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Peker, K. "The causes and results of internal migration from rural areas: case of Eastern Anatolia." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 50, No. 10 (February 24, 2012): 471–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5235-agricecon.
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Migration from rural has been an important problem in Turkey for the last four decades. This issue has been investigated with regard to its different aspects since the late 1970’s. Research studies focused on its impacts on urban areas. Although the studies on migration in urban areas are more extensive, unfortunately, the studies of migration in rural Turkey are very poor and the effects of this phenomenon on the farms have been untouched. Migration from rural areas starting in the 1950’s was supported, since it was regarded as the locomotive for the rapid urbanization, industrial improvement and development until the late 1970’s. The conventional wisdom in the 1970’s concluded that the best way to eliminate lower incomes was helping farmers to move to urban jobs but nowadays there is widespread agreement that incentive for migration to urban areas does not solve the problem of rural or urban poverty in Turkey. For that reason, Turkish Government spends millions of dollars annually on agricultural policies, and additional funds on rural development to hold people in the rural. In this study, causes and result of migration from the rural was investigated with regard to the mobility of the resources and the success of the farms in a city of Eastern Turkey, Erzurum. The results of the study showed that some causes of migration such as economical, social, and cultural from rural in Turkey are different than the causes in other countries. As a result, it can be concluded that migration from rural areas has not reached the point at which migration has a negative effect on the success of agribusiness.
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Findlay, A. M. "Rural-urban migration and identity change: case studies from the Sudan." Applied Geography 10, no. 3 (July 1990): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-6228(90)90032-k.
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Lesetedi, Gwen N. "Urban-rural linkages as an urban survival strategy among urban dwellers in Botswana: the case of Broadhurst residents." Journal of Political Ecology 10, no. 1 (December 1, 2003): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v10i1.21649.
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This paper studies the role of urban-rural linkages as survival strategies and as a form of economic security in the face of increasing levels of urban unemployment. The study focuses on the residents of Broad hurst,a suburb of Gaborone, Botswana and presents the result of a survey of 360 households.The households contained 1560 people of whom 90.9% were 45 years old or less. Urban-rural linkages included the continuation of part time work and residence in the rural area and the continued management of land and livestock in the rural area. In all, 91.9% of the households interviewed owned property in rural areas while 70.3% owned residential land, 64.7% owned farmland, 63.9% owned livestock, 56.7% owned grazing lands, 14.4% owned business plots and an additional 9.4% owned other forms of rural property. Linkages with the rural area were reinforced through participation in social activities, exchange of goods and services, and the consultation with rural people primarily over family matters and the consultation by rural relatives on work or financial matters.Key words: urban-rural linkages, survival strategy, economic security, Botswana, Gaborone, Broadhurst, rural-urban migration, migrants, land tenure, property, livestock, household, rural development, urban survey.
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Peng, Wenjia, Brian E. Robinson, Hua Zheng, Cong Li, Fengchun Wang, and Ruonan Li. "Telecoupled Sustainable Livelihoods in an Era of Rural–Urban Dynamics: The Case of China." Sustainability 11, no. 9 (May 13, 2019): 2716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11092716.
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Recently, increasingly sophisticated studies have investigated the relationship between agrarian livelihoods and the environment, as well as rural–urban interactions in developing countries. The policies developed to respond to these dynamics can constrain livelihood options or provide additional opportunities. In the present study, using a modified version of the telecoupled sustainable livelihood framework to generalize dynamic livelihood strategies in the context of rural–urban transformation and by focusing on recent research in China, we review important factors that shape rural livelihood strategies as well as the types of strategies that typically intersect with livelihood and environmental dynamics. We then examine telecoupled rural–urban linkages given that the dynamics of the livelihood strategies of farmers can cause flows of labor, capital, ecosystem services, and other processes between rural and urban areas, thereby placing livelihood strategies in a dynamic context, which has not been considered widely in previous research. We show that most previous studies focused on the reduction of environmental impacts via livelihood diversification and rural–urban migration. We propose several areas for future policy development and research.
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Rye, Johan Fredrik. "The Western European Countryside From An Eastern European Perspective: Case Of Migrant Workers In Norwegian Agriculture." European Countryside 6, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 327–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/euco-2014-0018.
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AbstractIn the wake of the EU enlargements in 2004 and 2007, large numbers of migrant workers from Eastern Europe in-migrated to the Western European countryside. In this paper I discuss how these migration streams in important ways challenge the dominant perspectives in contemporary rural studies, in particular their focus on lifestyle-related rural in-migration, on the post-productivist character of the countryside, and on the social constructions of the rural as idyllic space. These perspectives are examined based on qualitative material from in-depth interviews with 54 migrant workers in the Norwegian agricultural industry. These migrants’ everyday experiences in the rural West add important nuance to the dominant scholarly images of rural idylls and dullness, descriptions of rural communities as less marked by class structures than urban regions, and traditionalist presentations of rural social life and communities.
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Zhang, Xiao-xiao, Jian Zheng, Li Liu, Xian Zhao, and Xiao-min Sun. "The Effect of Group Boundary Permeability on Intergroup Prejudice: The Case of Rural-to-Urban Migrants in China." Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology 8, no. 2 (December 2014): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/prp.2014.7.
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The developing world is witness to a major urban transformation. How to facilitate intergroup relations between new migrants and long-time urban residents is a critical issue in developing societies globally. The current research explored the effect of group boundary permeability on intergroup prejudice by the case of rural-to-urban migration in China. As the boundary between rural-to-urban migrants and permanent urban residents in China can be ascribed to China's uniquehukousystem, we conducted three interrelated studies to approach the topic from the perspective of thehukousystem and its reforms. Study 1 used a correlational investigation and found a negative correlation between group boundary permeability and prejudice against rural-to-urban migrants. In Study 2, we manipulated the group boundary permeability using the points accumulation system scheme of thehukousystem reform, and found a causal effect of the group boundary permeability on the social distance of urban dwellers to migrants. In Study 3, using a more generalhukoureform scheme, that of gradually abolishing thehukousystem, we replicated the findings from Study 2 and further found that a permeable group boundary could reduce prejudice. These three studies suggest that the group boundary based on the Chinesehukousystem is an institutional cause of prejudice against rural-to-urban migrants. Our experimental manipulations can be interpreted as analogues to potential policy arena actions.
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Erman, Tahire. "Becoming “Urban” or Remaining “Rural”: The Views of Turkish Rural-to-Urban Migrants on the “Integration” Question." International Journal of Middle East Studies 30, no. 4 (November 1998): 541–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800052557.
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The mass migration from rural areas to larger cities in the Third World and the rapid social changes entailed by this transformation have attracted the attention of social and political scientists since the 1950s. The problematic issue of the “integration” of rural migrants into the urban society and the changes this transformation has brought about have long been among the most studied questions. Yet they still call for more research to increase our understanding of the phenomenon, particularly in our era, which is witnessing radical shifts from earlier times in terms of social, economic, and technological characteristics. The question of “integration to what?” becomes important in political and practical terms. In the 1950s, when mass migration to cities started, the answer to this question seemed quite clear. The cities were the places of the modernizing elites, especially in the case of Ankara, the capital of the modern Turkish Republic. As in other Third World countries, the modernizing bureaucratic and military elites of the early republic, who had assumed the role of transforming the society into a modern, Western one, regarded the city as an effective means for the acculturation of its inhabitants to modern–Western values and ways of life. The modernization theory, which maintains a dichotomy between rural and urban, supported this idea.
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Steinbrink, Malte. "The Role of Amateur Football in Circular Migration Systems in South Africa." Africa Spectrum 45, no. 2 (August 2010): 35–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000203971004500202.
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This article explores the significance of amateur football for the changing patterns of circular migration in post-Apartheid South Africa. Even after the end of Apartheid, the abolishment of the migrant labour system has not brought a decline of circular migration. The state-institutionalised system has merely been replaced by an informal system of translocal livelihood organisation. The new system fundamentally relies on social networks and complex rural-urban linkages. Mobile ways of life have evolved that can be classified as neither rural nor urban. Looking into these informal linkages can contribute to explaining the persistence of spatial and social disparities in “New South Africa”. This paper centres on an empirical, bi-local case study that traces the genesis of the socio-spatial linkages between a village in former Transkei and an informal settlement in Cape Town. The focus is on the relevance of football for the emergence and stabilisation of translocal network structures.
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Matthys, Christa, Jan Kok, and Richard Paping. "Introduction: Urban-Rural Differences in Historical Demography." Historical Life Course Studies 6 (April 23, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.51964/hlcs9325.
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Systematic research on urban-rural variation in demographic behavior is necessary to overcome dichotomous views resulting from studying cities and the countryside separately. After all, a web of interactions facilitating the diffusion of ideas and behavior connects cities and rural areas. That is why it is especially important to study the comportment of migrants moving between urban and rural environments. In line with this argument five case studies are presented in this special issue that use static or dynamic individual-level data to analyze urban-rural demographic differences and life courses of migrants in Europe (Germany, the Netherlands and Scotland), mainly during the nineteenth century. The outcomes show that the places of residence indeed influenced demographic behavior to a considerable extent, although they do not reflect a simple and strict division between cities and rural areas. Rather, demographic behavior was affected by a diversity of local conditions, including various town sizes, calling for a further exploration of the impact of local demographic, working and living conditions. The studies in this issue also warn against simplified views regarding migrants in the past, for instance, their depiction of being of relatively humble social background. For many migrants, their migration was not a definitive break with the place of origin, and they did not assimilate completely to the dominant behavior in their destination. Instead, migrants often remained embedded in and influenced by trans-regional social networks.
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Abeje, Aschalew. "Causes and Effects of Rural-Urban Migration in Ethiopia: A Case Study from Amhara Region." African Studies 80, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00020184.2021.1904833.
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Bastin, Ali. "Consequences of Promoting Less-Populated Rural Areas to Urban Areas: A Case Study, Bushehr Province." Current World Environment 10, no. 1 (April 30, 2015): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.10.1.11.
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The modified law of Iranian Administrative divisions has greatly altered the pattern of settlement in recent decades. The promotion of rural areas to urban areas has shifted from mere population standard to combined population-administrative standards. However, all censuses suggest that many rural areas reported as smaller than the minimum population standard have been promoted to urban areas. In the last two decades, this is a clearly prominent phenomenon in the urban system of Iran. This paper evaluates the effects and consequences of promoting small and sparsely populated rural areas to urban areas in the Bushehr province. The used methodology is analytic-descriptive using a questionnaire distributed among 380 members of the target population. Data analysis is conducted in physical, economic, social and urban servicing domains using one-sample T-test and the utility range. The results show that promotion of rural areas to urban areas has positive outcomes such as improved waste disposal system, improved quality of residential buildings, increased monitoring of the construction, increased income, prevented migration and improved health services. However, the results of utility range show that the negative consequences of this policy are more than its positive outcomes, which have been studied in detail.
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Titili, Denisa. "Migration as a Factor of Cultural and Sub-cultural Diversity- Case of Korca City." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 1, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v1i1.p137-142.
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: Sociological studies pay special attention to the mechanisms of cultural change and development, as well as the main factors that determine such dynamics. Zyhdi Dervishi (2011) considers cultural diffusion as one of the most influential factors of cultural development. Referring to the sociological literature consulted for this study, it is founded that Albanian culture is described as a mosaic of diverse subcultures, which differ greatly from one another. This sub-cultural diversity is evidenced in all components of cultural system; the docks, customs, manner of speaking, clothing, lifestyle, religious and pagan rituals and ceremonials, art, music, poetry, norms, values, symbols, elements of material culture etc. There are a number of factors that have contributed significantly in shaping the features of Albanian culture and its sub-cultural diversity. One of these factors is migration. It is noticed that migratory movements affect social and cultural development; major changes occur in family relationships, lifestyle, tendency for new cultural values acquisition, etc. This is more evident in rural- urban migration, as well as in international migration phenomenon. New economic resources, new working devices, system of social relationship in host society comprise an important source in transforming people's lives. Over the past twenty years Albanian society has experienced a number of economic, social and cultural changes, caused especially by increasing flows of internal and international migrants. Significant cultural changes are evidenced in social and cultural environment of Korça city, which is characterized by the phenomenon of massive displacement of population from rural areas to the city, as well as migration phenomenon in Greece. Taking into consideration the complexity of migration phenomenon and the consequences it brings in cultural plan, we intend to highlight and examine elements of sub-cultural diversity in Korça city, caused by internal and international migration. This paper draws on a research in Korça city, located in southeast of Albania, 35 km to the Greek border, which reflects a cultural environment where are intertwined trends of the cultural change, caused by migration from rural areas within the city and emigration process to neighboring Greece. In- depth interviews and observation will be used for data collection. Combined analysis of qualitative and quantitative methods will be used for data processing. This enables making comparisons and identifying problems. This paper aims to identify and analyze the impact of migration in sub-cultural diversity and aspects of the coexistence between rural subculture, urban subculture and the one of people having migration experience to Greece.
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XIAO, SUOWEI. "“No One Knows What’s Gonna Happen Tomorrow”: Mistress Arrangement and the Emotional Dislocation of Rural Women in Urban China." Issues & Studies 52, no. 01 (March 2016): 1650003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s101325111650003x.
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Studies on urban to rural migration in China over the past three decades have paid little attention to the emotional strains of migrants, either overlooking the impotency of migrant social networks in providing consistent emotional and spiritual support or overestimating the affective connection between individual migrants and their rural families. This study, which draws upon 12 months of ethnographic fieldwork in southern China, explores in-depth the intimate worlds of an array of migrant women who entered into long-term relationships with married men in their urban destination. I argue that some migrant women engage in the mistress arrangement as a means to navigate through social and emotional dislocation in the process of rural to urban migration. The relationship, socially stigmatized though, serves as a temporary shield that allows for care and ease in the city and an excuse to postpone an undesirable marital life back home. It, however, tends to place these women in a situation of isolation and dependency.
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Afeadie, Ransford Kwaku. "Rural–urban drift: labour migration, health-seeking behaviour disparity in the urban slum of Madina, Ghana." Health Education 121, no. 4 (March 26, 2021): 337–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/he-01-2021-0005.
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PurposeThe health challenges that characterise most of the migrants' urban slums raises a lot of concern for their well-being. Health-seeking behaviour becomes an important step towards maintaining a healthy life. The importance of contextual issues is necessary to help meet specific community health needs and programmes. Therefore, this study aims to bridge the knowledge gap by investigating health-seeking behaviour disparity among rural–urban labour migrant's slum dwellers before and after migration to the urban slums of Madina in the Greater Accra Region, Ghana.Design/methodology/approachThe author used explanatory sequential approach of research investigation. Questionnaire and interview guides were used to collect data from the respondents however, in the absence of an existing reliable sampling frame, the various communities were selected by the use of cluster sampling proportional to size. At the second stage, a simple random sampling was used to select the various household heads. A total of 241 questionnaires were retrieved from the respondents representing a response rate of 100%. The author used purposive sampling technique to conduct eight in-depth interviews and six key informants' interviews.FindingsThe author found various discrepancies in many of the activities that could fulfil substantial health-seeking behaviour in the slum as compared to migrant's places of origin. The reason for coming to the slum amidst many settlements needs and low education background are the factors that accounted for this. This study, therefore, contradicts the proposition held by the health belief model. It is, therefore, important to note that contextual issues are key, in this case, rural–urban migrant slums present a different dynamic that must be taken into account when designing health programmes for such settings.Originality/valueMany, if not all the, studies on health-seeking behaviour have focused on urban slums without taking into account urban migrants' slums. Such a failure to take into account the variations of the health needs of migrants' urban slum settings can eventually lead to a mismatch of health programmes meant to address their challenges. Therefore, this study brings to the fore such variations that must be taken into account when designing health programmes. The study also indicates that even with the same people, there were disparities in terms of health-seeking behaviour in the slum and at places of origin.
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Barbarino, Robert, Charlotte Räuchle, and Wolfgang Scholz. "Migration-Led Institutional Change in Urban Development and Planning." Urban Planning 6, no. 2 (April 27, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v6i2.4356.
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The migration-city-nexus has become central in migration and urban studies alike. This ‘local turn’ has not only initiated a rethinking of the local level as an independent level of migration policy-making but also broadened the discourse on how migration processes actually change cities. Therefore, the thematic issue at hand seeks to understand how migration-led development processes in cities promote and shape institutional change, and which actors transform policies, structures, and discourses on migration in different settings. It questions how migration-related issues in urban development are being handled and transformed by local state and civil society actors. With 11 empirical articles on local negotiations of migration in urban development in different settings, this thematic issue applies an institutional change perspective on local migration policy-making to contribute to a broader understanding of migration-led development in both urban and migration studies. When it comes to clearly capturing migration-led institutional change in urban development and planning, the contributions demonstrate great heterogeneity. They reveal that research on migration-led institutional change still has many biases and is very dependent on theoretical perspectives, positionalities of researchers, and the local context of the case studies.
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Sirkeci, Ibrahim. "Editorial." Migration Letters 14, no. 3 (September 15, 2017): 329–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v14i3.346.
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In this regular last issue of the 14th volume, we begin with Cooke and Shuttleworth discussing the ways in which internet and migration might be connected with a focus on migration in the US. The second article by Yotebieng aims to set an agenda for understanding the entanglement of forced migration to urban areas and policy and practice potentials around urban refugee health. Nzima and Moyo in the third article elaborate a new construct they call “diaspora trap”. Ahmed in the fourth article discusses the necessity of interdisciplinary approaches in studying migration while also making a case for insecurity and migration debate. The fifth article by Aragonés Castañer and Salgado Nieto looks into the effects of climate change on rural populations and the circumstances under which some of them are forced to abandon their communities becoming part of international migratory flows. They found that the migration is the result of adverse economic-climatic conditions, because the poorest populations, which usually depend directly on natural resources, are the most vulnerable to climate shocks and the only way to overcome their vulnerability, has been international migration. The final article is our review of citations in migration studies.
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Eduful, Alexander K., and Michael Hooper. "Urban migration and housing during resource booms: The case of Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana." Habitat International 93 (November 2019): 102029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2019.102029.
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Cueto, Marcos. "Social Medicine and “Leprosy” in the Peruvian Amazon." Americas 61, no. 1 (July 2004): 55–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2004.0088.
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Starting in the early twentieth century, Latin American physicians organized expeditions to study remote rural populations living in their own countries. These expeditions usually aimed to solve scientific mysteries, spread western medicine, protect urban populations from epidemic diseases coming from the countryside and increase the productivity of new areas of economic exploitation. They also produced fascinating knowledge, images and stereotypes on individuals and diseases considered rare in Latin American cities.In this paper I will analyze a similar case: the medical dimension of an effort to “colonize” or modernize the Peruvian Amazon during the 1940s. This region, an expanse of more than 500 square kilometers, was—according to a prominent Peruvian economist—“territorio inculto” scarcely populated by primitive tribes. Economic, nationalistic and political motivations coincided in the termColonización de la Amazoníaused by governmental and international agencies. Its meaning included diverse proposals such as: to encourage the migration of Andean peasants, the implementation of scientific agriculture, the creation of rural schools and military posts, the “civilization” of local natives—a process developed by religious orders in the nineteenth century—and the construction of roads to facilitate access to urban markets.
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Dang, Trung D., and Thong A. Tran. "Rural Industrialization and Environmental Governance Challenges in the Red River Delta, Vietnam." Journal of Environment & Development 29, no. 4 (July 28, 2020): 420–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1070496520942564.
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This article examines factors and root causes of dilemma and environmental governance challenges in the Red River Delta of Vietnam. Since the Renovation ( Đổi Mới) period, there has been an accelerating growth of craft villages and industrial clusters in rural areas. While these processes contribute to creating jobs, increasing rural income, and assuaging rural–urban migration pressures, little attention is devoted to environmental effects they have caused at the village level. Drawing on case studies in the Red River Delta and desk reviews, this study suggests that rural industrialization has witnessed rapid expansion of craft villages and intense market competition among them, leading to environmental pollution and resource depletion. Although the Vietnamese government has issued directives and environmental laws to regulate and control environmental pollution, the situations remain unabated. This study calls for sound environmental policies to sustain the operation of craft villages while ensuring the effective governance of rural industrialization.
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Adelman, Robert M., Aysegul Balta Ozgen, and Watoii Rabii. "Buffalo's West Side Story: Migration, Gentrification, and Neighborhood Change." City & Community 18, no. 3 (September 2019): 770–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12412.
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Using a multi–methods approach, we examine socioeconomic and demographic change in Buffalo, New York's, West Side neighborhood. We do this by performing a systematic case study of the neighborhood analyzing census tract data, crime data, key informant interview data from community leaders and organizational representatives, and content analysis data from local newspaper articles. Results suggest that although the neighborhood has shifted dramatically over the last forty–five years, the changes have been uneven across the West Side. Two divergent areas have emerged: one neighborhood fueled by white gentrifiers and another driven by international migrants.
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Yi, Yao, Yu Liao, Lingling Zheng, Mengjie Li, Jing Gu, Chun Hao, and Yuantao Hao. "Health Selectivity and Rural-Urban Migration in China: A Nationwide Multiple Cross-Sectional Study in 2012, 2014, 2016." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 9 (May 7, 2019): 1596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091596.
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Background: China is undergoing an unprecedented rural-urban migration, which may deeply influence the health of internal migrants. Previous studies suggested that migrants are a selectively healthier population. This paper examines the evidence for and the changes of health selectivity among Chinese internal migrants. Methods: We use data from the China Labor-force Dynamics Survey (CLDS), a nationally representative survey conducted in 2012, 2014, and 2016, respectively. The health statuses of four groups of research subjects (out-migrants, returned migrants, rural residents, and urban residents) are measured by general health, physical health, and emotional health. Results: By comparing the health status of migrants with that of rural residents, we find supportive evidence for the Healthy Migrant Hypothesis that migrants exhibit better health than rural residents in their hometown. We also add strength to the Salmon Bias Hypothesis that migrants returning to their hometowns are less healthy than those still being outside. However, migrants present worse emotional health in both comparisons. The general and physical health gaps between migrants, rural residents, and returnees widened in all three rounds of the survey, which implies a possibly increasing trend of health selectivity. This study also suggests that bringing family to the destination requires better general and physical health, but not emotional health. Conclusions: Migrants are positively selected on general and physical health. The health selectivity in 2012–2016 is highly likely to increase, which means that there are increasing number of obstacles for migrants to overcome. Family migration’s high requirement for health might also contribute to it. It is urgent to establish and improve primary health care service systems in rural areas in current circumstances.
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Liu, Amy Y. C. "Segregated and not equal? Occupation, earnings gap between urban residents and rural migrants in Vietnam." International Journal of Manpower 40, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 36–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-06-2017-0114.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the earnings differentials between the locals and the rural–urban migrants in urban labor market in Vietnam. Design/methodology/approach Using the new Vietnam Rural-Urban Migration Survey 2013 (VRUMS2013) that is specifically designed for rural–urban migration, the author applies Appleton et al.’s (1999) procedure correcting for potential selectivity to decompose the offered earnings gap between the locals and the rural–urban migrants into within- and between-occupation pay differential. Bootstrapping is used to derive the standard errors for the decomposition results. The author further applies the propensity score matching (PSM) method to check whether the results are robust by restricting the sample to the “common support.” Findings Within-job difference, particularly, the favorable treatment toward urban workers contributes significantly to the overall and total unexplained earnings gap. Further, between-job pay differential attributed to the over-representation of urban workers in high-paying job also helps to widen the gap. These results are robust restricting to the “common support” sample using PSM. Research limitations/implications Due to the sample size, occupations are only classified into three broad categories. Finer classification will allow a better comparison between the contributions of between and within-occupation to earning inequality. The data are only limited to a few cities and do not include other urban centers that also receive rural–urban migrants. Practical implications Policies to promote equal pay and alleviate within-job “discrimination,” especially the preferential treatment favoring the locals (rather than to provide equal access to different jobs) are crucial for migrants’ labor outcome. Moreover, this study can, to some extent, be seen as a timely contribution for the debate on household registration reform in general and in Vietnam specifically. Given China’s announcement to grant permanent household registration (hukou) to unregistrated migrants in late 2015, investigating whether there is a two-tier labor market in the cities in Vietnam is particularly important for the ongoing debate regarding future of household registration system (ho khau). Originality/value This is the first study in Vietnam on rural–urban migration and occupation segregation – an area that has been relatively less well studied in developing/transitional countries. Vietnam is also one of the few developing countries who have household registration system in place. This has made it an interesting case. The author uses a new survey data to apply the Appleton et al. (1999) decomposition on the offered wage gap rather than observed wage gap. Standard errors of the decomposition results are bootstrapped and a robust check using propensity score method is conducted.
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Palmer, Robin, and Alifeyo Chilivumbo. "Migration and Uneven Rural Development in Africa: The Case of Zambia." International Journal of African Historical Studies 20, no. 1 (1987): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/219324.
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Hu, Dapeng. "Trade, rural–urban migration, and regional income disparity in developing countries: a spatial general equilibrium model inspired by the case of China." Regional Science and Urban Economics 32, no. 3 (May 2002): 311–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-0462(01)00075-8.
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Nagabhatla, Nidhi, and Rupal Brahmbhatt. "Geospatial Assessment of Water-Migration Scenarios in the Context of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 6, 11, and 16." Remote Sensing 12, no. 9 (April 27, 2020): 1376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12091376.
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Communities and countries around the world are gearing up efforts to implement the 2030 Agenda goals and targets. In this paper, the water and migration scenarios are explained with a focus on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 6 (water-related), 11 (urbanization), and 16 (peace and political stability). The study has two phases. The first phase illustrates the application of geospatial data and tools to assess the water-migration interlinkages (nexus) by employing a case study approach. Three case studies, Lake Chad, the Aral Sea region, and the Nile Delta, representing various geographic and socio-political settings, were selected to perform the multitemporal analysis. For this analysis, a mixed toolset framework that combined algorithmic functions of digital image processing, the Landsat sensor data, and applied a geographic information system (GIS) platform was adopted. How water-related events directly or indirectly trigger human migration is described using spatial indicators such as water spread and the extent of urban sprawl. Additionally, the geospatial outputs were analyzed in tandem with the climate variables such as temperature, precipitation data, and socio-economic variables such as population trends and migration patterns. Overall, the three case studies examined how water and climate crisis scenarios influence migration at a local and regional scale. The second phase showcases global-scale analysis based on the Global Conflict Risk Index (GCRI). This indicator reflects on the risks and conflicts with environmental, social, and political aspects and comments on the connection of these dimensions with migration. Together, the two phases of this paper provide an understanding ofthe interplay of water-related events on migration by applying the geospatial assessment and a proxy global index. Additionally, the paper reiterates that such an understanding can serve to establish facts and create evidence to inform sustainable development planning and decision making, particularly with regard to SDGs 6, 11, and 16. Targets such as 6.4 (managing water stress), 6.5 (transboundary challenges) and, 11.B (adaptation and resilience planning) can benefit from the knowledge generated by this geospatial exercise. For example, the high GCRI values for the African region speak to SDG targets 11.B (integrated policies/plans) and 16.7 (decision support systems for peaceful societies). Two key highlights from the synthesis: (a) migration and urbanization are closely interconnected, and (b) the impact of water and climate crisis is comparatively high for rural-urban migration due to the considerable dependence of rural communities on nature-based livelihoods. In conclusion, geospatial analysis is an important tool to study the interlinkages between water and migration. The paper presents a novel perspective toward widening the scope of remote sensing data and GIS toward the implementation of the SDG Agenda.
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Braun, Boris, Jürgen Oßenbrügge, and Christian Schulz. "Environmental economic geography and environmental inequality: challenges and new research prospects." Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsgeographie 62, no. 2 (May 25, 2018): 120–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfw-2018-0001.
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Abstract The environmental dimension and sustainability-related issues have increasingly gained momentum in Economic Geography. This paper argues that integrating the inequality perspective into Environmental Economic Geography (EEG) and trying to disentangle the manifold interrelationships between economic, social, and environmental disadvantage could be worthwhile efforts. Based on three case studies – the debate on urban environmental justice in German cities, the spread of alternative food systems and food-sharing initiatives in Germany, and the socially selective migration in hazard prone areas in rural coastal Bangladesh – we demonstrate that aspects of social inequality indeed matter for EEG thinking.
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Budnik, Maria, Katrin Grossmann, and Christoph Hedtke. "Migration-Related Conflicts as Drivers of Institutional Change?" Urban Planning 6, no. 2 (April 27, 2021): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v6i2.3800.
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This article examines the role of social conflicts in the context of migration and discusses the relation between such conflicts and institutional change. We understand conflicts as tensions that evoke contradiction between different social groups or institutional actors. Varied urban contexts together with dynamic immigration of heterogeneous population groups can induce negotiation processes that affect institutional settings and actors. Conflicts have therefore been an integral part of urban coexistence, and cities have always been places where these conflicts play out. We assume that conflicts are social phenomena, which have multiple causes and effects. Public assumptions about conflicts in connection with migration often have a negative or destructive impetus, while conflict theory ascribes to conflicts potential positive effects on societal change. Conflicts can represent forms of socialization and the possibility of adapting or changing social conditions. This article discusses the extent to which migration-related conflicts induce institutional change. Using qualitative empirical results from the BMBF-funded research project MigraChance, we present a case study that reconstructs the emergence and course of a conflict surrounding the construction of a Syriac-Orthodox church in Bebra (Hesse) in the 1990s. Analyzing this conflict both in depth and in relation to its local context, we show that migration is only one part of what we refer to as migration-related conflicts, and we shed light on the complexity of factors that can result in institutional change. Change can also occur indirectly, in small steps, and with ambivalent normative implications.
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Sili, Marcelo Enrique. "Migration from the City to Rural Areas in Argentina. A characterization basedon Case Studies." Población & Sociedad 26, no. 1 (May 31, 2019): 90–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.19137/pys-2019-260105.
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Jahre, Sylvana. "Postmigrant Spatial Justice? The Case of ‘Berlin Develops New Neighbourhoods’ (BENN)." Urban Planning 6, no. 2 (April 27, 2021): 80–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v6i2.3807.
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This article discusses the introduction of a new urban policy in Berlin, Germany, in the frame of postmigrant spatial justice. In 2017, Berlin established so-called ‘integration management programs’ in 20 different neighbourhoods around large refugee shelters as a response to the growing challenges local authorities faced after the administrative collapse in 2015/16. A new policy agenda provides the opportunity to learn from previous policies and programs—especially when it is addressed to the local dimension of integration, a widely and controversially discussed issue. Drawing on fieldwork conducted in Berlin in 2018 and 2019, this article discusses how migration is framed in urban social policy against both postmigrant and spatial justice theory.
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Haines, Robin, Margrette Kleinig, Deborah Oxley, and Eric Richards. "Migration and Opportunity: An Antipodean Perspective." International Review of Social History 43, no. 2 (August 1998): 235–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859098000121.
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Australian data can reflect on British questions, about the quality of immigrant labour, and the opportunities gained by migrating, in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Three case studies are presented. The first uses quantitative methods and convict transportation records to argue that Ireland suffered a “brain drain” when Britain industrialized, siphoning off the cream of its workers to England and some, eventually, to Australia. Drawing on an entirely different type of data, the second study reaches strikingly similar positive conclusions about the qualities of Australia's early assisted immigrants: three splendidly visible immigrants stand for the tens of thousands of people who sailed out of urban and rural Britain to the distant colonies. A no less optimistic view of Australia's immigrants half a century later is demonstrated in the third case study on female domestic servants. Often referred to as the submerged stratum of the workforce, the most oppressed and the least skilled, the label “domestic servant” obscured a wide range of internal distinctions of rank and experience, and too often simply homogenized them into a sump of “surplus women”. This study helps to rescue the immigrant women from this fate and invests them with individuality and volition, offering the vision of the intercontinentally peripatetic domestic, piloting her way about the globe, taking advantage of colonial labour shortages to maximize her mobility and her family strategies. Best of all, these migrants emerge as individuals out of the mass, faces with names, people with agenda.
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Mgaya, Edward. "Acquiring Human Capital skills through Labour Migrancy: The case of Colonial Njombe District; 1900-1960s." International and Multidisciplinary Journal of Social Sciences 5, no. 1 (March 30, 2016): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/rimcis.2016.1820.
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The migration of labourers to centres of mining, plantations and industrial production has been one of the most important demographic features of the African continent since its incorporation into the capitalist money economy. It is, however, surprisingly that the influence of this phenomenon on rural transformations remains largely unexplored as most of studies have mostly addressed the negative consequences of labour migration pointing at the destructive nature of labour migration to the local communities. While not denying the detrimental impacts of labour migration, the paper integrates written and oral information to establish that such exclusive attribution of rural underdevelopment to labour migration was indeed a traditional way of viewing labour migration. Such views were mainly a result of over emphasis on just macro-economic cost-benefit analysis that economists have always considered and emphasized upon. This article, therefore, is an effort to go beyond such economic arena by considering the acquisition of human capital particularly linking labour migration with western education and the spread of the Swahili language. Drawing from transformational approaches, this article argues that knowledge and skills that Njombe migrant labourers got from different work places, imbued them with elements which knowingly or unknowingly became part of the instruments for the wider rural transformation.
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Rahman, Rezwana, and Nurun Naher Moni. "Impact of International Remittances on Poverty in Bangladesh: Evidence from the Household Data." Remittances Review 4, no. 1 (May 28, 2019): 41–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/rr.v4i1.556.
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Although the impact of remittances on poverty is a widely examined topic, only a few studies shed light on this issue at the household level, especially in the case of Bangladesh. This study compares households with and without remittance receivers to estimate the poverty impact of remittances on a regional basis. The dataset used for this study is the Household Income Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2010, obtained from a representative sample of 12,239 households, and collected by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS). Determining propensity scores from the estimation of probit regression, the average treatment effect on the treatment group has been estimated by using nearest neighbour matching and Kernel estimator. Both of the techniques confirm that receiving remittances has an inverse impact on households’ propensity of being poor. A regional comparison shows that this propensity is lower in urban areas (11.3 per cent) than the rural areas (16.3 per cent). In both urban and rural areas, per capita consumption expenditure and monthly consumption expenditure vary positively with remittance receipt of the households. Moreover, probit regression estimates that the probability of having migrant members in rural households is 2.8 per cent higher than that of urban households. On the basis of the major findings, the study reaches the conclusion that rural areas show more potential in terms of producing exportable manpower. Appropriate policy in terms of creating an enabling environment both in the destination and home countries should be arranged, especially to facilitate women migration.
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Royuela, Vicente, Juan Pablo Díaz-Sánchez, and Javier Romaní. "Migration effects on living standards of the left behind. The case of overcrowding levels in Ecuadorian households." Habitat International 93 (November 2019): 102030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2019.102030.
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Wankiewicz, Heidrun. "How can “gender planning” contribute to tackle the challenges of demographic change?" European Countryside 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 68–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/euco-2014-0006.
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Abstract Ageing society, lack of skilled workforce, changes in work life careers and changes in partner and family models, a shift in societal roles of women and men, young and old, migration flows from rural to urban, multiple residences and new forms of housing and the related spatial impacts are in focus of demographic change. It is obvious that demographic change is not to be managed without gender and equality issues. Spatial planning has a crucial role in facing these challenges as spatial planning laws demand to ensure equal access to housing, services and labour markets and to organize transparent and inclusive decision making procedures. The paper explores key concepts, methods and selected case studies from Europe on gender planning trying to focus on the potential for innovating planning discipline and tackling with demographic change issues in rural areas. Cases from Bavaria and Austria compared to rural regions in Eastern Germany with high female emigration show concrete planning approaches.
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Friedberger, Mark. "Rural Gentrification and Livestock Raising: Texas as a Test Case, 1940–1995." Rural History 7, no. 1 (April 1996): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793300000960.
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One characteristic of an affluent society is that wealthy individuals often seek a place in the country to spend weekends and summer vacations. In the United States second homes in rural areas first became popular in the Gilded Age when elites in the northeast tried to ape English patterns of leisured country living. Americans, however, had to contend with hot and humid summers. As a result, access to water became a vital ingredient in any choice of a country retreat. An alternative motivation for migration to the countryside in the late nineteenth century came when elites desired to take part in field sports, especially foxhunting. In New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and of course, Virginia, where reasonably mild winters permitted activities to continue with some frequency throughout the winter, foxhunting became part of the yearly ritual of small numbers of urban based elites. Horse ownership went hand in hand with livestock raising. By the twenties cattle breeding had become another hobby pursuit of the gentry in northeastern states; herds of Angus or other breeds grazed in paddocks on either side of a long driveway which led up to a large country home.
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Gant, Robert. "Tenement Size and Social Structure: Reflections on Chepstow in 1901." Roger Schofield, 1937-2019, no. 105 (December 31, 2020): 87–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.35488/lps105.2020.87.
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This interdisciplinary study focuses on tenement (house) size, as recorded in the census in 1901, to explore demographic and social contrasts in Chepstow, an historic market town and river port in south-east Monmouthshire. For three contrasting enumeration districts, it contextualises this measure of housing status against the characteristics of the built environment, and applies the technique of house repopulation to derive spatial patterns of social difference and inequality from residents' age, household formation, net lifetime migration, and employment circumstances in the stagnating local economy. The study re-scales the investigative methods used by urban historians in city-wide studies of urban ecology and demonstrates how tenement size, a crude but under-utilised measure of housing stock, can support micro-scale studies of social differentiation in small but regionally significant towns. Equally as important, it provides an insight into the case-specific processes and particular outcomes of urbanisation during the nineteenth century in rural Monmouthshire.
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Khan, Salman, Yiqing Guan, Farhan Khan, and Zeeshan Khan. "A Comprehensive Index for Measuring Water Security in an Urbanizing World: The Case of Pakistan’s Capital." Water 12, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010166.
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Growing population, increasing urbanization, and rural to urban migration, coupled with the ongoing climate change, threaten the sustainability of cities, particularly in developing countries. Previous studies indicate numerous deficiencies in the water supply and sewage systems of Islamabad; however, a comprehensive insight into the water security assessment has not been carried out. Therefore, this study is aimed at assessing the urban water security of Islamabad by taking both human and environmental aspects into consideration. In principle, we achieve this objective by implementing the Water Security Assessment Framework, using five distinct parameters to calculate an urban water security index. The water supply dimension incorporates availability, accessibility, affordability, and the quality of drinking water in the city, whereas, sanitation and health dimension measures access to improved drainage systems as well as the state of overall hygiene of the city inhabitants. Furthermore, the water economy dimension includes water productivity and investment aspects in the study area, while the environment and ecosystem dimension looks into the current state of natural water bodies. Similarly, overall management and public support for freshwater resources are measured in the society and governance dimension. In general, we attempt to better comprehend water-security nexus in the federal capital considering it as a prerequisite to ensure a sustainable future for the city dwellers.
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Fu, Huiyan, Yihui Su, and Anni Ni. "Selling Motherhood: Gendered Emotional Labor, Citizenly Discounting, and Alienation among China’s Migrant Domestic Workers." Gender & Society 32, no. 6 (October 31, 2018): 814–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891243218805684.
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The feminization of care migration in transnational contexts has received a great deal of attention. Scholars, however, have been slow to investigate a similar trend in intranational contexts. This article expands existing research on global care chains by examining the gendered emotional labor of migrant domestic workers pertaining to China’s intranational care chains. While the former often foregrounds “racial or ethnic discounting,” the latter is characterized by “citizenly discounting” whereby migrant domestic workers are subject to an overarching system of alienation, subordination, and exploitation owning to their second-class rural hùkŏu (household registration) status. Drawing on a participant-observation study of nannies, this article highlights how the intersection of gender and rural-urban citizenship is the key to grasping China’s migrant domestic workers’ experiences of extensive alienation at the nexus of work, family, and wider society. By delving into a particular set of political, economic, and cultural forces in the Chinese context, the article makes a distinctive contribution to a more nuanced and context-sensitive understanding of the interface of gender, emotional labor, and care migration.
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King, Russell, Alan Strachan, and Jill Mortimer. "The Urban Dimension of European Return Migration: The Case of Bari, Southern Italy." Urban Studies 22, no. 3 (June 1985): 219–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00420988520080361.
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Guerra, Germán, and Ivonne Szasz. "Taller de reflexión: Enfoques teóricos y perspectivas metodológicas en los estudios de las familias y las movilidades / Workshop for Consideration: Theoretical and Methodological Perspectives in the Studies of Families and Mobility." Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos 28, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.24201/edu.v28i1.1444.
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El 11 de junio de 2010 en El Colegio de México se llevó a cabo el taller de reflexión Enfoques teóricos y perspectivas metodológicas en los estudios de las familias y las movilidades. Este taller, impulsado por el esfuerzo intelectual de varios investigadores e investigadoras adscritos a diversas instituciones académicas, tuvo como interés primordial la reflexión en torno a la migración –interna, internacional, urbana y rural–, la movilidad intraurbana y los arreglos familiares –composición, relaciones intergeneracionales, cambios de roles, redes de apoyo, arreglos para el cuidado de niños y ancianos, y relaciones de género.En este documento se sintetizan las ponencias de los estudiosos e investigadores que colaboraron en el taller, y se resumen las discusiones que suscitaron dichas presentaciones entre los participantes del encuentro. Además de concentrar estas reflexiones teóricas, críticas y metodológicas, y mostrarlas al público interesado, esta relatoría tiene la finalidad de plantear la necesidad de constituir un grupo de reflexión teórico-metodológica que se encargue de profundizar en las relaciones entre familias y migración como campos de estudio interrelacionados. AbstractOn June 11, 2010 at El Colegio de México, a workshop for reflection was conducted on Theoretical and Methodological Perspectives in Studies on Families and Mobilities. This workshop, motivated by the intellectual effort of several researchers affiliated to various academic institutions, focused on reflections on migration, both internal and international, urban and rural, intra-urban mobility and family arrangements: composition and intergenerational relations, changing roles, support networks, child and elder care arrangements and gender relations.This paper summarizes the presentations by the scholars and researchers who contributedto the workshop, in conjunction with the discussions raised by these presentationsamong the attendees. In addition to concentrating these theoretical, critical and methodologicalreflections and sharing them with the interested public, the report aims to raisethe need to form a group of theoretical-methodological reflection to study relations betweenfamilies and migration as interrelated fields of study.
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Friedmann, John, and Ute Angelika Lehrer. "Urban Policy Responses to Foreign In-Migration: The Case of Frankfurt-am-Main." Journal of the American Planning Association 63, no. 1 (March 31, 1997): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01944369708975724.
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Qi, Xiangkun, Qian Li, Yuemin Yue, Chujie Liao, Lu Zhai, Xuemei Zhang, Kelin Wang, Chunhua Zhang, Mingyang Zhang, and Ying Xiong. "Rural–Urban Migration and Conservation Drive the Ecosystem Services Improvement in China Karst: A Case Study of HuanJiang County, Guangxi." Remote Sensing 13, no. 4 (February 5, 2021): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13040566.
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Under the transformation from over-cultivation to ecological protection in China’s karst, how human activities affect ecosystem services should be studied. This study combined satellite imagery and ecosystem models (Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA), Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST)) to evaluate primary ecosystem services (net ecosystem productivity (NEP), soil conservation and water yield) in a typical karst region (Huanjiang County). The relationships between human activities and ecosystem services were also examined. NEP increased from 441.7 g C/m2/yr in 2005 to 582.19 g C/m2/yr in 2015. Soil conservation also increased from 4.7 ton/ha to 5.5 ton/ha. Vegetation recovery and the conversion of farmland to forest, driven largely by restoration programs, contributed to this change. A positive relationship between increases in NEP, soil conservation and rural-urban migration (r = 0.62 and 0.53, P < 0.01, respectively) indicated decreasing human dependence on land reclamation and naturally regenerated vegetation. However, declining water yield from 784.3 to 724.5 mm highlights the trade-off between carbon sequestration and water yield should be considered. Our study suggests that conservation is critical to vegetation recovery in this region and that easing human pressure on land will play an important role.
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Phongpheng, Preecha. "Factors of national regulation of migration processes efficiency: the case study of people’s Republic of China." E3S Web of Conferences 164 (2020): 11014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016411014.
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Since the times when China has started to implement economic reforms, regulation of national migration, especially in the direction from rural areas to large cities, has become one of the core issues in modernization of the whole system of its public management. Consequently, this issue has also become interesting for economic and sociological research. This article studies today’s peculiarities of internal labor migration in China and analyzes historic and contemporary forms of the migration policy implementation in this country. The author also discusses the major preconditions for its efficiency as well as opportunities for using certain instruments of Chinese migration policy in modernization of Thailand migration policy, taking into account contemporary economic, social and political challenges.
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Asfaw, Woldie, Degefa Tolossa, and Gete Zeleke. "Causes and impacts of seasonal migration on rural livelihoods: Case studies from Amhara Region in Ethiopia." Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography 64, no. 1 (March 2010): 58–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00291950903557696.
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ARGENT, NEIL, and JIM WALMSLEY. "Rural Youth Migration Trends in Australia: an Overview of Recent Trends and Two Inland Case Studies." Geographical Research 46, no. 2 (June 2008): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-5871.2008.00505.x.
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Xuan Anh, Nguyen. "Risk – coping strategies of undocumented workers: Case study of Vietnamese migrants to Thailand." Science & Technology Development Journal - Social Sciences & Humanities 3, no. 3 (January 20, 2020): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjssh.v3i3.520.
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Sofar, studies on labour migration in Vietnam have often focused on domestic migration, international migration, refugee migration, force migration; ignored the cross – border undocumented migration. At the North Central Coast provinces: Ha Tinh, Nghe An, many rural workers always choose Thailand as the destination because of convenience transport and seeking job easily. However, the lack of supplying labour official or contract papers legally, they often faced to risks and uncertainties. This paper aims to provide an analysis of these undocumented migration flows from Vietnam to Thailand by indepth interview and participant observation methods. The main issues in this article include: (1) describes the risks of Vietnamese workers through employment, housing, legal status in Thailand and (2) analysis the coping – risk strategies of Vietnamese workers in Thailand. Inside these, express on the renewal and completion of visa such as a special trick helps them respond to risky types. Finally, the article contributes to the development of new research directions on policies for these undocumented migrant workers.
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Núñez Carrasco, Lorena, Jo Vearey, and Scott Drimie. "Who cares? HIV-related sickness, urban–rural linkages, and the gendered role of care in return migration in South Africa." Gender & Development 19, no. 1 (March 2011): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2011.554028.
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Damery, Shannon. "Homeless in the house of God? An investigation of home and homelessness among undocumented migrants living in a Brussels church." Migration Studies 7, no. 3 (March 22, 2018): 323–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/migration/mny004.
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Abstract The church is often considered a haven and a sanctuary. In the case of a group of undocumented and asylum-seeking Afghans in Brussels, a church was literally a place of refuge. This article explores the home-making practices of Afghan immigrants who were given sanctuary in a Brussels church and who made the church their living space. They slept, ate, socialised, and organised political activities in the church, while also appropriating nearby public spaces to serve various functions in their lives. Home is an increasingly important concept in migration studies, and this article explores home-making through an investigation of what may be lacking in the notion of sanctuary. In this article, home is treated as a series of connections, including connections to people, cultures, places and objects. These connections serve as a way to explore whether the Afghans made the church and surrounding urban space into a home or why they remained homeless despite the proffered sanctuary.
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Desille, Amandine, and Yara Sa'di-Ibraheem. "‘It’s a Matter of Life or Death’: Jewish Migration and Dispossession of Palestinians in Acre." Urban Planning 6, no. 2 (April 27, 2021): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v6i2.3676.
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In this article, we aim to identify the actors and unpack the discourses and administrative practices used to increase current mobilities of people (Jewish immigrants, investors, tourist visitors, and evicted residents) and explore their impact on the continuity of the settler-colonial regime in pre-1948 Palestinian urban spaces which became part of Israel. To render these dynamics visible, we explore the case of Acre—a pre-1948 Palestinian city located in the north-west of Israel which during the last three decades has been receiving about one hundred Jewish immigrant families annually. Our findings reveal a dramatic change in the attempts to judaise the city: Mobility policies through neoliberal means have not only been instrumental in continuing the processes of displacement and dispossession of the Palestinians in this so-called ‘mixed city,’ but have also recruited new actors and created new techniques and opportunities to accelerate the judaisation of the few Palestinian spaces left. Moreover, these new mobility policies normalise judaisation of the city, both academically and practically, through globally trendy paradigms and discourses. Reframing migration-led development processes in cities within a settler-colonialism approach enables us to break free from post-colonial analytical frameworks and re-centre the native-settler relations as well as the immigrants-settlers’ role in territorial control and displacement of the natives in the neoliberal era.
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Fard, Haniyeh Razavivand. "Urbanization and Informal Settlement Challenges: Case Study Tehran Metropolitan City." Open House International 43, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-02-2018-b0011.
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Increase in the population rate and the extent of urbanization in the last two centuries resulted in the concentration of the population around the growth poles. A large portion of this population lives in the peripheries of the large cities in informal settlements under inappropriate situations specifically in developing countries. Iran is one the countries that has severely experienced this problem since 1930s. Iranian cities are some of the biggest cities of Middle East to have been developed unequally, because of various factors including in-migration, unevenly distribution of resources, insufficient state policies and the local authorities haven't been successful on tackling the problem yet. The overconcentration of population in some major cities of the country is the result of centralization of main industrial and economic poles around these centers which leads to the immigration of unemployed people to these cities. Thus, this issue has a great impact on the unequal expansion of major cities. Tehran, as the largest and the most urbanized city of the country, absorb a large percentage of national resources and magnetizes many people with various socio-economic background. However, the polarized system of the city offers chances for those who can adjust themselves to the system, while the others that cannot afford living in the city boundaries, reside in the city fringes in substandard living conditions. Therefore, in Iran the inequalities between urban and rural, gradually has altered to inequalities within cities and the trend is more significant in some major cities including Tehran, Mashhad, Shiraz, Tabriz, Isfahan and many other cities. Furthermore, it is more challenging in the case of Tehran, when its population during 1920s and 1970s increased to thirteen times by the pace of rapid development, centralization and capital flow. So, the city has expanded around its periphery specifically towards south and west. This process accelerated between 1970s and 2000s by implementing new legislation and master plans, and as a result, Tehran converted to Tehran Metropolis Region which is multi-center comprised of the central core which is the Tehran city, main access roads and other cores around which are the centers of residential and work concentration, reliant on the main city economically. This kind of urban sprawl is has accompanied with break in urban structure and fading urban sustainability as well as population movements and formation of spontaneous settlements which is the pressuring problem in cities of newly developing countries.