Academic literature on the topic 'Urban references'

Depuis une vingtaine d’années, les discours promotionnels en urbanisme attribuent à un nombre croissant de lieux et de processus le statut de modèles à suivre ou de bonnes pratiques. Cette thèse vise à comprendre comment les acteurs opérationnels réceptionnent et utilisent ces modèles lorsqu’ils conçoivent d’autres projets urbains. L’approche construite vise à suivre les acteurs au plus près de leurs pratiques opérationnelles. Pour ce faire, la notion de « modèle » est mise de côté le temps de l’analyse pour lui préférer celle de « référence » dont la définition prend une dimension méthodologique. Une référence est la représentation d’un objet utilisée dans une situation autre que celle dans laquelle il a été élaboré. Tout objet (idée, image, ou texte) peut devenir une référence, mais il ne le devient qu’à partir du moment où sa représentation est citée dans une autre situation. La notion de référence est étudiée dans le cadre de situations de conception, les moments au cours desquels les acteurs réfléchissent, discutent, se projettent seuls ou à plusieurs, et prennent des décisions pour la transformation des usages d’un espace. Deux méthodes sont utilisées. Une méthode par entretiens semi-directifs auprès de 30 acteurs opérationnels d’origines variées vise à comprendre la façon dont ces derniers se représentent leurs usages des références. Une méthode d’observation circonscrite de quatre situations de conception au cours desquelles les acteurs sont en train d’élaborer des plans directeurs permet de suivre les usages des références dans des projets en train d’être conçus. Les observations et entretiens réalisés en France et dans l’Oregon aux États-Unis, se complètent et se rejoignent, permettent de découvrir des constantes concernant les usages de références et de redéfinir la notion. Les références sont, au sein d’une grande diversité, urbaines, ancrées et locales. Elles sont utilisées à des fins multiples, aussi bien pour communiquer dans un groupe et y négocier sa place, que pour la forme d’un plan directeur, pour lire un contexte, et pour évaluer des propositions de transformation d’un espace. Cette approche permet d’obtenir une lecture fine de l’usage des références en situation de conception, lecture importante pour le débat actuel de la fabrique de la ville concernant les modèles urbains. En situation, il n’y a pas un modèle mais une multitude de références qui sont citées, mentionnées, analysées ; et chaque plan est le résultat d’un travail articulant le contexte et ces objets cités, des projets, des espaces existants, des formes et objets génériques, et des théories<br>Over the last twenty years, promotional discourse on urban development has been assigning the labels of “best practice” or “model to follow” to an increasing number of specific sites and processes. My thesis explores how these models are received and used by urban developers and other relevant actors. My approach aims at following actors as closely as possible with regard to their working practices. To do so, the notion of “model” is put aside and favored over by the notion of “reference”, whose definition is methodologically based. A reference is the representation of an object (idea, image, text) that is cited within a design situation other than the one it was initially conceived in. Any object can become a reference, but it only becomes a reference when its representation is cited in another design situation. The notion of reference is studied during multiple stages of urban design: from conception to moments during which actors think, talk and plan alone or collectively, to decision-making about the transformation of spatial uses. Two methods were used. First, I carried out semi-structured interviews with 30 actors with the aim of understanding how actors perceive their use of references. Second, I observed and analyzed four specific situations during which actors were designing urban masterplans in order to understand the use of references in the design process.Both methods were applied in France and in the USA (Oregon) and converged in their results, leading to a more precise understanding of the notion of reference. References are mainly urban, anchored within a territory and local. They have many purposes, from communicating and negotiating within a group, to making design decisions, as well as reading an urban context and evaluating design propositions. The present analysis of how references are used is particularly useful for the current debate in urban studies concerning policy and the mobility of ideas. In the design process, there is not one model but a multitude of urban objects that are cited, analyzed and described. Each masterplan is the result of a coordination between an actual context and these cited objects, projects, existing spaces, generic objects and forms, and theories

Le roman espagnol contemporain a vu l’émergence dans les années 1990 d’un ensemble de romans publiés par une cohorte de jeunes auteurs regroupés par les critiques sous le nom de «Generación X», appellation sans doute problématique dont nous tenterons néanmoins de délimiter les contours. Nés dans les années 1960, ces auteurs mettent en scène une jeunesse désenchantée dans l'ère des mass media et empreinte de culture rock et punk, à laquelle les critiques les ont souvent assimilés, évoluant dans un cadre résolument urbain (généralement Madrid), qu’ils connaissent pour en avoir souvent été acteurs avant de le mettre en scène. Représentants d’une culture éclectique et contemporaine, la ville et l’univers « underground » et marginal que les romans représentent sont profondément marqués par l’omniprésence de l’image et de la musique, et par le rythme accéléré de la vie moderne. Cela se manifeste dans les modalités d’une écriture novatrice et hétérarchique qui repose sur un mécanisme référentiel imposant et où s’entremêlent différents codes sémiotiques et où le langage de la rue est reproduit de façon mimétique. Ces aspects sont ceux qui permettent d'affirmer la convergence de ces auteurs dans un ensemble de textes qui davantage que le critère biologique permet de les rassembler et de dire que ces romans constituent un jalon dans le mouvement généralisé de retour au réel. Notre thèse consistera à étudier ces aspects, la représentation de la société qui se dégage des romans à travers le traitement et le dépassement des instances classiques du réalisme, et notamment la façon dont les différentes visions et représentations de la ville s’opposent et se superposent pour participer à l’élaboration du portrait d’un secteur dérangeant de la société espagnole de la fin du XXème siècle, qui justifie l’emploi du terme de "realismo sucio" pour qualifier l’esthétique de ces romans. Nous proposerons une approche d’une pluralité de textes représentatifs publiés entre 1990 et 1999 par Francisco Casavella,Lucía Etxebarria, Ismael Grasa,José Angel Mañas, Ray Loriga, Benjamin Prado, Pedro Maestre ou encore Roger Wolfe<br>Contemporary Spanish novel saw the emergence in the 1990's of an ensemble of novels published by a group of young authors gathered together by critics under the name of " Génération X ", doubtless problematic naming of which limits we shall nevertheless try to define. Born in the 1960s, these authors represent a disillusioned youth in mass media's era,a youth suffused with rock and punk culture to which the critics often likened them, evolving in a decisively urban space (generally Madrid), that they know for being themselves actors of this scenery before staging it. Representatives of an eclectic and contemporary culture, the city and the " underground " and marginal universe which they represent are profoundly marked by the omnipresence of image and music, and by the accelerated rhythm of modern life. It shows in the modalities of an innovative writing based on an imposing mechanism of references, where various semiotic codes are mixed and where language of the street is mimetically reproduced. These aspects are what authorize us to mantain that more than the authors it is an ensemble of novels that converge and constitute a stage in a generelized realistic turn. Our thesis will consist in studying what kind of overview of spanish society emerges from the way this litterature processes the construction of characters, time and space, and how various visions and representations of the city get confronted and overlap to participate in the elaboration of the portrait of a disturbing sector of the end of the XXth century Spanish society, which justifies the use of the term of " realismo sucio " to qualify the esthetics of these authors. We shall propose an approach of representatives published between 1990 and 1999 by Francisco Casavellas, Lucía Etxebarria, Ismael Grasa, José Angel Mañas, Ray Loriga, Benjamin Prado, Pedro Maestre and Roger Wolfe

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-13T13:26:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-06-19. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-01-13T13:31:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000852951.pdf: 5209935 bytes, checksum: 87dc5b28f4e741bf9ee6b293d579b21e (MD5)<br>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)<br>A imprensa noticia com frequencia problemas de mobilidade urbana devido ao crescimento não planejado de muitos municípios brasileiros. Tais informações são corroboradas por agências governamentais como o IBGE e o DANATRAN, que indicam gradativo aumento na proporção de veículos automotores por domicílio e o número total de veículos automotores emplacados em todo o país, respectivamente. Esse crescimento urbano denso e desordenado pode vir acompanhado de consequências nocivas à população, como congestionamentos, poluição sonora e do ar, aumento do número de acidentes de trânsito público deficitário, dentre outros. Diante desse quadro, tornam-se imprescindíveis o planejamento e a proposição de ações e políticas públicas tematizadas pela mobilidade urbanam como forma de evitar ou minimizar eventuais prejuízos e consequências negativas à população. O planejamento de políticas públicas muitas vezes envolve um delineamento de práticas culturais, o que está intrinsecamente relacionado à maneira com que os indivíduos interagem entre si e com as demais instâncias do ambiente em que estão iseridos. Nesse sentido, o conjunto de leis disponíveis no Brasil, em especial o Estatuto da Cidade os Planos Diretores, se efetivamente concretizados, caracterizam-se como instrumentos básicos e norteadores, fornecendo diretrizes para que a mobilidade urbana ocorra de forma sustentável. Nesse cenário, o presente estudo objetivou promover uma análise funcional, identificando prescrições comportamentais, por meio da descrição de contingências comportamentais de três termos, que são direta ou indiretamente referenciadas em legislações acerca da mobilidade urbana, especificamente do Estatuto da Cidade, da Política Nacional Nacional de Mobilidade Urbana e do Plano Diretor Participativo do Município de Bauru-SP. Para isso, adotou-se metodologia descritiva que consistiu na leitura das leis, identificando os termos da...<br>The press often publishes urban mobility problems due to unplanned growth of many Brazilian cities. These informations are corroborated by government agencies such as IBGE and DENATRAN, which indicate gradual increase of the proportion of automotive vehicles per residence and the total of automative vehicles across the country. This dense and disordered urban growth can be followed by harmful consequences for the population, such as traffic jam, noise and air pollution, increase in the number of traffic accidents, unefficient public transport, among others. Considering this situation planning and proposing actions and policies related to urban mobility, avoiding or minimizing any losses or negative consequences for the population should be priorized. Planning of public policies often involves a design of cultural practices, which is intrinsically linked to the way that people interact between each other and with the environment. In this way, the set of laws available in Brazil, especially the Cities Statute and Director Plans if effectively implemented, are characterized as basic tools, providing guidance to reach a sustainable urban mobility. In this context, this study aimed to promote a functional analysis by identifying behavioral prescriptions through the description of three terms contingencies, which are directly or indirectly referenced in urban mobility laws, specifically the City Statute, the National Policy of Urban Mobility and the Participative Director Plan of the city of Bauru-SP. A descriptive method which consisted of reading the laws, identifying the terms of contingency: Antecendent Context-environmental situations which the context, condition or circumstance in which the behavior occurs or should occur; Reponse - describes and/or indicates, explicitly or implicity, the action or expected action; Consequence - directly or indirectly related to a response consequences. As results 107 complete contigencies were described...<br>FAPESP: 13/18993-6

Orientador: Kester Carrara<br>Banca: Maria Helena Leite Hunziker<br>Banca: Diego Zilio Alves<br>Resumo: A imprensa noticia com frequencia problemas de mobilidade urbana devido ao crescimento não planejado de muitos municípios brasileiros. Tais informações são corroboradas por agências governamentais como o IBGE e o DANATRAN, que indicam gradativo aumento na proporção de veículos automotores por domicílio e o número total de veículos automotores emplacados em todo o país, respectivamente. Esse crescimento urbano denso e desordenado pode vir acompanhado de consequências nocivas à população, como congestionamentos, poluição sonora e do ar, aumento do número de acidentes de trânsito público deficitário, dentre outros. Diante desse quadro, tornam-se imprescindíveis o planejamento e a proposição de ações e políticas públicas tematizadas pela mobilidade urbanam como forma de evitar ou minimizar eventuais prejuízos e consequências negativas à população. O planejamento de políticas públicas muitas vezes envolve um delineamento de práticas culturais, o que está intrinsecamente relacionado à maneira com que os indivíduos interagem entre si e com as demais instâncias do ambiente em que estão iseridos. Nesse sentido, o conjunto de leis disponíveis no Brasil, em especial o Estatuto da Cidade os Planos Diretores, se efetivamente concretizados, caracterizam-se como instrumentos básicos e norteadores, fornecendo diretrizes para que a mobilidade urbana ocorra de forma sustentável. Nesse cenário, o presente estudo objetivou promover uma análise funcional, identificando prescrições comportamentais, por meio da descrição de contingências comportamentais de três termos, que são direta ou indiretamente referenciadas em legislações acerca da mobilidade urbana, especificamente do Estatuto da Cidade, da Política Nacional Nacional de Mobilidade Urbana e do Plano Diretor Participativo do Município de Bauru-SP. Para isso, adotou-se metodologia descritiva que consistiu na leitura das leis, identificando os termos da...<br>Abstract: The press often publishes urban mobility problems due to unplanned growth of many Brazilian cities. These informations are corroborated by government agencies such as IBGE and DENATRAN, which indicate gradual increase of the proportion of automotive vehicles per residence and the total of automative vehicles across the country. This dense and disordered urban growth can be followed by harmful consequences for the population, such as traffic jam, noise and air pollution, increase in the number of traffic accidents, unefficient public transport, among others. Considering this situation planning and proposing actions and policies related to urban mobility, avoiding or minimizing any losses or negative consequences for the population should be priorized. Planning of public policies often involves a design of cultural practices, which is intrinsically linked to the way that people interact between each other and with the environment. In this way, the set of laws available in Brazil, especially the Cities Statute and Director Plans if effectively implemented, are characterized as basic tools, providing guidance to reach a sustainable urban mobility. In this context, this study aimed to promote a functional analysis by identifying behavioral prescriptions through the description of three terms contingencies, which are directly or indirectly referenced in urban mobility laws, specifically the City Statute, the National Policy of Urban Mobility and the Participative Director Plan of the city of Bauru-SP. A descriptive method which consisted of reading the laws, identifying the terms of contingency: Antecendent Context-environmental situations which the context, condition or circumstance in which the behavior occurs or should occur; Reponse - describes and/or indicates, explicitly or implicity, the action or expected action; Consequence - directly or indirectly related to a response consequences. As results 107 complete contigencies were described...<br>Mestre

Since the 1950s, towns and cities of the Less Developed Countries have been experiencing unprecedentedly high rates of population growth. The limited urban housing stock have not been able to cope with the demand for housing. The limited housing units become overcrowded, slums develop in central area of cities, and squatter settlements grow at the periphery. Many ideas such as slum clearance and public housing have been tried in improving the appalling housing situation, which affects mainly the low-income population in urban centres, but with no significant results. Contemporary housing ideas of sites-and-services and upgrading which became gradually accepted from the early 1970s are yet to have pronounced impact on the urban housing condition in Less Developed Countries. Despite the gradual but steady movement by governments of many Less Developed Countries towards sites-and-services and upgrading, public housing, with its high financial cost to the government and its many inadequacies to the low-income groups, continues to be the national housing approach in Nigeria. This thesis is an attempt to examine urban housing approaches in the Less Developed Countries since about the 1950s and, with reference to Nigeria, identify the current major issues in adequately providing housing for the majority of the urban population. Consideration is then given to posible approaches to tackling issues, particularly under the prevailing economic climate in Nigeria. Chapter one is a general introduction to the thesis and it also gives a brief background to the low-income people in Nigeria. Chapter two discusses the urban housing situation in Nigeria and examines various attempts at improving it, particularly with reference to the low-income people. Chapter three reviews the different housing ideas that have evolved over the years, from the 1950s, in Less Developed Countries in an attempt to find a solution to the urban housing problems. In an attempt to improve the situation of low-income peoples' housing in Less Developed Countries, many governments experiment with contemporary housing ideas of sites-and-services and upgrading. Chapter four examines some of the experiments. The experiments with recent ideas by some countries in chapter four show that despite the inherent advantages of sites-and-services and upgrading over previous housing ideas, such as public housing, some major issues are yet to be adequately addressed. Such issues are examined in chapter five. Chapter six is a general discussion on the current major isues identified in the thesis and consideration is then given to possible approaches to tackling them in Nigeria.

Thesis (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1999.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 113-115).<br>Barbara M. Cutler.<br>M.Eng.