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Journal articles on the topic 'Urban rain water tanks'
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1
Coombes, P. J., and M. E. Barry. "The effect of selection of time steps and average assumptions on the continuous simulation of rainwater harvesting strategies." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 4 (February 1, 2007): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.102.
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The use of domestic rainwater tanks with back up from mains water supplies in urban areas can produce considerable reductions in mains water demands and stormwater runoff. It is commonplace to analyse the performance of rainwater tanks using continuous simulation with daily time steps and average water use assumptions. This paper compares this simplistic analysis to more detailed analysis that employs 6 minute time steps and climate dependent water demand. The use of daily time steps produced considerable under-estimation of annual rainwater yields that were dependent on tank size, rain depth, seasonal distribution of rainfall, water demand and tank configuration. It is shown that analysis of the performance of rainwater tanks is critically dependent on detailed inputs.
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Kus, B., J. Kandasamy, S. Vigneswaran, and H. K. Shon. "Analysis of first flush to improve the water quality in rainwater tanks." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 2 (January 1, 2010): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.823.
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Although most Australians receive their domestic supply from reticulated mains or town water, there are vast areas with very low population densities and few reticulated supplies. In many of these areas rainwater collected in tanks is the primary source of drinking water. Heavy metals have recently become a concern as their concentration in rain water tanks was found to exceed recommended levels suitable for human consumption. Rainwater storage tanks also accumulate contaminants and sediments that settle to the bottom. Although not widely acknowledged, small amounts of contaminants such as lead found in rain water (used as drinking water) may have a cumulative and poisonous effect on human health over a life time. This is true for certain factors that underlie many of the chronic illnesses that are becoming increasingly common in contemporary society. The paper reports on a study which is part of a project that aims to develop a cost effective in-line filtration system to improve water quality in rainwater tanks. To enable this, the characteristics of rainwater need to be known. One component of this characterization is to observe the effects of the first flush on a rainwater tank. Samples of the roof runoff collected from an urban residential roof located in the Sydney Metropolitan Area in the initial first few millimetres of rain were analysed. The results show that bypassing the first 2 mm of rainfall gives water with most water quality parameters compliant with the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (ADWG) standards. The parameters that did not comply were lead and turbidity, which required bypassing approximately the first 5 mm of rainfall to meet ADWG standards. Molecular weight distribution (MWD) analysis showed that the concentration of rainwater organic matter (RWOM) decreased with increasing amount of roof runoff.
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Lu, Yunan, Jinli Xie, Cheng Yang, and Yinghong Qin. "Control of Runoff Peak Flow for Urban Flooding Mitigation." Water 13, no. 13 (June 29, 2021): 1796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13131796.
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Urban flooding has become a serious but not well-resolved problem during the last decades. Traditional mainstream facilities, such as vegetated roofs, permeable pavements, and others, are effective to eliminate urban flooding only in case of small rains because the water-retaining and detaining capacities of these traditional facilities are limited. Here, we propose a new buffer tank buried in soil to deal with rainwater onsite as peak-flow control for urban flooding mitigation. Experiments showed that the buffer tank intercepts the surface runoff and discharges the intercepted water through a designed outlet orifice. By properly setting the cross-sectional area of the orifice, the tank extends the drainage duration several times longer than that of the rainfall duration. It is found that the buffer tank attenuates the peak flow greater at heavier rain. At small rain (<2.5 mm), the tank is always unfilled, preserving storage spaces for detaining rainwater in case of heavy rain. The buffer tank is thus greatly helpful to mitigate the flooding problem, avoiding being saturated by small long-lasting rain.
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Krejci, Vladimir. "Integrated approach to the point-non point-pollution abatement in urban drainage." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 4-5 (February 1, 1996): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0481.
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An area in Switzerland of 260 km2 with 230 000 inhabitants was analysed for the feasibility of combined sewage overflow (CSO) tanks to reduce the pollution in receiving waters during rain events. The case study demonstrates the consideration of the point and of the non point pollution with respect to choice and application of water pollution control measures in urban drainage. For example, measures which reduce pollutant sources (e.g. substitution of phosphorus in detergents) or reduce surface runoff (e.g. dispersed retention or infiltration of rainfall runoff) are more efficient than a strategy of uniform and area wide application of CSO tanks. The new Swiss guideline for Integrated Urban Drainage Master Planning (IUDMP) introduces a radical changes in the scope and in the procedures of planning process. This guideline defines the urban drainage system as one single system, consisting of urban area, soil and ground water system, drainage network, waste water treatment plant and receiving waters. The consideration of comprehensive urban drainage system allows the choice of site-specific and problem-related measures.
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Starzec, Mariusz, Józef Dziopak, Daniel Słyś, Kamil Pochwat, and Sabina Kordana. "Dimensioning of Required Volumes of Interconnected Detention Tanks Taking into Account the Direction and Speed of Rain Movement." Water 10, no. 12 (December 11, 2018): 1826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10121826.
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This article is aimed at defining the impact of the direction and velocity of waves of rainfall as they pass over interconnected stormwater detention tank systems. The simulations were conducted for a real urban catchment area as part of the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) 5.1 programme. The results permit us to conclude that the direction and velocity of a moving wave of rainfall have a significant influence on the required volumes of interconnected stormwater detention tank systems. By comparing the modelling test results for stationary rainfall and rainfall moving over the urban catchment area, it has been demonstrated that differences in the required volume of the detention tank located at the terminal section of a stormwater drainage system are inversely proportional to the adopted value of the diameter of the outfall channel for upstream storage reservoirs. In extreme cases, the differences may be up to several dozen percentage points. Furthermore, it has been proven that the arrangement of the stormwater detention tanks in relation to one another and the adopted diameter of the outfall channel are key factors in identifying the degree to which the detention tanks are hydraulically dependent on one another.
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Hlushchenko, Roman O., Tetiana M. Tkachenko, and Viktor O. Mileikovskyi. "Efective drainage of rainwater from roads by rain garden-strips in the concept of the city-sponge." Environmental safety and natural resources 40, no. 4 (December 24, 2021): 46–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2411-4049.2021.4.46-59.
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Today there is a problem of flooding of urban areas with rainwater and their slow drainage to rainwater sewage and further to the distribution collectors. There are several ways to ensure the resilience of urban areas to heavy rains and downpours. One of the current methods is "green" roofs (horizontal or sloping) ith green plantings, which is capable to absorb water. A certain amount of water is absorbed by the plants, its certain amount remains in the substratum, and the rest is filtered by several layers of the structure under the plants, which throttles the movement of it to the storm-water sewage. The second method is to collect rainwater in special storage tanks, which are located on the roof or near to the building or in the soil structure in the yard. The accumulated water is used for household needs: watering lawns, washing, flushing toilets, washing floors, cleaning pavements, etc. The third method is to absorb water and drain it by natural biological terrestrial sponge facilities: permeable surfaces, sloping terrain, natural vegetation, green structures, rain gardens, etc. These correspond to the modern concept of "sponge city". The authors propose a method of rapid drainage of rainwater using special "green structures" – rain-garden bands along the roadways. The ability to capture water by rain-garden bands has been confirmed on the example of most of the regional centres of Ukraine in case of the strongest observed precipitation. Such rapid drainage becomes especially important in the transition from cities for cars to cities for bicycles. This increases the requirements to avoid slippery roads for increasing the stability of these vehicles. In addition, the proposed rain gardens with shrubs can perform safe protective functions by extinguishing the kinetic energy of bouncing cars during a road accident.
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Zug, M., D. Faure, B. De Belly, and L. Phan. "Use of real time control modelling on the urban sewage system of Nancy." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 2-3 (July 1, 2001): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0778.
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Since 1991, European Legislation on the urban treatment of wastewater requires local authorities to take into account the treatment of polluted water transported by the sewerage system and this during dry and wet weather conditions. In the seventies, the urban Community of Grand Nancy constructed storage tanks in its sewerage system in order to prevent flooding and wish today to use them to reduce and control the pollution discharges into the receiving water. This action is a part of a European LIFE project 1996-2000. The main aim of this project was to assess the effectiveness of reducing pollution of one particular retention basin, the 12,000 m3 Gentilly tank. This one has two operating modes: protection against floods during heavy rain and reduction of pollutant overflows during lighter rain. To assess its effect on the pollutant discharge, the HYDROWORKS DM(tm) software and its Real Time Control Module have been used, calibrated and validated. As this study is still in progress, this paper describes the studied site and the modelling results under different weather conditions and shows that the mathematical model can be used to simulate the operation of the catchment area and its associated sewerage system realistically.
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Thomas, K., E. McBean, and H. M. Murphy. "Drinking water quality for peri-urban residents in Phnom Penh, Cambodia." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, no. 4 (June 8, 2013): 512–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.126.
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Piped distribution systems are limited to major urban centres in Cambodia, leaving the residents of peri-urban communities to rely on a variety of surface, rain and groundwater sources for their drinking water supplies. This paper examines microbial water quality results from two of Phnom Penh's peri-urban communities, and describes relationships between water source and treatment type, study site and storage vessel, relative to water quality guidelines. Treating water by boiling was a common practice, although the majority of residents indicated using boiling times far greater than required, which may impact adoption rates. A statistical difference is described between boiled water by source type, with boiled shallow well water having elevated E. coli levels. The only household drinking water type that met WHO guidelines most of the time was boiled rain or tank (vendor) water (56%); boiled rain or tank (vendor) water stored in a kettle, bucket/cooler or bucket with spigot met guideline values 69, 43 and 60% of the time, respectively. The highest quality water is from boiled rain or tank (vendor) water taken directly from a kettle. The findings described provide some insight on how to prioritize water options for various uses.
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Nowogoński, Ireneusz. "LOW IMPACT DEVELOPMENT MODELING TO MANAGE URBAN STORMWATER RUNOFF: CASE STUDY OF GORZÓW WIELKOPOLSK." Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 28, no. 3 (May 25, 2020): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2020.12670.
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Uncontrolled urbanization causes local flooding and deterioration of the water quality of receivers as a result of an increase in peak flow rate and increased washing out of contaminants from the catchment area. Currently, classic storage tanks are most often used. An alternative solution may be the use of Low Impact Development (LID), i.e. the preservation and restoration of natural landscape elements, minimizing the imperviousness of the catchment in the form of rain barrels, permeable walkways or bio-retention reservoirs. The comparison of both techniques was carried out using the Environmental Protection Agency Storm Water Management Model (EPA SWMM). The influence of several solutions on a selected urbanized catchment located in Gorzów Wielkopolski was tested.
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Kus, B., Jaya Kandasamy, S. Vigneswaran, H. K. Shon, and G. Moody. "Gravity driven membrane filtration system to improve the water quality in rainwater tanks." Water Supply 13, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 479–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.046.
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The characterisation of rainwater in metropolitan Sydney and in rural New South Wales was undertaken. The results showed that factors such as the lack of vehicular traffic, air pollution and urban contamination meant that rural rainwater water quality was better. The rain water collected in both metropolitan and rural areas generally complied with the 2004 Australian Drinking Water Guidelines except for parameters such as the pH in both the metropolitan and rural rainwater tanks and the turbidity, and lead levels from the metropolitan tanks. This paper also reports the results of a laboratory and a pilot scale study with a deep bed filter (granular activated carbon, GAC) and microfiltration (MF) hollow fibre membrane filter system used to treat raw rainwater collected from a metropolitan rainwater tank. The results of the laboratory experiment and pilot scale systems focus on the non-compliant parameters of the sampling program, i.e. turbidity, lead and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). It was found that rainwater treated by the GAC filter removed the majority of the turbidity and organic substances. The treatment system reduced the concentration of turbidity, lead and DOC to below the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines limits. The pilot plant experiment demonstrated that a GAC filter system and gravity driven membrane could result in low cost and low maintenance operation.
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Snir, Ofer, Eran Friedler, and Avi Ostfeld. "Optimizing the Control of Decentralized Rainwater Harvesting Systems for Reducing Urban Drainage Flows." Water 14, no. 4 (February 14, 2022): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14040571.
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The practice of rainwater harvesting (RWH) has been studied extensively in recent years, as it has the potential to alleviate some of the increasing stress on urban water distribution systems and drainage networks. Within the field, an approach of real-time control of rainwater storage is emerging as a method to improve the ability of RWH systems to reduce runoff and urban drainage flows. As applying real-time control on RWH tanks means releasing water that could be used for supply, applying controlled-release policies often hinders the RWH system’s ability to supply water. The suggested study presents an approach that has the potential to improve the capability of a distributed network of RWH systems to mitigate peak drainage flows while substantially reducing the impact on harvested rainwater availability. The suggested method uses a genetic algorithm to generate release policies, which are tailored for any given rain event and initial conditions. The algorithm utilizes the modeled drainage system’s response to a given rainfall pattern and manages to substantially reduce peak drainage flows with little impact on available rainwater when compared to the conventional no-release alternative and other active release methods.
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Ngamalieu-Nengoue, Ulrich A., F. Javier Martínez-Solano, Pedro L. Iglesias-Rey, and Daniel Mora-Meliá. "Multi-Objective Optimization for Urban Drainage or Sewer Networks Rehabilitation through Pipes Substitution and Storage Tanks Installation." Water 11, no. 5 (May 3, 2019): 935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11050935.
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Drainage networks are civil constructions which do not generally attract the attention of decision-makers. However, they are of crucial importance for cities; this can be seen when a city faces floods resulting in extensive and expensive damage. The increase of rain intensity due to climate change may cause deficiencies in drainage networks built for certain defined flows which are incapable of coping with sudden increases, leading to floods. This problem can be solved using different strategies; one is the adaptation of the network through rehabilitation. A way to adapt the traditional network approach consists of substituting some pipes for others with greater diameters. More recently, the installation of storm tanks makes it possible to temporarily store excess water. Either of these solutions can be expensive, and an economic analysis must be done. Recent studies have related flooding with damage costs. In this work, a novel solution combining both approaches (pipes and tanks) is studied. A multi-objective optimization algorithm based on the NSGA-II is proposed for the rehabilitation of urban drainage networks through the substitution of pipes and the installation of storage tanks. Installation costs will be offset by damage costs associated with flooding. As a result, a set of optimal solutions that can be implemented based on the objectives to be achieved by municipalities or decisions makers. The methodology is finally applied to a real network located in the city of Bogotá, Colombia.
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Gowda, Krishne, and M. V. Sridhara. "Conservation of tanks/lakes in the Bangalore metropolitan area." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 18, no. 2 (March 6, 2007): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14777830710725812.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to build up perspectives for the conservation and restoration of the various spoilt water bodies within the Bangalore metropolitan area.Design/methodology/approachThis paper describes how Bangalore city is typical of the features of peninsular India in that it is made up of ridges, valleys and undulating terrain. Monsoon rainfall is substantial and the tanks and lakes can receive and contain substantial amounts of water from rains. Only thing is to de‐clog the natural water flow routes and to restore the bunds of tanks and repair the spillways and put in place legal and administrative measures to preserve the interiors of tanks; free them from construction activities and launch suitable afforestation programs to contain soil erosion, improve the quality of subsoil water and raise if possible medicinal and ornamental trees so that Bangalore gains in its aesthetic appeal.FindingsThe study reveals that the existence of water bodies is an important asset to the environment of Bangalore. It has a beneficial impact on the microclimate of the city and serves as outdoor recreational areas, which are very much needed as a source of change and relief for the city dwellers. It is good for developing open spaces with greenery along the valleys. There is much scope for water‐front developments to enhance urban aesthetics in the surrounding areas. It is possible to improve the ground water table, so that there will be scope for tapping ground water through bore wells all through the year, particularly during summers.Practical implicationsThis work will draw the attention of government authorities as well as local residents, NGOs and experts to keep the tanks/lakes conserved in and around the BMA and to prevent silting of tanks by offshore development and large‐scale tree planting and also removal of encroachments within the study area.Originality/valueThis study will stimulate interest in recreation, conservation, open space beautification, pollution abatement and a myriad other ways to improve the quality of urban environment.
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Campisano, Alberto, Lin Mei Nie, and Ping Yuu Li. "Retention Performance of Domestic Rain Water Harvesting Tank under Climate Change Conditions." Applied Mechanics and Materials 438-439 (October 2013): 451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.438-439.451.
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The goal of this paper is to investigate the efficiency of domestic Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) tank to reduce the inflow discharge to stormwater sewer systems, which intends to be an option to increase urban resilience to climate change impacts. A dimensionless methodology developed based on a water balance model at daily temporal scale was applied to determine both the obtainable water saving due to the use of rain water for toilet flushing (i.e. reduce the use of portable water) and meanwhile reduce stormwater volumes discharging to sewer systems by the tank storage. The methodology and a RWH tank system was evaluated applying the daily rainfall data obtained in two met-stations of Blindern in Oslo and Rygge in Fredrikstad, South Norway. Results show, for all the considered scenarios in the two case studies that the use of the rainwater storage tank can provide significant reduction of water volume discharges to the storm water sewer, accordingly the resulting damages during the extreme events will be reduced.
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Freni, Gabriele, Giorgio Mannina, and Gaspare Viviani. "Stormwater infiltration trenches: a conceptual modelling approach." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 1 (July 1, 2009): 185–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.324.
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In recent years, limitations linked to traditional urban drainage schemes have been pointed out and new approaches are developing introducing more natural methods for retaining and/or disposing of stormwater. These mitigation measures are generally called Best Management Practices or Sustainable Urban Drainage System and they include practices such as infiltration and storage tanks in order to reduce the peak flow and retain part of the polluting components. The introduction of such practices in urban drainage systems entails an upgrade of existing modelling frameworks in order to evaluate their efficiency in mitigating the impact of urban drainage systems on receiving water bodies. While storage tank modelling approaches are quite well documented in literature, some gaps are still present about infiltration facilities mainly dependent on the complexity of the involved physical processes. In this study, a simplified conceptual modelling approach for the simulation of the infiltration trenches is presented. The model enables to assess the performance of infiltration trenches. The main goal is to develop a model that can be employed for the assessment of the mitigation efficiency of infiltration trenches in an integrated urban drainage context. Particular care was given to the simulation of infiltration structures considering the performance reduction due to clogging phenomena. The proposed model has been compared with other simplified modelling approaches and with a physically based model adopted as benchmark. The model performed better compared to other approaches considering both unclogged facilities and the effect of clogging. On the basis of a long-term simulation of six years of rain data, the performance and the effectiveness of an infiltration trench measure are assessed. The study confirmed the important role played by the clogging phenomenon on such infiltration structures.
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Thomas, K., E. McBean, A. Shantz, and H. M. Murphy. "Comparing the microbial risks associated with household drinking water supplies used in peri-urban communities of Phnom Penh, Cambodia." Journal of Water and Health 13, no. 1 (June 30, 2014): 243–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2014.214.
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Most Cambodians lack access to a safe source of drinking water. Piped distribution systems are typically limited to major urban centers in Cambodia, and the remaining population relies on a variety of surface, rain, and groundwater sources. This study examines the household water supplies available to Phnom Penh's resettled peri-urban residents through a case-study approach of two communities. A quantitative microbial risk assessment is performed to assess the level of diarrheal disease risk faced by community members due to microbial contamination of drinking water. Risk levels found in this study exceed those associated with households consuming piped water. Filtered and boiled rain and tank water stored in a kettle, bucket/cooler, bucket with spigot or a 500 mL bottle were found to provide risk levels within one order-of-magnitude to the piped water available in Phnom Penh. Two primary concerns identified are the negation of the risk reductions gained by boiling due to prevailing poor storage practices and the use of highly contaminated source water.
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B, Krisnakumari, Narayanan R M, A. Latha, and Sharankumar K. "Groundwater Management in Chennai." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 13593–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.13593ecst.
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Water is perhaps the maximum treasured asset on earth. Indians have traditionally considered it as one of the five basic factors of nature. Freshwater is vital for human survival and rain is an important source on earth. The rainfall that is trapped in floor and groundwater resources is all that is to be had for human consumption. That is why Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) is so vital. RWH isn't an option or an alternative, but the handiest manner to maintain floor and groundwater sources and is relevant in each rural and urban area. There are two critical components of RWH: the gathering of rainwater for fast use and the herbal or synthetic recharge into the soil for sustaining and enhancing groundwater sources. In rural areas, where big quantities of open space are available, RWH is largely the gathering of rainwater in-floor water bodies, which includes ponds, lakes, and irrigation tanks. That is the first aspect of RWH. Due to the shrinking of open spaces in cities and different urban areas, however, RWH is predominantly used there to artificially recharge aquifers to sustain overexploited groundwater resources.
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Jaiad, Ahmad T., and Hamzah Sabr Ghayyib. "CONTROLLING AND MONITORING OF AUTOMATION WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM BASED ON IOT WITH THEFT IDENTIFICATION." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 5 (May 31, 2017): 320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i5.2017.1863.
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Water is the most precious and valuable because it’s a basic need of all the human beings but, now a day water supply department are facing problem in real time operation this is because less amount of water in resources due to less rain fall. With increase in Population, urban residential areas have increased because of this reasons water has become a crucial problem which affects the problem of water distribution, interrupted water supply, water conservation, water consumption and also the water quality so, to overcome water supply related problems and make system efficient there is need of proper monitoring and controlling system. In this project, we are focusing on continuous and real time monitoring of water supply in IOT platform. Water supply with continuous monitoring makes a proper distribution so that, we can have a record of available amount of water in tanks, flow rate, abnormality in distribution line. Internet of things is nothing but the network of physical objects embedded with electronics, sensors, software, and network connectivity. Monitoring can be done from anywhere as central office. Using Adafruit as free sever data continuously pushed on cloud so we can see data in real time operation. Using different sensors with controller and raspberry pi as Mini computer can monitor data and also control operation from cloud with efficient client server communication.
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Raharjo, Akhmadi Puguh. "SIMULATION OF SURFACE RUNOFF REDUCTION USING SIMPLE RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM IN URBAN BUFFER AREA." Jurnal Alami : Jurnal Teknologi Reduksi Risiko Bencana 3, no. 1 (May 31, 2019): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/alami.v3i1.3448.
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Floods are the most common disaster in Indonesia. Among various flood types, pluvial flood is the least studied one. Simple rain water harvesting system using cistern/barrel and water tank possess the potential to reduce runoff from roofs and help alleviate the severity of pluvial flooding. The purpose of this study was to simulate the application of simple rain water harvesting in reducing surface runoff from roof surfaces in the study area within the sub Basin of Pesanggrahan. Among all the data that need to be collected were the number of houses and area of roof cover in the study area, as well as 10 years rainfall data. Number of houses per block were collected during a field survey while the estimation of roof area was conducted using a web-based software, i-Tree Canopy. From this simulation, scenario 1 (800-liter water drums), has the potential to reduce surface runoff from the roofs within the range of 6.12 to 9.07% (January) and between 5.08 to 7.49% (February). Meanwhile scenario 2 (2000-liter water tank) has the potential for surface runoff reduction which ranges between 15.30 to 22.67% (January) and between 12.64 to 18.73% (February). On the other hand, the potential to delay the initial surface runoff time using scenario 1 ranged from 3.7 to 5.5 minutes (January) and between 3.1 to 4.5 minutes (February). Meanwhile scenario 2 has a potential to delay the initial surface runoff time from 9.3 to 13.7 minutes (January) and between 7.6 to 11.3 minutes (February).
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Ar, Mamata P. Gonnagar, and Harashalatha Ar. "Innovative Techniques and Methods used for an Improvement in Energy Saving in HM World City Bangalore." International Journal of Science, Engineering and Management 9, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36647/ijsem/09.02.a003.
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The design of buildings Using advanced designs and construction techniques that reduces heating, cooling, lighting, energy consumption with energy saving devices. The behavior adjustments that have the highest potential for utility energy savings. It can save carbon emission and changing climatic conditions. Day lighting - Natural light is one of the factors within a building as much as possible. Introduction of skylight with passive solar design. Orientation of the building is to be designed to achieve impact from south side ultraviolet rays. Natural air flow- Doors, windows, ventilators are the components of a building which reduces the air conditioning and heating equipments. Landscape – Planting trees and vegetation or installing sun filters on the openings to reduce radiant heat. Vegetative roofing systems can keep water out of a building, reduce storm water run-off, reduce stress on urban sewer systems and decrease run-off related pollution in waterways Waste management, Energy management, Environmental Management, Water management these systems are helps to enhance energy saving techniques. STP - Sewage treatment plant to be provided to convert recycled water to soft landscaped area. Even this water can be converted after softening plant into use of flushing tanks in WC Replacing florescent lamp to LED bulbs to produce same light and can have longer times and plentiful lighting. Dry and wet waste is segregated at source. In dry waste recyclable and non recyclable are also separated at source. Rain water harvest management is made compulsory by local and legal authorities. The paper thus deals with the various energy saving concepts which can be incorporated at the time of planning, designing, landscaping. Construction and execution stage to have energy efficiency in buildings
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Radinja, Matej, Mateja Škerjanec, Sašo Džeroski, Ljupčo Todorovski, and Nataša Atanasova. "Design and Simulation of Stormwater Control Measures Using Automated Modeling." Water 13, no. 16 (August 19, 2021): 2268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13162268.
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Stormwater control measures (SCMs) are decentralized technical elements, which can prevent the negative effects of uncontrolled stormwater flow while providing co-benefits. Optimal SCMs have to be selected and designed to achieve the desired hydrological response of an urban catchment. In this study, automated modeling and domain-specific knowledge in the fields of modeling rainfall-runoff (RR) and SCMs are applied to automate the process of optimal SCM design. A new knowledge library for modeling RR and SCMs, compliant with the equation discovery tool ProBMoT (Process-Based Modeling Tool), was developed. The proposed approach was used to (a) find the optimal RR model that best fits the available pipe flow measurements, and (b) to find the optimal SCMs design that best fits the target catchment outflow. The approach was applied to an urban catchment in the city of Ljubljana, Slovenia. First, nine RR models were created that generally had »very good« performance according to the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency criteria. Second, six SCM scenarios (i.e., detention pond, storage tank, bio-retention cell, infiltration trench, rain garden, and green roof) were automatically designed and simulated, enabling the assessment of their ability to achieve the target outflow. The proposed approach enables the effective automation of two complex calibration tasks in the field of urban drainage.
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Boguniewicz-Zabłocka, Joanna, and Andrea G. Capodaglio. "Analysis of Alternatives for Sustainable Stormwater Management in Small Developments of Polish Urban Catchments." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (December 6, 2020): 10189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122310189.
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Sustainable stormwater management approaches in accordance with the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) allow a source control to handle the quality and quantity of the runoff at local level or near the source. The most popular technologies applied in Europe are green roofs, porous pavements, retention basins and bioswales/raingardens. In this article, two of these solutions (retention tank with reuse, and rain garden, respectively), applied to single dwelling case studies in a suburban area in the Silesia Region (Poland), are illustrated and analyzed. The selected cases consider technical and economic aspects as the most important factors for decision on the selection of onsite stormwater management approach. Both systems have been operational for approximately two years. The retention tank proved a good solution, reducing stormwater overflows and allowing local water reuse for lawn irrigation; however, investment and maintenance costs in this case are relatively higher. The raingarden proved to work efficiently in this small scale implementation and implied much lower initial investment and costs. The economic sustainability of these interventions at single dwelling scale was analyzed, showing interesting returns, with outcome depending on the degree of possible water reuse (lower water bills) and availability of fiscal or fee incentives. Introduction of financial incentive schemes will encourage homeowners and developers to implement stormwater control solutions, allowing rapid amortization of investment costs with additional benefits to the community, such as reduced environmental impact of stormwater overflows and possible economies in the construction and management of stormwater systems.
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Sá Ribeiro, Marilene Gomes, and Ruy Alexandre Sá Ribeiro. "Sustainable School-Village." Key Engineering Materials 600 (March 2014): 768–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.600.768.
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To inhibit the degradation of the forest reserves it is necessary to stimulate the consciousness and involvement of the surrounding communities. This work would be more effective with a program of ecological consciousness applied within an environment where people can learn by practicing. For this purpose, we envisage the creation of a Sustainable Building Program (SBP) to build ecological school-villages surrounding the forest reserves subjected to constant aggressions. This is the case of the Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve whose vulnerability has increased due to Manaus urban expansion. As the worlds largest urban forest fragment, it demands protection of its borders. It is suggested to implement the SBP to build ecological school-villages as a protection belt to preserve the forest integrity and its natural water fountains. It may also attract eco tourism and serve as a prototype sustainable eco barrier. The school-villages shall shelter people enrolled in social residential programs who will learn by practicing environment education and green building techniques. Storage and selective collection of recyclables shall be emphasized. The organic residues generated by the village shall be used to feed biogas tanks to support the kitchen of the Community Center (CC). The CC shall host the theoretical classes. This program shall also shelter victims from natural disasters, families relocated from risky areas, and low-income families from the rural areas coming to the capital for health treatment by the state. The SBP envisage two-pavement villages comprised of green roof, and green materials such as bamboo, clay from site excavations, wood and bamboo residues, and hydrated lime of carburet. The villages shall comprise rain water catchment and utilization, ecological sewage treatment, and green roof supported by a structural bamboo ceiling. The structural bamboo shall be of the species Guadua angustifolia. The apartments shall comprise bamboo based modular wall panels. Wall panel structures, columns, and beams are prefabricated with bamboo-based structures and cemented with micro concrete. This way, the bamboo used as a non-conventional construction material shall substitute the wood partially, or totally, reducing the pressure on logging.
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Hediyanti, Giska, Reny Rianti, and Pramushinta Arum Pynanjung. "Perspective of the Application of Low Impact Development (LID) to Deal with Floods to Strengthen the Economic Structure of Pontianak City." Jurnal Borneo Administrator 18, no. 1 (April 26, 2022): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24258/jba.v18i1.909.
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Pontianak city is the capital of West Kalimantan Province, undergoing dynamic growth and development in various sectors. However, it is often hit by inundation or flooding, affecting region development, particularly economic structure. The effort that can be made is the Low Impact Development (LID) Approach to overcome flooding and inundation in urban areas while providing economic value benefits. This research analyzed the economic structure of Pontianak City with an analysis of LQ, Typology Klassen and Shifted Share to look at the growth of the base sector and the movement of economic structures. AHP analysis is used to look at the perspective of LID application in Pontianak City. The results showed that the water procurement, waste management, by products, and recycling sectors became one of the base sectors in Pontianak City. However, the results of shift-share analysis on the competitive advantage component (Cij) showed the sector was moving more slowly than the Provincial level. Policies are needed to accelerate the growth of the water management sector, one of which is a policy to overcome the problem of flooding and inundation in Pontianak city and concomitantly strengthen its economic structure. The results of the AHP analysis showed the selected form of LID application, namely water tanks, rain gardens, bioretention, filter strips, infiltration trenches, porous pavement, and infiltration wells that lead to small-scale or self-contained applications. Sensitivity analysis shows that the criteria for land needs are very sensitive and most affect other measures, namely cost, in determining LID application. Therefore, the commitment of the Pontianak City Government as a regulator, dynamic actor, and facilitator is needed to support policies and budgets that strengthen the economic structure of Pontianak City as well as a cross-sectoral working atmosphere and healthy investment to support the implementation of LID
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Stransky, David, Martin Fencl, and Vojtech Bares. "Runoff prediction using rainfall data from microwave links: Tabor case study." Water Science and Technology 2017, no. 2 (April 5, 2018): 351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.149.
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Abstract Rainfall spatio-temporal distribution is of great concern for rainfall-runoff modellers. Standard rainfall observations are, however, often scarce and/or expensive to obtain. Thus, rainfall observations from non-traditional sensors such as commercial microwave links (CMLs) represent a promising alternative. In this paper, rainfall observations from a municipal rain gauge (RG) monitoring network were complemented by CMLs and used as an input to a standard urban drainage model operated by the water utility of the Tabor agglomeration (CZ). Two rainfall datasets were used for runoff predictions: (i) the municipal RG network, i.e. the observation layout used by the water utility, and (ii) CMLs adjusted by the municipal RGs. The performance was evaluated in terms of runoff volumes and hydrograph shapes. The use of CMLs did not lead to distinctively better predictions in terms of runoff volumes; however, CMLs outperformed RGs used alone when reproducing a hydrograph's dynamics (peak discharges, Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient and hydrograph's rising limb timing). This finding is promising for number of urban drainage tasks working with dynamics of the flow. Moreover, CML data can be obtained from a telecommunication operator's data cloud at virtually no cost. That makes their use attractive for cities unable to improve their monitoring infrastructure for economic or organizational reasons.
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Zech, Y., X. Sillen, C. Debources, and A. Van Hauwaert. "Rainfall-Runoff Modelling of Partly Urbanized Watersheds: Comparison Between a Distributed Model Using GIS and Other Models Sensitivity Analysis." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1994): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0662.
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This paper presents an original integrated approach to rainfall-runoff modelling for partly urbanized watersheds. A digital terrain model (DTM), allowing use of GIS techniques, was built not only for representing the undeveloped part of the catchment but also the urbanized area. For each cell of the DTM grid, a water budget is computed, providing runoff and interflow amounts. The water volumes generated at each cell are moved along the steepest slopes with a celerity depending on this slope, until they reach the outlet and contribute to the resulting hydrograph. The model was tested in a partly urbanized catchment, specially equipped with rain and flow measurement station. Comparisons with other procedures, mainly with SWMM and WALLRUS models, shows that the proposed model seems to be one of the most accurate. Moreover, the sensitivity analysis confirms the flexibility of the tool. Its concept, based on GIS routines, allows much of the computation to be done automatically, avoiding a lot of tedious tasks. For example, it becomes relatively easy to check the consequences of urban planning options.
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Stransky, D., V. Bares, and P. Fatka. "The effect of rainfall measurement uncertainties on rainfall–runoff processes modelling." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 4 (February 1, 2007): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.100.
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Rainfall data are a crucial input for various tasks concerning the wet weather period. Nevertheless, their measurement is affected by random and systematic errors that cause an underestimation of the rainfall volume. Therefore, the general objective of the presented work was to assess the credibility of measured rainfall data and to evaluate the effect of measurement errors on urban drainage modelling tasks. Within the project, the methodology of the tipping bucket rain gauge (TBR) was defined and assessed in terms of uncertainty analysis. A set of 18 TBRs was calibrated and the results were compared to the previous calibration. This enables us to evaluate the ageing of TBRs. A propagation of calibration and other systematic errors through the rainfall–runoff model was performed on experimental catchment. It was found that the TBR calibration is important mainly for tasks connected with the assessment of peak values and high flow durations. The omission of calibration leads to up to 30% underestimation and the effect of other systematic errors can add a further 15%. The TBR calibration should be done every two years in order to catch up the ageing of TBR mechanics. Further, the authors recommend to adjust the dynamic test duration proportionally to generated rainfall intensity.
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Liao, Z. L., G. Q. Zhang, Z. H. Wu, Y. He, and H. Chen. "Combined sewer overflow control with LID based on SWMM: an example in Shanghai, China." Water Science and Technology 71, no. 8 (February 17, 2015): 1136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.076.
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Although low impact development (LID) has been commonly applied across the developed countries for mitigating the negative impacts of combined sewer overflows (CSOs) on urban hydrological environment, it has not been widely used in developing countries yet. In this paper, a typical combined sewer system in an urbanized area of Shanghai, China was used to demonstrate how to design and choose CSO control solutions with LID using stormwater management model. We constructed and simulated three types of CSO control scenarios. Our findings support the notion that LID measures possess favorable capability on CSO reduction. Nevertheless, the green scenarios which are completely comprised by LID measures fail to achieve the maximal effectiveness on CSO reduction, while the gray-green scenarios (LID measure combined with gray measures) achieve it. The unit cost-effectiveness of each type of scenario sorts as: green scenario > gray-green scenario > gray scenario. Actually, as the storage tank is built in the case catchment, a complete application of green scenario is inaccessible here. Through comprehensive evaluation and comparison, the gray-green scenario F which used the combination of storage tank, bio-retention and rain barrels is considered as the most feasible one in this case.
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Vaes, G., and J. Berlamont. "The impact of rainwater reuse on CSO emissions." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 5 (March 1, 1999): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0222.
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The increasing consumption of drinking water puts a heavy burden on our future water resources. Therefore the reuse of rain water in households can be a good option to tackle this problem. On the other hand the rapidly drained rain water leads to problems in the combined sewer systems and watercourses. If the storage in the rain water tanks can be used to flatten the rain water runoff, rain water tanks can have an additional benefit. The effect of rain water tanks on the combined sewer overflow (CSO) emissions is therefore investigated with a reservoir model. Compared with storage in the combined sewer system or at the overflow, storage in rain water tanks will be more efficient in reducing the overflow emissions. However much more storage in rain water tanks must be provided to obtain the same overflow frequency as when downstream storage is used, because the storage in rain water tanks is less frequently available. When all the economical, social and environmental aspects are considered, rain water tanks can certainly be promoted as a good solution.
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Martínez-Castrejón, Mariana, Enrique J. Flores-Munguía, Oscar Talavera-Mendoza, América L. Rodríguez-Herrera, Omar Solorza-Feria, Osbelia Alcaraz-Morales, Jazmin A. López-Díaz, and Giovanni Hernández-Flores. "Water Efficiency Households Retrofit Proposal Based on Rainwater Quality in Acapulco, Mexico." Water 14, no. 18 (September 19, 2022): 2927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14182927.
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Climate change, urbanization, and population growth, particularly in urban areas such as Acapulco, Mexico, put pressure on water availability, where although surrounded by water, the inhabitants lack enough good-quality water, especially in the rainy season. In addition, water scarcity, socioeconomic factors, and infrastructure problems limit the satisfaction of water demand in this context, e.g., operational issues in the water treatment plants and problems in the distribution network caused by hurricanes. The objectives of this research were: (i) to determine the rainwater quality in Acapulco, Mexico; (ii) to propose a domestic water efficiency retrofit (WER) design implementing a rainwater harvesting system (RWHS); and (iii) to determine the RWHS efficiency in terms of economic savings, considering rainwater’s social acceptance for domestic consumptive uses. The WER design was developed in an SFH in Acapulco, Mexico. The RWHS catchment surface area was 29 m2. The device comprises a first-rain separator (20 L) and a storage tank (1200 L). The rainwater harvesting potential (RWHP) was evaluated during the 2020 and 2021 rainy seasons, whereas the harvested rainwater quality (HRWQ) was analyzed in samples from 2021. Alkalinity, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, chlorides, nitrates, sulfates, and heavy metals and potentially toxic metalloids were analyzed. Additionally, 168 surveys were applied to SFH owners to evaluate WER acceptance. Results showed that the RWHP was ca. 44 and 21 L/m2 in 2020 and 2021, respectively. All the rainwater quality parameters met the World Health Organization guidelines for consumptive uses except for drinking water. The perception study showed a 95% willingness to adopt the WER. Due to the RWHP and the HRWQ, the WER of SFHs is a promising solution to address Acapulco hydric stress under the nature-based solutions approach.
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Khastagir, Anirban, and Niranjali Jayasuriya. "Optimal sizing of rain water tanks for domestic water conservation." Journal of Hydrology 381, no. 3-4 (February 2010): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.11.040.
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Bayas-Jiménez, Leonardo, F. Javier Martínez-Solano, Pedro L. Iglesias-Rey, and Daniel Mora-Meliá. "Search Space Reduction for Genetic Algorithms Applied to Drainage Network Optimization Problems." Water 13, no. 15 (July 22, 2021): 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13152008.
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In recent years, a significant increase in the number of extreme rains around the world has been observed, which has caused an overpressure of urban drainage networks. The lack of capacity to evacuate this excess water generates the need to rehabilitate drainage systems. There are different rehabilitation methodologies that have proven their validity; one of the most used is the heuristic approach. Within this approach, the use of genetic algorithms has stood out for its robustness and effectiveness. However, the problem to be overcome by this approach is the large space of solutions that algorithms must explore, affecting their efficiency. This work presents a method of search space reduction applied to the rehabilitation of drainage networks. The method is based on reducing the initially large search space to a smaller one that contains the optimal solution. Through iterative processes, the search space is gradually reduced to define the final region. The rehabilitation methodology contemplates the optimization of networks using the joint work of the installation of storm tanks, replacement of pipes, and implementation of hydraulic control elements. The optimization model presented uses a pseudo genetic algorithm connected to the SWMM model through a toolkit. Optimization problems consider a large number of decision variables, and could require a huge computational effort. For this reason, this work focuses on identifying the most promising region of the search space to contain the optimal solution and to improve the efficiency of the process. Finally, this method is applied in real networks to show its validity.
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Shivanna, A., and G. Nagendrappa. "Water Quality Index (WQI) Approach to Evaluate the Water Quality of Certain Tank Waters of Tiptur Taluk in Tumkur District, Karnataka, India." Current World Environment 10, no. 1 (April 30, 2015): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.10.1.22.
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Evaluation of water quality using different parameters is complex and not easy to understand as it is variable by variable discussion. Water quality index is a single value indicator used to evaluate and present the water quality to the public and the related management in precise and understandable manner. Measured values of eleven physico-chemical parameters namely, pH, TDS, TH, Cl-,NO3-,SO42-,HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+ were used to calculate WQI of six tanks in Tiptur taluk. The study was taken up to understand the impact of agriculture run off from the respective catchment area, domestic sewage input and human activities which contribute to pollution load. During the investigation period from December-2010 to November-2012, it was found that the overall water quality index of the studied tanks ranged from 46.72 to 92.22 indicating the quality ranging from good quality to very poor quality. Values of variables TDS, HCO3-, Na+ and K+exceeded their desirable limits of BIS/ICMR in Karadi, Halkurke and Honnavalli tanks which depend on rain water. Waters in these tanks were of moderately poor to very poor quality. Waters of Canal fed tanks were of good to moderately poor quality.
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Aguiar, Claudinei Rodrigues de, Jéssica Klemm Nuernberg, and Thays Cristiane Leonardi. "Multicriteria GIS-Based Approach in Priority Areas Analysis for Sustainable Urban Drainage Practices: A Case Study of Pato Branco, Brazil." Eng—Advances in Engineering 1, no. 2 (September 28, 2020): 96–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/eng1020006.
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Geographic information systems (GIS) and multicriteria decision methods are robust techniques for supporting the urban planning process, including urban drainage. New low-impact management approaches (LID) for rainwater have been investigated and have become increasingly used. Considering the central region of Pato Branco city, which suffers recurrent problems related to flooding, this work presents a method to identify potential areas for the application of LIDs, such as rainwater collection tanks, permeable pavements, green roofs, and rain gardens. The identification of these areas is based on the analysis in a GIS environment considering criteria related to both the land slope, the characteristics of land use and technical parameters. Thus, we observe that rainwater collection tanks are indicated for all habitations, permeable pavements are recommended for 6.30% of the study area, while green roofs can be implemented in 3.97% of the area. Finally, 3.03% can receive rain gardens. In total, 13.30% of the central region of Pato Branco can receive LIDs. The results obtained reveal that the use of the GIS tool associated with multicriteria analysis is efficient in choosing locations for the implementation of LIDs as alternatives for the management of urban drainage.
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Starke, P., P. Göbel, and W. G. Coldewey. "Urban evaporation rates for water-permeable pavements." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 5 (September 1, 2010): 1161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.390.
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In urban areas the natural water balance is disturbed. Infiltration and evaporation are reduced, resulting in a high surface runoff and a typical city climate, which can lead to floods and damages. Water-permeable pavements have a high infiltration rate that reduces surface runoff by increasing the groundwater recharge. The high water retention capacity of the street body of up to 51 l/m2 and its connection via pores to the surface lead to higher evaporation rates than impermeable surfaces. A comparison of these two kinds of pavements shows a 16% increase in evaporation levels of water-permeable pavements. Furthermore, the evaporation from impermeable pavements is linked directly to rain events due to fast-drying surfaces. Water-permeable pavements show a more evenly distributed evaporation after a rain event. Cooling effects by evaporative heat loss can improve the city climate even several days after rain events. On a large scale use, uncomfortable weather like sultriness or dry heat can be prevented and the urban water balance can be attenuated towards the natural.
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de Luca, S. J., L. B. Milano, and C. N. Ide. "Rain and Urban Stormwater Quality." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 1-3 (January 1, 1991): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0409.
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Aspects of the quality of rain and urban stormwater in the Metropolitan Area of Porto Alegre, Brazil, are presented. The results obtained in the survey show a significant occurrence of chemical and acid rain in the area. The data on urban drainage quality show that, besides contamined rain, other sources of pollution such as poor garbage collection, car exhaust, crankcase leakage, and badly done street cleaning, contribute to increase the pollution of the receiving body of water, the Guaiba river.
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van der Merwe, Venessa, Stacey Duvenage, and Lise Korsten. "Comparison of biofilm formation and water quality when water from different sources was stored in large commercial water storage tanks." Journal of Water and Health 11, no. 1 (December 3, 2012): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2012.014.
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Rain-, ground- and municipal potable water were stored in low density polyethylene storage tanks for a period of 90 days to determine the effects of long-term storage on the deterioration in the microbial quality of the water. Total viable bacteria present in the stored water and the resultant biofilms were enumerated using heterotrophic plate counts. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Colilert-18® tests were performed to determine if the faecal indicator bacteria Escherichia coli was present in the water and in the biofilm samples collected throughout the study. The municipal potable water at the start of the study was the only water source that conformed to the South African Water Quality Guidelines for Domestic Use. After 15 days of storage, this water source had deteriorated microbiologically to levels considered unfit for human consumption. E. coli was detected in the ground- and potable water and ground- and potable biofilms periodically, whereas it was detected in the rainwater and associated biofilms at every sampling point. Imperfections in the UV resistant inner lining of the tanks were shown to be ecological niches for microbial colonisation and biofilm development. The results from the current study confirmed that long-term storage can influence water quality and increase the number of microbial cells associated with biofilms on the interior surfaces of water storage tanks.
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Xu, Lin Juan, Jun Yu Deng, Chen Chen, and Shan Shan Han. "Urban Rain Flood Disaster Mechanism and Prevention Research." Applied Mechanics and Materials 730 (January 2015): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.730.21.
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The urban rain flood is a disaster, but it is also a kind of important water resources, so it is important for the urban water management work to use rain flood resource safely and effectively and turn the harm into a benefit. In this paper, the basic definition of urban rain flood was summarized, the characteristics were revealed, the mechanism was analyzed and the utilization and optimization measures of the urban rain flood were put forward, all of these provide the basic method to use the urban rain flood resources rationally.
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Qin, Yinghong, Zhengce Huang, Zebin Yu, Zhikui Liu, and Lei Wang. "A Novel Buffer Tank to Attenuate the Peak Flow of Runoff." Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 12 (December 3, 2019): 2525–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091430.
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Impermeable pavements and roofs in urban areas convert most rainfall to runoff, which is commonly discharged to local sewers pipes and finally to the nearby streams and rivers. In case of heavy rain, the peak flow of runoff usually exceeds the carrying capacity of the local sewer pipes, leading to urban flooding. Traditional facilities, such as green roofs, permeable pavements, soakaways, rainwater tanks, rain barrels, and others reduce the runoff volume in case of a small rain but fail in case of a heavy rain. Here we propose a novel rainwater buffer tank to detain runoff from the nearby sealed surfaces in case of heavy rain and then to discharge rainwater from an orifice at the tank’s bottom. We found that considering a 100m2 rooftop with 0.80 runoff coefficient and a 10cm rainfall depth for an hour, a cubic tank with internal edge side of a square of 2 m attenuates the peak flow about 45%. To reduce a desirable peak flow, the outlet orifice of the buffer tank must be optimized according to site-specific conditions. The orifice can be set at an elevation from the tank’s bottom to create a dead storage for harvesting rainwater.
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Sharma, Ashok, and Ted Gardner. "Comprehensive Assessment Methodology for Urban Residential Rainwater Tank Implementation." Water 12, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020315.
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Rainwater tanks are increasingly being implemented as part of the integrated urban water management paradigm where all sources of water, including potable, stormwater and recycled, are considered eligible to contribute to the urban water supply. Over the last decade or so, there has been a rapid uptake of rainwater tank systems in urban areas, especially in Australian cities, encouraged through financial incentives, but more importantly, from change in residential building codes effectively mandating the installation of rainwater tanks. Homes with rainwater tanks in Australian cities have increased from 15% to 28% over six years to 2013. These building codes specify certain rainwater tank specifications to achieve a stated rainwater use, and hence potable water savings. These specifications include minimum rainwater tank size, minimum connected roof area, plumbing for internal supply for toilets and washing machines, and external supply for garden watering. These expected potable water savings from households are often factored into regional strategic water planning objectives. Hence if rainwater tanks do not deliver the expected saving due to sub-standard installation and/or poor maintenance, it will have an adverse impact on the regional water plan in the longer term. In this paper, a methodology to assess the effectiveness of a government rainwater tank policy in achieving predicted potable water savings is described and illustrated with a case study from South East Queensland, Australia. It is anticipated that water professionals across the globe should be able to use the same methodology to assess the effectiveness of similar rainwater policies, or indeed any other distributed water saving policy, in their local planning communities.
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Lai, Qiuying, Jie Ma, Fei He, and Geng Wei. "Response Model for Urban Area Source Pollution and Water Environmental Quality in a River Network Region." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17 (August 24, 2022): 10546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710546.
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With the development of cities, urban area source pollution has become more severe and a significant source of water pollution. To study the relationship between urban area source pollution and water environmental quality in a river network, this study uses a city in the Yangtze River Delta, China, as an example. The Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) model and the MIKE11 model were combined into a unified modeling framework and used to simulate dynamic changes in the water quality of a river network under light rain, moderate rain, and heavy rain. In the study period, the annual urban area source input loads of potassium permanganate (CODMn), total phosphorus (TP), and ammonia nitrogen were 29.8, 0.9, and 4.8 t, respectively. The influence of light rain on the water quality of the river network was lagging and temporary, and rainfall area pollution was the primary contributor. Under the scenario of moderate rain, overflow from a pipeline network compounded rainfall runoff, resulting in a longer duration of impact on the water quality in the river. Additionally, the water quality in the river course was worse under moderate rain than under light or heavy rain. Under the scenario of heavy rain, rain mainly served a dilutive function. This research can provide support for urban area source pollution control and management.
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Murai, K., M. Okano, H. Kuramitz, N. Hata, T. Kawakami, and S. Taguchi. "Investigation of formaldehyde pollution of tap water and rain water using a novel visual colorimetry." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 5 (September 1, 2008): 1055–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.470.
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The pollution of tap water and rain water with formaldehyde in Toyama Pref., Japan was investigated by means of a simple, rapid and cost-effective visual colorimetry developed by us. The levels of formaldehyde in three tap waters from different sources of dams on mountainside and a well-water pumped in urban area in Toyama Pref. were lower than 0.01 mg L−1 that was the detection limit of the colorimetry. On the other hand, rain waters were seriously polluted with formaldehyde. Rain waters were sampled from three different sites (urban area, top of hill and industrial area) in Toyama Pref. from autumn to winter in 2006. The levels of formaldehyde in the rain waters ranged from 0.07 to 0.30 mg L−1. The analytical results by the visual colorimetry were in good agreement with those obtained by GC-MS method. It was confirmed that the colorimetry is excellent for practical use for the determination of formaldehyde. It must be concerned about the pollution of rainwater with formaldehyde, when rain water is applied for tap water and miscellaneous purpose.
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Varyushina, Galina. "Solutions for the disposal of industrial and rain wastewater of transport enterprises in Moscow." MATEC Web of Conferences 144 (2018): 05007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814405007.
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The article gives results of the surveys water management systems, auto repair companies, bus compamies, taxis, fleets of trucks, production and technical enterprises. Studied technological processes of primary production: cleaning engines, flushing of radiators and parts of batteries, testing of fuel tanks, cleaning of parts and units, exterior washing and painting of motor vehicles. There were carried out field examinations of local industrial wastewater treatment facilities industrial wastewater and onsite construction runoff, the laboratory-production work to identify quantitative and qualitative indicators of the incoming and treated effluents, including petroleum products, suspended matter, salinity, synthetic surfactants, heavy metals etc. Proposed sustainable solutions for the improvement of the work of treatment facilities of rain sewage by mechanical and physical and chemical methods, including horizontal sand catchers, septic tanks – oil separator, a cascade of pressure filters with granular mineral over-loading and high-performance sorption materials, the effectiveness of treatment meets the requirements of water for its re-use for technical needs, and discharge to water bodies.
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Singh, Saumya, A. B. Samaddar, R. K. Srivastava, and H. K. Pandey. "Ground water recharge in urban areas — Experience of rain water harvesting." Journal of the Geological Society of India 83, no. 3 (March 2014): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-014-0042-1.
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Liu, Fan, Chun Guang Chen, and Qing Hua Yang. "Rain Water Utilizing System Combing Artificial Wetland and Urban Drainage System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 484-485 (January 2014): 763–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.484-485.763.
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The method of utilizing rain water has been well developed in foreign countries to realize the sustainable development of water recourse while the method is still at the initial level in China. When considering the increasing of water shortage and urban flood, the awareness of utilizing rain water, as an inevitable trend, has been applied to various engineering technologies. This article has analyzed the principle of conventional road drainage system and the application of artificial wetland technology, also proposed to combine the road drainage system and artificial wetland, as a complex drainage system, to utilize the urban rain water, decrease urban flood pressure, and improve urban micro environment. The calculation principle and method for the complex drainage system are included as well.
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Liang, Ruijie, Michael Di Matteo, Holger Maier, and Mark Thyer. "Real-Time, Smart Rainwater Storage Systems: Potential Solution to Mitigate Urban Flooding." Water 11, no. 12 (November 20, 2019): 2428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11122428.
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Urban water systems are being stressed due to the effects of urbanization and climate change. Although household rainwater tanks are primarily used for water supply purposes, they also have the potential to provide flood benefits. However, this potential is limited for critical storms, as they become ineffective once their capacity is exceeded. This limitation can be overcome by controlling tanks as systems during rainfall events, as this can offset the timing of outflow peaks from different tanks. In this paper, the effectiveness of such systems is tested for two tank sizes under a wide range of design rainfall conditions for three Australian cities with different climates. Results show that a generic relationship exists between the ratio of tank:runoff volume and percentage peak flow reduction, irrespective of location and storm characteristics. Smart tank systems are able to reduce peak system outflows by between 35% and 85% for corresponding ranges in tank:runoff volumes of 0.15–0.8. This corresponds to a relative performance improvement on the order of 35% to 50% compared with smart tanks that are not operated in real-time. These results highlight the potential for using household rainwater tanks for mitigating urban flooding, even for extreme events.
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Rak, Janusz, and Katarzyna Pietrucha-Urbanik. "Diversification of Water Network Tanks Volume." Applied Mechanics and Materials 811 (November 2015): 395–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.811.395.
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Diversification of the water volume has a particularly positive role in crisis situations related to water supply in urban and industrial areas. The function of water supply tanks is to compensate water supply for a settlement unit in a daily cycle, stabilizing the pressure in the supply area. In crisis situations, tanks capacity is used for the purposes of fire. A new function is the use of stored water as an emergency source of water supply during failure. Water supply network tanks act as reserves for various types of undesirable events. The previous methods of analysis and risk assessment in water supply systems did not include directly the assessment of volume diversification in a given number of water supply network tanks. For this purpose the Shannon-Wiener index, as well as the author’s index, based on the polynomial function, were proposed. These indices enable to perform an objective assessment of the water volume diversification degree and comparing the various subsystems of collecting water on the example of seven water supply system in the south of Poland. Perspectives for the development of research direction, that is safety management, is a challenge for both theoreticians and practitioners working in the water supply companies.
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Otterpohl, Ralf, Martin Freund, Juan Pablo Sanz, and Andreas Durchschlag. "JOINT CONSIDERATION OF SEWERAGE SYSTEM AND W ASTEW ATER TREATMENT PLANT." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 1 (July 1, 1994): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0016.
Full textAbstract:
The total efficiency of combined sewerage systems and wastewater treatment plants (WTP) sbould be considered. By an overall planning procedure the benefits of the whole system can be optimized. For the estimation of the system behaviour with different rain events, computer simulations of the sewerage system including storage tanks and the treatment plant have to be carried out. The two systems are not coupled mathematically allowing separate simulation. Hydrographs of different scenarios computed for the sewerage system can be used for simulations of the WTP. For comparing the effects of different throttle flows on the treatment plant an example bas been simulated. In this example the BOD5 and phosphorus loads could be reduced with a higher throttle flow. The large difference in total discharges from combined sewerage without storage tanks and with well-dimensioned tanks could also be demonstrated.
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Xu, Chi, Zhenyang Peng, Hongya Zhang, and Zijie He. "Study of Comprehensive Utilization of Water Resources of Urban Water Distribution Network." Water 13, no. 19 (October 8, 2021): 2791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13192791.
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China is a country where the levels of water resources per capita are extremely low. With the rapid development of urbanization, water resource shortages have become a bottleneck existing in more and more cities. This study considers the comprehensive management of urban flood control, water supply, water and the ecological environment, catches the main contradiction between “water deficient” and “water rich” in cities, puts forward a comprehensive utilization pattern for urban water resources by emphasizing the utilization of rain–flood resources. After a simulation study, a better regulation pattern is brought out and achieve multiple benefits based on the river system of Gucheng Lake, which is located in Nanjing, Gaochun district, by optimizing conventional regulation. The results show that two parameters, the low water level (LWL) below which Gucheng Lake stops supplying ecological water, and the high water level (HWL) where Gucheng Lake stops importing water from rivers, are the key parameters to decide the regulation benefits, and the LWL of 9 m and HWL of 12 m is the best combination in river network regulation, the annual potential utilizable of rain–flood resources of Gucheng Lake river system can reach 57 million m3 per year, through the comprehensive utilization of the rain–flood resources, the negative effect of flood is effectively reduced and the disaster is controlled on one hand; and the water demand of urban and rural water supply, 100,000 m3/day, is effectively guaranteed as well as the regional ecological environment is improved on the other hand.
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Bozorg-Haddad, Omid, Milad Latifi, Atiyeh Bozorgi, Mohammad-Mehdi Rajabi, Seyed-Taghi Naeeni, and Hugo A. Loáiciga. "Development and application of the anarchic society algorithm (ASO) to the optimal operation of water distribution networks." Water Supply 18, no. 1 (June 19, 2017): 318–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.117.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Optimizing the design and operation of urban water distribution networks (WDNs) is a complex, nonlinear problem. The optimization of WDNs can be performed for the pumping schedule, the location and elevation of reservoirs, the physical characteristics of pipes, and the placement of pressure-reducing valves, among other objectives. This study applies the anarchic society optimization (ASO) algorithm to find the optimal location and elevation of auxiliary tanks in urban water networks. The ASO is validated with mathematical benchmark functions, and is implemented to determine the location and elevation of auxiliary tanks in two urban water networks. The fuzzy reliability index for urban water network ranges between 74 and 79%, which is close to the global optima. The ASO exhibited better performance optimizing the reliability of WDNs than the genetic algorithm.