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Journal articles on the topic 'Urban rooftop utilization'
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1
Huang, Angela, and Fi-John Chang. "Prospects for Rooftop Farming System Dynamics: An Action to Stimulate Water-Energy-Food Nexus Synergies toward Green Cities of Tomorrow." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (2021): 9042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169042.
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Rooftop farming is a practical solution of smart urban agriculture to furnish diverse socio-environmental benefits and short food supply chains, especially in densely populated cities. This study aims to raise urban food security with less use of public water and energy in food production, through utilizing green water and energy for sustainable management. A system dynamics (SD) model framed across the nexus of climate, water, energy and food (WEF) sectors is developed for a rooftop farm in Taipei City of Taiwan. The urban WEF Nexus is structured to address how local weather affects water and energy utilization to grow vegetables. The SD results showed that the annual yields of sweet potato leaves achieved 9.3 kg/m2, at the cost of 3.8 ton/m2 of harvested rainwater and 2.1 ton/m2 of tap water together with 2.1 kwh/m2 of solar photovoltaic power and 0.4 kwh/m2 of public electricity. This study not only demonstrates that green resources show great potential to make a significant reduction in consuming urban irrigation resources for rooftop farming, but contributes to urban planning through a sustainable in situ WEF Nexus mechanism at a city scale. The WEF Nexus can manifest the rooftop farming promotion as cogent development to facilitate urban sustainability.
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Ramanujam, Elangovan, S. Padmavathi, and Nashwa Ahmad Kamal. "Recommendation of Pesticide for Roof Top Pest Image Using Convolutional Neural Network Model." International Journal of Sociotechnology and Knowledge Development 13, no. 1 (2021): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijskd.2021010104.
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Rooftop farming in urban places is gaining more popularity which increases the cultivation of organic vegetables on the rooftop of houses and buildings with the minimal utilization of water. But rooftop farming is more vulnerable to pest infestation which reduces the quality of plants. Urban residents are novices in farming, and they are unaware of the pest attacks. Various researchers have proposed pest identification systems using image processing techniques and machine learning algorithms specific to particular disease which shows less accuracy on generaliztion and not user-friendly. To provide user-friendly pest identification system, this paper proposes a mobile based pest identification system using the concept of pre-trained convolutional neural network model – AlexNet. Experimental results have been analyzed with various rooftop pests using different kernel sizes and layers of convolutional neural network. In addition, the best evaluated pre-trained model has been converted to a mobile application using REST API for the recommendation of pesticide to the novice user.
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Wen, Fawei, and Yufang Wang. "Design of rooftop photovoltaic power generation system." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2803, no. 1 (2024): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2803/1/012042.
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Abstract The research was conducted on an urban community rooftop, with the photovoltaic power generation system as the focus. PVsyst software was utilized to simulate the project’s power generation through design and simulation methods. Additionally, 3D models of the roof and photovoltaic modules were created using SketchUp software for analysis and optimization purposes. The simulation results demonstrate that the optimized rooftop photovoltaic system yields superior power generation benefits, providing valuable insights for promoting new energy generation modes such as solar energy utilization and photovoltaic building integration.
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Nahar, Nazmun, Asib Ahmed, and Md Shamim Hossain. "Rooftop Gardening as a Supplement to Urban Household Food and Nutrition Resilience of Dhaka City in Bangladesh." Dhaka University Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences 13, no. 1 (2024): 59–67. https://doi.org/10.3329/dujees.v13i1.77577.
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Increasing food demands along with shrinkage of agricultural lands make urban dwellers vulnerable to food insecurity. This leads to practice rooftop gardening (RTG) by the dwellers living in an urban area. The present research assessed the potentiality of rooftop gardening as a supplement to urban household food and nutrition resilience in Dhaka city of Bangladesh. The study follows a mix-method approach (i.e. qualitative and quantitative) to fulfill the objectives. Currently, the city has 257.95 ha area of RTG (i.e. 0.32% of 80,220 hectares of continuous roofs), which can fulfill the demand of about 0.3% fresh vegetables and fruits of the dwellers of Dhaka city. Moreover, yearly practices of RTG by the inhabitants of the city can contribute about 362 million BDT. The present study shows that contribution to household level resilience for vegetables and fruits produced from RTGs are about 6% and 18% respectively. The RTG practitioners consume about 75% cultivated fruits and vegetables. Utilization of rooftop spaces for gardening could be a potential solution to household food and nutrition insecurity in DMA. The Dhaka University Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vol. 13(1), 2024, P 59-67
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Walters, Stuart, and Karen Stoelzle Midden. "Sustainability of Urban Agriculture: Vegetable Production on Green Roofs." Agriculture 8, no. 11 (2018): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8110168.
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The practice of producing vegetables on green roofs has been gaining momentum in recent years as a method to facilitate agricultural sustainability in urban areas. Rooftop gardens are becoming an important part of the recent rejuvenation of urban agriculture, and offers alternative spaces to grow vegetable products for urban markets. Green roofs create spaces for the production of vegetable crops, which then generate opportunities for integrating agriculture into urban communities. However, vegetable production activities on rooftops are currently minimal due to multiple challenges that must be overcome before widespread implementation will occur, and these are presented and discussed herein in great detail. Although intensive green roof systems (>15 cm medium depths) are thought to be most suited for vegetable production, the greatest potential for sustained productivity is probably through extensive systems (<15 cm depths) due to weight load restrictions for most buildings. Thus, shallow-rooted vegetables that include important salad greens crops are thought to be the most suited for extensive systems as they can have high productivity with minimal inputs. Research presented herein agree that crops such as lettuce, kale and radish can be produced effectively in an extensive green roof medium with sufficient nutrient and moisture inputs. Other research has indicated that deeper-root crops like tomato can be produced but they will require constant monitoring of fertility and moisture levels. Vegetable production is a definite possibility in urban areas on retrofitted green roofs using minimal growing substrate depths with intensive seasonal maintenance. Rooftop agriculture can improve various ecosystem services, enrich urban biodiversity and reduce food insecurity. Food production provided by green roofs can help support and sustain food for urban communities, as well as provide a unique opportunity to effectively grow food in spaces that are typically unused. The utilization of alternative agricultural production systems, such as green roof technologies, will increase in importance as human populations become more urbanized and urban consumers become more interested in local foods for their families. Although cultivation of food on buildings is a key component to making cities more sustainable and habitable, green roofs are not the total solution to provide food security to cities. They should be viewed more as a supplement to other sources of food production in urban areas.
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Merry, Anna, Aravella Zachariou, and Jane Yau. "Exploring dilemma games in sustainable urban planning: A Cypriot case study on urban rooftop utilization for climate change." E3S Web of Conferences 608 (2025): 05010. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202560805010.
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This paper describes the initial stages of a Cypriot case study on urban rooftop utilization for climate change, indicating how games can: foster collaboration; engage citizens; and produce policy incentives through real-world exploration and implications. The focus of the case study is a co-designed serious game developed within the context of the GREAT project (Games Realizing Effective and Affective Transformation) to be utilized as a facilitation tool between citizens and policy makers. Through learning and role-play scenarios, target groups can: voice their attitudes towards climate policies; gain valuable insights into specific initiatives; and enhance their acceptance of green infrastructure and sustainable urban planning. In this paper, we describe the initial co-design stages of the dilemma game, discuss the lessons learned, and provide future directions for research.
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Merry, Anna, Aravella Zachariou, and Jane Yao. "Exploring dilemma games in sustainable urban planning: A Cypriot case study on urban rooftop utilization for climate change." E3S Web of Conferences 608, no. 2025 (2025): 05010. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202560805010.
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This paper describes the initial stages of a Cypriot case study on urban rooftop utilization for climate change, indicating how games can: foster collaboration; engage citizens; and produce policy incentives through real-world exploration and implications. The focus of the case study is a co-designed serious game developed within the context of the GREAT project (Games Realizing Effective and Affective Transformation) to be utilized as a facilitation tool between citizens and policy makers. Through learning and role-play scenarios, target groups can: voice their attitudes towards climate policies; gain valuable insights into specific initiatives; and enhance their acceptance of green infrastructure and sustainable urban planning. In this paper, we describe the initial co-design stages of the dilemma game, discuss the lessons learned, and provide future directions for research.
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Wang, Chaohong, Xudong Zhang, Wang Chen, Feihu Jiang, and Xiaogang Zhao. "Multivariate Evaluation of Photovoltaic Utilization Potential of Primary and Secondary School Buildings: A Case Study in Hainan Province, China." Buildings 14, no. 3 (2024): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030810.
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Modernization and industrialization have significantly increased energy consumption, causing environmental problems. Given that China is the largest energy user, the rise in building energy consumption necessitates clean energy alternatives. The purpose of this study is to summarize typical building models for primary and secondary schools in Hainan Province, and to use software to simulate and calculate the photovoltaic utilization potential of primary and secondary school buildings. In China, the government is usually the manager of primary and secondary schools, and due to their architectural characteristics, these buildings can be used to assess photovoltaic applications. The aim is to drive the application of photovoltaic systems in all types of buildings and promote urban energy reform. This study summarizes the types of primary and secondary school buildings in Hainan Province and analyzes them. It evaluates rooftop photovoltaic projects at the Second Middle School and the Siyuan School in Wanning City, Hainan Province, and uses PVsyst 7.2 software to assess the photovoltaic utilization potential. The results show that the optimal orientation in Hainan Province is south-facing, and the optimal inclination angle is 10° to 20°. The most favorable orientations of facade photovoltaic systems are 20° southeast or southwest. The longest dynamic investment payback period is approximately 15 years, and the environmental benefits are $0.012/kWh. The findings indicate significant potential for photovoltaic applications in primary and secondary school buildings. A combination of facade and rooftop photovoltaics can result in the zero-energy consumption of these buildings, reducing the pressure on urban power grids and achieving sustainable utilization.
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Shahverdian, Mohammad Hassan, Mohammadreza Najaftomaraei, Arash Fassadi Chimeh, et al. "Towards Zero-Energy Buildings: A Comparative Techno-Economic and Environmental Analysis of Rooftop PV and BIPV Systems." Buildings 15, no. 7 (2025): 999. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15070999.
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The integration of photovoltaic (PV) systems in buildings is crucial for reducing reliance on conventional energy sources while promoting sustainability. This study evaluates and compares three energy generation systems: rooftop PV, building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), and a hybrid combination of both. The analysis covers energy production, economic feasibility through the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), and environmental impact by assessing unreleased carbon dioxide (UCD). A residential building in Kerman, Iran, serves as the case study. The results indicate that rooftop PV exhibits the lowest LCOE at USD 0.023/kWh, while BIPV has a higher LCOE of USD 0.077/kWh due to installation complexities. The hybrid system, combining both technologies, achieves a balance with an LCOE of USD 0.05/kWh while maximizing energy generation at 16.2 MWh annually. Additionally, the hybrid system reduces CO2 emissions by 9.7 tons per year, surpassing the standalone rooftop PV (5.0 tons) and BIPV (4.7 tons). The findings highlight the synergistic benefits of integrating both PV systems, ensuring higher self-sufficiency and enhanced environmental impact. This research underscores the necessity of comprehensive urban energy planning to optimize renewable energy utilization and accelerate the transition toward zero-energy buildings.
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Wu, Xiaohui, Yanfeng Wang, Zhiwen Cai, and Ping Su. "Study on Roof Ventilation and Optimized Layout of Photovoltaics for Semi-Outdoor Main Transformer Rooms in Substations." Applied Sciences 15, no. 11 (2025): 6223. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15116223.
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In the context of global decarbonization goals and increasing urban electricity demand, the green transformation of power industry buildings to enhance the utilization of renewable energy represents a significant contribution to sustainable social development. Rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems can reduce unnecessary radiative heat gain and generate clean electricity to support this transition; however, they also alter the rooftop wind environment. Deploying rooftop PV systems requires well-planned design strategies to optimize renewable energy production while ensuring adequate natural ventilation, particularly for semi-outdoor main transformer rooms where ventilation and heat dissipation are crucial for safe substation operations. This concept was tested at a 220 kV substation in Guangzhou, China, using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and PVSYST to assess the impact of different rooftop PV systems on natural ventilation and power generation. The analysis showed that while the horizontal PV system achieved the highest energy output, it also resulted in a wind speed reduction of 13.2% or 11.8%. In contrast, the 10° symmetrical PV system offers the most balanced solution, with only a 0.6% decrease in ventilation performance but at the cost of a 13.87% reduction in PV output. The unilateral pitched PV system results in ventilation losses of less than 4%, and the power generation loss is also kept below 4%. However, this configuration may lead to increased wind loads. This approach can be developed into a practical design tool to further support the integration of PV systems in substation green retrofitting projects.
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Zhang, Wenjie, Fengcheng Huang, Kai Mao, Changqing Lin, and Zhen Pan. "Evaluation of Photovoltaic Energy Saving Potential and Investment Value of Urban Buildings in China Based on GIS Technology." Buildings 11, no. 12 (2021): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11120649.
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The environmental and energy crisis has become a problem that can not be ignored in today’s world and improving the proportion of renewable energy utilization is an important way to alleviate the problem. China has begun to vigorously develop rooftop photovoltaic systems, and it is urgent to analyze the photovoltaic potential of the country. In this paper, GIS technology is used to calculate the available area of a PV system on the roof of urban buildings in China. The installed capacity and annual power generation of a PV system on the roof of urban buildings in China are further calculated, and the investment cost analysis of the buildings with a PV system is carried out. The results show that Chinese mainland city rooftop photovoltaic area has reached 3.35 billion m2. If urban roofs are used for photovoltaic power generation in China, the annual photovoltaic power generation capacity will be 672 billion kWh, which is about 61% of the total annual electricity consumption of the whole society in 2020. On the other hand, the initial investment in the construction of an urban photovoltaic system is large, but most of them can realize the return of investment in a short period of 8–10 years. Moreover, in the effective life of the follow-up photovoltaic system, it will bring greater economic benefits, which is more than two times the initial investment. To further promote the process of social carbon peak and carbon neutrality in China, the construction of an urban photovoltaic system is very feasible.
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Itendrakumar, M. "Optimization of Rainwater Harvesting Systems in High-rise Buildings." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 09, no. 04 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem44512.
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In recent years, the optimization of rainwater harvesting systems in high-rise buildings has garnered considerable attention as urbanization intensifies and environmental concerns escalate. High-rise structures, characterized by dense populations and limited land availability, present unique challenges for resource management, particularly regarding water supply. Effective harvesting of rainwater not only alleviates pressure on traditional water sources but also contributes to sustainable urban living. Innovative systems, such as the Rain-Power Utilization System, have emerged, showcasing the potential for rainwater to be harnessed efficiently for both consumption and energy generation, thereby improving self-sufficiency in urban environments (Yu J et al.). Furthermore, integrating decentralized systems, like rooftop mosaics, can enhance urban sustainability by combining rainwater harvesting with urban farming and renewable energy solutions (Toboso-Chavero S et al., p. 1284-1299). Thus, exploring optimized rainwater harvesting strategies is essential for promoting resilience in high-rise structures amidst growing socio-economic and environmental demands.
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Awan, Ahmed Bilal, Mohammed Alghassab, Muhammad Zubair, Abdul Rauf Bhatti, Muhammad Uzair, and Ghulam Abbas. "Comparative Analysis of Ground-Mounted vs. Rooftop Photovoltaic Systems Optimized for Interrow Distance between Parallel Arrays." Energies 13, no. 14 (2020): 3639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143639.
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The aim of this research is to perform an in-depth performance comparison of ground-mounted and rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems. The PV modules are tilted to receive maximum solar irradiance. The efficiency of the PV system decreases due to the mutual shading impact of parallel tilted PV modules. The mutual shading decreases with the increasing interrow distance of parallel PV modules, but a distance that is too large causes an increase in land cost in the case of ground-mounted configuration and a decrease in roof surface shading in the case of rooftop configuration, because larger sections of roof are exposed to sun radiation. Therefore, an optimized interrow distance for the two PV configurations is determined with the aim being to minimize the levelized cost of energy (LCoE) and maximize the energy yield. The model of the building is simulated in EnergyPlus software to determine the cooling load requirement and roof surface temperatures under different shading scenarios. The layout of the rooftop PV system is designed in Helioscope software. A detailed comparison of the two systems is carried out based on energy output, performance ratio, capacity utilization factor (CUF), energy yield, and LCoE. Compared to ground-mounted configuration, the rooftop PV configuration results in a 2.9% increase in CUF, and up to a 23.7% decrease in LCoE. The results of this research show that installing a PV system on a roof has many distinct advantages over ground-mounted PV systems such as the shading of the roof, which leads to the curtailment of the cooling energy requirements of the buildings in hot regions and land cost savings, especially for urban environments.
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Ahmed, Ahsan, Mubashir Ali Siddiqui, and Syed Muhammad Ammar. "Comprehensive energy, economic, and environmental (3E) analyses for rooftop photovoltaic integration in urban regions employing utilization factor." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 212 (April 2025): 115433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2025.115433.
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Li, Zhixin, Chen Zhang, Zejun Yu, Hong Zhang, and Haihua Jiang. "Deep Learning Method for Evaluating Photovoltaic Potential of Rural Land Use Types." Sustainability 15, no. 14 (2023): 10798. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151410798.
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Rooftop photovoltaic (PV) power generation uses building roofs to generate electricity by laying PV panels. Rural rooftops are less shaded and have a regular shape, which is favorable for laying PV panels. However, because of the relative lack of information on buildings in rural areas, there are fewer methods to assess the utilization potential of PV on rural buildings, and most studies focus on urban buildings. In addition, in rural areas, concentrated ground-mounted PV plants can be built on wastelands, hillsides, and farmlands. To facilitate the overall planning and synergistic layout of rural PV utilization, we propose a new workflow to identify different types of surfaces (including building roofs, wastelands, water surfaces, etc.) by applying a deep learning approach to count the PV potential of different surfaces in rural areas. This method can be used to estimate the spatial distribution of rural PV development potential from publicly available satellite images. In this paper, 10 km2 of land in Wuhan is used as an example. The results show that the total PV potential in the study area could reach 198.02 GWh/year, including 4.69 GWh/year for BIPV, 159.91 GWh/year for FSPV, and 33.43 GWh/year for LSPV. Considering the development cost of different land types, several timespans (such as short-, medium-, and long-term) of PV development plans for rural areas can be considered. The method and results provide tools and data for the assessment of PV potential in rural areas and can be used as a reference for the development of village master plans and PV development plans.
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Mandasari, R. Deasy, Andi Rosano, and Djadjat Sudaradjat. "INTERNET OF THINGS-BASED AIR QUALITY ANALYSIS FOR MONITORING CO2 CONCENTRATION IN ROOFTOP BUILDING AREAS." Barometer 9, no. 1 (2024): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.35261/barometer.v9i1.10447.
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This research aims to comprehend the air quality in rooftop areas in the city of DKI Jakarta, renowned for its high population density and rapid infrastructure development. The main focus is on the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the roof area, serving as an indicator of air quality influenced by air pollution, industrial activity, and heavy transportation. The utilization of Internet of Things (IoT) technology and CO2 sensors proves to be an effective solution for real-time monitoring of CO2 concentrations. This research holds significance for air pollution control measures, providing insight into the impact of rooftop gardens in reducing CO2 emissions and inspiring future research in the realms of air quality and IoT technology. Through prior literature, three notable studies underscore the industrial and technological impact of CO2 monitoring. The research was conducted in two locations in DKI Jakarta, namely the Garden Roof and Ordinary Roof areas. Monitoring took place over four parts of the day with a four-hour interval to compare CO2 levels. The tools employed included the NodeMCU ESP8266, DHT-22 sensor, and MQ-135 sensor. Results revealed that roof areas with gardens exhibited lower average CO2 levels (295 PPM) compared to regular roofs (360 PPM), indicating the potential of garden roof designs to reduce CO2 concentrations. Research recommendations include increasing the frequency of data collection and considering additional factors for a more comprehensive understanding of urban air quality.
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Anh, An Thi Hoai Thu, and Tran Hung Cuong. "A Solution for Energy-Efficient Operation of Urban Electric Trains: Integrating Rooftop PV with the Active Rectifier in the Traction Substation." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 14, no. 3 (2024): 13890–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.6709.
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The utilization of renewable sources connected to a grid to reduce traction substation installation costs and electrified trains' operation energy is a highly promising solution in the electric transportation field. This study proposes a DC traction power supply system integrated with a solar energy system using a DC-DC boost converter and an active rectifier replacing a diode located at the traction substation. The active rectifier not only recovers regenerative braking energy when electric trains operate in braking mode but also transfers solar energy from the DC bus to the grid. With the characteristics of urban railway lines utilizing high-power traction motors and high-voltage DC bus, this paper presents the structure of the Modular Multilevel DC-DC boost converter in the solar energy system employing the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm, whereas the modular multilevel active rectifier utilizes the Voltage Oriented Control (VOC) algorithm with three loop circuits: phase-lock loop, current loop, and voltage loop. Simulation results in Matlab/Simulink with parameters collected from the Nhon-Hanoi station urban railway line in Vietnam demonstrate that the PV system produces almost 37% of the energy in the accelerating phase of electric trains.
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Asif, M., Mohammad A. Hassanain, Kh Md Nahiduzzaman, and Haitham Sawalha. "Techno-economic assessment of application of solar PV in building sector." Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 8, no. 1 (2019): 34–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sasbe-06-2018-0032.
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Purpose The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is facing a rapid growth in energy demand mainly because of factors like burgeoning population, economic growth, modernization and infrastructure development. It is estimated that between 2000 and 2017 the power consumption has increased from 120 to 315 TWh. The building sector has an important role in this respect as it accounts for around 80 percent of the total electricity consumption. The situation is imposing significant energy, environmental and economic challenges for the country. To tackle these problems and curtail its dependence on oil-based energy infrastructure, KSA is aiming to develop 9.5 GW of renewable energy projects by 2030. The campus of the King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) has been considered as a case study. In the wake of recently announced net-metering policy, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the prospects of rooftop application of PV in buildings. ArcGIS and PVsyst software have been used to determine the rooftop area and undertake PV system modeling respectively. Performance of PV system has been investigated for both horizontal and tilted installations. The study also investigates the economic feasibility of the PV application with the help of various economic parameters such as benefit cost ratio, simple payback period (SPP) and equity payback periods. An environmental analysis has also been carried out with the help of RETScreen software to determine the savings in greenhouse gas emissions as a result of PV system. Design/methodology/approach This study examines the buildings of the university campus for utilizable rooftop areas for PV application. Various types of structural, architectural and utilities-related features affecting the use of building roofs for PV have been investigated to determine the corrected area. To optimize the performance of the PV system as well as space utilization, modeling has been carried out for both horizontal and tilted applications of panels. Detailed economic and environmental assessments of the rooftop PV systems have also been investigated in detail. Modern software tools such as PVsyst, ArcGIS and RETScreen have also been used for system design calculations. Findings Saudi Arabia is embarking on a massive solar energy program as it plans to have over 200 GW of installed capacity by 2030. With solar energy being the most abundant of the available renewable resource for the country, PV is going to be one of the main technologies in achieving the set targets. The country has, however, unlike global trends, traditionally overlooked the small-scale and building-related application of solar PV, focusing mainly on larger projects. This study explores the prospects of utilization of solar PV on building roofs. Building rooftops are constrained in terms of PV application owing to wide ranging obstacles that can be classified into five types – structural, services, accessibility, maintenance and others. The total building rooftop area in the study zone, calculated through ArcGIS has been found to be 857,408 m2 of which 352,244 m2 is being used as car parking and hence is not available for PV application. The available roof area, 505,165 m2 is further hampered by construction and utilities related features including staircases, HVAC systems, skylights, water tanks and satellite dish antennas. Taking into account the relevant obstructive features, the net rooftop area covered by PV panels has been found to be in the range 25–41 percent depending upon the building typology, with residential buildings offering the least. To optimize both the system efficiency and space utilization, PV modeling has been carried out with the help of PVsyst software for both the tilted and horizontal installations. In terms of output, PV panels with tilt angle of 24° have been found to be 9 percent more efficient compared to the horizontally installed ones. Modeling results provide a net annual output 37,750 and 46,050 MWh from 21.44 and 28.51 MW of tilted and horizontal application of PV panels, sufficient to respectively meet 16 and 20 percent of the total campus electricity requirements. Findings of the economic analysis reveal the average SPP for horizontal and tilted applications of the PV to be 9.2 and 8.4 years, respectively. The benefit cost ratio for different types of buildings for horizontal and tilted application has been found to be ranging between 0.89 and 2.08 and 0.83 and 2.15, respectively. As electricity tariff in Saudi Arabia has been increased this year by as much as 45 percent and there are plans to remove $54bn of subsidy by 2020, the cost effectiveness of PV systems will be greatly helped. Application of PV in buildings can significantly improve their environmental performance as the findings of this study reveal that the annual greenhouse gas emission in the KFUPM campus can be reduced by as much as 40,199 tons carbon dioxide equivalent. Originality/value The PV application on building roof especially from economic perspective is an area which has not been addressed thus far. Khan et al. (2017) studied the power generation potential for PV application on residential buildings in KSA. Asif (2016) also investigated power output potential of PV system in different types of buildings. Dehwas et al. (2018) adopted a detailed approach to determine utilizability of PV on residential building roofs. None of these studies have covered the economics of PV systems. This study attempts to address the gap and contribute to the scholarship on the subject. It targets to determine the power output from different types of building in an urban environment by taking into account building roof conditions. It also provides detailed economic assessment of PV systems. Subsequent environmental savings are also calculated.
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Sarker, Md Tanjil, Marran Al Qwaid, Siow Jat Shern, and Gobbi Ramasamy. "AI-Driven Optimization Framework for Smart EV Charging Systems Integrated with Solar PV and BESS in High-Density Residential Environments." World Electric Vehicle Journal 16, no. 7 (2025): 385. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16070385.
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The rapid growth of electric vehicle (EV) adoption necessitates advanced energy management strategies to ensure sustainable, reliable, and efficient operation of charging infrastructure. This study proposes a hybrid AI-based framework for optimizing residential EV charging systems through the integration of Reinforcement Learning (RL), Linear Programming (LP), and real-time grid-aware scheduling. The system architecture includes smart wall-mounted chargers, a 120 kWp rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) array, and a 60 kWh lithium-ion battery energy storage system (BESS), simulated under realistic load conditions for 800 residential units and 50 charging points rated at 7.4 kW each. Simulation results, validated through SCADA-based performance monitoring using MATLAB/Simulink and OpenDSS, reveal substantial technical improvements: a 31.5% reduction in peak transformer load, voltage deviation minimized from ±5.8% to ±2.3%, and solar utilization increased from 48% to 66%. The AI framework dynamically predicts user demand using a non-homogeneous Poisson process and optimizes charging schedules based on a cost-voltage-user satisfaction reward function. The study underscores the critical role of intelligent optimization in improving grid reliability, minimizing operational costs, and enhancing renewable energy self-consumption. The proposed system demonstrates scalability, resilience, and cost-effectiveness, offering a practical solution for next-generation urban EV charging networks.
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de Juan, Ibai, Carmen Hidalgo-Giralt, and Antonio Palacios-García. "Constraints to Energy Transition in Metropolitan Areas: Solar Potential, Land Use, and Mineral Consumption in the Metropolitan Area of Madrid." Urban Science 9, no. 4 (2025): 125. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9040125.
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Amidst the backdrop of the fossil fuel energy crisis, the development of renewable energy sources is experiencing an unprecedented acceleration in Spain and focusing in metropolitan areas. This study investigates the potential for photovoltaic energy development in Spanish metropolitan areas, specifically Madrid and its surrounding region. Recognizing the inherent challenges of land use and material scarcity associated with this development, the research aims to quantify the achievable photovoltaic capacity with less environmental impact for the region, along with the corresponding land occupation and material consumption requirements. A Material Flow Analysis (MFA) methodology is employed to project these parameters to 2050. The analysis estimates a potential production capacity of 32,163 GWh/year, representing 79.46% of the projected electricity consumption in 2050 (and 41.32% of final energy consumption). This capacity would necessitate the utilization of 32,169 hectares of land (4.01% of the regional area), and 7139 hectares of rooftop space. Critically, 48% of the suitable land is agricultural land, 9% forest, 38% grassland and scrubland and 5% corresponds to other land uses. highlighting potential land-use competition. Furthermore, the study extrapolates the material requirements to a global scale, estimating the percentage of global mineral reserves required for a comparable energy transition. The analysis yields an estimate of 0.66% for aluminum, 14.49% for copper, and 33.13% for silver. These findings provide crucial insights into the material and geographical constraints impacting the feasibility of urban energy transitions.
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Saharuddin, Shafikah, Natasha Khalil, and Alia Abdullah Saleh. "PRIORITISING CRITERIA OF MAINTENANCE FOR GREEN ROOF IN HIGH-RISE RESIDENTIALS." Journal of Surveying, Construction & Property 11, no. 2 (2020): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/jscp.sp2020no1.3.
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Numerous problems arise due to the development growth of a country such as the destruction of natural environments and the deficit in green spaces. Thus, in order to overcome these issues, an alternative by implementing green building has been introduced. One of the sustainable approaches in a green building that can be implemented is the green roof. The utilization of a green rooftop over structures has gradually turned into a pattern in urban communities as it gives various advantages to the nation. The objective of the study is to analyse the criteria of maintenance and the rank of each criterion in approaching towards the establishment of best practice of the maintenance for the green roof, by concentrating on high-rise buildings for residential. The data were collected from respondents using the distributed questionnaires through email and via online survey. A total of 30 maintenance managers were drawn as the sample for the study by using purposive sampling technique, where 20 were returned and valid for analysis. Descriptive statistic of mean ranks and standard deviations was adopted for analysis. The most significant criteria in green roof maintenance are drainage, followed by waterproofing, irrigation, water retention and roof slab, based on the result obtained. The result of the study provides a significant improvement to the existing practice in the maintenance practice of the green roof by highlighting its maintenance criteria and key address, as it may assist to standardize the maintenance practice of green roofs in the Malaysian tropical climate.
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Polo, María-Eugenia, Mar Pozo, and Elia Quirós. "Directional Statistics in Solar Potential of Rooftops at Three Different Neighborhoods of a Medium Size City." Proceedings 2, no. 20 (2018): 1275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2201275.
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The utilization of solar energy is one of the best effective methods to combat the climate change. The estimation of solar potential in urban areas can vary depending on the urban morphology. This paper performs a directional statistical analysis of the distribution of the monthly solar potential of rooftops in Cáceres city, related to the orientation of the rooftops in different neighborhoods. The orientation values of the roofs will be treated as a directional data and the radiation values as a linear data. The circular graphics representing the orientation data is a suitable representation of the distribution of the buildings being related with the urban framework.
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Gholami, Hassan. "A Holistic Multi-Criteria Assessment of Solar Energy Utilization on Urban Surfaces." Energies 17, no. 21 (2024): 5328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17215328.
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Urban surfaces such as rooftops, facades, and infrastructure offer significant potential for solar energy integration, contributing to energy efficiency and sustainability in cities. This article introduces an advanced multi-criteria assessment (MCA) framework designed to evaluate the suitability of various urban surfaces for solar energy deployment. The framework extends beyond traditional economic, environmental, and technological factors to include social, political, legal, health and safety, cultural, and psychological dimensions, providing a comprehensive evaluation of photovoltaic (PV) applications in urban contexts. By synthesizing existing literature and applying this holistic MCA framework, this research offers valuable insights for urban planners, architects, and policymakers, enabling strategic optimization of solar energy integration in urban environments. The findings underscore the importance of sustainable urban development and climate resilience, highlighting key factors influencing solar technology deployment and proposing actionable recommendations to address existing challenges.
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Jin, Shiyu, Hui Zhang, Xiaoxi Huang, et al. "Solar Energy Utilization Potential in Urban Residential Blocks: A Case Study of Wuhan, China." Sustainability 15, no. 22 (2023): 15988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152215988.
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In dense, energy-demanding urban areas, the effective utilization of solar energy resources, encompassing building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems and solar water heating (SWH) systems inside buildings, holds paramount importance for addressing concerns related to carbon emission reduction and the balance of energy supply and demand. This study aimed to examine the interplay between urban residential blocks and their solar energy potential, with the objective of promoting environmentally sustainable development within urban residential areas. The primary focus of this study was the hot summer and cold winter zone of China, which serves as a representative case study. Methodologically, we employed Rhinoceros and Grasshopper (GH) software version GH6.0 tools to simulate the solar radiation potential within residential blocks and translated this information into the potential utilization of BIPV and SWH systems. Subsequently, our focus was directed towards identifying optimal locations for mounting BIPV modules and water heaters on roofs and building façades. The study results revealed the following: (1) The floor area ratio (FAR), building density (BD), average building height (ABH), and space layout (SL) exerted substantial influences on the solar potential of a residential block, with correlations of up to 75%, 71%, 78%, and 50%, respectively, concerning the overall solar potential of the entire plot. (2) It is essential to emphasize that, with regard to the BIPV installation potential, façades account for 80% of the overall residential block potential, whereas rooftops contribute only 20%. Both south- and west-facing façades exhibited a BIPV installation ratio of approximately 34%. (3) In the realm of solar water heating, the potential for installations on building façades accounted for 77% of the total living area of the residential blocks, 23% on the rooftops, and 35% on the south-facing façades. This study furnishes practical guidelines for harnessing the potential of BIPV and SWH systems within residential blocks, thereby contributing to the advancement of sustainable urban development practices.
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Liu, Wen, Weiping Chen, Chi Peng, Laosheng Wu, and Yuguo Qian. "A water balance approach to assess rainwater availability potential in urban areas: the case of Beijing, China." Water Supply 15, no. 3 (2014): 490–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2014.134.
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Rainwater is an underutilized water resource that has become more important in recent years; due to severe water logging and water shortage in cities. The evaluation of rainwater harvesting potential is of fundamental importance in planning rainwater harvesting systems and management policies. In this study, we used minute-interval rainfall data and the water mass balance method coupling urban hydrological processes to assess the annual rainwater availability potential (RAP) of different underlying surfaces in the urban areas of Beijing (inside the 5th Ring Road). The estimated total RAP was 154.49 million m3 in 2013. About 53% of rainwater could be effectively harvested for use, among which the rooftops had the highest harvesting ratio of 70%, and contributed about half of the total RAP. Indirect use of rainwater can be achieved through infiltration facilities, of which concave green land construction and porous brick pavement can increase the amount of rainfall that infiltrates into the soil by 18.89% and 55.69%, respectively. Rainwater harvesting and utilization could serve as a significant water source for the urban areas in Beijing.
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Bhandari, Sabina, and Chuanrong Zhang. "Urban Green Space Prioritization to Mitigate Air Pollution and the Urban Heat Island Effect in Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal." Land 11, no. 11 (2022): 2074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11112074.
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The rapid population growth and unplanned urbanization within Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC) have induced land use and land cover (LULC) changes that have exacerbated problems of air pollution and the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. These issues, as well as potential mitigations and possible counteractions, are currently under investigation by numerous research communities, resulting in various solutions being put forward including the creation of Urban Green Spaces (UGS). Establishing UGS would increase carbon dioxide extraction, minimizing photochemical ozone formation and liberation, while simultaneously cooling the microclimate of an area such as KMC. Optimized implementation of UGS throughout KMC requires an understanding of and prioritization of locations based on degraded air quality and the UHI effect. Unfortunately, such studies in these areas appear to be severely lacking, which has acted as a catalyst for this study. This research includes prioritization on two different spatial units—(i) at the administrative ward level and (ii) 0.0025° fishnet level. The result identifies the high-need locations where UGS establishment is recommended to mitigate air pollution and the UHI effect. Information obtained also heightened the existing UGS’s current sparsity and deplorable conditions. Findings from this study indicate that the utilization of rooftops are potential locations for new UGS, and enhancement of the existing UGS would prove to be an efficient use of currently underutilized spaces.
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Takebayashi, Hideki, Etsuko Ishii, Masakazu Moriyama, Ai Sakaki, Shunsuke Nakajima, and Hirobumi Ueda. "Study to examine the potential for solar energy utilization based on the relationship between urban morphology and solar radiation gain on building rooftops and wall surfaces." Solar Energy 119 (September 2015): 362–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2015.05.039.
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El Ayane, Salima, and Ali Ahaitouf. "Performance Analysis of a Micro-Photovoltaic Concentrator Designed for Automotive Applications." Energies 17, no. 24 (2024): 6470. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17246470.
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This research paper delves into the potential use of solar energy as an alternative energy source for future vehicles. The study introduces a system that overcomes the limitations of traditional solar panels by achieving a reduced thickness of less than 35 mm, while acknowledging the challenges faced by vehicles, such as the inability to maintain a fixed orientation towards the sun and frequent shading from surrounding objects. To tackle these challenges, our system incorporates the design of an asymmetrical and extended polynomial lens and optimizes it to widen the acceptance angle of incident sunlight, enabling the solar panels to capture a wider range of solar radiation, even when the vehicle is not ideally aligned with the sun. The goal of this innovative design is not only to maximize energy output in urban conditions, ensuring efficient solar utilization despite shading challenges, but also to maintain a compact, lightweight structure suitable for installation on vehicle rooftops and competitive with ordinary PV panels. Additionally, our system is a tracking and heat spreader-free structure. This simple structure enables cheaper mass production and the lightweight nature of the structure results in affordable manufacturing and assembly processes. Through collaboration with micro-fabrication, macro-electronic industries, and micro-LED technologies, our system is a strong candidate for a low-cost, high-efficiency system. The results show an optical efficiency of around 52.53% for incident rays at a 45° angle, with the remaining rays captured by adjacent lenses resulting in a total optical efficiency around 76%.
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B, Akter, Yeasmin H, Rayhan SM, and Khan MAU. "Assessing the Utilization of Waste from Aquaponics System as Nutrients Contributing to the Growth of Water Spinach and Tank Fish." Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment 03, no. 03 (2022): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.47440/jafe.2022.3308.
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Due to having plentiful water resources, Bangladesh offers significant potential for fish farming. Aquaponicsas a bio-integrated multi-trophic system that combines hydroponics (the growing of soilless plants) and re-circulate aquaculture (the culture of fish) to create a symbiotic relationship between fish, microorganisms and plants. This study was carried out for 95 days at the aquaponic laboratory of Khulna Agricultural University (KAU) to access the utilization of waste from tank water as nutrients affecting the growth of both water spinach and fish using two different medias-only bricklets (𝑇1)and mixture of bricklets and used tea leaves(𝑇2). For the purpose of growing vegetables and raising fish, six 20-liter plastic containers and a 750-liter water tank were employed respectively. Fish and water spinach samples were taken every two weeks. Electric conductivity (EC), carbonate (CO3), hydrogen carbonate (HCO3), total nitrogen (Total-N), phosphorous (P), potassium (K), sulphur (S), and sodium (Na) were measured in the soil testing Laboratory at KAU. Bacterial activity in the media and roots of plants was found to be higher in influent water than effluent water, indicating that plants were properly utilizing. "Microsoft Excel 2010" and Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) were used to analyze the descriptive statistics and determine the significance level as well. The greatest average plant measurements for 𝑇1were 36.40±3.55 cm in height, 58.81±23.35 in weight, and 93.90±38.52 in terms of leaves. In 𝑇1and 𝑇2, a total of 1.57 kg and 1.21 kg of water spinach was harvested respectively. The length and weight gain percentages were 61.45 and 155.51 at the conclusion of the trial, while the survival rate and FCR were found to be 100% and 1.51, respectively and at the end of the study average fish production was estimated 9.91 kg. The technique actually produced more fish and vegetables while using less water causing no adverse effects on the environment. Through a symbiotic link between the fish and plants, the system effectively used fish waste in plant development and fish production as well. In order toaddress the environmental issues, the system might be placed in densely populated urban areas to grow fish and vegetables on rooftops and in backyards.
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Alam, Afroz. "Utilization of mosses in metropolitan green spaces: A biological way to lessen temperature and contamination." Journal of Environmental Biology 46, no. 3 (2025): i—ii. https://doi.org/10.22438/jeb/46/3/edt.
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The difficulties of air pollution, heat islands, and biodiversity impairment are worsening due to indiscrimenate growth and expansion of metropolises. Amongst the concrete jungles, one species of organism stands out as a potential confederate in dealing with these issues: Mosses, commonly known as bryophytes along with liverworts and hornworts, are typically ignored but provide incomparable aid to improve metropolitan environments. Comprising select moss species in metropolitan green zones may deliver a supportable, organic response to some of the most tenacious metropolitan complications. Mosses have an exclusive capacity to engross and clean airborne pollutants. Mosses have perhaps the best air purifying and oxygenating abilities in comparison to other plants, thereby providing one of the best natural air filters, serving to clean the air. Mosses have natural capacity to engross and metabolize fine dirt, altering hazardous particles into natural and harmless biomass, besides conserving and dispersing large amount of moistness, which freshens the air. The species that have been evaluated for their air-purifying capabilities are Grimmia pulvinata (Hedw.) Sm., Barbula unguiculata Hedw. and Homalothecium sericeum (Hedw.) Schimp. Interestingly, all these species are almost cosmopolitan in distribution with a broad habitat range, including metropolitan areas (Katia et al., 2025). Due to large surface area of thalli, the moss-derived filter is more efficient at filtering and cooling the ambient than larger trees and absence of a cuticle permit them to seize miniature particulate matter, heavy metals, and even nitrogen oxides (NOx) from the surroundings. In a recent attempt, moss species, viz., Pleurozium schreberi (Willd. ex Brid.) Mitt., Sphagnum fallax (H. Klinggräff) H. Klinggräff, and Dicranum polysetum Sw., have been evaluated for their heavy metal accumulation (Swisłowski et al., 2022). A study by Sharma et al. (2020) have demonstrated that mosses can effectively reduce PM 2.5 and PM 10 levels, making them appreciated tools for purifying air quality of metropolitan. Vehicular expulsions, industrial activities, and the erection of infrastructure all add up to the extraordinarily hazardous build-up of particulate matter and noxious gases in urban zones, making these areas hotspots for airborne effluence. By creating natural cleaning through transpiration and evaporation, bryophytes can aid in reducing metropolitan heat islands, where temperatures are appreciable higher than nearby pastoral expanses due to anthropogenic activities and the prevalent heat-absorbing materials like asphalt and concrete (Glime, 2024). Additionally, mosses can aid in stabilizing local moisture content and high temperatures by integrating them into green rooftops and walls, reducing surface temperature and energy demand for cooling constructions (Francis and Lorimer, 2011). Metropolitan green places are indispensable for upholding biodiversity, but old-style landscaping frequently highlights aesthetics over ecological significance. Common moss species, such as Barbula constricta Mitt. (Didymodon constrictus (Mitt.) K.Saito), with its capacity to flourish in varied climatic conditions, can construct microhabitats for small insects, certain fungi, and microorganisms (Wang et al., 2023). These microhabitats are pivotal to metropolitan biodiversity by attracting pollinators and other valuable species. By integrating common moss species into gardens, parks and green set-ups, metropolises can stand in wealthier and congenial ecosystems while preserving aesthetic charm. Notably, Sphagnum spp., are well known to improve the response of seedlings to climatic changes through other methods, for instance, transformed struggle for nutrient obtainability (Signe et al., 2020). Common mosses such as species of Sphagnum, Thuidium, Hypnum, Hyophila, etc., are well recognized for their low maintenance; contrasting to old-fashioned turfs, which necessitates consistent composting, trimming and sprinkling. Most mosses, viz., Hyophila involuta (Hook.) A. Jaeger, Rhodobryum roseum (Hedw.) Limpr., Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw., Pleurozium schreberi (Willd. ex Brid.) Mitt., etc., require little care and they can grow in nutrient-deficient soils. Being drought-resistant, these mosses can grow well in predominant darkness where other plants fail to grow. Consequently, certain moss species are an excellent choice for ecologically friendly metropolitan landscaping, which not only lowers the upkeep costs and water intake but also offer vital ecological balance. A recent study reflects the construction of a setup of moss-based biotechnological decontaminating filters under the Smart City awareness (Biloshchytskyi et al., 2023). Biological monitoring has become an imperative apparatus for assessing the undesirable setback of human activities on the ambient environment. Owing to ever-increasing populace together with other environmental glitches, build-up of heavy metals in the environment is a massive disadvantage to the supportable surroundings. Heavy metal effluence, though being dumped regularly in tiny quantities, may accumulate in the environs over prolonged stages of time and will most likely produce possible environmental and human comfort threats in future. Thus, it seems very commanding to improve and pep up a persistent reflexive monitoring method to evaluate the nature and intensity of heavy metal and gaseous pollutions. In this context, the potential of bryophytes enormous and many species such Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) Schimp., Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L., Scleropodium purum (Hedw.) Limpr., Sphagnum cuspidatum Ehrh. ex Hoffm., Thuidium delicatulum (Hedw.) Schimp., Pleurozium schreberi (Willd. ex Brid.) Mitt., Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw., Rhodobryum giganteum (Schwägr.) Paris, etc., have been used as a Bryomonitor worldwide (Alam, 2018). Even with their potential in environmental cleansing, mosses face obstacles in metropolitan settings, such as struggle with intrusive species, habitat fragmentation and high pollution, which can limit their growth. Yet, these complications can be overwhelmed with the right preparation and supervision; for example, selecting moss species that can endure pollution and founding habitations that are encouraging to moss growth where they can increase their survival and effectiveness in somewhat harsh environments of the metropolitans. Mosses are the major component of the second largest diversified group of plants. They are more than just ground cover and ornamental species; they are pioneers in succession along with lichens and are very sensitive to environmental happenings, hence can be used as a Bryomonitor. The biomonitoring role of these minute plants is well established; however, they are also powerful allies in the search for viable urban living. By integrating these peculiar plants into green spaces, metropolises can fight increasing air pollution, reduce heat islands, and expand biodiversity. As the expansion of metropolitans continues to change the existing world, implementing the potential of mosses could lead to healthier, greener, and more liveable cities. However, one thing is clear: climate change has the potential to alter the distribution, survival, and ecological significance of mosses. While some species might adapt or shift their geographical ranges, many could experience increased stress due to changing moisture levels, extreme weather conditions, and alterations in their habitats. These changes could have significant consequences for ecosystems, particularly in peat-lands and other environments that depend on moisture. Therefore, to completely harness the natural aids of mosses, we should prioritize their fortification. Although they are small and easily unnoticed, their ecological roles in mitigating environmental hazards are massive. A careful, mutually beneficial approach is essential.
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Yeligeti, Madhura, Wenxuan Hu, Yvonne Scholz, Ronald Stegen, and Kai von Krbek. "Cropland and Rooftops: the global undertapped potential for solar photovoltaics." Environmental Research Letters, April 12, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/accc47.
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Abstract The utilization of cropland and rooftops for solar photovoltaics (PV) installation holds significant potential for enhancing global renewable energy capacity with the advantage of dual land-use. This study focuses on estimating the global area suitable for agrivoltaics (PV over crops) and rooftop PV by employing open-access data, existing literature and simple numerical methods in a high spatial resolution of 10 km x 10 km. For agrivoltaics, the suitability is assessed with a systematic literature review on crop-dependent feasibility and profitability, especially for 18 major crops of the world. For rooftop PV, a non-linear curve-fitting method is developed, using the urban land cover to calculate the PV-suitable built-up areas. This method is then verified by comparing the results with open access building footprints. The spatially resolved suitability assessment unveils 4.64 million km2 of global PV-usable cropland corresponding to a geographic potential of about 217 Terawatts (TW) in an optimistic scenario and 0.21 million km2 of rooftop-PV suitable area accounting for about 30.5 TW maximum installable power capacity. The estimated suitable area offers a vast playground for energy system analysts to undertake techno-economic assessments, and for technology modellers and policy makers to promote PV implementation globally with the vision of net-zero emissions in the future.
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Dr. Indrani Chakraborty and Dr. Subhrajit Banerjee. "FACILITATE DECISION MAKING OF OPTIMUM UTILIZATION URBAN ROOFTOP RWH, CASE STUDY KOLKATA METROPOLITAN AREA." EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR), August 24, 2020, 253–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.36713/epra4981.
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The study is done for assessment of Rooftop Rain Water Harvesting (RRWH) for non potable uses in a humid urban catchment. In this study, an user response survey was conducted, with 390 sample size, in five types of building uses; Residential, Educational, Medical, Institutional and mixed use Commercial, with variable roof sizes and situated in four different zones of KMA, having wide variation in piped water supply. A database of 32 years of daily rainfall data has been analyzed , in order to find out demand for different end uses for various building, supply from roof runoff, demand supply ratio, priority of different socio-economic factors for each type of building using AHP analysis, user’s opinion on choice of end-use using regression analysis and finally developed a DSS model. Analysis also revealed that the highest acceptance of RRWH are in favor of the Medical uses building, the lowest being mix-Commercial building. Further factors like toilet flushing is found to be most potential end use options, followed by landscaping and cleaning. The regression model clearly show that the variables like ground condition, scale of development, degree of contact, storey’s of building and water scarcity are key to decision making. KEYWORDS : Roof top Rain Water Harvesting (RRWH), non potable use, Decision support system (DSS), Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), End-use potential, Urban Local Bodies (ULB).
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Vallejo Diaz, Alexander, Idalberto Herrera Moya, Juan E. Castellanos, and Edwin Garabitos Lara. "Optimal positioning of small wind turbines into a building using on-site measurements and CFD simulation." Journal of Energy Resources Technology, April 23, 2024, 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4065381.
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Abstract Renewable energy solutions are critical for addressing several pressing issues, including climate change, the fossil fuels supply chain fragility and fuel price fluctuations. One promising technological solution is rooftop-mounted turbines into buildings. This study presents an evaluation of the potential for wind energy utilization on the rooftop of a typical 29 m tall building. The primary objective of this research is to develop a methodology that can effectively investigate the integration of small wind turbines (SWTs) into urban buildings, intending to promote energy sufficiency in urban areas. A robust framework has been developed that consists of seven fundamental steps. These steps include site selection, evaluating urban wind energy with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation and on-site measurements, selecting an appropriate SWT, estimating the annual energy production (AEP), conducting an evaluation of the environmental impact, resilience, and economic analysis, and finally, installing the system. This straightforward yet reliable framework provides a comprehensive approach to assessing the viability of wind energy utilization in urban areas. The findings revealed that the most suitable location for installation had an estimated AEP of around 1030 kWh, leading to a reduction in emissions of 0.64 tCO2/y. Additionally, it was observed that the building's geometry significantly affected the wind flow, causing a substantial decrease in wind speed downstream. A significant decline in wind speed, up to 100% from wind incidence to the opposite end, can greatly impact energy generation. With less kinetic energy available, SWTs may generate less electrical energy. Selecting optimal sites and considering wind patterns is crucial for maximizing energy generation in wind energy projects.
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Yew, Ming Chian, Song Wei Wong, Ming Kun Yew, and Lip Huat Saw. "Rainwater Harvesting System Integrated With Sensors for Attic Temperature Reduction." Frontiers in Built Environment 7 (April 23, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2021.647594.
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This cool roof system focuses on utilization of rainwater harvesting systems by integrating the smart sensor to cool the roof and attic temperatures for the improvement of comfort level of building occupants. An ideal cool roof technology system is basically made up of these three components: (1) moving-air-cavity (MAC) ventilation, (2) solar-powered fan and (3) rainwater harvesting system. These three main components integrate to perform and control the cool roof system. Four small-scale cool roof models were designed and constructed to inspect the performance of the rooftop and attic temperatures. The experimental work was carried out indoors by employing the halogen lamp as the replacement for solar irradiation, while the ambient temperature is monitored to be around 29.8 °C throughout the test. The temperatures of the rooftop surface, MAC aluminum tube, and attic region were measured by K-type thermocouples to evaluate the performance of the cool roof designs. The solar-powered fans were incorporated into the MAC, which accelerated the airflow rate within the cavity and rejected the hot air out before transferring it to the attic region. Meanwhile, an innovative rainwater harvesting system was executed to cool the rooftop temperature rapidly by reducing the rate of heat transfer to the attic region. The result of this inventive cool roof system (Design Z) has successfully reduced the attic temperature by 10.8 °C compared to the normal metal deck roof model (Design W). The findings of the project revealed that the integrated cool roofing technology system comprises the ability to enhance the comfortability of building occupants toward a long-term sustainable development for a better world.
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M. AL-Khayri, Jameel, and Tahir Khan. "Revolutionizing agriculture: Exploring the potential of digital technologies and controlled environmental agriculture." Sylwan, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.59879/o1lor.
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The agricultural sector has experienced remarkable transformations fueled by technological advancements over the past 50 years, which have enhanced productivity and sustainability. Presently, agriculture is transitioning into a new era, driven by connectivity and data, known as Agriculture 4.0. This transition holds promise for further enhancing yield, optimizing resource utilization, and promoting sustainability and resilience. However, challenges such as population growth, resource scarcity, environmental degradation, and food waste persist and necessitate innovative solutions. Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) has emerged as a pivotal domain in urban agriculture, offering solutions to address these challenges. Several Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) facilities, such as greenhouses, plant factories, and rooftop gardens, employ sophisticated methods to enhance plant growth and quality while reducing resource usage. Achieving optimal growth conditions within CEA facilities remains a challenge, necessitating the effective management of microclimates and root zone environments. Recent research has emphasized the role of intelligent systems, particularly artificial intelligence and deep learning, in addressing these challenges. Moreover, optimizing indoor growing environments requires careful consideration of factors, such as temperature, humidity, chemical balance, and photosynthetic photon flux. Despite these advancements, the global food supply chain faces significant inefficiencies and wastage, exacerbated by factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic and climate change. Climate-smart agriculture, which leverages technologies such as AI and genomic tools, offers promising avenues for enhancing crop resilience and productivity in the face of changing climatic conditions. The integration of information technologies has further revolutionized agriculture and offers potential solutions to mitigate the impact of climate.
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Devi, Ningombam Sushma, Preeti Hatibarua, Ningombam Bijaya Devi, Tadar Jamja, Nangki Tagi, and Ruthy Tabing. "Urban Horticulture for Sustainable Food Production and Food Security." Ecology, Environment and Conservation, October 31, 2022, S324—S335. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2022.v28i06s.055.
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Sufficient food production, stable food supply, and environmental protection in urban surroundings aremajor global concerns for future sustainable cities. This is due to exponential population growth, increasingurban dwellings, climate change, and limited natural resources. The solution to these problems lies inthe plantation of fruit and vegetable home gardens, the utilization of rooftops and small plots for small-scalevegetable production, which can provide families with sufficient production and for income generation.But there is a need, to integrate information technology tools, breeding crops suited for urban farming, andclosing the on water, waste, and energy, to help maintain consistent food supply as well as make agriculture more sustainable.This review discusses the significant features of contemporary urban horticulture, inaddition to illustrating traditional, technology and innovations essential for urban horticulture to meet allfood and nutritional requirements of growing urban populations.
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DAS, RENU, and Anupam kumar Gautam -. "Rainwater Harvesting-an alternative water supply in the Future." International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research 7, no. 2 (2025). https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2025.v07i02.41971.
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Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is a sustainable water management practice that involves the collection, storage, and utilization of rainwater for various purposes. This method has gained significant attention due to increasing water scarcity, urbanization, and climate change impacts. The process typically involves capturing rainwater from rooftops, surfaces, or catchment areas, directing it into storage systems such as tanks or underground reservoirs, and subsequently using it for irrigation, domestic consumption, or groundwater recharge. The benefits of rainwater harvesting are multifaceted. It reduces dependency on conventional water sources, mitigates flooding and erosion, and enhances groundwater levels. Additionally, RWH systems can be designed to filter and purify collected water, making it suitable for potable use. The implementation of rainwater harvesting can lead to significant cost savings in water bills and contribute to environmental sustainability by promoting water conservation practices. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is the most traditional and sustainable method, which could be easily used for potable and nonportable purposes both in residential and commercial buildings. This could reduce the pressure on processed supply water which enhances the green living. This paper ensures the sustainability of this system through assessing several water-quality parameters of collected rainwater with respect to allowable limits. A number of parameters were included in the analysis: pH, faecal coliform, total coliform, total dissolved solids, turbidity, NH3–N, lead, BOD5, and so forth. Despite its advantages, the adoption of rainwater harvesting faces challenges, including initial setup costs, maintenance requirements, and regulatory barriers. Public awareness and education are crucial for overcoming these obstacles and promoting widespread implementation. Overall, rainwater harvesting presents a viable solution to address water scarcity and promote sustainable water resource management in both urban and rural settings.