Journal articles: 'Urban sanitation'

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Pereira, Máriam Trierveiler, Frederico Fonseca da Silva, Marcelino Luiz Gimenes, and Odacir Antonio Zanatta. "Desenvolvimento de Indicador de Qualidade de Saneamento Básico Urbano (IQSBU) e Aplicação em Cidades Paranaenses." Revista em Agronegócio e Meio Ambiente 8, no. 1 (April 15, 2015): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.17765/2176-9168.2015v8n1p135-164.

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O abastecimento por água potável, o esgotamento sanitário, a coleta e disposição de resíduos sólidos e a drenagem pluvial urbana são serviços públicos indispensáveis para uma cidade, pois se relacionam diretamente com a saúde coletiva, a qualidade de vida dos cidadãos e a qualidade ambiental. A partir de dados de fácil aquisição pretendeu-se conhecer a qualidade do saneamento ambiental que o espaço urbano de uma cidade apresentava para que os gestores públicos possam planejar a área urbana de acordo com as necessidades de seus cidadãos e diminuir as deficiências encontradas no saneamento ambiental. O objetivo desse artigo foi desenvolver um Indicador de Qualidade de Saneamento Básico Urbano (IQSBU) e aplicá-lo às cidades paranaenses com mais de 100.000 habitantes, de 2000 a 2008. Para isso, foi necessário: (i) coletar dados sobre saneamento ambiental; (ii) determinar parâmetros limites dos dados escolhidos; (iii) calcular os indicadores de qualidade para cada cidade; e, (iv) comparar os resultados obtidos entre as cidades. Após o término desse estudo, constatou-se a falta de informações sobre o saneamento ambiental urbano, em especial sobre resíduos sólidos e drenagem. Isso implica em dificuldades na gestão e no planejamento urbano. Com relação aos resultados, conclui-se que, no geral, as cidades apresentaram uma boa qualidade de saneamento básico, em pelo menos um ano do período. Observou-se, entretanto, que nenhuma cidade atingiu ótima qualidade dos serviços de saneamento básico (> 80,0). As cidades que não tiveram nenhum valor de IQSBU acima de 60 foram: Apucarana, Araucária e Colombo. O ano com melhores resultados de IQSBU e, consequentemente, de maior repasse das informações pelos municípios ao sistema Development of Qualit y Index in Basic Urban Sanitation and its Application in the Towns of the State of Paraná, Brazil ABSTRACT: Drinkable water supply, sewerage, the collection and disposal of solid wastes and urban rain drains are indispensible public services in towns and cities that are concerned with the health of the community, life quality and environment. Easily acquired data provided the quality of environmental sanitation that the town or city offered so that government administrators could plan the urban area according to the needs of its citizens and decrease the deficiencies in environmental sanitation. Current assay developed a Quality Index of Basic Urban Sanitation to be applied to cities with over 100,000 inhabitants in the state of Paraná, Brazil, between 2000 and 2008. (1) The collection of data on environmental sanitation, (2) the determination of limit parameters of chosen data; (3) the calculation of quality indicators for each city; (4) the comparison of results from cities were required. The study registered a dire lack of information on urban environmental sanitation, especially on solid residues and sewerage. The above implies difficulties with regard to administration and urban planning. Results show that, as a rule, the cities under analysis offered a rather good basic sanitation within at least one year. However, no city had the best quality in basic sanitation service (> 80.0). The cities with no quality rate above 60 comprised Apucarana, Araucária and Colombo. The year 2006 was the best for Quality Index information and, consequently, for the highest transmission of information by the municipalities to the system. During 2006 the highest Quality Index rate belonged to Londrina (78.3) and the lowest to Colombo (49.8). KEYWORDS: Environmental Administration; Index; Urban Planning

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Tayler, Kevin. "Urban sanitation - lessons from experience." Waterlines 27, no. 1 (January 2008): 30–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.2008.004.

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Hanley, Susan B. "Urban Sanitation in Preindustrial Japan." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 18, no. 1 (1987): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/204726.

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Nance, Earthea, and Leonard Ortolano. "Community Participation in Urban Sanitation." Journal of Planning Education and Research 26, no. 3 (March 2007): 284–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739456x06295028.

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Basil, Hans V. "Poor Sanitation Hurts Urban Planning." International Journal of Architecture and Planning 3, no. 1 (March 5, 2023): 86–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.51483/ijarp.3.1.2023.86-102.

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Basil, V. Hans. "Poor Sanitation Hurts Urban Planning." International Journal of Architecture and Planning 3, no. 2 (September 5, 2023): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.51483/ijarp.3.2.2023.125-135.

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Li, Li. "Research on the Implementation Plan of Urban and Rural Sanitation Integration in County Towns in China." Scientific Journal of Technology 6, no. 4 (April 22, 2024): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/0tjrf706.

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This paper deeply discusses the implementation plan of the integration of urban and rural sanitation in county towns in China. First of all, the main problems facing urban and rural sanitation in the county are analyzed, including inadequate sanitation facilities, scattered management and low efficiency of resource utilization. Then, it puts forward the necessity and importance of urban and rural sanitation integration, pointing out that it helps to improve the county's environmental health level, promote resource conservation and recycling, and promote the coordinated development of urban and rural areas. In the implementation of the program, this paper puts forward a series of concrete measures. It includes strengthening the construction of sanitation infrastructure, improving the system of garbage collection, transfer and treatment; Promoting the reform of the environmental sanitation management system to realize the unification and coordination of urban and rural sanitation management; Strengthen environmental sanitation technology innovation and personnel training, improve the quality and efficiency of environmental sanitation services; At the same time, pay attention to the combination of policy guidance and market mechanism to attract social capital to participate in the cause of environmental sanitation. Through this study, the aim is to provide a scientific implementation plan and reference for the integration of urban and rural environmental sanitation in the county, and promote the healthy development of environmental health undertakings in the county.

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Rosemarin, A. "Sustainable sanitation and water in small urban centres." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 8 (April 1, 2005): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0238.

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The objective of this paper is to review the global trends in urbanization with respect to availability of adequate sanitation and water supply services. Urbanization is unrelenting and rapid increase in the urban population in the less developed countries is of major global concern regarding this topic of sustainable sanitation and water. Most global urban growth is in the smaller cities and in the developing world. Half the urban developing world lacks adequate water and sanitation. Global urban access to waterborne sanitation is not affordable and thus is not a realistic option so alternative approaches are necessary. The treatment of drinking water cannot be a substitute for sanitation. In order to achieve sustainable sanitation, a change in attitude about human excreta and use of water is required. Essential features of a sustainable sanitation system are: containment, sanitisation and recycling. To improve water supply, we need to improve management practices, use full-cost pricing, introduce watershed approaches to protection and provide improved sanitation. Small urban initiatives need to go beyond the traditional sectors and new initiatives are required like on-site urban ecostations, source-separation of urine and faeces, decentralised greywater treatment and integration of sanitation into the cost of housing.

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Rego, Rita Franco, Veronica Cadena Lima, Ana Cerqueira Lima, Mauricio L. Barreto, Matildes S. Prado, and Agostino Strina. "Environmental indicators of intra-urban hetererogeneity." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 29, no. 6 (June 2013): 1173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2013000600014.

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A large number of human diseases are related to poor access to water and sewer systems, inadequate solid waste management and deficient storm water drainage. The goal of this study was to formulate environmental sanitation indicators and classify sanitation conditions in specific sewer basins and their respective neighborhoods. The database used contains information on the following sanitation components in these areas: water supply, sewer systems, urban drainage, road pavement, building typology and public cleaning. Data was analyzed using cluster analysis. The key variable of each component was identified, and eight sewer basins and twenty-three neighborhoods were classified into the following categories: good, regular, and poor. The use of environmental sanitation indicators allows decision makers to identify critical areas and define priorities for improving environmental sanitation conditions.

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Capone, Drew, Oliver Cumming, Dennis Nichols, and Joe Brown. "Water and Sanitation in Urban America, 2017–2019." American Journal of Public Health 110, no. 10 (October 2020): 1567–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.305833.

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Objectives. To estimate the population lacking at least basic water and sanitation access in the urban United States. Methods. We compared national estimates of water and sanitation access from the World Health Organization/United Nations Children’s Fund Joint Monitoring Program with estimates from the US Department of Housing and Urban Development on homelessness and the American Community Survey on household water and sanitation facilities. Results. We estimated that at least 930 000 persons in US cities lacked sustained access to at least basic sanitation and 610 000 to at least basic water access, as defined by the United Nations. Conclusions. After accounting for those experiencing homelessness and substandard housing, our estimate of people lacking at least basic water equaled current estimates (n = 610 000)—without considering water quality—and greatly exceeded estimates of sanitation access (n = 28 000). Public Health Implications. Methods to estimate water and sanitation access in the United States should include people experiencing homelessness and other low-income groups, and specific policies are needed to reduce disparities in urban sanitation. We recommend similar estimation efforts for other high-income countries currently reported as having near universal sanitation access.

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T, Asha, and Dr S. N. Yogish. "Urban Sanitation problems and Challenges in Karnataka: An Overview." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-4 (June 30, 2018): 1365–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd14292.

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Jo, Jeongeun. "Sanitation or Profit : Urban Sanitation and Water Supply of Modern Shanghai." Critical Review of History 126 (February 28, 2019): 300–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.38080/crh.2019.02.126.300.

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Kennedy-Walker, Ruth, Barbara Evans, Jaime Amezaga, and Charlotte Paterson. "Challenges for the future of urban sanitation planning: critical analysis of John Kalbermatten's influence." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 4, no. 1 (October 22, 2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.164.

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During the 1980s, John Kalbermatten and his colleagues at the World Bank revolutionised urban sanitation planning. During the last 30 years urban sanitation planning theory has evolved from an engineering focus to a more participatory, multi-disciplinary and user-focused future, informed largely by the work of John Kalbermatten. This paper looks at a number of the most important urban sanitation planning approaches that have emerged post-Kalbermatten and seeks to trace the influence of Kalbermatten's work on their theoretical underpinnings and characteristics. The extent to which other ideas, such as the sanitation value chain, have increasingly been incorporated into planning approaches is discussed and some of the challenges affecting successful urban sanitation which lie outside of planning are considered. Final comments centre on common themes occurring in practice, the future exploration of which offers potential to inform successful sanitation delivery in the future.

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Mazeau, Adrien, Brian Reed, Kevin Sansom, and Rebecca Scott. "Emerging categories of urban shared sanitation." Water and Environment Journal 28, no. 4 (December 22, 2013): 592–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/wej.12075.

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Weststrate, Johanna. "The persistent gap in urban sanitation." Cities 132 (January 2023): 103997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103997.

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Chen, Meng. "The Environmental Sanitation Issues and Management Strategies of Xi’an Urban Village." Advanced Materials Research 664 (February 2013): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.664.169.

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Urban Village is a special geographical phenomenon in the process of urbanization in China,it is an interlaced product of the history and the development of reality.As a result of the faultiness of the infrastructure of environmental sanitation,the insufficient of the outlay input,the unclearness of the management functions,the weakness of the environmental sanitation consciousness of some villagers and migrant workers and other factors,the environmental sanitation problem in Urban Village becomes more serious every day,the deep-seated problems and contradictions are already got concerns by all quarters of the society.This paper analyzes the environmental sanitation problem which exists in Urban Village of Xi'an.On this basis,this paper gives some suggestion that provides the environmental sanitary administration for reference opinions,which is to improve the environmental sanitation of Urban Villages and promote the improvement and perfection of the overall urban environmental management system.

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Mara, Duncan, and Graham Alabaster. "A new paradigm for low-cost urban water supplies and sanitation in developing countries." Water Policy 10, no. 2 (April 1, 2008): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2008.034.

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To achieve the Millennium Development Goals for urban water supply and sanitation ∼300,000 and ∼400,000 people will have to be provided with an adequate water supply and adequate sanitation, respectively, every day during 2001–2015. The provision of urban water supply and sanitation services for these numbers of people necessitates action not only on an unprecedented scale, but also in a radically new way as “more of the same” is unlikely to achieve these goals. A “new paradigm” is proposed for low-cost urban water supply and sanitation, as follows: water supply and sanitation provision in urban areas and large villages should be to groups of households, not to individual households. Groups of households would form (even be required to form, or pay more if they do not) water and sanitation cooperatives. There would be standpipe and yard-tap cooperatives served by community-managed sanitation blocks, on-site sanitation systems or condominial sewerage, depending on space availability and costs and, for non-poor households, in-house multiple-tap cooperatives served by condominial sewerage or, in low-density areas, by septic tanks with on-site effluent disposal. Very poor households (those unable to afford to form standpipe cooperatives) would be served by community-managed standpipes and sanitation blocks.

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R, Harish. "Water and Sanitation Services Have a Profound Effect on the Life of Metropolis." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 07, no. 12 (December 30, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem27838.

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The critical global issue of inadequate access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene for a significant portion of the world's population, amounting to approximately 40%. In India, disparities exist in water and sanitation access between urban and rural areas. While 97% of urban regions have upgraded water supplies and 58% improved sanitation, rural areas show lower access rates at 90% for water and a mere 23% for sanitation. India's rivers suffer from severe water quality degradation due to untreated sewage, with inadequate sewage treatment infrastructure, particularly in swiftly growing urban areas like Delhi. Despite initiatives like the Ganga and Yamuna Action Plans, major rivers remain highly polluted. The flush toilet system further exacerbates the water crisis by consuming significant volumes of fresh water for waste disposal. This paper also underscores the link between water supplies, sanitation, and health, citing classifications of water-related infections and the pressing need to bridge the disparities in access. However, reports note progress in drinking water and sanitation coverage globally since 1990. The analysis concludes that India's cities struggle to meet basic living standards amidst rapid urbanization, emphasizing the profound impact of education, awareness, and service availability on residents' lives. Water, Sanitation, Hygiene, Population, Access, Rural, Urban Rivers, Sewage, Pollution, Infrastructure, Health, Flush toilets, Disparities Key Words: Water, Sanitation, Hygiene, Population, Access, Rural, Urban Rivers, Sewage, Pollution, Infrastructure, Health, Flush toilets, Disparities

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Szántó, Gábor L., S. C. Letema, J. T. Tukahirwa, S. Mgana, P. J. M. Oosterveer, and J. C. L. van Buuren. "Analyzing sanitation characteristics in the urban slums of East Africa." Water Policy 14, no. 4 (March 12, 2012): 613–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2012.093.

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Urban slums in East Africa exhibit deplorable sanitary conditions. Despite (inter)national efforts, slum sanitation provision remains inadequate and the projected population growth forecasts a worsening of this crisis. The core of the problem is that available knowledge about the local feasibility of the currently applied sanitary methods is limited. This paper analyses the interface of sanitation policy and technology domains by reviewing the distribution and local characteristics of current centralized and decentralized sanitation options. The findings confirm that conventional, centralized sanitation is an unrealistic solution for application in slums. Simplified sewerage may prove appropriate, but the reported initiatives are in the planning phase only. At present, only decentralized sanitation options are found to be viable in the assessed slums, but their servicing is increasingly neglected by the municipal authorities. The quasi-monopoly of pit latrines implies that improved sanitation technologies are not sufficiently rooted yet. Public toilets are crucial to these slums, especially where land tenure issues prevail. Although the potential of ecological sanitation is currently negligible, novel biocenter initiatives are promising. Municipal authorities are advised to prioritize the implementation of elsewhere successful slum sanitation technologies and to integrate appropriate decentral solutions into their predominantly centralized sanitation schemes.

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Ezeudu, Obiora B. "Urban sanitation in Nigeria: the past, current and future status of access, policies and institutions." Reviews on Environmental Health 35, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2019-0025.

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AbstractThough rated among the largest economies in sub-Saharan Africa, Nigeria is currently grappling with enormous socio-economic challenges such as high poverty rate, power and water supply shortages, large-scale unemployment ratio, economic recession and underperforming agricultural sector. Judging by the scale of urgent political and economic importance, urban sanitation definitely ranks low among the government’s priorities. No wonder political slogans and manifestos of political parties feature provision of water supply while sanitation is conspicuously usually omitted. This is suggestive of the opinion that having not critically understood the status, challenges and opportunities associated with sanitation in the country’s urban areas might be partly responsible for this. Thus, the current work presents a detailed review of the past, current and future status of urban sanitation in Nigeria in terms of access coverage, policies, institutions and future challenges and opportunities. The past status was difficult to evaluate because of the absence of data and unclear definitions of the term ‘sanitation’. The current status shows among other findings that water supply issues receive domineering attention than sanitation, mainly due to merging together of discussions, policies and implementation of the two issues together. In cases where sanitation crops up in the agenda, rural areas are favored more than the urban areas. This pattern is also common in the literature. But the future of urban sanitation in Nigeria is double-edged depending on actions or inactions of the government and other stakeholders. The study further makes recommendations for – balanced and sustainable urban development planning, restructuring of land and housing policies and creation of enabling market environment that could trigger a viable sanitation industry – as the way forward.

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Xiong, Jia Qing, Li Li Fang, Pei Guo, and Xiao Chang C. Wang. "Research on the Water and Energy Consumption of Vacuflush Sanitation System in Building." Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (October 2011): 754–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.754.

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Sustainability challenges us to reflect on sanitation system reform is more accounted of water efficiency. Designed a suit of building vacuflush sanitation system on the basis of vacuum suction principle，analyzed of water and energy consumption based on simulation experiments using simulated stool. Comparison of water and energy consumption of vacuflush sanitation system and conventional gravity sanitation system in the difference, revealing water and energy consumption of the vacuflush sanitation system is less than the conventional gravity sanitation system. The result shows that vacuflush sanitation system in urban construction and urban partial area have promotion value on the economy, environmental protection and resource utilization.

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Scott, Rebecca, Pippa Scott, Peter Hawkins, Isabel Blackett, Andrew Cotton, and Alix Lerebours. "Integrating Basic Urban Services for Better Sanitation Outcomes." Sustainability 11, no. 23 (November 27, 2019): 6706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236706.

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Rapid urbanization in developing countries demands better integration of planning and delivery of basic services if cities are to be sustainable, healthy and safe. Sanitation improvements are commonly overlooked as investments go towards more visible services such as water supplies and drainage networks. The Sustainable Development Goal for sanitation and hygiene currently remains severely off-track. This paper presents the findings of a Delphi method survey to identify expert consensus on both why and how to integrate sanitation, by which we mean both sewered and non-sewered sanitation services, into other basic urban services (including water supply, drainage, energy and roads) to achieve better sanitation and broader development outcomes, notably for poor citizens. Consensus on why integration is important highlights the physical interdependence of services, where neglect of one service can compromise gains from another investment or service. Consensus on how includes actions to address political priorities and leadership; governance and capacity constraints; clearer planning, procurement and financing mechanisms; and adopting incremental approaches matched to wider urban strategies. It was suggested that achieving these actions would improve accountability, monitoring and service level audits. Experience from previous integrated urban programmes should be incorporated into formulating new sanitation service agreements across all service types. Supported by better-informed dialogue and decision-making between those responsible for urban sanitation and for associated basic services, we suggest integrated and incremental approaches will enable more sustainable urban services planning to achieve ‘quality of life’ outcomes for poor urban residents.

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Makaudze, Ephias M. "Measuring willingness-to-pay for water and sanitation by people living with HIV and AIDs in South Africa." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 6, no. 1 (February 16, 2016): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2016.102.

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The ill-provision of water and sanitation services poses the greatest risk to people living with HIV and AIDS in South Africa – a majority of whom reside in slum settlements. People living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) die after succumbing to opportunistic infections, especially water-borne diseases (e.g., diarrhoea, cholera). This study was based on 485 individuals with HIV and AIDs drawn from three types of settlements (rural, peri-urban and urban slums) and sampled from three selected provincial districts of Khayelitsha (Western Cape), Ukhahlamba (Eastern Cape) and Groblersdal (Limpopo). The results show PLWHA having higher willingness-to-pay (WTP) for sanitation at ZAR448.40/month compared to water (ZAR428.60). Those living in urban slum settlements show the highest WTP for sanitation (ZAR552.70), followed by the ones in rural areas (ZAR500.24). The results underscore important implications: PLWHA face greater sanitation challenges relative to water; those in slum settlements endure the worst sanitation insecurity compared to counterparts living in other settlement types; higher WTP for sanitation implies that PLWHA will derive greater benefits from improvements in sanitation services relative to water. To conclude, it is imperative for municipal authorities to prioritize the provision of sanitation facilities to PLWHA especially in urban slums as part of the ‘pro-poor service delivery’ campaigns.

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Tidwell, James B., Jenala Chipungu, Roma Chilengi, and Robert Aunger. "Assessing peri-urban sanitation quality using a theoretically derived composite measure in Lusaka, Zambia." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 8, no. 4 (July 27, 2018): 668–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2018.029.

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Abstract Despite ongoing debates about what constitutes adequate sanitation, there is a lack of sanitation quality measures that are theoretically grounded in ways that allow empirical comparisons of quality across different types of sanitation. The Healthy Sanitation Framework (HSF) was developed to capture universal aspects of sanitation quality from a public health perspective. From this, the Peri-Urban Healthy Toilet Index (PUHTI) was created for measuring on-site, peri-urban sanitation quality. This PUHTI score was used to assess sanitation quality in a peri-urban area in Lusaka, Zambia. The HSF identified five categories for capturing sanitation quality: hygiene, use, sustainability, desirability, and accessibility. A composite index derived from these categories had high reliability and plausible validity, despite barriers to rigorously evaluating validity. Applying the PUHTI tool showed that while 87% of toilets were classified as ‘improved, but shared,’ there were frequent concerns about doors that could not be locked, dirty user interfaces, unhygienic containment, limited emptyability, and lack of handwashing facilities. The HSF allows granular measures of sanitation quality to be developed in any setting using a reproducible and theoretically grounded process. However, lack of a unified basis on which to compare different types of sanitation overall or evidence to compare within narrower categories currently limits comparisons across types of sanitation.

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Okurut, K., R. N. Kulabako, P. Abbott, J. M. Adogo, J. Chenoweth, S. Pedley, A. Tsinda, and K. Charles. "Access to improved sanitation facilities in low-income informal settlements of East African cities." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 5, no. 1 (December 18, 2014): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2014.029.

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Throughout Africa, the population in urban areas is increasing rapidly, often exceeding the capacity and the resources of the cities and towns to accommodate the people. In sub-Saharan Africa, the majority of urban dwellers live in informal settlements served by inadequate sanitation facilities. These settlements present unique challenges to the provision of sustainable and hygienic sanitation, and there is insufficient information on access to improved facilities. This paper reports findings of a study undertaken in low-income informal settlements using a mixed methods approach to assess access to sanitation and identify the barriers to household uptake of improved sanitation facilities. More than half of the respondents (59.7%) reported using sanitation facilities that are included in the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme definition of improved sanitation. However, a high proportion of these facilities did not provide access to basic sanitation. Less than 5% of all the respondents did not report problems related to sustainable access to basic sanitation. The findings highlight the urgent need to develop specific and strategic interventions for each low-income informal settlement, to upscale the sustainable access and use of improved sanitation in urban centres.

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Vogel, Wren, Christina D. Hwang, and Sangchul Hwang. "Gender and Sanitation: Women’s Experiences in Rural Regions and Urban Slums in India." Societies 12, no. 1 (January 30, 2022): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc12010018.

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Without adequate sanitation facilities, environmental, social, and health risks are common and worsen as the state of sanitation stagnates. Vulnerable groups, specifically women, are unequally affected by poor sanitation. Attitudes towards and perceptions of gender and menstruation have created a health and social discrepancy between women and men. Women must undergo additional obstacles when practicing proper sanitation and managing menstruation. This article utilizes the sanitation insecurity measure to assess the lived experience of women in rural and urban India. This article also discusses accounts of women’s experiences managing menstruation in both the rural regions and urban slums of India and discusses the social implications of the state of sanitation. Examining the issue of sanitation by focusing on menstruation and the dichotomy of men’s and women’s experiences with sanitation and hygiene will indicate that achieving gender equity requires sanitation to be viewed as a human rights, social justice, and education issue.

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Gusmiati, Gusmiati, Prayatni Soewondo, Dion Awfa, Nico Halomoan, Prasanti Widyasih Sarli, and Ahmad Soleh Setiyawan. "Analysis of Individual Aspects in Riverbank Slums on Sustainable Sanitation Development, Case Study: Bima City, NTB, Indonesia." Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences 56, no. 2 (April 30, 2024): 304–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2024.56.2.10.

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Currently, 24.5% of the population of Bima City lack access to sanitation. The issue is predominantly concentrated in densely populated urban slums along the riverbanks, influenced by the cultural and societal context of Indonesian society. From 2021 to 2022, a comprehensive mixed-method study was conducted in three urban slums, applying the Integrated Framework for Sanitation Services (IFSS) to explore individual aspects within a socio-cultural context. Combining quantitative and qualitative methods, the research involved a household questionnaire survey and in-depth interviews (IDI). The study revealed that individual aspects are shaped by perceptions of the convenience of open defecation and latrine use as well as experiences with shared latrines, driving the adoption of private latrines. Challenges such as financial constraints and limited construction capabilities in urban slum communities often hinder latrine construction, though cultural and traditional values (adat) in the Bima community in urban slums help to alleviate these obstacles. A recommendation is made to enhance the monitoring of sanitation adoption progress, focusing on the sanitation system’s functioning and adherence to the sanitation hierarchy. Despite awareness of the importance of safe disposal, its impact on sanitation behavior in Bima City’s urban slums has been constrained, underscoring the imperative for effective behavior change communication strategies.

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Mannan, Fouzia. "Are Organizations Accountable? Disconnect between Gender and Sanitation in Bangladesh." Environment and Urbanization ASIA 9, no. 1 (January 15, 2018): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0975425317748534.

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Deep-rooted gender inequalities exist in organizations responsible for provisioning sanitation facilities in Bangladesh with regard to organizational culture, financial status and power axis within and beyond the organizations. There are huge gaps between these organizations as these have differential gender-sensitive policies or even lack proper understanding of gender. Without having a gender-sensitive leadership within organizations, sanitation issues continue to have a male-dominated bias. Given the patriarchal organizational culture and mindset in Bangladesh, serious rethinking is needed to bring about a gender-sensitive sanitation policy. This article aims to investigate gender issues in sanitation through qualitative analysis of select sanitation and water-implementing organizations in Dhaka and explore how they understand, interpret and practice ‘gender’.

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Chunga, Richard, M. W. Jenkins, Jeroen Ensink, and Joe Brown. "Moving up the sanitation ladder with the help of microfinance in urban Malawi." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 8, no. 1 (December 8, 2017): 100–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.186.

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Abstract We carried out a stated preference survey in Malawi to examine whether access to microfinance for sanitation would significantly increase the proportion of households upgrading to improved pit latrines or alternative improved sanitation technologies (urine diverting dry toilet, fossa alterna, pour flush). We presented a range of sanitation options at local market prices, initially without and then with a real microfinance option, to 1,300 households sampled across 27 low-income urban settlements in the two largest cities, Lilongwe and Blantyre. When we gave respondents a microfinance option, the proportion of households stating an intention to install improved and unimproved pit latrines decreased significantly, while the proportion stating an intention to upgrade to alternative improved sanitation technologies increased significantly. However, households in the lowest wealth quintile were more likely to state a preference for unimproved pit latrines, suggesting that the benefits of microfinance for sanitation may not accrue equally across wealth strata. Organisations seeking to improve access to safely managed sanitation by promoting alternative sanitation technologies would succeed if households have access to affordable alternative sanitation technologies and microfinance for sanitation. However, poorer households would need more affordable improved sanitation technologies, flexible microfinance options and possibly targeted subsidies to gain access to safely managed sanitation.

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Pattnaik, Satyajit, and Dhananjaya Sharma. "Drinking Water and Sanitation Facilities among Slum Dwellers in a South Indian City." National Journal of Community Medicine 12, no. 10 (March 10, 2022): 343–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/njcm.20210916095130.

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There is a great thrust for improving water and sanitation facilities in the community since 2014. The present study was aimed at assessing the water and sanitation facilities among slum households in an urban area. The design was a cross-sectional study covering 750 households in an urban area in South India. Data were gathered using a structured questionnaire on the source of drinking water and sanitary facility in the households. Out of all households surveyed, 743(99.1%) were using an improved source of water for drinking and 742(98.9%) were using septic tank as their main sanitation facility. Our study concludes that most of the household in the urban slum have improved the water and sanitation facility.

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Nimoh, Fred, Kofi Poku, Kwasi Ohene-Yankyera, Flemming Konradsen, and Robert C. Abaidoo. "Constraints and motivations to sanitation business in peri-urban communities in Ghana." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 4, no. 4 (July 25, 2014): 692–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2014.072.

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Ghana lags behind the Millennium Development Goals' target for sanitation, despite widespread effort by the central government. Lessons from the historical shortcomings of Ghana's sanitation policy now call for public–private partnership in the management of sanitation in Ghana. Using observations and in-depth interviews with small-scale sanitation service providers, this study investigated the constraints and motivations of sanitation-related businesses in peri-urban communities in the Ningo–Prampram district of Ghana. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used for data analyses and reporting. The study found that there exist various sanitation-related businesses such as masons/latrine builders, hardware suppliers and pit-emptier, in the study area whose activities are constrained by some financial, logistical, institutional and social challenges which limit their performance. Nonetheless, the operation of a sanitation business in the study communities was found profitable, and service providers are motivated by the financial returns and other non-financial benefits to remain and continue in their respective businesses. Policy efforts by the government and other stakeholders toward addressing the constraints to sanitation business are crucial for increased private sector participation and better service delivery to all stakeholders in the sanitation market, and the Ghanaian economy as a whole.

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Arenhardt, Valeria, Flávio De São Pedro Filho, Luciana Rezende Alves de Oliveira, Wellington Cyro de Almeida Leite, Roberto Simplício Guimarães, and Eduardo Egidio Vicensi Deliza. "Environmental Management Strategy With a Focus on Sanitary Sewage and Urban Development." International Journal of Business Administration 11, no. 6 (November 29, 2020): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v11n6p109.

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The Amazon boasts a great environmental heritage and abundance of water resources, it is in this remarkable biome where the worst rates of access to basic sanitation services and public health indicators are. This research aims to use the SWOT analysis to generate knowledge capable of subsidizing the public manager in the elaboration of strategic planning to implement sanitary sewage according to the National Policy for Basic Sanitation in a municipality of the Brazilian Amazon under development and urban expansion. The practices adopted for this task relate to the concepts of the SWOT matrix, public policies for basic sanitation with a focus on sanitation, urban sprawl and social impacts on human health related to poor sanitation. Identifying in the municipal legal norms the strategic planning to order the development and the urban expansion and the practices foreseen to meet the National Policy for the Basic Sanitation and implantation of the sanitary sewage in the studied municipality. This is a descriptive exploratory research based on document and field research according to legal and environmental norms with qualitative and quantitative results. Despite the result demonstrating that the strategic planning for the implementation of sewage in urban expansion projects results in sustainable urban development, the municipality under study did not meet the legal and environmental standards for the implementation of sewage in new subdivisions causing environmental, social and economic problems.

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Irianti, Sri, and Puguh Prasetyoputra. "Rural–Urban Disparities in Access to Improved Sanitation in Indonesia: A Decomposition Approach." SAGE Open 11, no. 3 (July 2021): 215824402110299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211029920.

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One of the targets in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which is Target 6.2, aims to achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation. The Government of Indonesia targets universal access to improved sanitation in 2019. However, almost two out of five households in Indonesia are without access to improved sanitation. Moreover, access to improved sanitation is lower in rural areas than that in urban areas. Studies examining the drivers of the disparity in Indonesia are also limited. Therefore, this study was aimed at assessing the characteristics associated with the rural–urban disparity in access to improved sanitation facilities among households in Indonesia. We employed data from the 2016 Indonesian National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) comprising 290,848 households. The analysis was twofold. First, we fitted multivariate probit regression models using average marginal effects as the measure of association. We then conducted a detailed non-linear decomposition of the rural–urban disparity attributable to all the explanatory variables. The multivariate regression analysis suggested that households living in rural areas were 11.35% (95% confidence interval = [10.97, 11.72]) less likely to have access to improved sanitation facilities than those residing in urban areas. The decomposition analysis suggested that 48.78% are attributable to spatial, demographic, housing, and socio-economic factors, which meant that almost half of the inequalities could be reduced by equalizing these factors. The results provide a decomposition of factors amenable to curtail urban–rural inequalities. Hence, equity-oriented approaches to increasing access to improved sanitation should be prioritized to achieve universal access in 2030 in line with SDG Target 6.2.

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Nur Azizah, Syifa Putri, Liliani Sumarni Pratiwi, Ima Amaliah, and Freska Fitriyana. "Sanitasi Dan Kepadatan Penduduk Sebagai Dinamika Kemiskinan Kota Studi Kasus Provinsi Jawa Barat." Nuansa Akademik: Jurnal Pembangunan Masyarakat 7, no. 1 (April 23, 2022): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.47200/jnajpm.v7i1.1148.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of population density and sanitation on poverty in urban areas of West Java Province. The data used in this study are secondary data and primary data sourced from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) and field observations consisting of the percentage of poor people, population density and proper sanitation in urban areas of West Java Province. The number of observations in this study was 45 consisting of data from 9 cities in West Java Province from 2016 to 2020. The analysis technique in this study uses panel data with the Random Effect Model. The results of this study indicate that population density and sanitation partially have a negative and significant effect on poverty in urban areas of West Java Province. Then simultaneously population density and sanitation have a significant effect on poverty in urban areas of West Java Province.

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Marinaldo da Silva Lopes, Raimundo, Fabiana Rocha Pinto, David Barbosa de Alencar, and Gisele De Freitas Lopes. "Diagnosis of the Basic Sanitation of the Prata Lagoon and Maresia Lagoon, Prosai-Maués Project, Located in the Municipality of Maués - Amazonas." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 7, no. 11 (November 30, 2019): 765–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss11.1931.

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The discussion about the quality of Environmental Sanitation (ES) services is currently highlighted because it is directly linked to the population's quality of life. Assessing the scope of SA services has become an important tool for the management of municipalities and states, as it allows the adaptation to the reality of the population to improve future planning, foreseeing the expansion of SA services. The Municipal Basic Sanitation Plan - PMSB was established by Law No. 11.455 / 2007 as an important planning tool for basic sanitation services. It consists of programs, projects and actions aimed at improving the conditions of services that constitute basic sanitation: water supply, sanitation, as well as urban solid waste management and urban river water. With the accelerated urban growth in the municipality of Maués and the intense aggressions to the environment, the PROSAI-MAUÉS ES indicators were identified and diagnosed, which propose improvements in the urban, environmental and basic sanitation conditions of the municipality with the recovery of Lagoas do Silver and Maresia, which for many years have suffered from pollution around the lagoons. The lagoons in question were chosen for the implementation of PROSAI-MAUÉS, explained by the occupation of its margins by low-income population installed on stilts, the existence of flood risk points and the need for renewal of this urban fragment of tourist importance. On-site research was conducted using observation techniques and photographic recording to describe the conditions of local sanitation services. The experience of the PROSAI-MAUÉS project indicates that it is necessary to seek the institutional strengthening of the entities involved with the local society since the early stages. from the initial planning and execution to the final phase of monitoring and follow-up of the services provided by the basic sanitation works, thus ensuring the sustainability of the Program for future generations.

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Palma, Fabiana Almerinda G., Jonatas Fernandes Araújo Sodré, Nivison Nery, Luciana Joaquim Oliveira, Joe Brown, Anu Bourgeois, Claire A. Spears, Cassandra White, Federico Costa, and Christine E. Stauber. "A tale of two communities: Comparing user perceptions of condominial and conventional sewer systems in Salvador, Brazil." PLOS Water 2, no. 11 (November 6, 2023): e0000129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000129.

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Problems of access and quality of sanitary sewage disproportionately impact the health of populations in urban peripheries of low-and middle-income countries. The condominial sewer system is a practical, low-cost, effective, and simplified engineering approach compared to conventional sewer systems. In support of meeting the sanitation needs in highly populated urban settings, there is a need to understand the residents’ perceptions regarding the advantages and disadvantages of this sanitation model compared to conventional sewer systems. We conducted a cross-sectional study from September to December 2021 in two urban communities of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, where condominial and conventional sewer systems had been implemented in the last five years. Of the 203 residents we interviewed, 50.7% lived in a site served by a condominial sewer system. Residents in the condominial sewer site reported not connecting to public sewage network (23.7% vs. 11.2%; p = 0.022) more often than in the conventional site. They reported more collective action to solve urban sanitation problems (69.9% vs. 54.0%; p = 0.020), such as manhole cleaning and unclogging efforts to fix plumbing. Despite these challenges, these residents expressed that the current service quality is better than it was in the previous two years. Our results suggest that even within urban periphery communities of a large Brazilian city, disparities exist in access to and quality of sanitation services that may be linked to sewage system implementation. Implementing simplified sewer systems is important to meet the growing sanitation demands of urban areas. However, these systems should also play a role in reducing sanitation disparities and the adoption of participatory approaches to meet the needs of populations in the most disadvantaged conditions. Despite challenging conditions, there is the potential for community engagement and active participation in sanitation-related matters, which could enhance the implementation and long-term sustainability of these systems.

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Collender, Guy. "Urban sanitation: An unprecedented and growing challenge." Waterlines 30, no. 4 (October 2011): 289–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.2011.037.

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Lüthi, Christoph, Jennifer McConville, Anna Norström, Arne Panesar, Rahul Ingle, Darren Saywell, and Thorsten Schütze. "Rethinking Sustainable Sanitation for the Urban Domain." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2010, no. 2 (January 1, 2010): 449–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864710798285363.

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Harris, Bernard, and Jonas Helgertz. "Urban sanitation and the decline of mortality." History of the Family 24, no. 2 (April 3, 2019): 207–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1081602x.2019.1605923.

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Mitlin, Diana. "Will urban sanitation “leave no one behind”?" Environment and Urbanization 27, no. 2 (October 2015): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247815604527.

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Katukiza, A. Y., M. Ronteltap, C. B. Niwagaba, J. W. A. Foppen, F. Kansiime, and P. N. L. Lens. "Sustainable sanitation technology options for urban slums." Biotechnology Advances 30, no. 5 (September 2012): 964–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.02.007.

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Das, Dr B. C. "Environment Sanitation in an Urban Field Area." Nursing Journal of India LXXXI, no. 07 (1990): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.48029/nji.1990.lxxxi702.

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Deutschmann, Joshua W., Molly Lipscomb, Laura Schechter, and Jessica Zhu. "Spillovers without Social Interactions in Urban Sanitation." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 16, no. 3 (July 1, 2024): 482–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20220047.

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We run a randomized controlled trial coupled with lab-in-the-field social network experiments in urban Dakar. Decision spillovers and health externalities play a large role in determining uptake of sanitation technology, with decision spillovers being largest among households that don’t receive significant subsidies. There is no evidence that the spillovers are explained by social forces in general, nor by specific social mechanisms such as learning from others, social pressure, or reciprocity. We do find evidence of a fourth, nonsocial, mechanism impacting decisions: increasing health benefits. As more neighbors adopt the sanitary technology, it becomes more worthwhile for other households to adopt as well. (JEL I12, O12, O13, O18, Q53, Q55, Z13)

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Walters, Vicky. "Urban homelessness and the right to water and sanitation: experiences from India's cities." Water Policy 16, no. 4 (February 22, 2014): 755–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2014.164.

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Improving access to water and sanitation for vulnerable groups has been a significant development priority in recent decades and this has been coupled with calls for water and sanitation to be recognised as fundamental human rights. However, to date there has been very limited attention on the right to water and sanitation for homeless people, despite their high vulnerability to a range of water and sanitation insecurities. Drawing on empirical data from the Indian cities of Delhi and Bangalore, this paper examines homelessness and the right to water and sanitation. It highlights the everyday practices and experiences of homeless people in their efforts to access water and sanitation, and sheds light on some of the factors that contribute to their water and sanitation insecurity. It concludes that addressing the human right to water and sanitation for homeless people will require going beyond a technical and sector approach, to the more challenging task of tackling the complex factors that create and sustain their vulnerability and marginality in urban spaces.

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Kusi, Rita Ann. "Building Bridges between Municipal Government and Urban Slums." Journal of Health and Human Services Administration 42, no. 4 (December 2020): 461–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107937392004200404.

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Poor sanitation is a social determinant of diarrheal disease, which is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. Sanitation interventions in Ghana had not been participatory until 2015, when a group of Catholic sisters began an innovative cross-sector collaboration to address the issue of cholera in the Old Fadama urban slum of Accra. In this article, the sisters explore the application of community based participatory research (CBPR) and community-driven research (CDR) in detail through a sanitation example and their work with a population of vulnerable women and girls known as kayayei. They used CBPR to understand community needs and to align them with government policy and planning, and CDR to create projects responsive to community needs. This study contributes to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) by utilizing SDG 17 (partnerships), to achieve SDG 3 (good health and well-being), and SDG 6 (clean water and sanitation).

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Rahman, Md Mizanur, Peter J. Atkins, and Colin McFarlane. "Factors affecting slum sanitation projects in Dhaka City: learning from the dynamics of social-technological-governance systems." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 4, no. 3 (May 10, 2014): 346–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2014.081.

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Historically, the Government of Bangladesh has faced serious challenges in urban sanitation while public policy continuously bypasses questions related to the overall condition of the urban slums and their complex and filthy neighbourhood environment. Considering the diverse local settings of the urban slums, this paper attempts to explore the varied dynamics of ‘social-technological-governance’ (STG) systems from different categories of government (GO) and non-governmental organisation-managed slums where sanitation projects have been implemented. The analysis of STG systems not only uncovers different factors that affect sanitation projects but also offers a guideline that could address the overwhelming slum sanitation agenda in the context of metropolitan cities. The paper adopts a qualitative stance to explore the STG system and compare dynamics across the study areas. As is widely understood, local contextual issues are important in implementing sanitation projects and first-hand qualitative information has therefore been gathered and analysed to make sense of on-the-ground realities.

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Ashraf, Sania, Jinyi Kuang, Upasak Das, Alex Shpenev, Erik Thulin, and Cristina Bicchieri. "Social beliefs and women’s role in sanitation decision making in Bihar, India: An exploratory mixed method study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 27, 2022): e0262643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262643.

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In low- and middle-income countries, poor autonomy prevents women from making financial decisions, which may impact their access to improved sanitation facilities. Inadequate access to improved sanitation disproportionately affects women’s and children’s health and wellbeing. Although socio-cultural factors are known contributors to gender inequity, social beliefs that potentially motivate or dissuade women from making sanitation-related household decisions are not well understood. These beliefs may vary across settlement types. To empower more women to make sanitation-related decisions, the relevant socio-cultural norms and underlying social beliefs need to be addressed. In this mixed methods study, we explored women’s role in sanitation-related decision making in three settlement types, urban slums, peri-urban, and rural communities in Bihar. Trained qualitative researchers conducted six focus group discussions with women of two age groups: 18–30 years old, and 45–65 years old to understand the norm-focused factors around women’s role in getting a toilet for their household. Using insights generated from these group discussions, we developed and conducted a theory-driven survey in 2528 randomly selected participants, to assess the social beliefs regarding women making toilet construction decisions in these communities. Overall, 45% of the respondents reported making joint decisions to build toilets that involved both men and women household members. More women exclusively led this decision-making process in peri-urban (26%) and rural areas (35%) compared to urban slums (12%). Social beliefs that men commonly led household decisions to build toilets were negatively associated with women’s participation in decision making in urban slums (adjusted prevalence ratio, aPR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.42, 0.68). Qualitative insights highlighted normative expectations to take joint decisions with elders, especially in joint family settings. Surrounding norms that limited women’s physical mobility and access to peers undermined their confidence in making large financial decisions involved in toilet construction. Women were more likely to be involved in sanitation decisions in peri-urban and rural contexts. Women’s involvement in such decisions was perceived as widely acceptable. This highlights the opportunity to increase women’s participation in sanitation decision making, particularly in urban contexts. As more women get involved in decisions to build toilets, highlighting this norm may encourage gender-equitable engagement in sanitation-related decisions in low-resource settings.

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Sainati, Tristano, Fiona Zakaria, Giorgio Locatelli, P. Andrew Sleigh, and Barbara Evans. "Understanding the costs of urban sanitation: towards a standard costing model." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10, no. 4 (October 27, 2020): 642–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.093.

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Abstract There is a dearth of reliable cost data for urban sanitation. In the absence of high-quality global data, the full cost of sustainable implementation of urban sanitation remains uncertain. This paper proposes an approach for developing bespoke parametric cost estimation models for easy and reliable estimation of the costs of alternative sanitation technologies in a range of geographical contexts. A key requirement for the development of these models is the establishment of a large database of empirical information on the current costs of sanitation systems. Such a database does not currently exist. Two foundational tools are proposed. Firstly, a standard metric for reporting the costs of urban sanitation systems, total annualised cost per household. Secondly, a standardised approach to the collection of empirical cost data, the Novel Ball-Park Reporting Approach (NBPRA). Data from the NBPRA are presented for 87 individual sanitation components from 25 cities in 10 countries. Broad cost ranges for different archetypal systems have been estimated; these currently have high levels of uncertainty. Further work is proposed to collect additional data, build up the global database, and develop parametric cost estimation models with higher reliability.

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Harada, H., N. T. Dong, and S. Matsui. "A measure for provisional-and-urgent sanitary improvement in developing countries: septic-tank performance improvement." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 6 (October 1, 2008): 1305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.715.

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Although many cities have planed to develop sewerages in developing countries, sewerage establishment still requires huge investment and engineering efforts. Improvement of existing sanitation facilities may contribute the betterment of urban sanitation before sewerage establishment. The purpose of this study is to propose a measure to improve urban sanitation in areas where a sewerage development plan is proposed but has not been yet established, based on a case study in Hanoi, Vietnam. We found that 90.5% of human excreta flowed into septic tanks. However, 89.6% of septic tanks have never been desludged in the past and their performance was observed to be at a low level. The study also showed that if they introduce regular desludging with a frequency of once a year, they can eliminate 72.8% of COD loads from septic tanks. It was indicated that the performance can be dramatically recovered by regular desludging, which could contribute urban sanitation improvement in Hanoi. In conclusion, the performance recovery of septic tanks by regular desludging was proposed as a provisional-and-urgent measure for urban sanitation improvement, together with the septage treatment in sewage sludge treatment facilities, which should be established earlier than other facilities of sewage treatment systems.

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Daudey, Loïc. "The cost of urban sanitation solutions: a literature review." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 8, no. 2 (October 19, 2017): 176–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.058.

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Abstract The main objective of this paper is to review the literature on and compare the lifecycle costs of full sanitation chain systems in developing cities of Africa and Asia. Overall, financial cost reporting methodologies have been inconsistent and many studies only focus on capital costs or do not report cost data on desludging, transport and treatment. In addition, a comparative analysis of raw cost data across cities and countries would be of low utility, owing to the numerous determinants of costs (e.g. density, level of service) and their high sensitivity to local contexts. To circumvent this, this paper compares the cost ratios between different sanitation systems analysed in a same study. It concludes that conventional sewer systems are in most cases the most expensive sanitation options, followed, in order of cost, by sanitation systems comprising septic tanks, ventilated improved pit latrines (VIP), urine diversion dry toilets and pour-flush pit latrines. The cost of simplified sewer systems is found to be lower than both conventional sewer systems and septic tank-based systems, but lack of data prevented further comparisons with other types of sanitation solutions.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Urban sanitation'

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