Relevant bibliographies by topics / Urban rain water tanks

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Urban rain water tanks'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 19 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Urban rain water tanks"

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Coombes, P. J., and M. E. Barry. "The effect of selection of time steps and average assumptions on the continuous simulation of rainwater harvesting strategies." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 4 (February 1, 2007): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.102.

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The use of domestic rainwater tanks with back up from mains water supplies in urban areas can produce considerable reductions in mains water demands and stormwater runoff. It is commonplace to analyse the performance of rainwater tanks using continuous simulation with daily time steps and average water use assumptions. This paper compares this simplistic analysis to more detailed analysis that employs 6 minute time steps and climate dependent water demand. The use of daily time steps produced considerable under-estimation of annual rainwater yields that were dependent on tank size, rain depth, seasonal distribution of rainfall, water demand and tank configuration. It is shown that analysis of the performance of rainwater tanks is critically dependent on detailed inputs.
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Kus, B., J. Kandasamy, S. Vigneswaran, and H. K. Shon. "Analysis of first flush to improve the water quality in rainwater tanks." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 2 (January 1, 2010): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.823.

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Although most Australians receive their domestic supply from reticulated mains or town water, there are vast areas with very low population densities and few reticulated supplies. In many of these areas rainwater collected in tanks is the primary source of drinking water. Heavy metals have recently become a concern as their concentration in rain water tanks was found to exceed recommended levels suitable for human consumption. Rainwater storage tanks also accumulate contaminants and sediments that settle to the bottom. Although not widely acknowledged, small amounts of contaminants such as lead found in rain water (used as drinking water) may have a cumulative and poisonous effect on human health over a life time. This is true for certain factors that underlie many of the chronic illnesses that are becoming increasingly common in contemporary society. The paper reports on a study which is part of a project that aims to develop a cost effective in-line filtration system to improve water quality in rainwater tanks. To enable this, the characteristics of rainwater need to be known. One component of this characterization is to observe the effects of the first flush on a rainwater tank. Samples of the roof runoff collected from an urban residential roof located in the Sydney Metropolitan Area in the initial first few millimetres of rain were analysed. The results show that bypassing the first 2 mm of rainfall gives water with most water quality parameters compliant with the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (ADWG) standards. The parameters that did not comply were lead and turbidity, which required bypassing approximately the first 5 mm of rainfall to meet ADWG standards. Molecular weight distribution (MWD) analysis showed that the concentration of rainwater organic matter (RWOM) decreased with increasing amount of roof runoff.
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Lu, Yunan, Jinli Xie, Cheng Yang, and Yinghong Qin. "Control of Runoff Peak Flow for Urban Flooding Mitigation." Water 13, no. 13 (June 29, 2021): 1796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13131796.

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Urban flooding has become a serious but not well-resolved problem during the last decades. Traditional mainstream facilities, such as vegetated roofs, permeable pavements, and others, are effective to eliminate urban flooding only in case of small rains because the water-retaining and detaining capacities of these traditional facilities are limited. Here, we propose a new buffer tank buried in soil to deal with rainwater onsite as peak-flow control for urban flooding mitigation. Experiments showed that the buffer tank intercepts the surface runoff and discharges the intercepted water through a designed outlet orifice. By properly setting the cross-sectional area of the orifice, the tank extends the drainage duration several times longer than that of the rainfall duration. It is found that the buffer tank attenuates the peak flow greater at heavier rain. At small rain (<2.5 mm), the tank is always unfilled, preserving storage spaces for detaining rainwater in case of heavy rain. The buffer tank is thus greatly helpful to mitigate the flooding problem, avoiding being saturated by small long-lasting rain.
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Krejci, Vladimir. "Integrated approach to the point-non point-pollution abatement in urban drainage." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 4-5 (February 1, 1996): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0481.

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An area in Switzerland of 260 km2 with 230 000 inhabitants was analysed for the feasibility of combined sewage overflow (CSO) tanks to reduce the pollution in receiving waters during rain events. The case study demonstrates the consideration of the point and of the non point pollution with respect to choice and application of water pollution control measures in urban drainage. For example, measures which reduce pollutant sources (e.g. substitution of phosphorus in detergents) or reduce surface runoff (e.g. dispersed retention or infiltration of rainfall runoff) are more efficient than a strategy of uniform and area wide application of CSO tanks. The new Swiss guideline for Integrated Urban Drainage Master Planning (IUDMP) introduces a radical changes in the scope and in the procedures of planning process. This guideline defines the urban drainage system as one single system, consisting of urban area, soil and ground water system, drainage network, waste water treatment plant and receiving waters. The consideration of comprehensive urban drainage system allows the choice of site-specific and problem-related measures.
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Starzec, Mariusz, Józef Dziopak, Daniel Słyś, Kamil Pochwat, and Sabina Kordana. "Dimensioning of Required Volumes of Interconnected Detention Tanks Taking into Account the Direction and Speed of Rain Movement." Water 10, no. 12 (December 11, 2018): 1826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10121826.

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This article is aimed at defining the impact of the direction and velocity of waves of rainfall as they pass over interconnected stormwater detention tank systems. The simulations were conducted for a real urban catchment area as part of the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) 5.1 programme. The results permit us to conclude that the direction and velocity of a moving wave of rainfall have a significant influence on the required volumes of interconnected stormwater detention tank systems. By comparing the modelling test results for stationary rainfall and rainfall moving over the urban catchment area, it has been demonstrated that differences in the required volume of the detention tank located at the terminal section of a stormwater drainage system are inversely proportional to the adopted value of the diameter of the outfall channel for upstream storage reservoirs. In extreme cases, the differences may be up to several dozen percentage points. Furthermore, it has been proven that the arrangement of the stormwater detention tanks in relation to one another and the adopted diameter of the outfall channel are key factors in identifying the degree to which the detention tanks are hydraulically dependent on one another.
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Hlushchenko, Roman O., Tetiana M. Tkachenko, and Viktor O. Mileikovskyi. "Efective drainage of rainwater from roads by rain garden-strips in the concept of the city-sponge." Environmental safety and natural resources 40, no. 4 (December 24, 2021): 46–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2411-4049.2021.4.46-59.

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Today there is a problem of flooding of urban areas with rainwater and their slow drainage to rainwater sewage and further to the distribution collectors. There are several ways to ensure the resilience of urban areas to heavy rains and downpours. One of the current methods is "green" roofs (horizontal or sloping) ith green plantings, which is capable to absorb water. A certain amount of water is absorbed by the plants, its certain amount remains in the substratum, and the rest is filtered by several layers of the structure under the plants, which throttles the movement of it to the storm-water sewage. The second method is to collect rainwater in special storage tanks, which are located on the roof or near to the building or in the soil structure in the yard. The accumulated water is used for household needs: watering lawns, washing, flushing toilets, washing floors, cleaning pavements, etc. The third method is to absorb water and drain it by natural biological terrestrial sponge facilities: permeable surfaces, sloping terrain, natural vegetation, green structures, rain gardens, etc. These correspond to the modern concept of "sponge city". The authors propose a method of rapid drainage of rainwater using special "green structures" – rain-garden bands along the roadways. The ability to capture water by rain-garden bands has been confirmed on the example of most of the regional centres of Ukraine in case of the strongest observed precipitation. Such rapid drainage becomes especially important in the transition from cities for cars to cities for bicycles. This increases the requirements to avoid slippery roads for increasing the stability of these vehicles. In addition, the proposed rain gardens with shrubs can perform safe protective functions by extinguishing the kinetic energy of bouncing cars during a road accident.
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Zug, M., D. Faure, B. De Belly, and L. Phan. "Use of real time control modelling on the urban sewage system of Nancy." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 2-3 (July 1, 2001): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0778.

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Since 1991, European Legislation on the urban treatment of wastewater requires local authorities to take into account the treatment of polluted water transported by the sewerage system and this during dry and wet weather conditions. In the seventies, the urban Community of Grand Nancy constructed storage tanks in its sewerage system in order to prevent flooding and wish today to use them to reduce and control the pollution discharges into the receiving water. This action is a part of a European LIFE project 1996-2000. The main aim of this project was to assess the effectiveness of reducing pollution of one particular retention basin, the 12,000 m3 Gentilly tank. This one has two operating modes: protection against floods during heavy rain and reduction of pollutant overflows during lighter rain. To assess its effect on the pollutant discharge, the HYDROWORKS DM(tm) software and its Real Time Control Module have been used, calibrated and validated. As this study is still in progress, this paper describes the studied site and the modelling results under different weather conditions and shows that the mathematical model can be used to simulate the operation of the catchment area and its associated sewerage system realistically.
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Thomas, K., E. McBean, and H. M. Murphy. "Drinking water quality for peri-urban residents in Phnom Penh, Cambodia." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, no. 4 (June 8, 2013): 512–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.126.

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Piped distribution systems are limited to major urban centres in Cambodia, leaving the residents of peri-urban communities to rely on a variety of surface, rain and groundwater sources for their drinking water supplies. This paper examines microbial water quality results from two of Phnom Penh's peri-urban communities, and describes relationships between water source and treatment type, study site and storage vessel, relative to water quality guidelines. Treating water by boiling was a common practice, although the majority of residents indicated using boiling times far greater than required, which may impact adoption rates. A statistical difference is described between boiled water by source type, with boiled shallow well water having elevated E. coli levels. The only household drinking water type that met WHO guidelines most of the time was boiled rain or tank (vendor) water (56%); boiled rain or tank (vendor) water stored in a kettle, bucket/cooler or bucket with spigot met guideline values 69, 43 and 60% of the time, respectively. The highest quality water is from boiled rain or tank (vendor) water taken directly from a kettle. The findings described provide some insight on how to prioritize water options for various uses.
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Nowogoński, Ireneusz. "LOW IMPACT DEVELOPMENT MODELING TO MANAGE URBAN STORMWATER RUNOFF: CASE STUDY OF GORZÓW WIELKOPOLSK." Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 28, no. 3 (May 25, 2020): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2020.12670.

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Uncontrolled urbanization causes local flooding and deterioration of the water quality of receivers as a result of an increase in peak flow rate and increased washing out of contaminants from the catchment area. Currently, classic storage tanks are most often used. An alternative solution may be the use of Low Impact Development (LID), i.e. the preservation and restoration of natural landscape elements, minimizing the imperviousness of the catchment in the form of rain barrels, permeable walkways or bio-retention reservoirs. The comparison of both techniques was carried out using the Environmental Protection Agency Storm Water Management Model (EPA SWMM). The influence of several solutions on a selected urbanized catchment located in Gorzów Wielkopolski was tested.
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Kus, B., Jaya Kandasamy, S. Vigneswaran, H. K. Shon, and G. Moody. "Gravity driven membrane filtration system to improve the water quality in rainwater tanks." Water Supply 13, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 479–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.046.

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The characterisation of rainwater in metropolitan Sydney and in rural New South Wales was undertaken. The results showed that factors such as the lack of vehicular traffic, air pollution and urban contamination meant that rural rainwater water quality was better. The rain water collected in both metropolitan and rural areas generally complied with the 2004 Australian Drinking Water Guidelines except for parameters such as the pH in both the metropolitan and rural rainwater tanks and the turbidity, and lead levels from the metropolitan tanks. This paper also reports the results of a laboratory and a pilot scale study with a deep bed filter (granular activated carbon, GAC) and microfiltration (MF) hollow fibre membrane filter system used to treat raw rainwater collected from a metropolitan rainwater tank. The results of the laboratory experiment and pilot scale systems focus on the non-compliant parameters of the sampling program, i.e. turbidity, lead and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). It was found that rainwater treated by the GAC filter removed the majority of the turbidity and organic substances. The treatment system reduced the concentration of turbidity, lead and DOC to below the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines limits. The pilot plant experiment demonstrated that a GAC filter system and gravity driven membrane could result in low cost and low maintenance operation.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Urban rain water tanks"

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Strand, Anders. "Urban Rain Water Harvesting and Water Management in Sri Lanka." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-20589.

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Denna fältstudie kommer att undersöka betydelsen av regnvattenanvändning som vattenförsörjnings alternativ. Hur kan hållbara innovativa lösningar tas fram för att lösa vattenförsörjningen på Sri Lanka? Efter lidandet av mer än 30 års inbördeskrig och efter de omfattande skadorna från tsunamin 2004, står nu Sri Lanka inför många utmaningar rörande landets återuppbyggnad. Tillgången till vatten är den viktigaste grundläggande förutsättningen för ett fungerande samhälle. I landets torra zon är det långa perioder av torka då vattenkällor sinar och inget naturligt vatten finns att tillgå. Detta trots att det under monsunen kommer tillräckligt med regn för att täcka vattenbehovet om det skulle samlas på ett optimalt sätt. Avrinningskoefficienten är här mer än 60% outnyttjat regnvatten. I ett flertal lyckade projekt har man samlat regnvatten i RWH system för senare användning. Människor i dessa områden saknar kranvatten eftersom detta område ej är täckt av vattenförsörjningsnätet. Detta gör att dessa människor har en positiv inställning till att ha RWH system..I den våta zonen, och då speciellt i Colombos stadsmiljö som denna studie handlar om, är situationen annorlunda. Här har de flesta invånare kranvatten. Det kommunala kranvattnet är högt subventionerat av regeringen vilket gör att kostnaden är låg för användarna samt ökar vattenkonsumtionen. Invånarna känner inget ansvar för vattenresurserna eftersom den gemena uppfattningen är att det är en evig källa. Majoriteten av hushållen ser inget skäl till att installera RWH på grund av den låga lönsamheten. Trots att det finns ett förordnande att det ska ingå ett RWH system, så följs inte detta. Saknande av uppföljningsplikt anges som orsak av vatten styrelsen. Kostnaden för att behandla och leverera vatten till invånarna är väldigt hög och är mycket energi krävande. Det finns ett behov av enorma investeringar för att rusta upp och bygga ut både vattenverken och vattennätet för att klara av att möta det växande invånarantalet i Colombo området. Ett annat problem är att 40% av hushållen i Colombo saknar avloppsanslutning. De leder sitt avloppsvatten direkt eller efter en septi-tank ut i jorden eller havet.Om medvetenheten kring dessa frågor ökar, samt att förhållandet mellan kranvattnets kostnad och RWH justeras med ändringar i subventionerna, kunde en hållbar lösning på vattensituationen med såväl ekonomiska som miljövinster ske.Resultatet av denna studie är att RWH får ses som ett komplement när det gäller vattenförsörjningen för hushållens del. Fokus bör istället ligga på industrier, sjukhus, skolor, kommunala byggnader och andra byggnader med stora vattenbehov och med de största möjligheterna att uppnå optimalt resultat.Studien visar också på en hållbar lösning på avloppshanteringen. Den visar DWWT och dess fördelar.
The field study will investigate the importance of Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) as a water supply option. How can sustainable innovative solutions be developed to solve the water problem of Sri Lanka? Suffering from more than 30 years of civil war and damages after being struck by the tsunami 2004, Sri Lanka faces many challenges to recover and rebuilt the country. The access to water is the most important need for a civilization´s existence. In the dry zones of the island people suffer from long drought periods with dried up wells and no natural sources for water. However the rainfall during the monsoon, even in these areas, is more than enough to provide the water needs if properly collected, thus the run-off coefficient is more than 60%. Several projects with rain water harvesting in so called RWH systems have been implemented with success. Because these areas are not covered by the water supply net and therefore have no tap water, the people are very positive to having the RWH system. In the wet zones and especially in the urban environment of Colombo the situation is different. Here most of the people have treated pipe-borne tap water. The metered tap water is highly subsidized by the government which makes the cost low for the users and increases the water consumption. The citizens do not feel a responsibility to be careful with resources since the common opinion is that water is a never ending source. The majority of the households find no reasons for installing a RWH system because it´s low economic profits. Even if there is a legislation that demands all new buildings should have a RWH system not many households have installed these systems. However the cost to deliver and treat this water is very expensive for the government and demands a lot of energy. Huge investments need to be done in both the treatment plants and the pipe-line net to meet the growing population in Colombo area. Another problem is that 40% of the households today in Colombo have no sewage connection but lead their wastewater directly or after a septic tank into the ground or the sea. If the awareness regarding these concerns could be improved and the conditions between tap water costs and RWH be adjusted with changes in the subsidized system, a sustainable solution to the water situation in Colombo with both economic and environmental benefits could be found. The result from the case study is a recommendation about installing RWH as a complimentary source of water for the households. And investments in RWH systems should be focused to industries, hospitals, schools, municipal buildings and other public buildings with a high water demand and with the best possibilities for optimal results. Further the case study treats a sustainable solution to the sewage situation. It shows the Decentralized waste water treatment plant (DWWT) and its advantages.
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Shrestha, Manish M. "Feasibility of Satellite Water Tanks for Urban Areas in Developing Countries." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1353342510.

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Anh, Pham Nguyet. "Study on household wastewater characterization and septic tanks' function in urban areas of Vietnam." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/192229.

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Eger, Caitlin Genet. "Nutrient Retention in Roadside Retrofit Rain Gardens." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1343837490.

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Owen, Polly C. "The effects of rainfall runoff from urban and rural watersheds on trihalomethane precursors in streams." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06302009-040240/.

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Martins, Paulo Alexandre Gouveia. "Manejo de águas pluviais urbanas: a dimensão social de uma questão ambiental na cidade de São Paulo." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2013. http://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/2406.

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The capitalist city summarizes, in the heterogeneity of its localities, the processes of social inequalities and issues like access to built environments, the economical situation of its population, as well as the effects of the ongoing public policies. The city of Sao Paulo, a metropolis of global characteristics, has developed serious social debts throughout its history. During the raining season, Sao Paulo city becomes the scenery of constant social and economical impacts towards the losses caused by flooding. This fact is associated, among other reasons, to a meaningful soil occupation and its consequent impermeabilization, plus the flooding areas occupation river margins and valleys. At the late 90 s, the city started having a type of anti-flood measure, called piscinões , great rain water reservoirs whose aim is to hold the water back in situations of higher rain rates. This fact is strongly settled by the construction of Pacaembu s underground reservoir. However, the spreading of this kind of anti-flood measure, especially in Stream Cabuçu de Baixo micro basin, located in the northwest area of the city, left margin of River Tietê, hasn t had the same success, for some of the existing gaps between the two areas measures result in social dissatisfaction and they threat being a public health issue. This work, therefore, studied two anti-flood measures in two different places: the first in a noble area, and the other in the outskirts of the city. The result showed that the dynamics of managing and maintenance of Pacaembu s reservoir is different from the one existent in the reservoirs of Stream Cabuçu de Baixo, indicating a different action of the authorities concerning the handling of urban rain water and the society interests on the whole
A cidade capitalista resume, na heterogeneidade de seus espaços, os processos de desigualdade social, de acesso ao ambiente construído, das condições econômicas de sua população, bem como os efeitos das políticas urbanas em curso. A cidade de São Paulo, metrópole de características globalizadas, carrega as marcas de graves débitos sociais que se desenvolveram ao longo de sua história. Nos períodos de precipitações, a cidade de São Paulo torna-se cenário de constantes impactos sociais e econômicos frente aos prejuízos causados pelas inundações. Esse fato está associado, entre outros motivos, a uma expressiva ocupação e impermeabilização do solo e à ocupação das áreas de risco de enchentes as várzeas e fundos de vales. A partir do final da década de noventa a cidade passou a utilizar como medida de combate às inundações os chamados piscinões , grandes reservatórios cuja finalidade é conter os picos de escoamento nos eventos de chuvas. Este fato está fortemente marcado pela construção do reservatório subterrâneo do Pacaembu. Entretanto, a pulverização da utilização deste dispositivo, em específico na Micro Bacia do Córrego Cabuçu de Baixo, localizada na zona noroeste da cidade, margem direita do Rio Tietê, não têm sido acompanhada pelo mesmo sucesso, algumas lacunas existentes resultam no descontentamento por parte da sociedade e no risco de tornar-se um problema de saúde pública. Esta pesquisa, portanto, utilizou o estudo de duas intervenções em locais distintos: a primeira em uma área nobre e outra na periferia da cidade. O resultado apontou que a dinâmica de gestão e manutenção do reservatório do Pacaembu, é bastante distinta daquela encontrada nos reservatórios da Bacia do Cabuçu de Baixo, indicando uma ação diferenciada do Poder Público frente a questão do manejo de água pluviais e aos interesses da sociedade como um todo
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Callegaro, Claudete Gebara José. "Operação urbana consorciada Água Espraiada: Um olhar sobre a distribuição da chuva na fonte." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2014. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/372.

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There are many centuries that the rain, in the city, is not understood as life ; it incorporates road and health infrastructure, confined to gutters, manholes, underground galleries, returning to people perception like floods. Nowadays, the understanding about eco-systemic relationships brings new models for managing urban storm water, in the way of bioclimatic architecture, designing with nature, with contemporary principles of environmental comfort in the cities, i. e., sustainable urban development. The speech is ready; how to transfer theory into practice is one of the objectives of this work. Some places in the world have adopted this paradigm and developed methodology for public and private actions, according to a model called the green infrastructure system. Professionals in individual works also believe in that path, contributing with creative design, showing the model potential. By this principle, every place has its unique design, according to its physical territory and the cultural characteristics of its society. Considering that joint urban operations are the most advanced in urban policy for development, in Brazil, do they incorporate the urban sustainability principles brought by the green infrastructure model? That is what will be analyzed, in reference to the Água Espraiada Joint Urban Operation, in São Paulo.
A chuva, nas cidades, deixou por muitos séculos de ser entendida como vida e passou a incorporar a infraestrutura viária e sanitária, confinada a sarjetas, bueiros, galerias subterrâneas, retornando à percepção da população sob a forma de enchentes. Com a compreensão que se tem hoje sobre as relações ecológico-sistêmicas, novos modelos de gestão das águas pluviais urbanas surgem, consonantes com a arquitetura bioclimática, com a linha de pensamento de desenho com a natureza, com os preceitos contemporâneos do conforto ambiental nas cidades, ou seja, do desenvolvimento urbano sustentável. O discurso está pronto; como transferir a teoria para a prática é um dos objetivos deste trabalho. Alguns lugares no mundo já adotam tais paradigmas e vêm desenvolvendo metodologia para ações públicas e privadas, segundo um modelo denominado sistema de infraestrutura verde. Profissionais em obras individuais também apostam nesse caminho, contribuindo com projetos criativos, mostrando o potencial do modelo. Por esse princípio, cada lugar tem seu projeto único, seja pelas condições físicas de seu território, seja pelas características culturais de sua sociedade. Considerando-se que as operações urbanas consorciadas são o instrumento mais avançado como política urbana em prol do desenvolvimento, no Brasil, até que ponto elas incorporam os preceitos de sustentabilidade urbana trazidos pelo modelo de infraestrutura verde? É o que se analisará, tomando como referência a Operação Urbana Consorciada Água Espraiada, em São Paulo.
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Koranchie-Boah, Peter. "Analysis of Biofiltration Efficiency for Treating Stormwater Runoff from a Parking Facility." Connect to resource online, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1220486492.

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Al-Juhaishi, Mohammed. "Caractérisation et impact de la pollution dans les rejets urbains par temps de pluie (RUTP) sur des bassins versants de l'agglomération Orléanaise." Thesis, Orléans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ORLE2021/document.

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L’objectif de cette thèse est de caractériser les Rejets Urbains par Temps de Pluie (RUTP) et leur flux au niveau des exutoires d’eaux pluviales de trois sous-bassins majeurs de l'agglomération orléanaise. Pour cela des prélèvements ponctuels d’eau ont été effectués et un modèle conceptuel a été utilisé. Les trois sous-bassins : La Corne (463 ha), l'Egoutier (2080 ha) et Ormes (2256 ha) ont des occupations du sol différentes.D’une manière générale, la conductivité, la demande chimique en oxygène (DCO), la demande biochimique en oxygène (DBO5 et la DBO28), le carbone organique dissout (COD), l'azote total(NT), et les concentrations en anions et cations majeurs étaient plus élevés par temps sec que par temps de pluie indiquant un effet de dilution par les précipitations. Il a été mis en évidence un mélange des eaux pluviales avec des eaux usées dans le sous bassin d’Ormes. L’occupation des sols et les activités anthropiques influencent de manière significative la qualité du ruissellement. Par exemple, dans le sous-bassin de l’Egoutier, la présence d’une zone imperméable (industries et habitations) importante (40% de la surface) est responsable d’une augmentation des paramètresDBO5, DBO28, COD et NT.Les flux aux exutoires des différents paramètres de qualité de l’eau ont été évalués et comparés à ceux issus des quatre principales stations d’épuration (STEP) et à ceux de la Loire. La charge destrois sous-bassins urbains représente environ 166,61% de la charge des quatre STEP. Les trois sous bassins ont un faible impact sur la Loire en termes de flux annuels (environ 1,62% pour les MES par temps de pluie).Deux versions d’un modèle conceptuel dit d'accumulation/lavage-transport ont été évaluées pour estimer les flux de ruissellement des polluants ; la version classique et une version modifiée dans laquelle le paramètre accumulation des polluants a une forme logarithmique. Les performances des modèles étaient acceptables pour les MES et la DCO. Les coefficients de corrélation étaient supérieurs à 90% pour le sous bassin de l’Egoutier, par exemple. Pour les éléments traces métalliques en phase particulaire, la corrélation avec l’expérience était bonne également. D’une manière générale, lorsqu'un flux mesuré était inférieur à 1 kg.ha-1, les modèles n’étaient plus applicables.Des premiers essais de simulation de la qualité et la quantité de RUTP ont été effectués à partir de MIKE URBAN, qui équipe les deux logiciels de modélisation MOUSE et SWMM. Les hydrogrammes ont indiqué que le débit maximum obtenu avec SWMM était toujours inférieur à celui obtenu avec MOUSE. La qualité de l’eau (masse de MES) était toujours plus fortement impactée par le lessivage des MES dans le modèle MOUSE que dans SWMM.Ce travail constitue la première étape du travail d'évaluation de RUTP pour l'Agglomération orléanaise. Il constitue une base solide pour un futur programme de surveillance continue
The objective of this thesis was to characterize urban runoff water at the level of stormwater outletson three major urban sub-basins of the Orléans agglomeration, covering land areas ranging in size from463 to 2257 ha and with contrasted land use. 11 individual rain events were sampled at runoff outletsbetween April 2015 and June 2017 and 10 campaigns were also carried out in dry weather.In general, it was observed that the conductivity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemicaloxygen demand (BOD5 and BOD28), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total nitrogen (NT), anions andmajor cations were found to be higher in dry weather conditions than in rainy weather. These resultsindicate a dilution effect due to precipitation.A mixture of rainwater and wastewater was also identified in the sub-basin of Ormes. Land use andhuman activities in the sub-basin studied were found to significantly influence the quality of the resultedrunoff from rainfall events. For example, in the Egouttier sub-basin 2, the presence of a large imperviouszone (industrial and residential, 40% of the surface area) was responsible for an increase in the parametersBOD5, BOD28, COD and NT.The flows at the outlets of the different water quality parameters were evaluated and compared withthose from the four main wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and those from the Loire. The estimatedloads of the three sub-urban basins accounts for approximately 166.61% of the load of the four WWTP.The three sub-basins have a small impact on the Loire in terms of annual flows (about 1.62% for wetweather case).Two versions of a conceptual model of accumulation / washoff were evaluated to estimate pollutantrunoff; the classical version and a modified version in which the pollutant accumulation parameter has alogarithmic form. The performances of the models were found acceptable for the MES and the COD. TheNash-Sutcliffe (NS) coefficients were found as 0.84 and 0.85 for the two versions at the Egouttier subbasin.For trace elements in particulate phase, the correlation with the experimental measured value wasfound good as well. In general, when a measured flow was less than 1 kg.ha-1, the modified model was nolonger applicable.The first simulation tests of the quality and quantity of urban runoff were carried out with MIKEURBAN, which equips both MOUSE and SWMM modeling software. For water quantity, the hydrographsindicated that the maximum flow obtained with SWMM was always lower than that obtained with MOUSE.For water quality, TSS mass was still more strongly impacted by the leaching of TSS in the MOUSE modelthan in the SWMM model.This work can be considered as the first step of the evaluation work of RUTP for the Orléansagglomeration. It provides a solid foundation for a future monitoring program
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Júnior, Alfredo Akira Ohnuma. "Cenários de reúso de água pluvial e controle da drenagem visando a recuperação ambiental da micro-bacia do alto Tijuco Preto, São Carlos-SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18139/tde-29032006-102717/.

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A pesquisa objetiva a composição de cenários de planejamento para o Plano Diretor utilizando-se de medidas de recuperação ambiental através de uma bacia selecionada. São avaliadas simulações hidrológicas através: a) da implantação de: medidas de reúso de águas pluviais com microreservatórios instalados no lote, b) da arborização urbana, c) do reservatório de detenção, d) do coeficiente de permeabilidade, e outras medidas para micro e macro-drenagem. A metodologia utiliza uma base regional para espacializar através de bacias embutidas (MENDIONDO E TUCCI, 1997) a classificação de uso e ocupação do solo para os anos: 1962, 1972 e 1998. Os resultados oferecem diretrizes para novos empreendimentos, loteamentos urbanos e políticas públicas. A situação de passivo ambiental da bacia justifica o estudo em micro-bacias urbanas embutidas. As simulações envolvem cenários retrospectivos de 40 anos, atual e prospectivos de 15 anos com e sem Plano Diretor. Os critérios adotados resultam para o planejamento ambiental melhorias na carga de poluição hídrica e prevê a recuperação de suas funções hidrológicas e ambientais. Inclui-se uma análise de incertezas a partir dos diferentes estados de condições de umidade antecedente que afetam o valor de CN. A partir destes resultados, recomenda-se avaliar novos cenários de planejamento, instrumentação de monitoramento para bacias sem dados que visem o estudo aplicado do aproveitamento de águas pluviais no lote associado às incertezas das previsões hidrológicas dessas bacias sem dados, conforme o programa PUB - Predictions in Ungauged Basins (SIVAPALAN et al, 2003)
The research aims to compose planning scenarios for Master Plan using measures of environmental recovering to control of urban drainage at the scale of an ungauged basin selected. Hydrologic simulations are assessed by the implementation of several measures as: a) indirect impacts of rain water use system in the urban lot, b) urban arborization, c) detention reservoir, d) permeability coefficient and complementary measures at micro and macro drainage. The methodology uses regionally-based nested basins (MENDIONDO e TUCCI, 1997) with a classification of land-use in years: 1962, 1972 and 1998. Results will offer directive to new urban achievements and water policies. Environmental passive situations (diagnosis) at the basin scale justify experimental studies in nested urban micro-basins. The simulations involve retrospective scenarios through 40 years, present state (1998) and prospective scenarios of 15 years with and without master plan. Criteria adopted result in best management practices (BMP’s) in water pollution and foresee recovery of hydrologic environmental functions. Analysis of uncertainties of hydrologic estimations to different antecedent moisture conditions through the CN parameter is also presented and discussed. From these results it is recommended to assess new planning scenarios that aim experimental study, thereby looking forward to proposing new concepts of rain water use, i.e. by using micro reservoir at domiciliary lot. These scenarios are to be depicted into the hydrologic uncertainties at basins without data especially addressing the PUB program - Predictions in Ungauged Basins (SIVAPALAN et al, 2003)
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Books on the topic "Urban rain water tanks"

1

Nega, Hune. Low-cost methods of rainwater storage: Results from field trials in Ethiopia and Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya: Regional Land Management Unit, 2002.

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K, Sharma S. Manual for roof top rain water harvesting using cisterns or storage tanks for individual households, community, and institutions. Roorkee: Indian National Committee on Hydrology, 2006.

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Fryer, Julie. The complete guide to water storage: How to use gray water and rainwater systems, rain barrels, tanks, and other water storage techniques for household and emergency use. Ocala, Fla: Atlantic Pub. Group, 2012.

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LaCroix, Renee. Reining in the rain: A case study of the city of Bellingham's use of rain gardens to manage stormwater. [Olympia, Wash.]: Puget Sound Action Team, 2004.

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Legg, Andrew D. Variation in the relation of rainfall to runoff from residential lawns in Madison, Wisconsin, July and August 1995. Madison, Wis: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996.

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Legg, Andrew D. Variation in the relation of rainfall to runoff from residential lawns in Madison, Wisconsin, July and August 1995. Madison, Wis: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996.

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Legg, Andrew D. Variation in the relation of rainfall to runoff from residential lawns in Madison, Wisconsin, July and August 1995. Madison, Wis: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996.

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Oltmann, R. N. Rainfall and runoff quantity and quality characteristics of four urban land-use catchments in Fresno, California, October 1981 to April 1983. Sacramento, Calif: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1987.

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Oltmann, R. N. Rainfall and runoff quantity and quality characteristics of four urban land-use catchments in Fresno, California, October 1981 to April 1983. Washignton: U.S. G.P.O., 1989.

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Office, General Accounting. Superfund: Insuring underground petroleum tanks : report to the Congress. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Urban rain water tanks"

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Maike, Wietbüscher, Voßwinkel Nina, and Mohn Rainer. "The Efficiency of Storm Water Sedimentation Tanks for Fine Particles in Urban Run-off." In New Trends in Urban Drainage Modelling, 854–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99867-1_147.

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Shrestha, Manish, and Steven G. Buchberger. "Feasibility of Using Satellite Water Tanks for Protecting Drinking Water in Urban Communities in Developing Countries." In Securing Water and Wastewater Systems, 233–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01092-2_11.

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Manasi, S., and K. S. Umamani. "Water Conservation in Urban Areas: A Case Study of Rain Water Harvesting Initiative in Bangalore City." In Knowledge Systems of Societies for Adaptation and Mitigation of Impacts of Climate Change, 303–28. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36143-2_19.

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Casu, Alessandra, and Jlenia Zaccagna. "New Features of the rivershore: climate change and new relations between town and water." In Proceedings e report, 174–82. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-147-1.18.

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Climate scenarios show that Mediterranean areas will be affected by torrential patterns of rain, that can cause difficulties in urban life in coastal areas, mainly due to the draining systems and to the sea-level. Lisbon is on the estuary of Tagus river, which would be probably affected by run-off and by the forecasted rising sea-level. Redesigning its relationship with water, trying to make this urban area more resilient, becomes crucial and asks to study run-off and sea-level rise for 2100 and for intermediate steps, to adapt the urban life and its spaces to the occurring scenarios.
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Fu, Xiaoran, Qinghua Luan, Haichao Wang, Jiahong Liu, and Xuerui Gao. "Application Research of SWMM in the Simulation of Large-Scale Urban Rain Flood Process—A Case Study of Yizhuang District, China." In Sustainable Development of Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering in China, 251–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61630-8_21.

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Owusu, Kwadwo, and Peter Bilson Obour. "Urban Flooding, Adaptation Strategies, and Resilience: Case Study of Accra, Ghana." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 2387–403. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_249.

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AbstractDespite massive flood controlling investments, perennial flooding continues to be a major challenge in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Assembly in Ghana. Previous studies have mostly considered the vulnerability of Accra to flooding induced by urbanization and climate change. This chapter examined the impacts of and adaptation strategies to flooding in two flood-prone residential areas in Accra. A survey was conducted among 320 household heads to ascertain local impacts of floods and community adaptation strategies. To obtain a broader picture of government interventions and challenges, key stakeholders such as personnel from ministries, departments, and agencies who are involved in city planning, and private urban planning consultants were interviewed. The study found that a notable driver of floods in Accra is blocked waterways, and flawed and ad hoc engineering works. About three-quarters of the households interviewed have suffered flood-related losses over the past decade such as housing damage, income, and even a death of a relative. Key flood control interventions included dredging prior to start of rains and sporadic demolition of unauthorized buildings on or near waterways to allow free flow of water. However, these interventions only seem to be ephemeral due to the rapid rate of littering and re-siltation of the waterways after few rain events. The study highlights the need for more pragmatic and robust engineering solutions to build resilience of Accra to floods.
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"rain-water sewer [n] [UK]." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Landscape and Urban Planning, 783. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76435-9_10939.

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Rahman, Ataur, and Saeid Eslamian. "Rainwater Tanks as a Means of Water Reuse and Conservation in Urban Areas." In Urban Water Reuse Handbook, 805–14. CRC Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b19646-74.

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"Rainwater Tanks as a Means of Water Reuse and Conservation in Urban Areas." In Urban Water Reuse Handbook, 841–50. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b19646-77.

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"rain-water run-off [n] [UK], heavy." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Landscape and Urban Planning, 783. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76435-9_10938.

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Conference papers on the topic "Urban rain water tanks"

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Mambretti, S., and U. Sanfilippo. "Influence of rainfall patterns on the efficiency of first flush storage tanks." In Urban Water 2012. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/uw120231.

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Todeschini, S., and S. Papiri. "Performance of stormwater detention tanks in an experimental catchment of northern Italy." In Urban Water 2012. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/uw120241.

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Yoshida, Shoichi. "Axisymmetric Finite Element Analysis for Floating Roofs of Aboveground Storage Tanks Under Accumulated Rain Water Condition." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57457.

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The floating roofs are used in large aboveground storage tanks to prevent evaporation of the content. The single-deck floating roof, which is considered herein, consists of a thin circular plate called a deck attached to a buoyant ring of box-shaped cross section called a pontoon. Under the accumulated rain water condition, the deck is deflected largely, and both its edge part and the pontoon are compressed circumferentially. Since the load condition due to the rain water depends on the deflected deck shape, it is difficult to find the unique equilibrium condition. This paper describes the deformation analysis for the single-deck floating roofs under the accumulated rain water condition using the geometrically nonlinear axisymmetric shell finite element method. The load incremental method, in which the equivalent nodal forces due to the rain water converges to coincide with the rain water load derived from both the current rain water volume and the deflected deck shape, is used.
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Luyckx, Gert, and Jean Berlamont. "Simplified Method to Correct Rainfall Measurements from Tipping Bucket Rain Gauges." In Specialty Symposium on Urban Drainage Modeling at the World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2001. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40583(275)72.

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Oberascher, Martin, Carolina Kinzel, Wolfgang Rauch, and Robert Sitzenfrei. "Model-Based Upscaling of the IoT-Based Smart Rain Barrel—An Integrated Analysis of the Urban Water Cycle." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2021. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784483466.024.

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Chiba, Yasuto. "The Problems of Rain and Snow Run-off and Methods for Its Elimination in Colder Areas." In Specialty Symposium on Urban Drainage Modeling at the World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2001. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40583(275)79.

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Papanikolaou, Kyratsoula-Tereza, Katherine Liapi, and Ioannis Sibetheros. "Environmental Impact Assessment and Visualization of Rain-Water Best Management Practices for Urban Blocks - An "architect-friendly" simulation model." In eCAADe 2022: Co-creating the Future - Inclusion in and through Design. eCAADe, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2022.2.075.

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Šuvalija, Suvada, and Biljana Buhavac. "NEW APPROACHES OF URBAN STORMWATER MANAGEMENT." In GEO-EXPO 2022. DRUŠTVO ZA GEOTEHNIKU U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35123/geo-expo_2022_6.

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The paper presents new approaches to stormwater management in urban areas that are emerging as a solution to the problems of floods and water pollution in urban areas. Urban rain (pluvial) floods occur mostly due to undercapacity, incompleteness or dysfunction of the stormwater drainage system, and due to climate change and urbanization. In order to create a sustainable and pleasant living environment where water is a resource and not a cause of problems (due to floods and water pollution), new approaches to stormwater management in urban areas are being introduced. The application of new approaches is not simple because it depends on a number of specific circumstances of the considered area (current state of stormwater drainage system; new changes related to (un) planned construction and land use change; climate change - heavy rainfall and different types of climate and others). Possibilities of applying new approaches to rainwater management for potential locations and specific circumstances of BiH (for example, Sarajevo Canton) were explored.
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Morrow, B. J. "Continuous Simulation and Other Advanced Modelling Techniques to Size Storage Tanks for a Major Program of Capital Works in the North West of England." In Specialty Symposium on Urban Drainage Modeling at the World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2001. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40583(275)82.

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Bonasif, Jorge. "The Deficient Harvesting Rainwater System in Kuala Lumpur and the Human-made Water Pollution Conditions." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.070.

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Rainwater harvesting is a method to collect water from rain, in forms such as direct from the roof, tanks deposits, ponds or artificial lakes. In the city of Kuala Lumpur (1.7 million inhabitants) the process has in consideration flash flood, river pollution, soil erosion. With an annual rainfall of 2486 mm, and build-up area reaching 1663.23 km2 in 2014 while forest area has suffered reductions of 8.3% in 2014. The paper examines the conditions that exert pressure in the infrastructure of Kuala Lumpur whose center has experienced an increase in the number of violent flooding yet at the same time prevent an effective harvesting of stormwater. The primary methodology used is consultation of the available literature, journals, published reports, interview with experts and survey at impacted neighbourhoods. A secondary source of information is the observation in situ with a sample case, to help to support the validation of the conclusions. The deficiency in the control of the flooding system in a negative correlation to the city’s development. This fact is related to the insufficient drainage system, narrowed stretches in rivers, low prices of water, and the lack of an adequate incentive policies and low volume of information to the population.
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Reports on the topic "Urban rain water tanks"

1

Desiderati, Christopher. Carli Creek Regional Water Quality Project: Assessing Water Quality Improvement at an Urban Stormwater Constructed Wetland. Portland State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/mem.78.

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Stormwater management is an ongoing challenge in the United States and the world at-large. As state and municipal agencies grapple with conflicting interests like encouraging land development, complying with permits to control stormwater discharges, “urban stream syndrome” effects, and charges to steward natural resources for the long-term, some agencies may turn to constructed wetlands (CWs) as aesthetically pleasing and functional natural analogs for attenuating pollution delivered by stormwater runoff to rivers and streams. Constructed wetlands retain pollutants via common physical, physicochemical, and biological principles such as settling, adsorption, or plant and algae uptake. The efficacy of constructed wetlands for pollutant attenuation varies depending on many factors such as flow rate, pollutant loading, maintenance practices, and design features. In 2018, the culmination of efforts by Clackamas Water Environment Services and others led to the opening of the Carli Creek Water Quality Project, a 15-acre constructed wetland adjacent to Carli Creek, a small, 3500-ft tributary of the Clackamas River in Clackamas County, OR. The combined creek and constructed wetland drain an industrialized, 438-acre, impervious catchment. The wetland consists of a linear series of a detention pond and three bioretention treatment cells, contributing a combined 1.8 acres of treatment area (a 1:243 ratio with the catchment) and 3.3 acre-feet of total runoff storage. In this study, raw pollutant concentrations in runoff were evaluated against International Stormwater BMP database benchmarks and Oregon Water Quality Criteria. Concentration and mass-based reductions were calculated for 10 specific pollutants and compared to daily precipitation totals from a nearby precipitation station. Mass-based reductions were generally higher for all pollutants, largely due to runoff volume reduction on the treatment terrace. Concentration-based reductions were highly variable, and suggested export of certain pollutants (e.g., ammonia), even when reporting on a mass-basis. Mass load reductions on the terrace for total dissolved solids, nitrate+nitrite, dissolved lead, and dissolved copper were 43.3 ± 10%, 41.9 ± 10%, 36.6 ± 13%, and 43.2 ± 16%, respectively. E. coli saw log-reductions ranging from -1.3 — 3.0 on the terrace, and -1.0 — 1.8 in the creek. Oregon Water Quality Criteria were consistently met at the two in-stream sites on Carli Creek for E. coli with one exception, and for dissolved cadmium, lead, zinc, and copper (with one exception for copper). However, dissolved total solids at the downstream Carli Creek site was above the Willamette River guidance value 100 mg/L roughly 71% of the time. The precipitation record during the study was useful for explaining certain pollutant reductions, as several mechanisms are driven by physical processes, however it was not definitive. The historic rain/snow/ice event in mid-February 2021 appeared to impact mass-based reductions for all metals. Qualitatively, precipitation seemed to have the largest effect on nutrient dynamics, specifically ammonia-nitrogen. Determining exact mechanisms of pollutant removals was outside the scope of this study. An improved flow record, more targeted storm sampling, or more comprehensive nutrient profiles could aid in answering important questions on dominant mechanisms of this new constructed wetland. This study is useful in establishing a framework and baseline for understanding this one-of-a-kind regional stormwater treatment project and pursuing further questions in the future.
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Oden, Rikki. Effectiveness of Focused Water Conservation Messaging in the Clackamas River, OR. Portland State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/mem.67.

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The Clackamas River in Oregon is a drinking water source for upwards of 300,000 people living in the Portland metro region. This river experiences seasonal low flow during the annual dry season throughout summer and early fall when endangered salmon species return to the river to spawn. This dry season also coincides with the highest period of urban water use. Since precipitation is minimal at this time, water users choose to water their lawns to make up for the lack of rain which contributes to water use tripling during the driest part of the year. To promote local water conservation, the Clackamas River Water Providers (CRWP)—who manage source water protection and public outreach and education around watershed issues, drinking water, and water conservation for the eight water providers on the river—have created a water conservation campaign that they intend to promote each dry season for the next several years. First promoted during the dry season of 2019, the messaging focuses on the flow needs of endangered salmon and asks water users to cease outdoor watering altogether. Through focus group discussion and a survey of water users, this research investigates public perception and opinion of the CRWP’s summer water conservation messaging campaign with the goal of improving the effectiveness of the messaging in future dry seasons.
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