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Páez, Antonio, and Darren M. Scott. "Spatial statistics for urban analysis: A review of techniques with examples." GeoJournal 61, no. 1 (2004): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10708-005-0877-5.
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Páez. "Spatial statistics for urban analysis: A review of techniques with examples." GeoJournal 61, no. 1 (2005): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/sgejo-004-0877-x.
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Liu, Ting, and Xiaojun Yang. "Characterizing Spatial Variations of Urban Growth Patterns in Beijing, China through Spatial Analysis and Geovisualization." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-223-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> As the capital city and one of the largest cities of China, Beijing has experienced rapid urban growth in the past several decades. Despite the numerous research efforts of monitoring the spatiotemporal urban growth patterns in Beijing, there is a lack of consensus and comparable results for theory development or decision-making.</p><p>This paper presents a systematic approach of characterizing urban growth patterns in Beijing through spatial analysis and geovisualization. Specifically, we focus on characterizing the different dimensions of urban growth across scales, including density, continuity, direction, and centrality (Galster et al. 2001). We first derive general land cover information in Beijing from satellite imagery for the years of 1998, 2008, and 2018. The urban extent of Beijing is extracted for each year to be used for further analysis. We then characterize the urban growth patterns through various geovisualization and spatial analysis techniques at both the metropolitan level and the local/cell level (Table 1).</p><p>At the metropolitan level, we present the general trends of urban growth patterns in Beijing through landscape pattern metrics and spatial statistics. In addition, we compare the measurements of density, continuity and direction across the four functional zones in Beijing, i.e., urban core, extensive urban, new urban, and ecological conservation zone. The result reveals the regional variations and the underlying processes of urban growth in the Beijing metropolitan area. At the local level, we measure the spatial variations of urban growth patterns using a GIS-based moving windows analysis. As the moving window passes over the landscape, each calculated metrics is returned to the focal cell. This creates a surface representation of the selected metrics, which enables the creation of a contour map. The distribution of the contours delineates the spatial variations of urban growth at a finer scale. The developed approach can be applied to urban studies of other geographic areas, which will eventually lead to a comparative study of urban development.</p>
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RUSHTON, GERARD, and PANOS LOLONIS. "EXPLORATORY SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF BIRTH DEFECT RATES IN AN URBAN POPULATION." Statistics in Medicine 15, no. 7-9 (1996): 717–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19960415)15:7/9<717::aid-sim243>3.0.co;2-0.
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Zhou, Zhi Min. "The Role of the Integrated Management of Spatial Data in Urban Management." Applied Mechanics and Materials 241-244 (December 2012): 3063–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.241-244.3063.
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The importance of spatial data infrastructure for urban management, basic data element mesh data, component data, geocoding data statistics, the final data integration, sharing and analysis to improve access to digital data, and promote the standards of the urban management approach to enhance the urban management of spatial data analysis to provide a reference for future urban management.
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Ma, Da Xi, Chun Qin Zeng, and Qiang Ai. "GIS Technology Applied in Urban Plot Ratio Statistics and Land Suitability Evaluation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 638-640 (September 2014): 2146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.638-640.2146.
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GIS technology can be used to support spatial data collection, management, processing, analysis, modeling and display to solve complex planning and manage problems. [2,3] Plot ratio is an important indicator in the reasonable development and utilization. City land suitability evaluation is the basis of urban land development direction. [1] This paper using superposition analysis module and spatial analysis extension module in ARCGIS10.1 software to volume rate statistics, carry out the city land suitability evaluation, and make the results visualization.
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Pham, Viet Bach. "USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TO IDENTIFY TREND OF EXPANSION OF URBAN AREA IN HOCHIMINH CITY." Science and Technology Development Journal 13, no. 1 (2010): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v13i1.2077.
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Studying on the trend of spatial expansion of urban in Hohiminh city, which used remote sensing and spatial analysis of GIS, has revealed changes of spatial urban over times.. Analysis of spectral response for main land cover types had been done on Landsat data from 1975 to 2005 in order to discriminate urban type with the others. Based on this spectral analysis, the expansion of urban area over times has been identified. Spatial statistics analysis was applied to estimate trends of urban area of Hochiminh city. Tthe results showed a wide spreading out from 1975 to 2008, the urban area has been extended two times in radius and three times in area. The trends of spatial expansion is anisotropic. There is a spatial expansion trend in the north east-south west axis.
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Lee, D., and K. Oh. "Classifying Urban Climate Zones Based upon Statistical Analysis of Urban Spatial Characteristics." International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 7, no. 11 (2016): 821–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2016.7.11.888.
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Le Gallo, Julie, and Coro Chasco. "Spatial analysis of urban growth in Spain, 1900–2001." Empirical Economics 34, no. 1 (2007): 59–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00181-007-0150-5.
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Kurek, Sławomir, Mirosław Wójtowicz, and Jadwiga Gałka. "Using Spatial Autocorrelation for identification of demographic patterns of Functional Urban Areas in Poland." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 52, no. 52 (2021): 123–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2021-0018.
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Abstract Functional Urban Areas (FUAs) leads to a better knowledge of urban spatial organisation, which may play a significant role in regional policy making and may be helpful in understanding the connection between urbanisation and demographic development. An explanation of population change in urban regions can be associated the second demographic transition comprising fertility decline below replacement level and postponement of births. The aim of this paper is to focus on establishing similarity patterns and anomalous values of selected demographic variables in the cores and peripheral areas of Functional Urban Areas. At the background of this study lies an assumption that population development of FUA's is shaped by different factors connected with second demographic transition and migrations. To achieve the aims the following demographic characteristics were used: population growth rate, dependency ratio, rate of natural increase, the net migration rate, and the dynamic economic ageing index, Spatial methods play an increasingly important role in contemporary socio-demographic research. In order to identify spatial systems Global Moran Statistics and the Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) including Local Moran statistics as well as Getis-Ord Gi* statistics were used. The research showed global and local autocorrelation of demographic processes in Functional Urban Areas in Poland, namely population growth, natural increase, net migration and population ageing. The use of local Moran's I statistic and the Getis-Ord Gi* method has led to identification of spatial clusters and dispersions representing different demographic variables. Spatial autocorrelation methods can be useful in an analysis of demographic variables including changes in time. The main contribution of this study to the research on demographic processes in urban areas was an application of spatial groupings techniques not only to find out similarity and dissimilarity patterns of demographic indicators but also to apply this findings for the needs of spatial planning.
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Ahmad, Arif, Khandaker Hossain, and Mallik Hossain. "Identification of Urban Traffic Accident Hotspot Zones Using GIS: A Case Study of Dhaka Metropolitan Area." Journal of Geographical Studies 3, no. 1 (2020): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21523/gcj5.19030104.
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The issue of traffic safety becomes increasingly prominent and has attracted widespread attention from researchers and policy makers. Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, is the most vulnerable city both in terms of total number of accidents and accident rates. GIS technology has been widely applied to urban traffic information and safety management. This paper presents a geospatial analysis to identify the road traffic accident (RTA) hotspot zones in Dhaka Metropolitan Area (DMA). ‘Spatial analysis’ and ‘spatial statistics tools’ are used to examine spatial patterns of accident data. A systematic comparison of identified hotspot zones using Local Moran’s-I Statistic, Getis-Ord Gi* statistic and Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) carried out to examine spatial patterns of high cluster of traffic accidents. These analyses revealed a total 22 hotspot zones in DMA during the years 2010-2012. This kind of research would help generating new parameters for reducing road traffic accidents in Dhaka Metropolitan Area.
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Mou, Zhen Hua, Mei Ling Li, and Dong Xu Cui. "Study of Intercity Travel Based on GIS Spatial Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 668-669 (October 2014): 1480–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.668-669.1480.
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It take 4010 samples which have intercity travel between Guangzhou and Foshan under the background of urban integration as studying object and acquire travel information from internet investigation. It cross analyze the intercity travel characteristics which contain travel purpose, mode, frequency and cost and the travelers social attributes which include the career, age and revenue through the methods of Social Statistics and GIS spatial analysis. It also studies the changing of Guang-Fo intercity travel and the distributing characteristics of travel origins.
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Shrestha, S. "SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS AND MODELING OF URBAN GROWTH OF BIRATNAGAR CITY, NEPAL." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-5/W2 (December 5, 2019): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-5-w2-97-2019.
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Abstract. Increasing land use land cover changes, especially urban growth has put a negative impact on biodiversity and ecological process. As a consequences, they are creating a major impact on the global climate change. There is a recent concern on the necessity of exploring the cause of urban growth with its prediction in future and consequences caused by this for sustainable development. This can be achieved by using multitemporal remote sensing imagery analysis, spatial metrics, and modeling. In this study, spatio-temporal urban change analysis and modeling were performed for Biratnagar City and its surrounding area in Nepal. Land use land cover map of 2004, 2010, and 2016 were prepared using Landsat TM imagery using supervised classification based on support vector machine classifier. Urban change dynamics, in term of quantity, and pattern was measured and analyzed using selected spatial metrics and using Shannon’s entropy index. The result showed that there is increasing trend of urban sprawl and showed infill characteristics of urban expansion. Projected land use land cover map of 2020 was modeled using cellular automata-based approach. The predictive power of the model was validated using kappa statistics. Spatial distribution of urban expansion in projected land use land cover map showed that there is increasing threat of urban expansion on agricultural land.
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Abrantes, Patrícia, Jorge Rocha, Eduarda Marques da Costa, Eduardo Gomes, Paulo Morgado, and Nuno Costa. "Modelling urban form: A multidimensional typology of urban occupation for spatial analysis." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 46, no. 1 (2017): 47–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808317700140.
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The conceptual and methodological debate on urban form has grown in the last decades to recognize that social, economic, demographic and political processes can contribute to the development of new urban forms, especially those related to urban sprawl, as well as to find alternative methodologies for measuring them. Spatial metrics derived from landscape ecology arise as principal indicators to measure urban form. This paper proposes a typology of the urban occupation of Portuguese municipalities. It uses land use/cover data from 1990 and 2006 to extract built-up areas, and it presents five spatial metrics alongside seventeen statistical indicators from 1991 to 2011 most commonly used in the literature to characterize urban occupation. It uses a self-organising map as a visual tool to identify trends and relationships among variables and to cluster municipalities. Based on the self-organising map’s visual clustering, six types of urban occupation of Portuguese municipalities are proposed. In addition, the paper discusses the added value of using indicators that describe both the patterns and the characteristics of the municipalities for making spatial planning decisions in Portugal. The observed results show that spatial metrics are particularly adequate for measuring peri-urban municipalities (urban sprawl areas). These results represent the first multidimensional and systematic analysis of Portuguese urban occupation and they can be the first step in the integration of spatial metrics as indicators that are suitable for the analysis of spatial planning, and also for comparative purposes at a broader geographical scale.
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Simwanda, Matamyo, Manjula Ranagalage, Ronald C. Estoque, and Yuji Murayama. "Spatial Analysis of Surface Urban Heat Islands in Four Rapidly Growing African Cities." Remote Sensing 11, no. 14 (2019): 1645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11141645.
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Africa’s unprecedented, uncontrolled and unplanned urbanization has put many African cities under constant ecological and environmental threat. One of the critical ecological impacts of urbanization likely to adversely affect Africa’s urban dwellers is the urban heat island (UHI) effect. However, UHI studies in African cities remain uncommon. Therefore, this study attempts to examine the relationship between land surface temperature (LST) and the spatial patterns, composition and configuration of impervious surfaces/green spaces in four African cities, Lagos (Nigeria), Nairobi (Kenya), Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) and Lusaka (Zambia). Landsat OLI/TIRS data and various geospatial approaches, including urban–rural gradient, urban heat island intensity, statistics and urban landscape metrics-based techniques, were used to facilitate the analysis. The results show significantly strong correlation between mean LST and the density of impervious surface (positive) and green space (negative) along the urban–rural gradients of the four African cities. The study also found high urban heat island intensities in the urban zones close (0 to 10 km) to the city center for all cities. Generally, cities with a higher percentage of the impervious surface were warmer by 3–4 °C and vice visa. This highlights the crucial mitigating effect of green spaces. We also found significant correlations between the mean LST and urban landscape metrics (patch density, size, shape, complexity and aggregation) of impervious surfaces (positive) and green spaces (negative). The study revealed that, although most African cities have relatively larger green space to impervious surface ratio with most green spaces located beyond the urban footprint, the UHI effect is still evident. We recommend that urban planners and policy makers should consider mitigating the UHI effect by restoring the urban ecosystems in the remaining open spaces in the urban area and further incorporate strategic combinations of impervious surfaces and green spaces in future urban and landscape planning.
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Kisiała, Wojciech, and Izabela Rącka. "Spatial and Statistical Analysis of Urban Poverty for Sustainable City Development." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (2021): 858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020858.
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One of the main pillars of sustainable urban development at the local scale is to control the social aspect of urban equality of socio-economic systems. A number of studies confirm that poverty in urban space is accompanied by negative phenomena, such as high unemployment, social pathologies, increased crime rate, or the high level of the decapitalization of space, including the poor condition of housing and municipal infrastructure. However, there is a gap in defining the relation between urban poverty and city structure to control and preferably minimize social inequalities. The aim of the study was to empirically verify the impact of the location of residential properties in relation to poverty-stricken areas in the city. The research covered the housing market in one Polish city (Kalisz) in the years 2006–2018. By applying GIS technologies, we identified the location of each property in relation to poverty areas. The data was subjected to regression analysis, with the use of the hedonic approach based on exponential models. The analysis of data allowed us to conclude that location in a poorer area does affect the prices of new flats, which is not only a contribution to the development of science, but is also information that could be used by developers or property valuers to establish the prices of flats, as well as city managers to avoid pauperization of urban districts.
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EslamiNezhad, S. A., and M. R. Delavar. "AN INTEGRATED NETWORK-CONSTRAINED SPATIAL ANALYSIS FOR CAR ACCIDENTS: A CASE STUDY OF TEHRAN CITY, IRAN." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W18 (October 18, 2019): 335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w18-335-2019.
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Abstract. Research on determination of spatial patterns in urban car accidents plays an important role in improving urban traffic safety. While traditional methods of spatial clustering of car accidents mostly rely on the two dimensional assumption, many spatial events defy this assumption. For instance, car accidents are constrained by the road network and rely on the one dimensional assumption of street network. The aim of this study is to detect and statistically prioritize the car accident-prone segments of an urban road network by a network-based point pattern analysis. The first step involves estimating the density of car accidents in the one dimensional space of the road network using the network kernel density estimation (NKDE) method with equal-split continuous and discontinuous kernel functions. In the second step, due to the lack of statistical prioritization of the accident-prone segments with NKDE method, the output of the NKDE method is integrated with network-constrained Getis-Ord Gi* statistics to measure and compare the accident-prone segments based on the statistical parameter of Z-Score. The integration of these two methods can improve identification of accident-prone segments which is effective in the enhancing of urban safety and sustainability. These methods were tested using the data of damage car accidents in Tehran District 3 during 2013–2017. We also performed the Network K-Function to display the significant clustering of damage car accident points in the network space at different scales. The results have demonstrated that the damage car accidents are significantly clustered.
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Tselios, Vassilis, and Demetris Stathakis. "Exploring regional and urban clusters and patterns in Europe using satellite observed lighting." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 47, no. 4 (2018): 553–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808318788567.
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We explore regional and urban clusters and patterns in Europe by using satellite images of nighttime lights and by employing Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis. We map Defense Meteorological Satellite Program nighttime lights data onto the nomenclature of territorial units for statistics III, Local Administrative Units II and pixel (i.e. 1 km2 grid cell system of Europe) level and apply global and local statistics of spatial association. Under the assumption that nighttime light data are a good proxy for economic activity, the analysis at regional level shows that the regions of global cities and megacities and their surrounding areas are hot spots of high economic activity levels. The regional analysis also reveals the polycentric hierarchical structure of Europe. Using the case studies of the regions of London and Île -de -France, the analysis at the urban level reveals the different urban structure of these two global regions and identifies the functional urban areas of London and Paris.
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Buliung, Ron, and Tony Hernandez. "Retail Development in Urban Canada." International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research 4, no. 1 (2013): 32–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jagr.2013010103.
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During the last decade, rapid changes have occurred in the retail economy of North America that has brought about a functional transformation of retailing. Using data from a longitudinal database of commercial activity, this paper explores spatio-temporal patterns of retail development within Canada’s largest metropolitan region, the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). The paper provides an overview of the evolution of retailing in Canada and spatio-temporal analysis of the developing retail structure of the GTA. The work is situated within the branch of spatial statistics concerned with the description of spatial point processes. Bivariate kernel estimation and the G function are used to describe spatial patterns of retailing over time and by retail format type. The results highlight the wave of power centre retailing that swept across the GTA between 1996 and 2005. The paper concludes with a discussion of the gap between policy and planning and an emerging retail reality.
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Lee, Dongwoo, Kyushik Oh, and Seunghyun Jung. "Classifying Urban Climate Zones (UCZs) Based on Spatial Statistical Analyses." Sustainability 11, no. 7 (2019): 1915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11071915.
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The objective of this study is the classification of urban climate zones (UCZs) based on spatial statistical approaches to provide key information for the establishment of thermal environments to improve urban planning. To achieve this, using data from 246 automatic weather stations (AWSs), air temperature maps in the summer of the study area were prepared applying universal kriging interpolation analysis. In addition, 22 preliminary variables to classify UCZs were prepared by a 100 m × 100 m grid. Next, six influential urban spatial variables to classify UCZs were finalized using spatial regression analysis between air temperature and preliminary variables. Finally, the UCZs of the study area were delineated by applying K-mean clustering analysis, and each spatial characteristic of the UCZs was identified. The results found that the accuracy of the air temperature of the study area ranged from ±0.184 °C to ±0.824 °C with a mean 0.501 root mean square predict error (RMSPE). Elevation, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), commercial area, average height of buildings, terrain roughness class, building height to road width (H/W) ratio, distance from subway stations, and distance from water spaces were identified as finalized variables to classify UCZs. Finally, a total of 8 types of UCZs were identified and each zone showed a different urban spatial pattern and air temperature range. Based on the spatial statistical analysis results, this study delineated clearer UCZs boundaries by applying influential urban spatial elements that resulted from previous classification studies of UCZs mainly based on pre-determined spatial variables. The methods presented in this study can be effectively applied to other cities to establish urban heat island counter measures that have similar weather observation conditions.
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Walter, Christian, Alex B. McBratney, Raphael A. Viscarra Rossel, and Julie A. Markus. "Spatial point-process statistics: concepts and application to the analysis of lead contamination in urban soil." Environmetrics 16, no. 4 (2005): 339–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/env.705.
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Portnov, Boris A. "Development similarities in urban clusters: Evidence from a spatial analysis of Israel's urban system." Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 39, no. 4 (2005): 287–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2004.07.002.
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Ranagalage, Manjula, and Yuji Murayama. "Spatial Analysis of Urbanization in Major Asian and African Cities." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-306-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The world statistics shows that 54% of the world population had been accumulated in urbanized areas by 2014. It is estimated that the global urban population will be increasing up to 66% of the total by 2050. According to the United Nations (UN) projection, the urbanization will be faster in Asian and African countries than the other continents. It is obvious this rapid increase will bring about serious socio-economic and environmental problems in the near future. Thus the geographical thinking of urbanization is becoming a vital topic to introduce proper urban planning for the future sustainability.</p><p>Many geographers have focused on the urbanization pattern and process of the developing countries during the last two decades. In this connection, the scarcity of the spatial data has been an obstacle to study quantitatively urbanization especially in Asian and African cities. Based on this background, since the 2000s, the Division of Spatial Information Sciences, University of Tsukuba, has conducted the research to establish the city-based spatial information platform to overcome this obstacle, i.e., the lack of the data. The main objective of this project is to capture the urbanization pattern and process over the time by using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) techniques. The data on land use and land cover, land surface temperature, energy consumption, and population density are now available with the same spatial resolution in terms of selected cities.</p><p>Our goal is to open the web-based GIS system to provide the geospatial database of Asian and African cities and scientifically discuss the urban sustainability by using scenario-based simulation. The projected future scenario will be useful for the urban policy by the “back-casting method.”<p>
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Mehrotra, Surabhi, Ronita Bardhan, and Krithi Ramamritham. "Urban Informal Housing and Surface Urban Heat Island Intensity." Environment and Urbanization ASIA 9, no. 2 (2018): 158–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0975425318783548.
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Urbanization leads to the densification of built-up areas, and thereby increases surface heat island intensity which is one of the growing concerns in the rapidly urbanizing cities. Another notable aspect of cities like Mumbai is the uncontrolled growth of informal slum housing clusters, which have emerged as a significant urban built form in the landscape of cities. This study presents a case of Mumbai that aims to explore the linkages between slum housing—here referred as ‘slum urban form’ (SUF)—and surface urban heat island (SUHI) supported by spatial-statistical analysis. The magnitude of the impact of urban form on SUHI, measured by land surface temperature (LST), is examined using Cohen’s d index, which measures the effect size for two groups—SUF and ‘formal’ housing—on LST. The results confirm a ‘large’ effect indicating a significant difference in mean LST between the two groups. The spatial analysis reveals a statistically significant spatial clustering of LST and SUF ( p-value < 0.05), and bivariate local indicator of spatial association (LISA) confirms that the spatial association of SUF is surrounded by ‘high’ LST (Moran I: 0.49). The exploratory spatial analysis indicates that the contribution of SUF in elevating SUHI intensity is more than the formal housing areas and has increased vulnerability to heat stress. The results were validated on the ground using environmental sensors, which confirms the susceptibility of SUF to heat stress.
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Grigoraș, Georgiana, and Bogdan Urițescu. "Spatial Hotspot Analysis of Bucharest’s Urban Heat Island (UHI) Using Modis Data." Annals of Valahia University of Targoviste, Geographical Series 18, no. 1 (2018): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/avutgs-2018-0002.
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Abstract The aim of the study is to find the relationship between the land surface temperature and air temperature and to determine the hot spots in the urban area of Bucharest, the capital of Romania. The analysis was based on images from both moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS), located on both Terra and Aqua platforms, as well as on data recorded by the four automatic weather stations existing in the endowment of The National Air Quality Monitoring Network, from the summer of 2017. Correlation coefficients between land surface temperature and air temperature were higher at night (0.8-0.87) and slightly lower during the day (0.71-0.77). After the validation of satellite data with in-situ temperature measurements, the hot spots in the metropolitan area of Bucharest were identified using Getis-Ord spatial statistics analysis. It has been achieved that the “very hot” areas are grouped in the center of the city and along the main traffic streets and dense residential areas. During the day the "very hot spots” represent 33.2% of the city's surface, and during the night 31.6%. The area where the mentioned spots persist, falls into the "very hot spot" category both day and night, it represents 27.1% of the city’s surface and it is mainly represented by the city center.
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Seo, Kyung-Min, Ho-Yong Kim, Sung-Ho Lee, and Tae-Ho Kwon. "Analysis on Change Characteristics of Spatial Structure Related with Urban Planning : Using Spatial Statistical Method." Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies 17, no. 2 (2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.11108/kagis.2014.17.2.001.
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Kim, Chunil, and Choongik Choi. "Towards Sustainable Urban Spatial Structure: Does Decentralization Reduce Commuting Times?" Sustainability 11, no. 4 (2019): 1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11041012.
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This paper contributes to the existing debate on the co-location hypothesis, by devising a proximity measure and controlling for a set of other urban form measures. Utilizing the LEHD (Longitudinal Employer–Household Dynamics) Origin-Destination Employment Statistics (LODES) data that provide the number of jobs by a finer geography, this paper measured the degree of centralization, proximity, and job–housing mismatch. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the job–worker proximity leads to a shorter commuting time. In addition, the results focusing on suburban areas revealed that the impact of the job–worker imbalance and the impact of job–worker mismatch on the commuting time are greater in the suburb in comparison with the city center.
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Gu, Feng Yun, Xiao Feng Dong, and Hong Quan Xie. "Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Urban Heat Island of Nantong City Based on TM/ETM+ Images." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 3720–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.3720.
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A direct result of the urban heat island's intensification of Nantong is the accelerated process of urbanization in recent years. In order to analyze spatial and temporal distribution of urban heat island of Nantong City, adiative transfer equation was used to inversion surface temperature of Nantong based on 2001 and 2005TM / ETM + remote sensing images. The results are divided into six grades and temperature level distribution diagram and temperature area ratio statistics were outputted. By the analysis of temperature rating maps and temperature area ratio statistics, it showed that the heat island effect mainly occure in the central city of Nantong from 2001 to 2005. The range of heat island increase and the intensity also increase. The heat island grows in the central urban and the intensity of heat island of other parts is from weak to strong.
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Yang, Yanfang, Jiandong Cao, Yong Qin, Limin Jia, Honghui Dong, and Aomuhan Zhang. "Spatial correlation analysis of urban traffic state under a perspective of community detection." International Journal of Modern Physics B 32, no. 12 (2018): 1850150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979218501503.
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Understanding the spatial correlation of urban traffic state is essential for identifying the evolution patterns of urban traffic state. However, the distribution of traffic state always has characteristics of large spatial span and heterogeneity. This paper adapts the concept of community detection to the correlation network of urban traffic state and proposes a new perspective to identify the spatial correlation patterns of traffic state. In the proposed urban traffic network, the nodes represent road segments, and an edge between a pair of nodes is added depending on the result of significance test for the corresponding correlation of traffic state. Further, the process of community detection in the urban traffic network (named GWPA-K-means) is applied to analyze the spatial dependency of traffic state. The proposed method extends the traditional K-means algorithm in two steps: (i) redefines the initial cluster centers by two properties of nodes (the GWPA value and the minimum shortest path length); (ii) utilizes the weight signal propagation process to transfer the topological information of the urban traffic network into a node similarity matrix. Finally, numerical experiments are conducted on a simple network and a real urban road network in Beijing. The results show that GWPA-K-means algorithm is valid in spatial correlation analysis of traffic state. The network science and community structure analysis perform well in describing the spatial heterogeneity of traffic state on a large spatial scale.
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Cheng, Chuanzhou, Xiaohuan Yang, and Hongyan Cai. "Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Changes and Expansion Patterns in Mainland Chinese Urban Land between 1995 and 2015." Remote Sensing 13, no. 11 (2021): 2090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13112090.
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China has experienced greater and faster urbanization than any other country, and while coordinated regional development has been promoted, urbanization has also introduced various problems, such as an increased scarcity of land resources, uncontrolled demand for urban land, and disorderly development of urban fringes. Based on GIS, remote sensing data, and spatial statistics covering the period 1995–2015, this study identified the patterns, as well as spatial and temporal changes, with respect to urban land expansion in 367 mainland Chinese cities. Over this study period, the area of urban land in mainland China increased from 3.05 to 5.07 million km2, at an average annual growth rate of 2.56%. This urban land expansion typically occurred the fastest in medium-sized cities, followed by large cities, and then small cities, with megacities and megalopolises exhibiting the slowest expansion rates. Nearly 70% of the new urban land came from arable land, 11% from other built land, such as pre-existing rural settlements, and 15% from forests and grasslands. When considering marginal-, enclave-, and infill-type expansion patterns, growth in >80% of the 367 cities surveyed was dominated by marginal expansion patterns. Marginal and enclave expansion patterns were found to be becoming more prevalent, with infill-type expansion being seen less. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis and data support for urban spatial planning, the protection of farmland, and the promotion of urban land use efficiency, and can be used as guidance for regional urbanization planning.
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Buchori, Imam, Pangi Pangi, Angrenggani Pramitasari, Yudi Basuki, and Anang Wahyu Sejati. "Urban Expansion and Welfare Change in a Medium-sized Suburban City: Surakarta, Indonesia." Environment and Urbanization ASIA 11, no. 1 (2020): 78–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0975425320909922.
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This study observes the socio-spatial dynamics in the suburbs of a medium-sized city, particularly considering the extent to which shifting land use has influenced people’s welfare. This case study selected suburban Surakarta, a medium-sized metropolitan city in Central Java Province, Indonesia. The methods employed were descriptive statistics and spatial analyses. Considering the data availability, unit of analysis was urban or rural villages ( kelurahan or desa). The results show that the development follows the pattern of a regional network, but the spatial dynamics are quite different in each direction. Besides, the shift of land use from agriculture to urban land has not directly affected poverty reduction. In the study area, the increase in industrial land use showed a weak positive correlation with the addition of pre-prosperous families. On this basis, local governments should pay more attention to the existence of the native residents in developing suburbs so that they are not harmed by the shift in land use from agricultural to developed urban land.
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Huang, X., and J. Tan. "Understanding spatio-temporal mobility patterns for seniors, child/student and adult using smart card data." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-1 (November 7, 2014): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-1-167-2014.
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Commutes in urban areas create interesting travel patterns that are often stored in regional transportation databases. These patterns can vary based on the day of the week, the time of the day, and commuter type. This study proposes methods to detect underlying spatio-temporal variability among three groups of commuters (senior citizens, child/students, and adults) using data mining and spatial analytics. Data from over 36 million individual trip records collected over one week (March 2012) on the Singapore bus and Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system by the fare collection system were used. Analyses of such data are important for transportation and landuse designers and contribute to a better understanding of urban dynamics. <br><br> Specifically, descriptive statistics, network analysis, and spatial analysis methods are presented. Descriptive variables were proposed such as density and duration to detect temporal features of people. A directed weighted graph G &equiv; (N , L, W) was defined to analyze the global network properties of every pair of the transportation link in the city during an average workday for all three categories. Besides, spatial interpolation and spatial statistic tools were used to transform the discrete network nodes into structured human movement landscape to understand the role of transportation systems in urban areas. The travel behaviour of the three categories follows a certain degree of temporal and spatial universality but also displays unique patterns within their own specialties. Each category is characterized by their different peak hours, commute distances, and specific locations for travel on weekdays.
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Tsai, Yu-Hsin, Jhong-yun Guan, and Yi-hsin Chung. "Multilevel spatial impact analysis of high-speed rail and station placement: A short-term empirical study of the Taiwan HSR." Journal of Transport and Land Use 13, no. 1 (2020): 317–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.2020.1667.
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Understanding the impact of high-speed rail (HSR) services on spatial distributions of population and employment is important for planning and policy concerning HSR station location as well as a wide range of complementary spatial, transportation, and urban planning initiatives. Previous research, however, has yielded mixed results into the extent of this impact and a number of influential factors rarely have been controlled for during assessment. This study aims to address this gap by controlling for socioeconomic and transportation characteristics in evaluating the spatial impacts of HSR (including station placement) at multiple spatial levels to assess overall impact across metropolitan areas. The Taiwan HSR is used for this empirical study. Research methods include descriptive statistics, multilevel analysis, and multiple regression analysis. Findings conclude that HSR-based towns, on average, may experience growing population and employment, but HSR-based counties are likely to experience relatively less growth of employment in the tertiary sector. HSR stations located in urban or suburban settings may have a more significant spatial impact. This differential in spatial change may be attributed to a high concentration of some subsectors and transportation services in the study area. Policy implications include adopting policies that encourage higher density at the local level, considering rural areas as a last choice for the installation of new HSR stations, and the use of HSR station placement to initiate brownfield urban regeneration in the urban core.
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Sipos, Tibor, Anteneh Afework Mekonnen, and Zsombor Szabó. "Spatial Econometric Analysis of Road Traffic Crashes." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (2021): 2492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052492.
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Keeping the basic principles of sustainable development, it must be highlighted that decisions about transport safety projects must be made following expert preparation, using reliable, professional methods. A prerequisite for the cost–benefit analysis of investments is to constantly monitor the efficiency of accident forecasting models and to update these continuously. This paper presents an accident forecasting model for urban areas, which handles both the properties of the public road infrastructure and spatial dependency relations. As the aim was to model the urban environment, we focused on the road public transportation modes (bus and trolley) and the vulnerable road users (bicyclist) using shared infrastructure elements. The road accident data from 2016 to 2018 on the whole road network of Budapest, Hungary, is analyzed, focusing on road links (i.e., road segments between junctions) by applying spatial econometric statistical models. As a result of this article, we have developed a model that can be used by decision-makers as well, which is suitable for estimating the expected value of accidents, and thus for the development of the optimal sequence of appropriate road safety interventions.
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Root, Elisabeth Dowling, Emelie D. Bailey, Tyler Gorham, Christopher Browning, Chi Song, and Pamela Salsberry. "Geovisualization and Spatial Analysis of Infant Mortality and Preterm Birth in Ohio, 2008-2015: Opportunities to Enhance Spatial Thinking." Public Health Reports 135, no. 4 (2020): 472–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354920927854.
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Objectives Geovisualization and spatial analysis are valuable tools for exploring and evaluating the complex social, economic, and environmental interactions that lead to spatial inequalities in health. The objective of this study was to describe spatial patterns of infant mortality and preterm birth in Ohio by using interactive mapping and spatial analysis. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study using Ohio vital statistics records from 2008-2015. We geocoded live births and infant deaths by using residential address at birth. We used multivariable logistic regression to adjust spatial and space–time cluster analyses that examined the geographic clustering of infant mortality and preterm birth and changes in spatial distribution over time. Results The overall infant mortality rate in Ohio during the study period was 6.55 per 1000 births; of 1 097 507 births, 10.3% (n = 112 552) were preterm. We found significant geographic clustering of both infant mortality and preterm birth centered on large urban areas. However, when known demographic risk factors were taken into account, urban clusters disappeared and, for preterm birth, new rural clusters appeared. Conclusions Although many public health agencies have the capacity to create maps of health outcomes, complex spatial analysis and geovisualization techniques are still challenging for public health practitioners to use and understand. We found that actively engaging policymakers in reviewing results of the cluster analysis improved understanding of the processes driving spatial patterns of birth outcomes in the state.
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Yahya, Mohd Sahrul Syukri BIN, Edie Ezwan Mohd Safian, and Burhaida Burhan. "Spatial Pattern and Hotspots of Urban Rail Public Transport to Public Access Using Geospatial Techniques in Selangor, Malaysia." Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) 6, no. 1 (2021): 234–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v6i1.634.
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Currently, the trends in urban public transport have been changing over the years in developing countries for mobilization and accessibility development. Urban public transportation systems are the most popular in Selangor State, including big cities such as the Klang Valley Region. Objective measures of spatial pattern and hotspots have been used to understand how urban public transport development relate to open access. This method relies on specific spatial information and available web-based tool that shows the pattern primarily based on given vicinity and statistics connectivity. To date, several studies have finished tested in developed countries. In this study, we use Geographic Information Systems to analyse and consider hotspots identification precisely and efficaciously. Therefore, in this paper, we focus on two types of point sample evaluations – Gi* hot spot and point density analysis evaluation as statistical operations. Public rail transport was evaluated as a validation to describe the percentage of distribution of open access. The final result, GIS mapping capabilities to show that GIS's technology offers to the variation of urban public transport relate to public services, is to create maps and spatial interpretations.
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Ranagalage, Manjula, Takehiro Morimoto, Matamyo Simwanda, and Yuji Murayama. "Spatial Analysis of Urbanization Patterns in Four Rapidly Growing South Asian Cities Using Sentinel-2 Data." Remote Sensing 13, no. 8 (2021): 1531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13081531.
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The rapid and dominant urbanization in Asian cities has fueled concerns regarding the local and global efforts toward urban sustainability. Specifically, South Asian cities have been a topical issue concerning ecological and environmental threats due to their unplanned and haphazard urban development. However, comparative urbanization studies in South Asian cities remain uncommon. Therefore, in this study, we sought to comparatively examine the land use and land cover (LULC) dynamics and to detect the urbanization patterns of four rapidly developing South Asian lowland cities: Mumbai (India), Colombo (Sri Lanka), Karachi (Pakistan), and Dhaka (Bangladesh). Sentinel-2 (10 m) data and various geospatial approaches, including urban–rural gradient and grid-based methods, statistics, and urban landscape metric techniques, were used to facilitate the analysis. The study revealed that Mumbai, Karachi, and Dhaka had larger built-up landscapes compared to Colombo. Mumbai had the highest percentage of green spaces, followed by Colombo. Dhaka and Karachi had relatively small percentages of green spaces. Colombo and Dhaka had more croplands, which consistently increased along the urban–rural gradient compared to Mumbai and Karachi. Karachi showed that the only major land use was built-up, while most of the areas were left as open lands. On the other hand, Colombo’s urban setup was more fragmented than the other three cities. Mumbai and Karachi had larger patches of urban footprints compared to Colombo and Dhaka. Thus, this study provides vital information on the past land utilization priorities in the four cities, and comparatively proffers guidance on certain critical areas of focus for local, regional, and global future sustainable urban planning.
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Bernetti, Iacopo, Veronica Alampi Sottini, Lorenzo Bambi, et al. "Urban Niche Assessment: An Approach Integrating Social Media Analysis, Spatial Urban Indicators and Geo-Statistical Techniques." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (2020): 3982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12103982.
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Cities are human ecosystems. Understanding human ecology is important for designing and planning the built environment. The ability to respond to changes and adapt actions in a positive way helps determine the health of cities. Recently, many studies have highlighted the great potential of photographic data shared on the Flickr platform for the analysis of environmental perceptions in landscape and urban planning. Other research works used panoramic images from the Google Street View (GSV) web service to extract urban quality data. Although other researches have used social media to characterize human habitat from an emotional point of view, there is still a lack of knowledge of the correlation between environmental and physical variables of the city and visual perception, especially at a scale suitable for urban planning and design. In ecology, the environmental suitability of a territory for a given biological community is studied through species distribution models (SDM). In this work we have adopted the state of the art of SDM (the ensemble approach) to develop a methodology transferable to cities with different sizes and characteristics that uses data deriving from many sources available on a global scale: social media platform, Google internet services, shared geographical information, remote sensing and geomorphological data. The result of our application in the city of Livorno offers important information on the most significant variables for the conservation, planning and design of urban public spaces at the project scale. However, further research developments will be needed to test the model in cities of different sizes and geographic locations, integrate the model with other social media, other databases and with traditional surveys and improve the quality of indicators that can be derived from information shared on the Internet.
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Ardiansyah, Septa Yudha, and Maryono Maryono. "SPATIAL STATISTICS FOR SOLID WASTE GENERATION MAPPING IN TEMBALANG, SEMARANG CITY." Geoplanning: Journal of Geomatics and Planning 5, no. 1 (2018): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/geoplanning.5.1.163-174.
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The annually increasing number of urban population will have impacts on waste generation. Tembalang Sub-district as a sub-district located on the outskirts of Semarang City has significant developments in the term of population growth in correlation with waste generation. Within four years, waste generation in the Tembalang Sub-district increased from the fifth rank to the third rank. It is possible that this sub-district will become the first rank in Semarang City in waste generation. To be able to identify influential factors and spatial distribution pattern of waste generation in Tembalang Sub-district, it is necessary to apply statistical and spatial approach. This study uses quantitative methods with a statistical spatial analysis approach by using GIS. In addition, this research also intends to model the relationships of Solid Waste Generation by applying socio-economic variables. Based on the results of Ordinary Least Square analysis, social economy variables that affect the amount of waste generation in Tembalang Sub-district are the number of population and trading activities. The model of formed socio-economic variables has the effect of 25% towards the amount of waste generation. Spatial patterns identified from waste generation shows that what needs to be considered is the waste management in TPS (Temporary Waste Disposal) in Tembalang and Sendangmulyo.
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Liu, Y., J. Qi, G. Wang, and J. Wang. "COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF URBAN THERMAL ENVIRONMENT – A CASE STUDY OF QINGDAO，CHINA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2020 (August 21, 2020): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2020-119-2020.
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Abstract. The thermal environment is an important part of spatial planning of national land. It can be inverted by thermal infrared remote sensing image data. Qingdao is an important coastal city in China which is effected by the urban heat island. The driving factors of urban thermal environment in Qingdao are analysed by using Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS images, DMSP/OLS data, ZY-3 images, statistical data et al. Firstly, the urban heat island information in different periods are retrieved by Landsat8 TIRS by the surface temperature. On this basis, the coupling analysis of the characteristics of vegetation cover, water, land use type, night light, urban impervious surface, transportation, change density and other factors that related to spatial planning of national land and the change of thermal environment is completed from two dimensions of time and space. At the same time, according to the spatial distribution of the heat island evolution, with the aim of improving the thermal environment and optimizing the urban spatial layout of Qingdao, the paper puts forward reasonable suggestions and improvement strategies, and provides basic reference data for the development of urban heat island governance and land development and utilization.
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Rodrigo-Comino, Jesús, and Barbara Ermini. "Are Cities Truly Dispersed? A Long-Term Analysis of Vertical Profile of Settlements in Athens’ Metropolitan Region." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (2021): 3365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063365.
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Using nonparametric, exploratory statistics, the spatial structure of the city’s vertical profile was investigated at the municipal scale in Athens’ metropolitan region (Greece), evaluating changes over a sufficiently long time interval (1983–2019) that encompasses different phases of the urban cycle in Greece. Assuming the vertical profile of cities as an honest indicator of urban form, the study was aimed to test the intensity and spatial direction of the (supposed) change in settlement models toward sprawl. Transitioning slowly from a dense to a more dispersed settlement structure, Athens’ dynamics revealed a quite representative model for cities expanding significantly but remaining substantially compact and dense, while responding similarly to different (external) economic stimuli. Nonparametric correlation between the average (vertical) profile of each municipality and the distance from downtown Athens revealed a substantially stable mono-centric structure over time, with small changes over time still responding to factors dependent on the urban gradient. The inherent shift towards “horizontal” urban expansion was relatively modest and characteristic of few periurban contexts. The empirical results of this study can be envisaged as a practical tool of regional planning, allowing continuous monitoring of urban sprawl and land take in complex systems under rapid socioeconomic changes.
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Singh, Angad, and Dipti Govil. "Hysterectomy in India: Spatial and multilevel analysis." Women's Health 17 (January 2021): 174550652110170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17455065211017068.
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Objective: Using the unit-level data of women aged 15–49 years from National Family Health Survey-IV (2015–2016), the article maps the prevalence of hysterectomy across districts in India and examines its determinants. Methods: Descriptive statistics, multivariate techniques, Moran’s Index and Local indicators of Spatial Association were used to understand the objectives. The data were analysed in STATA 14.2, Geo-Da and Arc-GIS. Results: In India, the prevalence of hysterectomy operation was 3.2%, the highest in Andhra Pradesh (8.9%) and the lowest in Assam (0.9%). Rural India had higher a prevalence than urban India. The majority of women underwent the operation in private hospitals. Hysterectomy prevalence ranged between 3% and 5% in 126 districts, 5% and 7% in 47 districts and more than 7% in 26 districts. Moran’s Index (0.58) indicated the positive autocorrelation for the prevalence of hysterectomy among districts; a total of 202 districts had significant neighbourhood association. Variation in the prevalence of hysterectomy was attributed to the factors at the primary sampling unit, district and state level. Age, parity, wealth and insurance were positively associated with the prevalence of hysterectomy, whereas education and sterilization was negatively associated. Conclusion: Hysterectomy operation in India presented the geographical, socio-economic, demographic and medical phenomenon. The high prevalence of hysterectomy in many parts of the country suggested conducting in-depth studies, considering the life cycle approach and providing counselling and education to women about their reproductive rights and informed choice. Surveillance and medical audits and promoting the judicial use of health insurance can be of great help.
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Lysyak, Natalya. "Methodical approaches to the analysis of the state of urbanized systems." Socio-Economic Problems of the Modern Period of Ukraine, no. 4(144) (2020): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/2071-4653-2020-4-3.
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The methodological bases of the analysis of the condition of urbanized systems are substantiated in the article by means of methods of system analysis. Based on the model of the urban system, the available methods of research of the development of urban systems are singled out and characterized. The system of methods used to study urban systems includes methods of economic, social, spatial analysis, universal methods. For today's conditions, general scientific and special methods, which include economic and mathematical methods, methods of statistical analysis, and factor analysis, have remained relevant and suitable for solving socio-economic problems. Well-known and widely used methods of spatial analysis and synthesis will remain relevant, in particular, population forecasting and determining the demographic capacity of the territory; factor-by-factor analysis and comprehensive assessment of the territory; calculation of traffic flows and transport capacity in the territory and in cities; minimization of territorial ties; assessments of urban systems; location of service facilities, delineation of their radii of accessibility, etc. A separate group includes universal research methods suitable for the study of all dimensions of the system. Using a systems approach, our own method of analyzing the state of urban systems is substantiated. The method of analysis of the state of the urban system is based on four components of the system: human, spatial, social, and temporal. The economic component is a priority. Quantitative and qualitative relationships between economic and spatial, social, and temporal characteristics of the system are revealed. The combination of dimensions forms a set of combinations for the analysis of the economy of the urban system, in particular, there are socio-economic, spatial-economic, economic-temporal, and socio-spatial sections. Characteristics of individual dimensions and their interaction allow to organize information about the state of the system, to determine the tasks of the socio-economic and spatial development of cities, to reveal the possibilities of their system analysis.
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Rate, Andrew W. "Spatial Analysis of Soil Trace Element Contaminants in Urban Public Open Space, Perth, Western Australia." Soil Systems 5, no. 3 (2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems5030046.
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Public recreation areas in cities may be constructed on land which has been contaminated by various processes over the history of urbanisation. Charles Veryard and Smith’s Lake Reserves are adjacent parklands in Perth, Western Australia with a history of horticulture, waste disposal and other potential sources of contamination. Surface soil and soil profiles in the Reserves were sampled systematically and analysed for multiple major and trace elements. Spatial analysis was performed using interpolation and Local Moran’s I to define geochemical zones which were confirmed by means comparison and principal components analyses. The degree of contamination of surface soil in the Reserves with As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn was low. Greater concentrations of As, Cu, Pb, and Zn were present at depth in some soil profiles, probably related to historical waste disposal in the Reserves. The results show distinct advantages to using spatial statistics at the site investigation scale, and for measuring multiple elements not just potential contaminants.
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Kang, X., and J. J. Pan. "EVALUATING THE SPATIAL-SEASONAL VARIATION, HETEROGENEITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF URBAN THERMAL ENVIRONMENT: CASE STUDY OF NANJING, CHINA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W9 (October 25, 2019): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w9-95-2019.
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Abstract. Urban thermal environment (UTE), as a important parameter in urban ecosystem, strongly and directly linking to urban development and human health. In recently decades, rapid urbanization and population development resulted in serious urban thermal environment problem particularly the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon. Today, it’s urgent to control and curb urban thermal environment based on the UTE’s spatial-temporal characteristics, in addition, the seasonality of UTE lacked in-depth understanding, which is also a significant question in UTE management, a better understanding the UTE will help human improve governing efficiency and effect. Thus, in our study, we investigated the spatial-seasonal variation and distribution of UTE by statistic analysis, spatial index analysis and landscape metric analysis. We found that: there has a significant spatial and temporal differences on UTE under different seasons, the UHI intensity and mean LST showing a significant difference and stability, additionally, “heat island” of urban showing a cluster trend in urban space particularly in high UHI intensity seasons. These results extend our understanding on the spatial-seasonal variation, heterogeneity and distribution of UTE and which can provide very significant reference and information for urban decision-makers to govern UTE.
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Crivellari, Alessandro, and Alina Ristea. "CrimeVec—Exploring Spatial-Temporal Based Vector Representations of Urban Crime Types and Crime-Related Urban Regions." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 4 (2021): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10040210.
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The traditional categorization of crime types relies on a hierarchical structure, from high-level categories to lower-level subtypes. This tree-based classification treats crime types as mutually independent when they do not branch from the same higher-level category, therefore lacking inter-category semantic relations. The issue then extends over crime distribution analysis of urban regions, often reporting statistics based on crime type counts, but neglecting implicit relations between different crime categories. Our study aims to fill this information gap, providing a more complete understanding of urban crime in both qualitative and quantitative terms. Specifically, we propose a vector-based crime type representation, constructed via unsupervised machine learning on temporal and geographic factors. The general idea is to define crime types as “related” if they often occur in the same area at the same time span, regardless of any initial hierarchical categorization. This opens to a new metric of comparison that goes beyond pre-defined structures, revealing hidden relationships between crime types by generating a vector space in a completely data-driven manner. Crime types are represented as points in this space, and their relative distances disclose stronger or weaker semantic relations. A direct application on urban crime distribution analysis stands out in the form of visualization tools for intuitive data investigations and convenient comparison measures on composite vectors of urban regions. Meaningful insights on crime type distributions and a better understanding of urban crime characteristics determine a valuable asset to urban management and development.
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Sapena, M., L. A. Ruiz, and F. J. Goerlich. "ANALYSING RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN URBAN LAND USE FRAGMENTATION METRICS AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC VARIABLES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 24, 2016): 1029–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b8-1029-2016.
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Analysing urban regions is essential for their correct monitoring and planning. This is mainly accounted for the sharp increase of people living in urban areas, and consequently, the need to manage them. At the same time there has been a rise in the use of spatial and statistical datasets, such as the Urban Atlas, which offers high-resolution urban land use maps obtained from satellite imagery, and the Urban Audit, which provides statistics of European cities and their surroundings. In this study, we analyse the relations between urban fragmentation metrics derived from Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) data from the Urban Atlas dataset, and socio-economic data from the Urban Audit for the reference years 2006 and 2012. We conducted the analysis on a sample of sixty-eight Functional Urban Areas (FUAs). One-date and two-date based fragmentation indices were computed for each FUA, land use class and date. Correlation tests and principal component analysis were then applied to select the most representative indices. Finally, multiple regression models were tested to explore the prediction of socio-economic variables, using different combinations of land use metrics as explanatory variables, both at a given date and in a dynamic context. The outcomes show that demography, living conditions, labour, and transportation variables have a clear relation with the morphology of the FUAs. This methodology allows us to compare European FUAs in terms of the spatial distribution of the land use classes, their complexity, and their structural changes, as well as to preview and model different growth patterns and socio-economic indicators.
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Sapena, M., L. A. Ruiz, and F. J. Goerlich. "ANALYSING RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN URBAN LAND USE FRAGMENTATION METRICS AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC VARIABLES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 24, 2016): 1029–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b8-1029-2016.
Full textAbstract:
Analysing urban regions is essential for their correct monitoring and planning. This is mainly accounted for the sharp increase of people living in urban areas, and consequently, the need to manage them. At the same time there has been a rise in the use of spatial and statistical datasets, such as the Urban Atlas, which offers high-resolution urban land use maps obtained from satellite imagery, and the Urban Audit, which provides statistics of European cities and their surroundings. In this study, we analyse the relations between urban fragmentation metrics derived from Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) data from the Urban Atlas dataset, and socio-economic data from the Urban Audit for the reference years 2006 and 2012. We conducted the analysis on a sample of sixty-eight Functional Urban Areas (FUAs). One-date and two-date based fragmentation indices were computed for each FUA, land use class and date. Correlation tests and principal component analysis were then applied to select the most representative indices. Finally, multiple regression models were tested to explore the prediction of socio-economic variables, using different combinations of land use metrics as explanatory variables, both at a given date and in a dynamic context. The outcomes show that demography, living conditions, labour, and transportation variables have a clear relation with the morphology of the FUAs. This methodology allows us to compare European FUAs in terms of the spatial distribution of the land use classes, their complexity, and their structural changes, as well as to preview and model different growth patterns and socio-economic indicators.
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Yang, Yanfang, Limin Jia, Yong Qin, Shixiu Han, and Honghui Dong. "Understanding structure of urban traffic network based on spatial-temporal correlation analysis." Modern Physics Letters B 31, no. 22 (2017): 1750230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021798491750230x.
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Understanding the structural characteristics of urban traffic network comprehensively can provide references for improving road utilization rate and alleviating traffic congestion. This paper focuses on the spatial-temporal correlations between different pairs of traffic series and proposes a complex network-based method of constructing the urban traffic network. In the network, the nodes represent road segments, and an edge between a pair of nodes is added depending on the result of significance test for the corresponding spatial-temporal correlation. Further, a modified PageRank algorithm, named the geographical weight-based PageRank algorithm (GWPA), is proposed to analyze the spatial distribution of important segments in the road network. Finally, experiments are conducted by using three kinds of traffic series collected from the urban road network in Beijing. Experimental results show that the urban traffic networks constructed by three traffic variables all indicate both small-world and scale-free characteristics. Compared with the results of PageRank algorithm, GWPA is proved to be valid in evaluating the importance of segments and identifying the important segments with small degree.
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Gökçe, Nazli, Erdoğan Kaya, Semra Günay Aktaş, and Yeliz Mert Kantar. "An Overview of Equal Educational Opportunities in Turkey: A Spatial Analysis of Classrooms in Rural and Urban Primary Schools." Journal of Education and Training Studies 5, no. 1 (2016): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v5i1.2069.
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The number of students in a class is a primary factor affecting the quality of education. Therefore, this study examines the distribution of the number of students per class in rural and urban primary schools in Turkey, and efforts have been made to specify classroom needs. Statistical data was obtained from the Turkish Institute of Statistics and the Ministry of National Education. In order to better interpret data, graphs and maps were prepared with the help of GIS. The MapInfo 12.0 program was used for map drawing. The data was mapped using the Inverse Distance Weighted Algorithm. Whether there was global clustering regarding the distribution of the number of students per class in both rural and urban primary schools in Turkey was investigated using Moran I. In addition, local Moran I maps were employed to identify whether or not there was local clustering or neighboring interaction. At the end of the research, a variety of findings and results were obtained regarding the condition of primary school classes in Turkey. In conclusion, it has been determined that there is a need for more classes in certain regions, while they are urgently needed in others.