zimbabwe." Journal of Information & Knowledge Management 19, no. 02 (May 21, 2020): 2050009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219649220500094.

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Just like any other country in the world, Zimbabwe is vulnerable to climate change because of its position in a semi-arid exposed temperature variations among other vulnerabilities. The paper draws on various definitions, studies, policies and frameworks for knowledge management as the basis for recommending knowledge management strategy for climate change adaptation to enhance urban farming in Harare. It seeks to build on the existing knowledge management strategies for climate change adaptation to enhance urban farming in Harare. Currently, knowledge management strategies for climate change adaptation among selected environmental organisations and libraries in Zimbabwe are not being leveraged to actualise national development goals, however this paper seeks to examine these strategies in order to support urban farming. A well-coordinated national knowledge management strategy for climate change adaptation can contribute towards sustainable urban farming. The paper seeks to recommend knowledge management strategy for climate change adaptation among urban farmers in Harare.

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14

Patel, Vikram, Charles Todd, Mark Winston, Essie Simunyu, Fungisai Gwanzura, Wilson Acuda, and Anthony Mann. "Outcome of common mental disorders in Harare, Zimbabwe." British Journal of Psychiatry 172, no. 1 (January 1998): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.172.1.53.

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BackgroundLittle is known about the outcome of common mental disorders (CMD) in primary care attenders in low income countries.MethodTwo and 12 month (T1 and T2) follow-up of a cohort of cases of CMD (n=199) recruited from primary health, traditional medical practitioner, and general practitioner clinics in Harare, Zimbabwe. The Shona Symptom Questionnaire (SSQ) was the measure of caseness.ResultsThe persistence of case level morbidity was recorded in 41% of subjects at 12 months. Of the 134 subjects interviewed at both follow-up points, 49% had recovered by T1 and remained well at T2 while 28% were persistent cases at both T1 and T2. Higher SSQ scores, a psychological illness model, bereavement and disability predicted a poor outcome at both times. Poorer outcome at T1 only was associated with a causal model of witch-craft and an unhappy childhood. Caseness at follow-up was associated with disability and economic deprivation.ConclusionsA quarter of cases of CMD were likely to be ill throughout the 12 month follow-up period. Targeting risk groups for poor outcome for interventions and policy interventions to reduce the impact of economic deprivation may provide a way of tackling CMD in primary care in low income countries.

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15

Kanji, Nazneen. "Gender, poverty and economic adjustment in Harare, Zimbabwe." Environment and Urbanization 7, no. 1 (April 1995): 37–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095624789500700110.

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16

Ndunguru, Michael Gregory, and Zvikomborero Hoko. "Assessment of water loss in Harare, Zimbabwe." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 6, no. 4 (September 28, 2016): 519–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2016.157.

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A major challenge facing water utilities is the high level of water losses, which affects the financial viability and adequacy of water in the system. A study was carried out from January to May 2012 to characterize water losses in selected areas of Harare, Zimbabwe. Assessment of the contribution of water leakage to total water loss was carried out through water audits in four selected suburbs. Minimum night flows were determined over a number of days, and the SANFLOW model was used to determine average real losses. The water loss expressed as a percentage of supply in the four suburbs ranged from 29 to 43%, and was above the level expected for well-performing utilities in developing countries of 23%. Leakage contributed most to the water loss (>70%). For the entire city, the study established that non-revenue water ranged from 43 to 74% over the period 2009–2011. The study concludes that water loss management in Harare is poor, and this is affecting the quality of service delivery. There is a need for Harare to take a more proactive approach to water loss management, including periodic water audits.

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17

Matamanda, Abraham R., Innocent Chirisa, Fortune Mangara, and Munyaradzi A. Dzvimbo. "The Ecological Politics Surrounding the Downsizing and Downgrading of Public Park: A Reflection on the History of Change of the Harare Gardens in Zimbabwe." Case Studies in the Environment 3, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cse.2019.001958.

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The study of protected area downgrading and downsizing (PADD) in Africa has largely been confined to rustic and nature reserves outside urban boundaries. This study addresses the gap in research practice and puts a focus on urban public parks, a reference to Harare Gardens, located within central Harare. The case study of this important park engaged the political ecology lenses as a basis for understanding the significance of public parks in urban environments. Operationalization of the study involved interviews with various stakeholders including the city officials and experts in urban planning and conservation, as well as observations and examination of published documents. Several lessons and observations are made. First, downsizing is mainly a result of increasing demand for urban land in Harare, which seems to be exhausted. Second, downscaling was explained through eco-development where the City of Harare sought to maximize on land-use. Third, the rationale for the PADD of Harare Gardens has been mainly for selfish reasons by individuals who manipulate the land market in Harare and subsequently benefit from the process. Fourth, politics takes a central role in influencing the occurrence of PADD in Zimbabwe that has been the case with Harare Gardens. Our findings suggest that the decision to downsize Harare Gardens was largely politically driven considering that such occurrences have been on-going in the city and led to the downsizing and downgrading of other protected areas such as wetlands.

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18

Rakodi, Carole. "Housing Production and Housing Policy in Harare, Zimbabwe." Journal of Urban Affairs 12, no. 2 (June 1990): 135–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.1990.tb00209.x.

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19

Manjengwa, Jeanette, Collen Matema, and Doreen Tirivanhu. "Understanding urban poverty in two high-density suburbs of Harare, Zimbabwe." Development Southern Africa 33, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0376835x.2015.1116376.

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20

Chamlee‐Wright, Emily. "Savings and Accumulation Strategies of Urban Market Women in Harare, Zimbabwe." Economic Development and Cultural Change 50, no. 4 (July 2002): 979–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/343134.

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21

Rogerson, Chris. "Urban management in a socialist transition: The case of Harare, Zimbabwe." Journal of Contemporary African Studies 8, no. 1 (January 1989): 55–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02589008908737483.

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22

Rogerson, Chris. "Urban management in a socialist transition: The case of Harare, Zimbabwe." Journal of Contemporary African Studies 9, no. 2 (January 1990): 55–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02589009008729491.

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23

Mandishona, Emmah, and Jasper Knight. "Users’ perceptions and understanding of two urban wetlands in Harare, Zimbabwe." South African Geographical Journal 101, no. 3 (June 6, 2019): 326–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2019.1626759.

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24

Rogerson, Christian M. "Responding to Informality in Urban Africa: Street Trading in Harare, Zimbabwe." Urban Forum 27, no. 2 (February 4, 2016): 229–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12132-016-9273-0.

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25

Tawodzera, Godfrey. "Vulnerability in crisis: urban household food insecurity in Epworth, Harare, Zimbabwe." Food Security 3, no. 4 (November 17, 2011): 503–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-011-0152-1.

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26

Chiweshe and Mahiya. "Corruption and the Morality of Everyday Life in Urban Harare, Zimbabwe." Africa Today 68, no. 1 (2021): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/africatoday.68.1.04.

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27

Chirisa, Innocent, Elmond Bandauko, and Nyasha Takawira Mutsindikwa. "Distributive politics at play in Harare, Zimbabwe: case for housing cooperatives." Bandung: Journal of the Global South 2, no. 1 (August 7, 2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40728-015-0015-9.

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This paper is a case in distributive politics (and hinges on land-based power dynamics) arguing that in the absence of state capacity to provide for housing, housing cooperatives have emerged and controlled largely by patronage. In this case, there is exclusion of those individuals, households and families not politically connected; and this has deep and undesired consequences in the management of urban areas in the end. In the Greater Harare urban (and peri-urban) landscape, the housing cooperatives have the power to control their members with respect to the contributions that each member can make in terms of finance and sweat equity (labor). Nevertheless, land as a resource remains a prerogative of the state, which the ZANU PF regime has controlled for a span of more than 30 years now. Housing cooperatives in Harare, as elsewhere in the country, try to identify with ZANU PF as a party identifying with conservativism enshrined in the existing laws (albeit the New Constitution that came about in 2013) and a party advocating for equity in the distribution of the land. Cooperatives have become a tool in which ZANU PF has re-asserted its influence and hegemony.

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28

Matamanda, Abraham R., and Queen L. Chinozvina. "Driving Forces of Citizen Participation in Urban Development Practice in Harare, Zimbabwe." Land Use Policy 99 (December 2020): 105090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105090.

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29

Wekwete, Kadmiel. "Urban local government finance in Zimbabwe: The case of Harare City Council." Public Administration and Development 12, no. 1 (February 1992): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pad.4230120108.

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30

Mhindu, Rangarirayi L., Menas Wuta, and Esther Ngorima. "Composting of selected organic wastes from peri-urban areas of Harare, Zimbabwe." International Journal Of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture 2, no. 1 (2013): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2251-7715-2-14.

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31

Bobo, Tinashe, Tendai P. Mudombi, and Edith Gopo. "Unlocking Urban Tourism Through City Branding." International Journal of Urban Planning and Smart Cities 2, no. 1 (January 2021): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijupsc.2021010104.

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This article discusses the concept of city branding and how it can unlock urban tourism in urban areas of the developing world. City branding has emerged as a sophisticated tool for cities to (re)assert themselves in a global economic market. Cities are concerned with establishing their own images in order to attract tourists, investors, business people, students, and skilled personnel. This study focuses on Harare in Zimbabwe which is currently in the middle of preparing a city master plan to guide development for the next 15-20 years. Harare is strategically positioned as far as the country's open for business mantra is perceived. However, Harare's brand, the ‘Sunshine City', has lost its sparkle due to a plethora of urban planning challenges. The study was based on a wide desk study and content analysis. The research highlighted gaps in city branding practices in which history, modernity, and planning are lacking. Hence, urban planning practices such as master planning may help cities (re)assert themselves in the global cities economic and tourist networks.

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Mudimu, Godfrey D. "URBAN AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES AND WOMEN'S STRATEGIES IN SUSTAINING FAMILY LIVELIHOODS IN HARARE, ZIMBABWE." Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 17, no. 2 (December 1996): 179–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9493.1996.tb00092.x.

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33

Mabika, Henry. "District Administrators In Urban Areas: Challenges And Success: Case Of Harare Central District .Zimbabwe." IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 22, no. 01 (January 2017): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0837-2201064047.

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34

Mutswanga, Phillipa. "Speechreading Experiences of Children who are d/Deaf: A case of Harare Urban, Zimbabwe." Greener Journal of Education and Training Studies 2, no. 2 (May 20, 2014): 038–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15580/gjets.2014.2.041414184.

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35

Nhapi, Innocent, and Zvikomborero Hoko. "A cleaner production approach to urban water management: potential for application in Harare, Zimbabwe." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 29, no. 15-18 (January 2004): 1281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2004.09.032.

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36

Chipambwa, Walter, Lucia Sithole, and Denford F. Chisosa. "Consumer perceptions towards second-hand undergarments in Zimbabwe: a case of Harare urban dwellers." International Journal of Fashion Design, Technology and Education 9, no. 3 (February 24, 2016): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17543266.2016.1151555.

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37

Chako, Kurai Z., Heather Phillipo, Erisi Mafuratidze, and Danai Tavonga Zhou. "Significant Differences in the Prevalence of Elevated HbA1c Levels for Type I and Type II Diabetics Attending the Parirenyatwa Diabetic Clinic in Harare, Zimbabwe." Chinese Journal of Biology 2014 (January 23, 2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/672980.

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Diabetics have chronically elevated glucose levels. High levels of glucose result in nonenzymatic formation of glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Therefore, elevated HbA1c is a good indicator of poorly controlled diabetes. We used the standard HbA1c method to determine glycemic control in diabetics attending a public health facility in Harare, Zimbabwe. Our study sought to assess the prevalence of elevated HbA1c amongst treated diabetics and compare the HbA1c levels by type of diabetes. The cross-sectional study was carried out at one of the main public health centres in Zimbabwe: the Parirenyatwa Group of Hospitals in Harare. Type I and type II diabetics were recruited and had their blood HbA1c levels measured. The standard one tailed proportion z test was used to test the hypothesis at 5% significance level. Combined prevalence of type I and type II diabetics with elevated HbA1c was 27%. There was no significant difference in levels of HbA1c by age and sex. Over half (54%) of Type I diabetics had elevated HbA1c, suggesting poor glycemic control. In contrast only 24% of the Type II diabetics studied had elevated HbA1c. The difference in proportion of Type I and Type II diabetics with elevated HbA1c suggestive of poor glycemic control was significant (P=0.0067).

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38

Njaya, Tavonga. "Coping With Informality and Illegality: The Case of Street Entrepreneurs of Harare Metropolitan, Zimbabwe." Asian Journal of Economic Modelling 2, no. 2 (June 20, 2014): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.8.2014.22.93.102.

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The study sought to examine how street vendors were coping with informality and illegality in metropolitan Harare. Data collection techniques included in-depth personal interviews, direct observations and documentary reviews. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-economic and technical data pertaining to street vending and the resistance strategies adopted by the vendors. The study showed that despite numerous constraints placed on various groups of street traders, these groups had actually developed survival and resistance strategies that enabled them to maintain their livelihoods from public urban space. These strategies included “soft” forms of resistance; small-scale individual and group actions; subtle and innovative arrangements and even open protest and direct confrontation with the authorities. This was because for many street vendors, the street provided them with an honourable and respectable means of livelihoods. The study recommended that the government should recognise street industry through registration and introduction of a code of practice for street vendors. Over time a legal instrument should be introduced to regulate the operations of street traders. However, as a first step towards recognition, street vendors should constitute themselves into well organised associations that could become a forum of negotiations with the City of Harare. Future research should focus on quantifying the number of street vendors in Harare and their economic benefits.

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39

Matamanda, Abraham R. "Living in an Emerging Settlement: the Story of Hopley Farm Settlement, Harare Zimbabwe." Urban Forum 31, no. 4 (June 20, 2020): 473–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12132-020-09394-5.

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40

ABAS, MELANIE A., and JEREMY C. BROADHEAD. "Depression and anxiety among women in an urban setting in Zimbabwe." Psychological Medicine 27, no. 1 (January 1997): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291796004163.

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One hundred and seventy-two women randomly selected from a Zimbabwean township were interviewed with a Shona screen for mental disorders and a semi-structured interview to assess symptoms suggestive of emotional distress, followed by the Present State Examination. Using criteria slightly stricter than threshold level 5 of the PSE-CATEGO-ID system, 30·8% of women had a depressive or anxiety disorder during the previous year. Nearly all disorders met Bedford College criteria for depression; 65% of these also had anxiety features. Only 0·6% of women had a ‘pure’ anxiety disorder not preceded by or associated with depression in the study year. Compared with London, the higher annual prevalence of disorders in Harare could mostly be accounted for by an excess of onset cases in the study year, 70% of which made a full or partial recovery within 12 months. The women's own words for these episodes included ‘thinking too much’, ‘deep sadness’ and a variety of terms describing heart discomfort, interpretation showing many of the latter to be expressions for grief, fear, or the possession of an insoluble problem, and 73% explained their symptoms as caused by a specific social stressor.

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Kamete, Amin Y. "The quest for affordable urban housing: A study of approaches and results in Harare, Zimbabwe." Development Southern Africa 18, no. 1 (March 2001): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03768350120045303.

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Nhapi, I., H. J. Gijzen, and M. A. Siebel. "A conceptual framework for the sustainable management of wastewater in Harare, Zimbabwe." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 7-8 (April 1, 2003): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0665.

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The aim of this study was to formulate an integrated wastewater management model for Harare, Zimbabwe, based on current thinking. This implies that wastewater is treated/disposed of as close to the source of generation as possible. Resource recovery and reuse in a local thriving urban agriculture are integrated into this model. Intervention strategies were considered for controlling water, nitrogen and phosphorus flows to the lake. In the formulation of strategies, Harare was divided into five major operational areas of high-, medium-, and low-density residential areas, and also commercial and industrial areas. Specific options were then considered to suit landuse, development constraints and socio-economic status for each area, within the overall criteria of limiting nutrient inflows into the downstream Lake Chivero. Flexible and differential solutions were developed in relation to built environment, population density, composition of users, ownership, future environmental demands, and technical, environmental, hygienic, social and organisational factors. Options considered include source control by the users (residents, industries, etc.), using various strategies like implementation of toilets with source separation, and natural methods of wastewater treatment. Other possible strategies are invoking better behaviour through fees and information, incentives for cleaner production, and user responsibility through education, legislative changes and stricter controls over industry.

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Marondedze, Andrew K., and Brigitta Schütt. "Dynamics of Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Harare, Zimbabwe: A Case Study on the Linkage between Drivers and the Axis of Urban Expansion." Land 8, no. 10 (October 19, 2019): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8100155.

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With increasing population growth, the Harare Metropolitan Province has experienced accelerated land use and land cover (LULC) changes, influencing the city’s growth. This study aims to assess spatiotemporal urban LULC changes, the axis, and patterns of growth as well as drivers influencing urban growth over the past three decades in the Harare Metropolitan Province. The analysis was based on remotely sensed Landsat Thematic Mapper and Operational Land Imager data from 1984–2018, GIS application, and binary logistic regression. Supervised image classification using support vector machines was performed on Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI data combined with the soil adjusted vegetation index, enhanced built-up and bareness index and modified difference water index. Statistical modelling was performed using binary logistic regression to identify the influence of the slope and the distance proximity characters as independent variables on urban growth. The overall mapping accuracy for all time periods was over 85%. Built-up areas extended from 279.5 km2 (1984) to 445 km2 (2018) with high-density residential areas growing dramatically from 51.2 km2 (1984) to 218.4 km2 (2018). The results suggest that urban growth was influenced mainly by the presence and density of road networks.

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Mudzengi, Boycen Kumira. "The spatial distribution of soil lead pollution in the Middle Mukuvisi Catchment, Harare, Zimbabwe." Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences 5, no. 9 (2018): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21472/bjbs.050905.

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This research determined the spatial variation in soil lead pollution in the Middle Mukuvisi Catchment in Harare. Lead is one of the commonest urban pollutants and it induces negative effects on biophysical resources and humans. Part of the study area has been target of landfill programmes dating back to the 1950s. It is also subjected to industrial discharges from the Graniteside and Masasa Industrial Areas. The study catchment was stratified into two strata namely: Strata A (8 x 105 m2) and Strata B (10 x 105 m2) upstream and downstream with respect of the centre of the landfilled area respectively. These strata were digitized in Arc View Geographic Information System (GIS). Stratification enabled the testing of differences in soil lead pollution levels in the two study strata. Thirty soil samples were then collected from random points in the study area for laboratory chemical analysis. Fifteen points were randomly selected for each stratum. The results showed that soil lead concentration varies spatially in the study catchment. In comparison the strata upstream has lower average soil lead concentration than strata downstream with respect to the centre of the landfilled area. However, the difference in soil lead concentration between the two strata is not significant (p > 0.05). This can be explained by introduction of lead into the study catchment by other sources of pollution upstream such as Masasa Industrial Area. The other sources of lead into the study strata besides landfill leachate can be leakages from fuel stations and leaded fuel spillages from vehicles. It is anticipated further research in this area will contribute to the sustainable utilization of urban river catchments, especially where they are used for dumping wastes.

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Mudyazhezha, Simbarashe, and Beavan Ngoshi. "Bioassessment of Water Quality of an Urban Stream: A Case Study of Marlborough Stream, Harare, Zimbabwe." Aquatic Biology Research 2, no. 2 (2014): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.12966/abr.05.03.2014.

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Mushore, Terence Darlington, John Odindi, Timothy Dube, and Onisimo Mutanga. "Prediction of future urban surface temperatures using medium resolution satellite data in Harare metropolitan city, Zimbabwe." Building and Environment 122 (September 2017): 397–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.06.033.

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Bassett, Mary Travis, William C. McFarland, Sunanda Ray, Michael T. Mbizvo, Rhoderick Machekano, Janneke H. H. M. van de Wijgert, and David A. Katzenstein. "Risk Factors for HIV Infection at Enrollment in an Urban Male Factory Cohort in Harare, Zimbabwe." Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology 13, no. 3 (November 1996): 287–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042560-199611010-00012.

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Sibanda, G., D. Musademba, H. C. Chihobo, and L. Zanamwe. "A Feasibility Study of Biogas Technology to Solving Peri-urban Sanitation Problems in Developing Countries. A Case for Harare, Zimbabwe." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 2, no. 2 (June 17, 2013): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2.2.97-104.

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This study investigated the feasibility of converting organic waste into energy using biogas technology to address sanitation problems in peri-urban suburbs of Harare, Zimbabwe.These suburbs with an estimated population of 156.975 are unique in that they are not connected to the Harare main water sewer system. A baseline survey was conducted to determine the quantity of biodegradable human and kitchen waste (N=60). Biodigester sizing and costing was done for various scenarios mainly household standalone, single centralised suburb and combined suburbs centralised biogas models. In addition potential biogas conversion to electricity was done for single centralised suburb and combined suburbs centralised biogas models. This was followed by a cost benefit analysis of employing combined suburbs biogas technology. A combined suburbs centralised biogas model was found to be the most feasible scenario producing 7378 m3 of biogas per day with electricity production capacity of 384 kW .There was a potential of wood savings of 6129 tonnes/year, paraffin savings of 2.556 tonnes/year and greenhouse benefits of 980 tonnes of CO2 equivalent emissions/ year and which would attract U$2940 from carbon credits sales per year. The study recommended the adoption of the biogas technology because of its potential toaddress both economic and sanitation challenges being faced by local authorities in developing countries particularly, improved hygienic conditions, energy supply chronic epidemics and sewerreticulation.

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Mureva, A., T. Nyamugure, C. Masona, SM Mudyiwa, P. Makumbe, M. Muringayi, and G. Nyamadzawo. "Community perceptions towards the establishment of an urban forest plantation: a case of Dzivaresekwa, Zimbabwe." International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 4, no. 1 (November 27, 2014): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v4i1.20973.

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The health of urban forest communities not only depend on the government and nongovernmental organizations, but also strongly rely on local community stewardship. A study was carried out to assess community perceptions on the establishment of an urban forest plantation among urban residents in Dzivaresekwa, an urban area in Harare. Randomized systematic sampling was used to select 150 households and one resident per household was interviewed using a pretested questionnaire with both closed and open-ended questions. The objectives of the study were to determine how age and gender and employment status variables, were related to the urban residents perceptions towards establishment of a forest plantation in an urban area. Most females (58.3%) viewed the plantation as a threat while most men (51.7%) viewed the plantation as a recreational area. The highest proportion (61.9%) of the middle age group (21-40 years) perceived the plantation as a source of employment. There was a statistically significant relationship (p = 0.040) between gender and the general perception of establishing a forest plantation in the urban area. However, there was no statistically significant relationship (p = 0.203) between age groups and the perception of establishing a forest plantation in the urban area. It is concluded that the community had diverse perceptions on urban community forestry. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v4i1.20973 Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 4 (1): 16-23, June, 2014

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Manzungu, Emmanuel, and Collin Mabiza. "Status of water governance in urban areas in Zimbabwe: some preliminary observations from the city of Harare." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 29, no. 15-18 (January 2004): 1167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2004.09.003.

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