Journal articles: 'Urban renewal – Lebanon – Beirut'

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Nasreddine, Lara, Nahla Hwalla, Abla Sibai, Mouïn Hamzé, and Dominique Parent-Massin. "Food consumption patterns in an adult urban population in Beirut, Lebanon." Public Health Nutrition 9, no. 2 (April 2006): 194–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2005855.

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AbstractObjectivesTo investigate, measure and assess the food consumption pattern of the adult population living in Beirut, Lebanon, and to identify inadequate or excessive intake of food groups particularly linked to non-communicable diseases.DesignA cross-sectional food consumption survey was conducted in 2001. Dietary habits were assessed by means of a quantitative food-frequency questionnaire.SettingDietary survey of the urban population (Beirut).SubjectsRandom sample of 444 adult subjects (aged 25–54 years) in Beirut.ResultsThe mean consumption of food by the study population was estimated to be 3030 g day−1, providing an energy intake of 2523.57 kcal day−1. Fat contributed 38.9% to the average daily energy intake, protein 13.4% and carbohydrates 47.2%. Mean consumption of fruits and vegetables was approximately 367 g day−1 and 45.3% of subjects consumed less than the recommended 400 g daily. Cereals contributed 324.5 g day−1, providing 35.0% of daily energy intake, with bread being the most highly consumed (146.2 g day−1) in this food group. The mean intake of meat and poultry products was 91.7 g day−1 and provided 8.8% of daily energy intake, with consumption of butchery products especially beef being the highest (47.6 g day−1) followed by poultry (36.1 g day−1). A low consumption of fish was noted (19.7 g day−1), with 73.6% of subjects consuming less than the recommended 2 servings of fish per week. Dairy products contributed 243.1 g day−1 or 10.9% of daily energy intake, and milk was the least consumed dairy product (56.8% of consumers). The intake of added fats and oils, excluding those in cooked recipes, was 20.4 g day−1; olive oil was not used in cooking but was added solely at the table and its mean intake was 5 g day−1. The consumption of butter was low (0.86 g day−1) and vegetable oil was the type of fat mostly used in cooking. The average intake of alcoholic beverages was low (33.6 g day−1), accounting for 0.7% of total energy intake. Women had significantly higher intakes of milk, dairy products, vegetables and coffee than men (P < 0.05). The percentage of women who reported the use of low-fat items was significantly higher than that of men. Younger people (25–34 years) ate significantly more meat, sugar, alcoholic beverages and soft drinks, and consumed significantly less cooked vegetables and legumes, than older ones (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe rather high contribution of fat to daily energy intake, the low intake of fish and the relatively high percentage of people consuming less than the recommended amount of fruits and vegetables observed in this study suggest that the adult Lebanese population is at increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, obesity and other non-communicable diseases, which provides the basis for recommending increased intakes of fish, particularly fatty fish, and fruits and vegetables.

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Monroe, Kristin V. "Tweets of surveillance: Traffic, Twitter, and securitization in Beirut, Lebanon." Anthropological Theory 17, no. 3 (September 2017): 322–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1463499617729296.

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More than a decade ago, Akhil Gupta and James Ferguson set out to define a research program with their essay ‘Spatializing States: Toward an Ethnography of Neoliberal Governmentality’ (2002). Exploring the relation between what they referred to as ‘the spatial and statist orders,’ they argued that conceptualizations of the nature of the state have not attended adequately to the ways in which states are spatialized and endeavored to show, through ethnography, how people come to experience the state as an entity with certain spatial characteristics and properties. Building on these ideas, but also moving beyond their taken-for-granted assumptions about the state’s spatiality, this essay makes use of one ethnographic case example in an effort to offer a fine-grained illustration of the spatial dimensions of the project of state securitization in the urban landscape. I do this by looking closely at the field of urban mobility in Beirut, Lebanon, and the Twitter account for the city’s Traffic Management Center, launched in late 2013 by the Ministry of Interior. Through my analysis of the spatial modes of statecraft that are produced through this Twitter account, I develop an argument about how the social media technology of Twitter serves as a portal through which to view how the state secures its legitimacy and naturalizes its authority in both virtual and physical space, while, at the same time, this technology – if only fleetingly – can be harnessed to issue challenges to this legitimacy and authority. What is at stake in the Traffic Management Center’s Twitter account, I suggest, is the production of the state as an entity that is not just powerful in the sense of being vertical to society and encompassing of urban space, but the very idea that the state offers security and protection to its citizens.

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Badaro-Saliba, Nada, Jocelyne Adjizian-Gerard, Rita Zaarour, and Georges Najjar. "LCZ scheme for assessing Urban Heat Island intensity in a complex urban area (Beirut, Lebanon)." Urban Climate 37 (May 2021): 100846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2021.100846.

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Koussa, Houssam Al, and Tarek Nawas. "Bacterial Contamination of Urban Water Wells in the Nuwayri Region of Beirut - Lebanon." IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology 11, no. 05 (May 2017): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2402-1105038185.

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Musallam, Fuad. "The Dissensual Everyday: Between Daily Life and Exceptional Acts in Beirut, Lebanon." City & Society 32, no. 3 (September 20, 2020): 670–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ciso.12349.

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El-Masri, Maha. "Terracotta oil lamps from the excavation at the Bey 004 site (Beirut, Lebanon)." Ancient lamps from Spain to India. Trade, influences, local traditions, no. 28.1 (December 30, 2019): 423–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/uw.2083-537x.pam28.1.24.

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The excavation of site Bey 004 in the urban center of Beirut was done as part of a major salvage-archaeology operation in the 1990s, in reparation for the redevelopment of the city after the Lebanese Civil War. War destruction had given archaeologists the opportunity to investigate the topography, history and everyday life of Beirut over the millennia since its establishment and before a new city would be built on top of the ruins in the 21st century. Terracotta oil lamps, like tableware, are a sensitive guide to the passage of time and cultures, spanning the ages the 5th century BC through the 9th century AD, from Persia to Islam. The article reviews the assemblage from the Bey 004 site, broken down by a local site typology that reflects major periods of occupation, and relates it to existing typologies of ancient Near Eastern lamps from the Canaanite to the Islamic.

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Fawaz, Mona. "Exceptions and the actually existing practice of planning: Beirut (Lebanon) as case study." Urban Studies 54, no. 8 (April 12, 2016): 1938–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098016640453.

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Samaha, Petra, and Amer Mohtar. "Decoding an urban myth: An inquiry into the Van line 4 system in Beirut, Lebanon." Journal of Transport Geography 85 (May 2020): 102743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102743.

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Dada, L., R. Mrad, S. Siffert, and N. A. Saliba. "Atmospheric markers of African and Arabian dust in an urban eastern Mediterranean environment, Beirut, Lebanon." Journal of Aerosol Science 66 (December 2013): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2013.09.002.

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Waked, Antoine, Charbel Afif, Paola Formenti, Servanne Chevaillier, Imad El-Haddad, Jean-François Doussin, Agnes Borbon, and Christian Seigneur. "Characterization of organic tracer compounds in PM2.5 at a semi-urban site in Beirut, Lebanon." Atmospheric Research 143 (June 2014): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.02.006.

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Mady, Christine, and Angelique Chettiparamb. "Planning in the face of ‘deep divisions’: A view from Beirut, Lebanon." Planning Theory 16, no. 3 (March 17, 2016): 296–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473095216639087.

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This article discusses planning in the global South-East while focusing on the specific context of social divides, political turmoil and conflict situations. The article proposes a five-way framework based on political science and planning theory to analyse such contexts. The article explores the case of Beirut, Lebanon that has undergone several episodes of internal and external conflicts resulting in a society splintered along sectarianism. Two case studies of open urban spaces and their public activities are analysed using the five-way framework The discussion indicates how economic liberalism that is prevalent in countries of the South-East, along with place-based identities, interest-based identities, consensus orientated processes and institutionalism might facilitate a cultivation of deep values away from a narrowly constructed identity. The article argues that planners should understand the options for positive action that aim to bridge deep divisions and suggests that the five-way framework provides a reference for contextualising in different ways to suit particular contexts. Therefore, the framework is not necessarily restricted to the South-East but could be applicable to any context which manifests deep divisions.

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Sakr, Rita. "Imagining mid-nineteenth-century Beirut as a ‘City of the World’: Public intellectuals, photography, cartography and historical literature." Journal of Urban Cultural Studies 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 31–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jucs_00002_1.

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This study explores the process of constructing mid-nineteenth-century (1858–76) Beirut as a city of the world not merely through its gradual material instantiation in mechanisms of technological modernization and in the built environment but also, more emphatically and enduringly, as a product of the cultural imagination. The article engages the ethico-political parameters of a ‘crisis of representation’ in the context of both the selected historical period that is one of geopolitical crisis, specifically the 1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus that brought refugees, military and diplomatic intervention into Beirut, and our ongoing era of intensive contestation and critical attention to Beirut’s urban heritage. This contrapuntal framework of geocreativity invites an examination of the output of mid-nineteenth-century Beiruti intellectuals and missionaries (including newspapers, public lectures, the encyclopaedia and the memoir), alongside mid-nineteenth-century photography and cartography by military and civilian visitors to Beirut, and twenty-first-century Lebanese historical literature, particularly Rabī‘ Jabir’s Bayrūt trilogy (2003–07), that recreates mid-nineteenth-century Beirut as a city of the world from the perspectives of the archive and the consciousness of the city’s post-war transformations.

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Jaran, Mahmoud. "Beirut e la guerra: Elias Khuri e Oriana Fallaci." Oriente Moderno 95, no. 1-2 (August 7, 2015): 255–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340073.

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“Switzerland of the Middle East” and “the oriental Paris” are some of the names that the beautiful city of Beirut had earned before the disasters of the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990). This historical event is considered the most important one in the contemporary history of Lebanon, not only because it marks the end of a difficult peaceful coexistence among the various ethnic and religious groups during the period between the Independence (1943) and the beginning of the conflict (1975), but also because it made radical geopolitical changes to the entire region. At the end of the “Swiss epoque”, the city of Beirut begins to undergo a series of transformations in terms of urban planning, landscape, etc. This paper aims to study the literary representation of Beirut during the conflict, taking as examples two authors, one Lebanese, Elias Khuri, who shows, in his novel The Journey of Little Gandhi, the irrationality of war and its effects on the city and on the inhabitants; the other one is the Italian writer, Oriana Fallaci, who describes in his novel Inshallah the experience of the Italian contingent in the peacekeeping mission in Beirut. Despite the considerable differences between the two authors, the papers shows the narratives’ affinity which highlight the transformation of Beirut, the image of its citizens and the problematic of the assimilation process between them and their city.

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Badaro-Saliba, N., J. Adjizian-Gerard, R. Zaarour, M. Abboud, W. Farah, A. N. Saliba, and A. Shihadeh. "A geostatistical approach for assessing population exposure to NO2 in a complex urban area (Beirut, Lebanon)." Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment 28, no. 3 (July 24, 2013): 467–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00477-013-0765-3.

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Moussa, Samar G., Mutassem El-Fadel, and Najat A. Saliba. "Seasonal, diurnal and nocturnal behaviors of lower carbonyl compounds in the urban environment of Beirut, Lebanon." Atmospheric Environment 40, no. 14 (May 2006): 2459–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.12.031.

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El Kak, F., M. Chaaya, O. Campbell, and A. Kaddour. "Patterns of antenatal care in low-versus high-risk pregnancies in Lebanon." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 10, no. 3 (May 13, 2004): 268–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2004.10.3.268.

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Westudied patterns of antenatal care in low- versus high-risk pregnancies in Lebanon comparing 538 women after delivery in urban Beirut with rural Baka’a. Most women had 9 antenatal care visits with an obstetrician, starting in the first trimester. Care for high-risk and low-risk pregnancies was similar in terms of type of provider, number of visits and timing of first visit. More high-risk women had advice about special diets, supplements and laboratory tests. Maternal and fetal outcomes showed that, controlling for area and pregnancy risk, more antenatal visits were associated with fewer preterm deliveries, more caesarean sections and fewer cases of postpartum depression. Overall, differences between risk groups were small

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Al-Hagla, Khalid S. "Evaluating new urbanism's walkability performance: A comprehensive approach to assessment in Saifi Village, Beirut, Lebanon." URBAN DESIGN International 14, no. 3 (August 2009): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/udi.2009.8.

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Khyami, Ali. "Impact of land cover change on land surface temperature over Greater Beirut Area – Lebanon." Journal of Geoinformatics & Environmental Research 2, no. 1 (June 23, 2021): 14–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.38094/jgier2121.

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Remote sensing (RS) technology has been used together with geographic information systems (GIS) to determine the LC types, retrieve LST, and analyze their relationships. The term Greater Beirut Area (GBA) is used to refer to the city of Beirut and its suburbs which witnessed rapid urban growth, after the end of the civil war, in the last decade of the twentieth century, due to the increase in the number of its inhabitants, and the prosperity and development of sectors such as; industrial, trade, tourism, and construction. These factors led to a wide change in the land cover (LC) types and increased land surface temperature LST. The results showed an increase in built-up areas by 29.1%, and agricultural lands by 6%, while bare land, forests, and seawater decreased by 28.5%, 4.9%, and 1.9%, respectively. These changes caused large differences in the LST between built-up areas and other LC types. The highest LST recorded was in built-up areas (33.03°C in 1985, and 34.01°C in 2020), followed by bare lands (32.61 °C in 1985 and 33.49°C in 2020), cropland (31.23°C in 1985 and 32.17°C in 2020), forest (30.08°C in 1985 and 30.47°C in 2020), and water (24.97°C in 1985 and 28.15°C in 2020). Consequently, converting different LC types into built-up areas led to increases in LST and changed microclimate.

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Womack, Deanna Ferree. "“To Promote the Cause of Christ's Kingdom”: International Student Associations and the “Revival” of Middle Eastern Christianity." Church History 88, no. 1 (March 2019): 150–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640719000556.

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This article traces the presence in the Arab world of international Christian student organizations like the World Student Christian Federation (WSCF) and its intercollegiate branches of the YMCA and YWCA associated with the Protestant missionary movement in nineteenth-century Beirut. There, an American-affiliated branch of the YMCA emerged at Syrian Protestant College in the 1890s, and the Christian women's student movement formed in the early twentieth century after a visit from WSCF secretaries John Mott and Ruth Rouse. As such, student movements took on lives of their own, and they developed in directions that Western missionary leaders never anticipated. By attending to the ways in which the WSCF and YMCA/YWCA drew Arabs into the global ecumenical movement, this study examines the shifting aims of Christian student associations in twentieth-century Syria and Lebanon, from missionary-supported notions of evangelical revival to ecumenical renewal and interreligious movements for national reform.

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Gerges, Najib Nicolas, Mazen Omran, and Mohammad Saad. "The Necessity for a Sustainable Transport System in Beirut: The Case Study of Corniche El Mazraa Arterial." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 2, no. 4 (April 20, 2017): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2017.2.4.291.

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Corniche El Mazraa Road, one of the major arterial of Beirut – the capital city of Lebanon – is characterized by severe traffic congestion spreading over extended peak periods during the day. This is jeopardizing the transport system risking of halting the functionality of the city in addition to economic and environmental losses. The authors examined a number of mitigation measures to improve the traffic condition along Corniche El Mazraa Road. The only solution that could result in tangible improvements in the traffic conditions, in such an urban dense environment, is the introduction of a reliable public transport system.

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Rigby, S. E., T. J. Lodge, S. Alotaibi, A. D. Barr, S. D. Clarke, G. S. Langdon, and A. Tyas. "Preliminary yield estimation of the 2020 Beirut explosion using video footage from social media." Shock Waves 30, no. 6 (September 2020): 671–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00193-020-00970-z.

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Abstract Rapid, accurate assessment of the yield of a large-scale urban explosion will assist in implementing emergency response plans, will facilitate better estimates of areas at risk of high damage and casualties, and will provide policy makers and the public with more accurate information about the event. On 4 August 2020, an explosion occurred in the Port of Beirut, Lebanon. Shortly afterwards, a number of videos were posted to social media showing the moment of detonation and propagation of the resulting blast wave. In this article, we present a method to rapidly calculate explosive yield based on analysis of 16 videos with a clear line-of-sight to the explosion. The time of arrival of the blast is estimated at 38 distinct positions, and the results are correlated with well-known empirical laws in order to estimate explosive yield. The best estimate and reasonable upper limit of the 2020 Beirut explosion determined from this method are 0.50 kt TNT and 1.12 kt TNT, respectively.

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Afifi, Rema A., Rima T. Nakkash, and Marwan Khawaja. "Social Capital, Women's Autonomy and Smoking Among Married Women in Low-Income Urban Neighborhoods of Beirut, Lebanon." Women's Health Issues 20, no. 2 (March 2010): 156–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2009.12.005.

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EL-KHESHEN, GHADIR, and MOSTAFA SAADAT. "PREVALENCE OF CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGES AMONG SHI'A POPULATIONS OF LEBANON." Journal of Biosocial Science 45, no. 5 (January 10, 2013): 675–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932012000843.

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SummaryIn genetics, a consanguineous marriage means union between couples who are related as second cousins or closer. The present cross-sectional study was carried out in order to illustrate the prevalence and types of consanguineous marriages in the Shi'a population living in widespread territories in Lebanon including the Bekaa Valley, the south of Lebanon and the southern suburb of Beirut. Data on types of marriages were collected using a simple questionnaire. The total number of couples in the study was 1203. Consanguineous marriage was classified by the degree of relationship between couples. The overall frequency of consanguinity was found to be 28.4%, with first cousin marriages (21.3%) being the most common type followed by first cousins once removed (5.5%), then double first cousins (0.8%). The frequencies of second cousin and beyond second cousin marriages were the same at 0.4% of all the marriages. The mean inbreeding coefficient (α) was estimated at about 0.0161 for the population. There were no significant differences between the three studied territories for frequencies of different types of marriages (p>0.1), nor were there significant differences between the rural and urban areas (p>0.1).

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Fawaz, Mona. "The Politics of Property in Planning: Hezbollah's Reconstruction of Haret Hreik (Beirut, Lebanon) as Case Study." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 38, no. 3 (February 17, 2014): 922–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12114.

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Khawaja, Marwan, Afamia Kaddour, Huda Zurayk, Nathalie Choueiry, and Faysal El-Kak. "Symptoms of Reproductive Tract Infections and Mental Distress among Women in Low-Income Urban Neighborhoods of Beirut, Lebanon." Journal of Women's Health 18, no. 10 (October 2009): 1701–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2008.0962.

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Khawaja, Marwan, and Mona Mowafi. "Cultural Capital and Self-Rated Health in Low Income Women: Evidence from the Urban Health Study, Beirut, Lebanon." Journal of Urban Health 83, no. 3 (April 27, 2006): 444–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11524-006-9051-8.

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Saroufim, Alain, and Elie Otayek. "Analysis and interpret road traffic congestion costs in Lebanon." MATEC Web of Conferences 295 (2019): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929502007.

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The cost of environmental degradation in Lebanon was estimated to be close to $485 million per year, or 2.9 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The large negative impacts of this degradation are the pollution occurring in urban area and is mainly caused by air pollution and with an average estimate of $145 million per year and around 0.87 percent of the GDP. This high air pollution is mostly linked to the transportation sector in Lebanon. Lebanon suffers from a daily increase in road network usage, which has resulted in gridlocks, especially in the greater Beirut area. By all means, the continued lack of policies and a political will to encourage the adoption of an efficient and reliable public transportation and to discourage the ownership of private vehicles have resulted in traffic growth that is faster than the road capacity. By all means, congestion is not a passing problem; it will continue to grow in the absence of measures to reduce traffic by adopting other modes of transportation, such as buses, trains, Trams, bicycles and others etc. This study describes the various factors that affect the costs associated with congestion, and provides well-defined methods for evaluating the corresponding costs.

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El Sayed, Mazen, Ali F. Chami, and Eveline Hitti. "Developing a Hospital Disaster Preparedness Plan for Mass Casualty Incidents: Lessons Learned From the Downtown Beirut Bombing." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 12, no. 3 (September 20, 2017): 379–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2017.83.

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AbstractMass casualty incidents (MCIs) are becoming more frequent worldwide, especially in the Middle East where violence in Syria has spilled over to many neighboring countries. Lebanon lacks a coordinated prehospital response system to deal with MCIs; therefore, hospital preparedness plans are essential to deal with the surge of casualties. This report describes our experience in dealing with an MCI involving a car bomb in an urban area of downtown Beirut, Lebanon. It uses general response principles to propose a simplified response model for hospitals to use during MCIs. A summary of the debriefings following the event was developed and an analysis was performed with the aim of modifying our hospital’s existing disaster preparedness plan. Casualties’ arrival to our emergency department (ED), the performance of our hospital staff during the event, communication, and the coordination of resources, in addition to the response of the different departments, were examined. In dealing with MCIs, hospital plans should focus on triage area, patient registration and tracking, communication, resource coordination, essential staff functions, as well as on security issues and crowd control. Hospitals in other countries that lack a coordinated prehospital disaster response system can use the principles described here to improve their hospital’s resilience and response to MCIs. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018; 12: 379–385)

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Daou, Dolly. "Sahat al-Borj: A Feminine City Square as a Container of Events." Journal of Urban History 43, no. 5 (February 16, 2016): 795–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144216629930.

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Beirut’s city center, Sahat al-Borj, has been the receptacle to many historical events, which shaped its current identity, such as repeated wars and other violent events such as tsunamis and earthquakes. These events affected the Square’s identity and the national identity and culture of Lebanon, and led to the creation and evolution of Sahat al-Borj from a cosmopolitan city center in the 1950s and 1960s, to a demarcation line between East (Christians) and West (Muslims) during the Lebanese civil war (1975-1990) to an abandoned city center since 1990. Like Derrida’s khōra, the sites of Beirut and Sahat al-Borj both have interior qualities and are receptacles of repeated wars and violent events. In Lebanese, both the city and the city Square are referred to with a feminine pronoun: hiyeh or “she” in Lebanese and elle in French. In Arabic and Lebanese, the nouns Sahat (a square, is an open space; open to a diversity of activities) and Mdineh (city) are feminine, giving both feminine connotations. This gendered pronoun accruing to cultural practices humanizes the Square and personalizes its identity and its occupation by referring to the city and its center as “she” or “her.” In Anglophone societies, city squares are usually referred to as “it” in English and do not have feminine or masculine genders or “character” attributed to them, unlike French, Arabic, or Lebanese. Through a series of historical cartographic maps and images collected from different library archives in France and Lebanon, this article will explore the human occupation of the Square throughout history and will examine the urban site of Beirut as a container of events and a transitional “non-place” with feminine and interior qualities with a specific reference to Derrida’s khōra. Although there are many interpretations of Khōra, like Derrida’s Khōra, in this article, the interior is explored as a receptacle associated with the feminine, the container, which receives human’s occupation.1

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Sinno, Wael. "How People Reclaimed Public Spaces in Beirut during the 2019 Lebanese Uprising." Journal of Public Space, Vol. 5 n. 1 (January 31, 2020): 193–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.32891/jps.v5i1.1258.

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Over the past years, popular uprisings across the Middle East continue to grow. Throughout these movements, public spaces have played a crucial role in allowing citizens to express their demands. Public spaces have brought people together, providing the space for citizens to assert their rights to freedom of speech and demanding basic rights. Since 17 October 2019, Lebanon has been experiencing a similar civic movement. Expressions and manifestations of this movement have used underutilized public spaces across the country. For instance, in Beirut, the retrieve of public spaces has taken place on three levels: - Multi-purpose public spaces: where the protestors are reshaping the wide formal streets of Beirut Central District to active and lively urban spaces. - Open public spaces: such as Samir Kassir garden, which was once a meditative space, is now a vibrant social place. - Public urban facilities: such as the abandoned Egg [1] and the deteriorated Grand Theatre are being brought to life by becoming respectively a community centre and an observatory. To date, the act of placemaking and the reclamation of public spaces has been observed throughout the 2019 Lebanese Uprising. It has reconfigured public spaces into ones of unity, thereby reuniting citizens of all ages, religions, gender and walks of life. Some see the uprising as a genuine end to the 1975 Civil War – a war that gave birth to religious, political, and social boundaries – by organically bringing together the country as one, demonstrating under one flag, the Lebanese flag. [1] The Egg, an unfinished cinema built in the 1960s, is a landmark urban facility that was closed to the public for a long time. The Egg is located in the heart of the city near the former Civil War green zone line. Designed by Architect Joseph Philippe Karam, work on this unfinished structure started in the 1960s, interrupted by the Lebanese Civil War during which the building was abandoned and suffered major structural damage.

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Said, Maher, Georges Geha, and Maya Abou-Zeid. "Natural Experiment to Assess the Impacts of Street-Level Urban Design Interventions on Walkability and Business Activity." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 7 (June 8, 2020): 258–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120921849.

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This study uses a natural experiment in Beirut, Lebanon, to investigate the effects of a street-level urban design intervention that improved the walking environment through a wider sidewalk, removal of a parking lane, raised junctions, and other elements. This study analyzes the impacts on pedestrian flow, pedestrian satisfaction with the walking experience, commercial activity, and business managers’ attitudes. Difference-in-difference regressions suggest that the main effect of such interventions is not necessarily an increase in pedestrian traffic, but instead safer pedestrian maneuvering and a better walking experience. It is also found through descriptive analysis that while businesses and shops experience increased business post-intervention, noticeable dissatisfaction with the intervention is reported by managers and owners. It is hypothesized that this dissatisfaction is a result of the lengthy construction process renovating and refurbishing the street, and the removal of parking spaces. Policy recommendations are drawn for the mitigation of business managers’ concerns and the enhancement of the walking environment for the design of future similar interventions.

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Riskedahl, Diane. "Lebanese political advertising and the dialogic emergence of signs." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 25, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 535–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.25.4.03ris.

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This paper evaluates the role of written language in the construction of difference by looking at the emergence of two political advertising campaigns in Lebanon in 2006-2007. I will discuss how ad campaigns mounted by opposing Lebanese political factions were engaged in a battle over representing popular sentiment. Specific choices of typography, juxtaposition of codes, layout and physical placement of ads within the political landscape of urban Beirut all directly contributed to creating unique interdiscursive ideological framings for each party coalition. Due to the inter-sectarian nature of the political coalitions, the use of religious symbols was problematic in the construction of coalition identity. Other differentiating aspects such as class, patterns of consumption, and attitudes towards mourning became elemental in the creation of political distinctions and were indexically configured into this dialogue of signs.

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Fricke, Adrienne. "Forever Nearing the Finish Line: Heritage Policy and the Problem of Memory in Postwar Beirut." International Journal of Cultural Property 12, no. 2 (May 2005): 163–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739105050150.

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Between 1976 and 1991, central Beirut, repository of centuries of historic structures, was substantially destroyed by civil war. In 1994, a private company known by its French acronym Solidère was created by government decree and given the task of reconstructing the center of Beirut. Despite political problems, the Solidère project brought the hope of social recovery through economic renewal; yet progress should not come at the cost of memory.How can Beirut, destroyed, be a site of both recovery and erasure? Even though traditional legal and political discourses acknowledge that cultural heritage holds a powerful position in reconstruction, there are few tools for capturing its functions. Using heuristics originally employed in archeology and art history, this article addresses psychological aspects of reconstruction by discussing contemporary Lebanese art. If culture is defined not only as what people do buthow they make sense of what they have done, the enormity of the political problems of post–civil war reconstruction become clear. National governments hoping to consolidate authority would do well to consider how best to approach public places resonant with emotionally charged memories.Policymakers should consider the complex benefits of negative heritage in drafting laws that will enable its protection. Legal reform carried out with the goal of balanced heritage policies that accommodate negative heritage is key for postconflict urban spaces. By acknowledging the weight of the past, such policies would also bolster confidence in the emergent government and the political process.

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Al-Shaar, Walid, Nabil Nehme, Olivier Bonin, and Jocelyne Adjizian Gérard. "Impacts of a New Highway on Urban Development and Land Accessibility in Developing Countries: Case of Beirut Southern Entrance in Lebanon." Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 46, no. 6 (January 11, 2021): 5783–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-05330-8.

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Salameh, Thérèse, Agnès Borbon, Charbel Afif, Stéphane Sauvage, Thierry Leonardis, Cécile Gaimoz, and Nadine Locoge. "Composition of gaseous organic carbon during ECOCEM in Beirut, Lebanon: new observational constraints for VOC anthropogenic emission evaluation in the Middle East." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 1 (January 4, 2017): 193–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-193-2017.

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Abstract. The relative importance of eastern Mediterranean emissions is suspected to be largely underestimated compared to other regions worldwide. Here we use detailed speciated measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to evaluate the spatial heterogeneity of VOC urban emission composition and the consistency of regional and global emission inventories downscaled to Lebanon (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme, EMEP; Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project, ACCMIP; and MACCity, Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate and megaCITY Zoom for the Environment). The assessment was conducted through the comparison of the emission ratios (ERs) extracted from the emission inventories to the ones obtained from the hourly observations collected at a suburban site in Beirut, Lebanon, during summer and winter ECOCEM (Emissions and Chemistry of Organic Carbon in the Eastern Mediterranean) campaigns. The observed ERs were calculated using two independent methods. ER values from both methods agree very well and are comparable to the ones of the road transport sector from near-field measurements for more than 80 % of the species. There is no significant seasonality in ER for more than 90 % of the species, unlike the seasonality usually observed in other cities worldwide. Regardless of the season, ERs agree within a factor of 2 between Beirut and other representative cities worldwide, except for the unburned fuel fraction and ethane. ERs of aromatics (except benzene) are higher in Beirut compared to northern post-industrialized countries and even the Middle Eastern city Mecca. The comparison of the observed ER to the ones extracted from the ACCMIP and MACCity global emission inventories suggests that the overall speciation of anthropogenic sources for major hydrocarbons that act as ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors in ACCMIP is better represented than other species. The comparison of the specific road transport ERs, relative to acetylene derived from near-field measurements, to ERs from ACCMIP and EMEP emission inventories for the road transport sector showed that ERs of more reactive species are usually consistent within a factor of 2 with EMEP, while xylenes and toluene are underestimated by over a factor of 2 by ACCMIP. The observed heterogeneity of anthropogenic VOC emission composition between Middle Eastern cities can be significant for reactive VOCs but is not depicted by global emission inventories. This suggests that systematic and detailed measurements are needed in the eastern Mediterranean Basin in order to better constrain emission inventory.

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Salameh, Thérèse, Stéphane Sauvage, Charbel Afif, Agnès Borbon, and Nadine Locoge. "Source apportionment vs. emission inventories of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) in an urban area of the Middle East: local and global perspectives." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 5 (March 17, 2016): 3595–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3595-2016.

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Abstract. We applied the positive matrix factorization model to two large data sets collected during two intensive measurement campaigns (summer 2011 and winter 2012) at a sub-urban site in Beirut, Lebanon, in order to identify NMHC (non-methane hydrocarbons) sources and quantify their contribution to ambient levels. Six factors were identified in winter and five factors in summer. PMF-resolved source profiles were consistent with source profiles established by near-field measurements. The major sources were traffic-related emissions (combustion and gasoline evaporation) in winter and in summer accounting for 51 and 74 wt %, respectively, in agreement with the national emission inventory. The gasoline evaporation related to traffic source had a significant contribution regardless of the season (22 wt % in winter and 30 wt % in summer). The NMHC emissions from road transport are estimated from observations and PMF results, and compared to local and global emission inventories. The PMF analysis finds reasonable differences on emission rates, of 20–39 % higher than the national road transport inventory. However, global inventories (ACCMIP, EDGAR, MACCity) underestimate the emissions up to a factor of 10 for the transportation sector. When combining emission inventory to our results, there is strong evidence that control measures in Lebanon should be targeted on mitigating the NMHC emissions from the traffic-related sources. From a global perspective, an assessment of VOC (volatile organic compounds) anthropogenic emission inventories for the Middle East region as a whole seems necessary as these emissions could be much higher than expected at least from the road transport sector.

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CHAAYA, MONIQUE, ABLA MEHIO SIBAI, NABIL TABBAL, HIAM CHEMAITELLY, ZANA EL ROUEIHEB, and ZEINAB N. SLIM. "Work and mental health: the case of older men living in underprivileged communities in Lebanon." Ageing and Society 30, no. 1 (August 14, 2009): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x09990171.

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ABSTRACTThis paper examines the association between being in paid work and depression among older adults in three poor urban communities in Beirut, Lebanon. In view of the rapid ageing of Lebanon's population and the growing number of older persons, the deteriorating economic conditions and the lack of pension systems, paid work is an important source of income for older people and deserves special attention. The sample was 328 men aged 65 or more years. Depression was assessed using the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale. The exposure variable was working for pay at the time of the survey, and the covariates included socio-demographic measures, health characteristics, financial resources and social capital. Around one-third of the men were working, and approximately the same fraction were depressed. Adjusted data showed a protective effect of work on depression (odds ratio 0.50, 95 per cent confidence interval 0.25–0.96). This study is an eye opener on the circumstances of disadvantaged older people in a relatively low-income Eastern Mediterranean Region country, a topic rarely addressed in this area of the world. Old age is viewed as a decline in abilities while in reality many older adults are still able and ready to work. Social policies for older people should promote opportunities to work, not only pension schemes.

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Semaan, Aline, Yorgo Zoughby, Christelle Akl, Reem Talhouk, Houda Ben Gharbia, Radhouene Doggui, Shady Elbassuoni, Jalila El Ati, and Ghattas Hala. "Developing an innovative Tool to Quantify Schoolchildren's Exposure to Obesogenic Environments." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa056_025.

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Abstract Objectives Children's food choices are influenced by school, family and community environments; but obesogenic exposures in these environments are difficult to measure. Innovative tools such as wearable cameras are being developed to quantify children's exposures to such factors. We aimed to assess the features required and acceptability of these tools in two urban contexts going through a rapid nutrition transition: Beirut (Lebanon) and Tunis (Tunisia). Methods A user-centered design approach engaged schoolchildren (aged 10–12y), parents and school staff in twelve design workshops in Beirut and Tunis. These included discussions, mind-mapping and storyboarding to identify challenges associated with wearable cameras and to inform the design of a data-collection model that meets the cultural and ethical requirements specified. Discussions were audio-recorded, transcribed and analyzed thematically along with the mind-maps and storyboards. Results Commonly reported challenges were: invading children's and third-parties’ privacy; distracting school-students; and inaccurate data due to behavioral changes. Safety issues related to photo-capture in public (third-party questioning/aggression) only emerged in Tunisia since Lebanese parents stated that children were rarely unsupervised in public. To overcome these challenges, participants suggested wearable cameras capturing exposures automatically, for a short period. Two rounds of image-filtering were proposed to safeguard privacy: automated selection of pictures with food-related exposures, followed by parental manual screening. To protect anonymity, participants suggested automated blurring of faces. Conclusions Objectively measuring children's environments with wearable cameras was deemed acceptable in these two contexts, with substantial privacy and data protection guidelines. The suggested model has been developed and will be tested in future research. Funding Sources International Development Research Center (IDRC).

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Marshall, David J., Lynn A. Staeheli, Dima Smaira, and Konstantin Kastrissianakis. "Narrating palimpsestic spaces." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 49, no. 5 (February 20, 2017): 1163–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x17690531.

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The term ‘palimpsest’ refers to medieval manuscripts that have been multiply erased and inscribed with the overlapping texts of successive scribes. More recently and amongst academics, the term has become a metaphor for describing the city, including both the physical urban form as well as memories and experiences of everyday urban life. The palimpsest offers a way of thinking not only about urban transformation, where new and repurposed structures exist alongside the old, but also changes in how the city is experienced, or how life stories are written upon and rewrite existing spaces. This paper focuses on the latter. Though the palimpsest metaphor has been used to describe material transformations of the urban, the question that this paper raises is: how can the notion of the palimpsest inform methodological approaches to researching how the city is lived and seen? Collaborative, digital storytelling that combines images, narration, and sound can provide a method that emphasises the polyvocality and multi-temporality that the term palimpsest implies. A palimpsestic approach to digital storytelling, as a visual and narrative method, gestures at places as open to future readings and inscriptions. This is relevant to all cities, but perhaps most obviously in cities where historical narratives, memories of violence, and questions over the future political direction of the country in which the city is located are all highly contested. To illustrate these points, this paper draws upon research conducted with young people in Beirut, Lebanon as part of a wider study about how youth experience citizenship and belonging in divided societies.

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Salameh, T., S. Sauvage, C. Afif, A. Borbon, and N. Locoge. "Source apportionment vs. emission inventories of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) in an urban area of the Middle East: local and global perspectives." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 19 (October 5, 2015): 26795–837. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-26795-2015.

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Abstract. We applied the Positive Matrix Factorization model to two large datasets collected during two intensive measurement campaigns (summer 2011 and winter 2012) at a sub-urban site in Beirut, Lebanon, in order to identify NMHC sources and quantify their contribution to ambient levels. Six factors were identified in winter and five factors in summer. PMF-resolved source profiles were consistent with source profiles established by near-field measurements. The major sources were traffic-related emissions (combustion and gasoline evaporation) in winter and in summer accounting for 51 and 74 wt % respectively in agreement with the national emission inventory. The gasoline evaporation related to traffic source had a significant contribution regardless of the season (22 wt % in winter and 30 wt % in summer). The NMHC emissions from road transport are estimated from observations and PMF results, and compared to local and global emission inventories. The national road transport inventory shows lowest emissions than the ones from PMF but with a reasonable difference lower than 50 %. Global inventories show higher discrepancies with lower emissions up to a factor of 10 for the transportation sector. When combining emission inventory to our results, there is a strong evidence that control measures in Lebanon should be targeted on mitigating the NMHC emissions from the traffic-related sources. From a global perspective, an assessment of VOC anthropogenic emission inventories for the Middle East region as a whole seems necessary as these emissions could be much higher than expected at least from the road transport sector. Highlights: – PMF model was applied to identify major NMHC sources and their seasonal variation. – Gasoline evaporation accounts for more than 40 % both in winter and in summer. – NMHC urban emissions are dominated by traffic related sources in both seasons. – Agreement with the emission inventory regarding the relative contribution of the on-road mobile source but disagreement in terms of emission quantities suggesting an underestimation of the inventories.

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Thornton, Thomas F., Diana Mangalagiu, Yuge Ma, Jing Lan, Mahir Yazar, Ali Kerem Saysel, and Abdel Maoula Chaar. "Cultural models of and for urban sustainability: assessing beliefs about Green-Win." Climatic Change 160, no. 4 (October 11, 2019): 521–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019-02518-2.

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Abstract Green-Win is the proposal where that government, society, and business can all reap benefits while at the same time playing a vital role in the transition to sustainable development and lower carbon futures. We argue that, while the Green-Win proposition is central to many state and expert models of sustainability transitions, as a construction, it belies more complex trade-offs and cognitive models of sustainability and societal transitions. Cultural models are cognitive representations shared by a community which provide both models of the world, which aid in interpreting what is in the world, how it works, what is possible (or not) and why, and models for the world, which suggest how to act in it to bring about desired outcomes (cf. Geertz 1973). We surveyed 225 respondents in Shanghai, China, Istanbul, Turkey, and Beirut, Lebanon to assess their basic beliefs about sustainability, specifically whether it is possible to implement concrete practices that realize environmental sustainability goals in conjunction with economic development—the Green-Win proposition. We found important similarities and differences among urban stakeholders’ cultural models of sustainable development. For example, Chinese and Lebanese respondents displayed a strong belief that economic growth and environmental sustainability are compatible, while Turkish respondents showed significant disagreement with this proposition. We argue that such basic notions about the possibility of Green-Win opportunities between environmental sustainability and economic development are important to understand in the context of mitigating and adapting to climate change in critical urban environments. Cultural models of and for green development may either enable or inhibit transformations in urban systems according to local conditions. Finally, we discuss the potential implications of cultural models’ research for targeting communications and engendering collaborations among diverse stakeholders in order to align perspectives and overcome barriers that may otherwise limit successful visioning, planning, and implementation for transformation towards sustainable development.

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Kouyoumdjian, H., and N. A. Saliba. "Mass concentration and ion composition of coarse and fine particles in an urban area in Beirut: effect of calcium carbonate on the absorption of nitric and sulfuric acids and the depletion of chloride." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6, no. 7 (May 31, 2006): 1865–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-1865-2006.

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Abstract. Levels of coarse (PM10-2.5) and fine (PM2.5) particles were determined between February 2004 and January 2005 in the city of Beirut, Lebanon. While low PM mass concentrations were measured in the rainy season, elevated levels were detected during sand storms originating from Arabian desert and/or Africa. Using ATR-FTIR and IC, it was shown that nitrate, sulfate, carbonate and chloride were the main anionic constituents of the coarse particles, whereas sulfate was mostly predominant in the fine particles in the form of (NH4)2SO4. Ammonium nitrate was not expected to be important because the medium was defined as ammonium poor. In parallel, the cations Ca2+ and Na+ dominated in the coarse, and NH4+, Ca2+ and Na+ in the fine particles. Coarse nitrate and sulfate ions resulted from the respective reactions of nitric and sulfuric acid with a relatively high amount of calcium carbonate. Both CaCO3 and Ca(NO3)2 crystals identified by ATR-FTIR in the coarse particles were found to be resistant to soaking in water for 24 h but became water soluble when they were formed in the fine particles suggesting, thereby, different growth and adsorption phenomena. The seasonal variational study showed that nitrate and sulfate ion concentrations increased in the summer due to the enhancement of photochemical reactions which facilitated the conversion of NO2 and SO2 gases into NO3- and SO42-, respectively. While nitrate was mainly due to local heavy traffic, sulfates were due to local and long-range transport phenomena. Using the air mass trajectory HYSPLIT model, it was found that the increase in the sulfate concentration correlated with wind vectors coming from Eastern and Central Europe. Chloride levels, on the other hand, were high when wind originated from the sea and low during sand storms. In addition to sea salt, elevated levels of chloride were also attributed to waste mass burning in proximity to the site. In comparison to other neighboring Mediterranean countries, relatively higher concentrations of calcium in Beirut were good indication of calcitic crustal abundance. Considering the importance of the health and climate impacts of aerosols locally and regionally, this study constitutes a point of reference for eastern Mediterranean transport modeling studies and local regulatory and policy makers.

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Linden, Olof, and Mattias Rust. "THE OIL SPILL IN LEBANON 2006: A STUDY OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS AND PAHS IN THE COASTAL ECOSYSTEM." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 339–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-339.

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ABSTRACT The armed conflict between the Hezbolí in Lebanon and Israel during the summer 2006 resulted in damage to infrastructure and buildings on both sides. One of the targets of Israeli attacks was the fuel storage tanks of the Jiyeh power plant south of Beirut. The fuel storage tanks were hit by missiles on July 13 and July 15. The attacks resulted in a fire and the release of 10–15 thousand tons of fuel oil into the Mediterranean Sea. The clean-up efforts after the spill were prevented for about one month due to the ongoing conflict and a naval blockade of the country. The present investigation was carried out in order to assess the environmental damage of the oil spill. The investigation focused on the levels of petroleum hydrocarbons including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments, oysters, and fish. The samples were collected from about 30 different sites along the coast. The concentrations found in the sampling carried out 3 months after the spill showed moderately elevated concentrations in the same range as what is often found in coastal sediments subjected to anthropogenic influences from boating and run-off from urban areas. Although the oil spill resulted in significant contamination of the shoreline, it probably added only marginally to the background concentrations in the seabed sediments at 4 to 25 m water depth along the Lebanese coast. The oil spill caused minor impact on contaminated rocks and beaches directly exposed to the oil spill. These impacts were caused mainly by the physical properties of the oil as most of the toxic compounds evaporated in connection with the fire when the oil spill started and the weathering processes when the oil drifted northwards along the Lebanese coast.

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Mazzetto, Silvia. "PRESERVING THE LEBANESE HERITAGE TO ENHANCE THE LOCAL IDENTITY." Proceedings of International Structural Engineering and Construction 7, no. 2 (November 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.14455/isec.2020.7(2).aae-03.

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Lebanon is a country with a complex multitude of historical events, a conflicting built environment and a wide range of specimen architectural projects and memorial structures that only partially reflected the intricate complexity of the country. Recently Beirut, the capital of Lebanon, has undergone several stages of profound transformations and urban expansions between 1840 and 1920, after the civil war (1975-1990) which was generated by many intricate dimensions, a vast rural to urban migration brought to Beirut, a numerous population in search of job opportunities. During the reconstruction, Beirut faced unprecedented economic growth and started to be recognized as an emerging city subjected to all the influences of the world globalization. Recently an evident conflict started to afflict the direction of the country development due to the urgent need to start recognizing the values of the neglected heritage that have been affected by massive demolition and abandonment. The debate between the construction of a contemporary global city with a post-modern identity, represented by innovative architecture and the need to preserve the national architecture and landscape, have generated numerous contrasting opinion in the cultural scene. In the debate between innovation and tradition, this article presents a comparative analysis of two reconstruction projects recently concluded in Lebanon. The aim is to highlight some fundamental problems that need to be considered to enhance processes that affect the urban development of the country.

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Holst, Birgitte Stampe. "On the inside: Shatila camp as a space of respite for Syrian refugees." Journal of Refugee Studies, August 30, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feab093.

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Abstract As thousands of Syrians have sought refuge in Lebanon since 2011, many have moved to Palestinian camps in search of affordable accommodation. While one of these camps, Shatila on the outskirts of Beirut, is highly studied as the site of fervent political engagement and destitution among Palestinians, the camp emerges as a different kind of proposition when investigated from the perspective of Syrian refugees. Based on 14 months of ethnographic fieldwork, I explore how living in Shatila affords my Syrian interlocutors specific opportunities in terms of navigating the hostile urban landscape of Beirut. Casting light on both the character of Shatila as political order and the kinds of political and social existence Syrians are able to forge for themselves there, I argue that with respect to Syrian inhabitants Shatila should be conceptualized as a pocket of respite from a general state of exception in Lebanon.

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Yassine, Batoul, Howayda Al-Harithy, and Camillo Boano. "Refugees Hosting Other Refugees: Endurance and Maintenance of Care in Ouzaii (Lebanon)." Journal of Refugee Studies, December 10, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez098.

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Abstract This article examines the socio-spatial mechanisms that emerge when refugees host other refugees. It argues that there is an underlying social infrastructure of care that impacts the refugees’ choice of destinations and modes of survival. When refugees host other refugees from close networks of relatives and neighbours, they create their own spatial clusters. In the process, the social infrastructure of care offers one mode of security to vulnerable refugees. Care as a concept and an approach is related to ideas of endurance and maintenance. It facilitates multiple dimensions, from space, to affection and to the everyday. It is able to reconfigure a life possible, life-enduring and a life meaningful in an urban setting. We focus on Ouzaii in Beirut, Lebanon. Ouzaii has been a destination for multiple displaced groups over different periods of time. Ouzaii currently hosts an approximate 10,000 Syrian refugees. They chose Ouzaii as their destination after they were helped by existing refugees who offered shelter and access to jobs. The resultant socio-spatial practices, flourishing businesses and leisurely facilities are evidence of successful social networks that form an infrastructure of care. They also play a role in the reconstitution of Ouzaii itself. We conclude with reflections on how urban informality may offer refugees an alternative right to the city while allowing them to escape the gaze of the humanitarian-aid apparatus that can signify their vulnerability by reducing them to only being aid recipients. Instead, they form protective socio-spatial networks that have proved to be powerful in sustaining their livelihoods, guarding them from possible social discrimination or political threats.

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Salameh, Christelle, Pierre-Yves Bard, Bertrand Guillier, Jacques Harb, Cécile Cornou, Jocelyne Gérard, and Michelle Almakari. "Using ambient vibration measurements for risk assessment at an urban scale: from numerical proof of concept to Beirut case study (Lebanon)." Earth, Planets and Space 69, no. 1 (April 26, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40623-017-0641-3.

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"The Convergence between Tradition and Modernity and between Innovative Design and the History of Culture- Irbid City as a Inspection." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8, no. 2S3 (August 10, 2019): 1103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.b1206.0782s319.

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The aim of this paper is to present the reader with the practices, the challenges and the benefits of the changing patterns in urban planning. There is a necessity to implement measures that focus on the population’s needs, and to merge the potential of urban planning and the townspeople’s memories in response to the phenomenon of the redevelopment of downtown. The opportunity of the insertion of municipal administrators, developers, designers and most importantly townspeople in the process, ensures the commitment to arising outcomes and enhances the potential of urban planning. Also, the process should have a restricted number of clear goals to avoid losing the space potential and the connections to the memories of the city’s residents. Redeveloping cities’ downtowns have been a critical issue to tackle as the need arises to revive and modernize the old parts of the cites, usually ending with the destruction of the history and the space memories in those parts leading to the loss of its connection with the city’s residents and erasing the spirit of the city piece by piece. One example of such approaches is observed on the reconstruction of Beirut, Lebanon Central District (BCD), starting from 1991 and the reconstruction of Al-Abdali which is one of the most strategic and old locations in the city of Amman, Jordan in 2004 For this reason, this paper is devoted to discuss information, which can form the basis for the urban development. And set theoretical ground rules for cooperation with the public and allowing for their participation in the urban development process.

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Puig, Nicolas. "The Shatila soundscape: Sound cultures, practices, and perceptions in a refugee camp in Lebanon." Violence: An International Journal, October 23, 2020, 263300242096139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2633002420961399.

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This article discusses certain key questions about the history, memory, and dynamics of belonging in Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon based on the sound culture of their inhabitants. What can the musical content, in particular, and the sound environment, in general, generated by the neighborhood, the birds, and the scooters circulating in the narrow alleys, tell us about life in one of those camps and about the daily lives of a national group placed on the margins of citizenship for over 70 years? Taking the example of the Shatila refugee camp in Beirut, the following three dimensions of this sound culture are examined: the discourses on the community and its spaces in musical production (singing about the camp); sound practices inside the camp (sonorizing the camp); and finally, the description of the camp and its surroundings by its residents through sound journeys (listening to the camp). The analysis is first based on the content of songs in order to describe what music expresses about life in the refugee camps. It then moves on to examine the ordinary sound practices which contribute to the unique character of Shatila and its surrounding areas, such as the commercial district of Sabra. Third, perceptions of the spaces by the residents are described using the method of sound journeys (using the “Mics in the ears” procedure). Finally, it turns out that sound practices give the refugee camp—which over time has turned into a poor cosmopolitan district—a specific identity, and they contribute to establishing a familiarity with the spaces while nonetheless creating boundaries between the groups. These practices fulfill the needs of all the inhabitants to act in and upon the space where they live, this urban margin where they have been “confined” for a long time.

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Padilla, Carmencita D., Aster D. Lynn Sur, Katrina D. Villarante, Howell D. Crisostomo, Ariel G. Lescano, Patrick Jose D. Padilla, Rufus Thomas Adducul, et al. "Identifying Challenges to Quality in Preconception Health Care among Women of Reproductive Age in Lipa City, Batangas." Acta Medica Philippina 54, no. 4 (August 27, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.47895/amp.v54i4.1909.

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Background. Preconception care is a set of interventions that aim to identify and modify biomedical, behavioral, and social risks to a woman’s health or pregnancy outcome through prevention and management. These interventions emphasize factors that must be addressed before conception or early in pregnancy in order to have maximal impact. Preconception health care is a key intervention in improving maternal and neonatal health care. Identification of specific needs of population-at-risk remains crucial in developing quality preconception health care programs in the Philippines.Objectives. This paper: 1) described the preconception health status of women of reproductive age in selected communities in Lipa City Batangas; 2) identified the perceived preconception needs of women of reproductive age in selected communities; 3) determined the significant challenges to the provision of appropriate preconception health care; and 4) provided recommendations to address the gaps and challenges.Methods. A total of 4,357 women of reproductive age were interviewed using a preconception checklist tool previously developed by researchers from Peking University (China), American University of Beirut (Lebanon), and University of the Philippines Manila (Philippines). Eleven Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) on various aspects of preconception health care were conducted among women of reproductive age from communities and workplaces (industries/factories, government offices, schools, entertainment centers, health centers). Thematic analyses of the data from the FGDs were performed. Recommendations for overcoming identified challenges to quality services were presented.Results. There are salient gaps in preconception health care, particularly in micronutrient intake, immunization status, family planning and infectious diseases screening in both urban and rural communities. The study also showed major gaps in medical and educational services, particularly for adolescents.Conclusion. Health and social challenges in thepreconception health care delivery system for women of reproductive age in Lipa City Batangas were identified, including the prioritization of at-risk groups and development of strategies to address preconception health care gaps in both urban and rural settings. The alarming increasing rate of teenage pregnancy must be given highest priority with integration of safe and healthy pregnancy in the curriculum. The development of programs for men and women recognizes that parenthood is a partnership. To guarantee a successful program on preconception health care services, government must utilize an inter-sectoral and interdisciplinary approach with the participation of various stakeholders and sectors, both government and private. The engagement of women of reproductive age in planning provides a dynamic feedback for the relevance of the planned programs.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Urban renewal – Lebanon – Beirut'

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