Relevant bibliographies by topics / Urban-To-Rural Migration

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Urban-To-Rural Migration'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 19 April 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Urban-To-Rural Migration"

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Gedik, Ayse. "Rural to urban versus urban to urban migration in Turkey." Espace, populations, sociétés 3, no. 1 (1985): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/espos.1985.1008.

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Wu, Harry X., and Li Zhou. "Rural-to-Urban Migration in China*." Asian-Pacific Economic Literature 10, no. 2 (November 1996): 54–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8411.1996.tb00016.x.

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Shefer, Daniel, and Luis Steinvortz. "Rural-to-urban and urban-to-urban migration patterns in Colombia." Habitat International 17, no. 1 (January 1993): 133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-3975(93)90050-m.

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Jumppanen, Aapo, Toni Ahvenainen, Urszula Ala-Karvia, Shinichi Hanada, Markku Mattila, Mitsuaki Hasegawa, Fumihiko Koyata, et al. "Has COVID-19 affected urban-to-rural and rural-to-urban migration patterns?" Maaseutututkimus 30, no. 2 (December 13, 2022): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.51807/maaseutututkimus.122757.

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Deng, Zihong, and Yik Wa Law. "Rural-to-urban migration, discrimination experience, and health in China: Evidence from propensity score analysis." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 28, 2020): e0244441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244441.

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This research examines how rural-to-urban migration influences health through discrimination experience in China after considering migration selection bias. We conducted propensity score matching (PSM) to obtain a matched group of rural residents and rural-to-urban migrants with a similar probability of migrating from rural to urban areas using data from the 2014 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). Regression and mediation analyses were performed after PSM. The results of regression analysis after PSM indicated that rural-to-urban migrants reported more discrimination experience than rural residents, and those of mediation analysis revealed discrimination experience to exert negative indirect effects on the associations between rural-to-urban migration and three measures of health: self-reported health, psychological distress, and physical discomfort. Sensitivity analysis using different calipers yielded similar results. Relevant policies and practices are required to respond to the unfair treatment and discrimination experienced by this migrant population.
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Mohtadi, Hamid. "Rural stratification, rural to urban migration, and urban inequality: Evidence from Iran." World Development 14, no. 6 (June 1986): 713–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(86)90014-8.

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Ilnicki, Dariusz. "Rural Areas as the Origin and Destination of Permanent Internal Migrations between 2002 and 2017 in Poland. A Local-Level Analysis (Nuts 5)." Quaestiones Geographicae 39, no. 2 (June 11, 2020): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2020-0015.

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AbstractThe main aim of the study is to identify the main streams of permanent migration and determine their reach. Special attention has been paid to rural areas (a rural commune, the rural area of an urban–rural commune) as the origin and destination of migration. The study has been conducted at the lowest level of territorial division in Poland (NUTS 5 – cities and communes). The analysed data cover the period between 2002 and 2017 and come from the online database Demografia GUS [Demography, Statistics Poland]. While presenting the volume and directions of migrations, the total and maximum values of migration have been considered. This approach allowed identifying the catchment areas as well as the areas of migratory attractiveness. These areas are highly similar in terms of their spatial extent. However, they differ significantly in terms of magnitude and reach of the main migration streams. Permanent internal migrations within rural areas are the least significant among all migration directions. One of their characteristics is the fact that they are short–distance migrations, occurring between neighbouring units. Permanent internal migrations appear to be a good indicator of urbanisation of suburban zones and the shaping of functional urban–rural–urban connections.
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Le, Tuyen Thi Thanh. "Social impacts of rural to urban youth migration on rural communities in modern Vietnam." Социодинамика, no. 3 (March 2025): 23–39. https://doi.org/10.25136/2409-7144.2025.3.73546.

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Youth migration is an important phenomenon in modern Vietnam, acting as a major driving force for economic growth and social change. The migration of young people from rural to urban areas not only reflects the trend of economic development but also shows profound changes in social structure, family models and community relations. This paper aims to assess the social impact of young people migrating from rural to urban areas on rural communities in modern Vietnam, based on the case of Vinh Trach Dong commune, Bac Lieu province. The main methods used in this research include a questionnaire survey (N=811) of households with young people migrating from rural to urban areas and in-depth interviews (N=20) of people in these communities to clarify the analysis from observation or available data collection. In addition, the study also provides useful information to help explain the social impacts of rural-urban youth migration on rural communities in modern Vietnam. The combination of quantitative and qualitative methods in the study not only helps to measure the scale of impact but also clarifies changes in gender roles, impacts on marital relationships, impacts on child education, impacts on the elderly and changes in community relations. In addition to analyzing the social consequences of youth migration, the article also proposes reasonable management solutions to minimize negative impacts and support sustainable social development in rural areas. These solutions focus on facilitating local economic development, strengthening community cohesion, improving infrastructure, and developing policies to support families with migrants. From there, the study is expected to contribute a more comprehensive approach to managing labor migration and ensuring the sustainable development of rural communities in the context of strong urbanization in Vietnam.
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Mou, Mayisha Tahsin, Md Mahmudur Rahman, and Nusrat Jahan Mim. "Non-Linear Migrations and Urban Resilience." Bhumi, The Planning Research Journal 10, no. 1 (August 22, 2023): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/bhumi.v10i1.96.

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This paper looks at migrations as an inherent component of urban resilience and critically examines the linear understanding of rural-to-urban migration in urban studies. Based on an eight-month-long qualitative empirical study in Dhaka, Bangladesh, this paper reports how migrants from different rural parts of the country, with their complex experiences around migrations, enter various spatial systems in urban Dhakaranging from shared living to institutional involvements to temporal displacements due to external factors(such as pandemic). This paper also documents how their nonlinear migratory journeys contribute to building a sense of urban resilience toward the uncertainties that various spatial systems offer to them. Drawing from a rich body of literature on urbanization, rural-urban migration, and actor-based resilience, we explain how alternative narratives of non-linear migration studies from our fieldwork can redefine urban resilience from a migrant’s perspective.
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Lee, Hyunsoo, Jaesun Roh, Jin Hwa Jung, and Woncheol Jang. "Network analysis of urban-to-rural migration." Korean Journal of Applied Statistics 29, no. 3 (April 30, 2016): 487–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.5351/kjas.2016.29.3.487.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Urban-To-Rural Migration"

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Ha, Thi Kim Anh. "Spontaneous rural to urban migration and its link to rural development in Vietnam." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0028/MQ33843.pdf.

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Vallowe, Megan. "Exploring Identity: Rural to Urban Migration in Modernist American Fiction." OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1171.

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This thesis discusses the effects, primarily on a person’s identity, caused by rural to urban migration during the 1920s and 1930s through investigating the migrations of four literary characters—Quentin Compson, George Webber, Jefferson Abbott, and Prudence Bly—developed by three American Modernist—William Faulkner, Thomas Wolfe, and Dawn Powell. I first explore the population trends and movements of Americans out of rural areas to urban ones. In doing so, various sociological theories and historical events are referenced in order to better provide evidence for the reasons for this type of migration, and more importantly, in concern with this study, to illustrate common effects due to rural to urban migration that are explored in depth in subsequent chapters through the examination of the aforementioned characters. Even though the migration of people out of rural areas for more urban centers has occurred ever since the division of those two communities, the interwar years in American society is a key period to consider because of the great social and economic changes that occurred during those two decades. Additionally, it is in this era that we first see clear signs that the United States was transitioning to an urban dominated society. Each of the four characters focused on in this work undergo a rural to urban migration during their young adult years. Because each character experiences this migration in a different way, the severity of the effects of his or her migration changes too. Three of the four characters—Quentin, George, and Prudence—must cope with an identity crisis that is brought to the forefront by their rural to urban migration. Quentin experiences feelings of guilt over his opportunities versus that of his brothers. More importantly, he is unable to rectify the conflict between his perceived identity and the identity placed upon him by the urban community to which he migrates, thus influencing his suicide. George is unable to see the extreme influence that the nostalgic view of his hometown has on the way he perceives the rest of the world. Therefore, he is also unable to recognize the power of time and the inevitability of change. Each time he is forced to see the falseness of his nostalgia, a crucial portion of his identity is dismantled, throwing him into a deep depression. Prudence—due to the arrival of Jefferson, a hometown sweetheart—is forced to reconcile the rural identity she has tried for a decade to forget and the urban one she spent a decade creating. Only at the end of the novel, does she realize that her identity is actually a compilation of both her rural and urban parts. The fourth character—Jefferson Abbott—is relatively unaffected by his migration, in large part due to the stability and confidence he has in his own identity.
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Kudo, Yuya. "Essays on rural-to-urban migration and urban industrial performance in Sub-Saharan Africa." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9be76708-90ef-4974-9864-b2bd5f9813cf.

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This thesis consists of three independent but thematically related papers exploring the income determination process in African labour markets from spatial and sectoral perspectives. Using long-run household panel data from rural Tanzania, chapter 2 investigates the extent to which education can explain migrants' income and consumption gains. We expect that the higher return to schooling at the destination primarily drives migrants' gains, suggesting that those who cannot afford the cost of schooling cannot reap the benefits of migration. We find that education indeed plays the role, but that it does not appear to be a major factor in limiting the internal migration as a source of raising income and consumption. Exploiting data drawn from urban household panel surveys in Ghana and Tanzania, chapter 3 investigates how rural-to-urban migrants' earnings compare with those of natives in urban labour markets. The chapter attempts to identify the growth of migrants' earnings at the destination (assimilation), making a distinction between wage and self-employed migrants. We find that wage-dependent migrants would achieve higher lifetime earnings if they entered a self-employed sector from their arrival, conditional on individuals' attributes and the varying returns to those attributes across urban residents. The evidence points towards the importance of capital constraints in a decision to start a business. Using firm-level data of manufacturing and retailing from the Enterprise Surveys conducted in seven Sub-Saharan African countries, chapter 4 attempts to improve our understanding of enterprise performance in urban Africa by investigating three aspects of firms' productive structure: technology, total factor productivity (TFP), and firm size. We find that the technology is similar between sectors, that retailing firms are smaller and less capital intensive but not, on average, ones with lower TFP, and that TFP differences are primarily within sectors. All these findings might point towards the importance of factor prices in characterising the industrial structure in urban Africa.
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Sugur, Nadir. "Small firms in a developing economy : a social and economic case study of the OSTIM Industrial Estate at Ankara, Turkey." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/16c1b59c-bc91-42a7-88ec-2d608531331a.

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Shi, Lei. "The dream and the reality: rural-urban migration to Shanghai (1927–1937)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/455000.

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Desde finales del siglo XIX, la masiva emigración desde las zonas rurales convirtió a la ciudad de Shanghai en la mayor metrópoli de China y una de las mayores del mundo. Utilizando como fuentes las estadísticas oficiales publicadas por el Gobierno de Nanjing y numerosos archivos históricos e informes contemporáneos, esta tesis es una de las primeras investigaciones que se propone cuantificar la población de Shanghai y la migración interna durante la República China, y analizar las características de los inmigrantes. El resultado muestra que cerca de 4 millones de inmigrantes entraron en Shanghai entre 1850 y 1949, constituyendo casi el 80 por ciento de la población de la época. Tanto el volumen como la duración de esta masiva migración son excepcionales en la historia. La mayoría de los inmigrantes eran jóvenes, hombres y mujeres, que llegaron de las zonas rurales cercanas, principalmente de dos zonas: Subei y Jiangnan. Esta migración a Shanghai se explica por factores de expulsión del campo y factores de atracción en la ciudad. En las zonas rurales la productividad agrícola se había estancado, la tierra estaba distribuida de manera muy desigual, y la producción agrícola y no agrícola estaba cada vez más integrada en el mercado internacional después de la apertura forzada por la Guerra de Opio. Cuando surgieron ‘factores de expulsión’, como desastres naturales o crisis económicas, los campesinos tuvieron que abandonar el campo para buscar oportunidades en otros lugares. En cuanto a los factores de atracción, el rápido desarrollo del comercio, la industria y los negocios en Shanghai después de la apertura trajeron una gran prosperidad a Shanghai, y crearon gran cantidad de oportunidades de empleo. La acelerada industrialización de Shanghai después de 1920 creó una gran demanda de mano de obra en las industrias manufactureras, intensivas en trabajo, que producían especialmente para la exportación. La importancia de las redes sociales, formadas por las conexiones personales y las asociaciones de origen, explica la fuerte segmentación de inmigrantes de diferentes orígenes en el mercado de trabajo de Shangai. A partir de las estadísticas de salarios industriales (1930-1936), la tesis analiza la desigualdad del ingreso mediante el análisis de regresión, para verificar esta segmentación de lugares de origen, que se suma a las segmentaciones tradicionales de género, sector ocupacional y tipo de remuneración. La Gran Depresión tuvo un impacto diferente en la economía de China que en los países occidentales. Debido al patrón monetario de plata y a la oferta de dinero suficiente, no se produjo la devastadora crisis bancaria que existió en Occidente, y la industria siguió mostrando crecimientos positivos gracias a la inversión. La crisis provocó desempleo en algunos sectores, pero la demanda de trabajo agregada siguió creciendo y el salario real incluso aumentó ligeramente. Esta es la razón fundamental que explica la aparente paradaja de que los inmigrantes siguieran llegando a Shanghai durante la Depresión.
As a result of massive rural-urban migration, Shanghai transformed from a small coastal city into the largest metropolis in China. Using the official statistics published by the Nanjing Government, and historical archives and surveys, this research is one of the first attempts to quantify the population of Shanghai and internal migration in Republican China, and to analyse the characteristics of Shanghai’s immigrants. The research findings show that around four million migrants flocked to Shanghai between 1850 and 1949 to make up almost 80 per cent of its population. The scale and duration of the migration make Shanghai’s case an exceptional one. Most of the immigrants were young men from nearby rural areas — Subei and Jiangnan. This massive migration to Shanghai was caused by ‘push factors’ in the countryside and ‘pull factors’ in the city. In rural areas, agricultural productivity had stagnated, land holdings were unevenly distributed, and both agricultural and non-agricultural production were tied in with international markets after China’s opening up to foreign trade following The Opium War. When ‘push factors’, such as natural disasters or economic crises arose, hordes of labourers were forced to leave their villages to seek opportunities elsewhere. ‘Pull factors’ were Shanghai’s rapid development of commerce, industries and business with the growth of foreign trade and investment. This created huge numbers of jobs — especially in manufacturing — as Shanghai began industrialising in the 1930s. Labour force segmentation occurred among immigrants, largely based on their places of origin and as a result of their different personal connections and networks. Using the industrial wage statistics (1930-1936), this research uses regression analysis of income to verify this segmentation and compare it with other, traditional segmentation patterns such as those based on gender, occupations and type of workers. The Great Depression had differing impacts on China’s economy. With its silver-based currency and a sufficient money supply, China did not suffer a banking crisis. Thus, unlike in Western countries, Chinese industry received enough investment and liquidity to continue growing. Although the crisis caused evident unemployment in some sectors, overall demand for workers kept rising and real wages grew slowly. This was the key reason why net migration to Shanghai rose throughout the crisis.
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Wu, Zhongmin. "Regional unemployment, rural-to-urban migration and the economic reforms of China." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390677.

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Valencia, Mestre Gabriela L. "From rural to urban studying informal settlements in Panama /." Muncie, Ind. : Ball State University, 2009. http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/446.

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Ou, Jinghua. "Urbanisation and rural-urban migration : evidence from Chongqing in the period 2001 to 2011." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14330/.

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Following the launch of the 'Develop the West' strategy in 2000, western China has undergone huge changes. Chongqing has been at the leading edge of this wave of development and its model of economic reform is particularly interesting and has also attracted public attention. This study aims to answer a series of unexplored questions about Chongqing's urbanisation and rural-urban migration. The first empirical chapter (Chapter 4) derives a simultaneous equation model from the standard theoretical framework of wage growth to estimate the determinants of wage growth of urban workers of various industries and the effects of openness. Data for 38 industries in Chongqing over the past 11 years is grouped into four sets of panel data in terms of different magnitudes of openness. The data shows that the increase in the demand for labourers is positively related to the wage' growth of urban workers. Openness, captured by industry's utilisation or non-utilisation of FDI, impels industrial sectors to use automation techniques more efficiently. The effect of productivity on wages in the group of industries which do utilise FDI is more than twice that of those in the group of industries which do not. Moreover, this chapter has not found enough empirical evidence to support the theory that the building of new cities benefits urban wage growth. The second empirical chapter (Chapter 5) examines the impacts of dynamic localisation and urbanisation externalities on Total Factor Productivity (TFP) in three sectors at the county level between 2001 and 2008, by using panel model estimates based on a modified production function. The results show that the all-industry category localisation externalities' elasticity to productivity is significantly negative and that urbanisation externalities are insignificant. The implication is that the specialisation in Chongqing is no longer able to afford the high growth of economic development; thus, the so called 'Chongqing model' lacks sufficient economic basis. The third empirical chapter (Chapter 6) is based on an in-person survey of 102 households and l38 respondents carried out by the author in 2009. The chapter assesses the determinants of transferring behaviour of the rural-urban migrant workers by using Probit and OLS estimations. A number of conclusions can be drawn from the results. For instance, income in rural areas is crucial to migrant decision-making as to whether to accept urban hukou, and manufacturing and construction workers do not receive more wages than others. The survey results suggest that the quality of Chongqing's large urban population accumulation is still at a low level.
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Khashbat, Davaadorj. "Rural-urban migration under the transition to market economy and its effects on the urban transport in Mongolia." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/144543.

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Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(工学)
甲第11871号
工博第2564号
新制||工||1358(附属図書館)
23651
UT51-2005-N705
京都大学大学院工学研究科土木システム工学専攻
(主査)教授 青山 吉隆, 教授 谷口 栄一, 助教授 中川 大
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Miranda, Montero Juan Jaime. "The effect on cardiovascular risk factors of migration from rural to urban areas in Peru." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2008. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/1878033/.

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During the 20 years of political violence in Peru starting in the late 1970’s, Ayacucho, an Andean department, was one of the most severely affected areas. Mass-migration to Lima increased largely driven by escaping from violence rather than by economic reasons. This provides a unique opportunity to study the effects of migration on health since selection biases are likely to be reduced. This study investigates differences in cardiovascular risk factors comparing three groups: i) always lived in Ayacucho (n=289); ii) migrated from Ayacucho to Lima (n=589); and, iii) always lived in Lima (n=199). A cross sectional design was used. A clear gradient of risk was seen for the majority of factors studied: body mass index (BMI), total and LDL-cholesterol, fasting blood glucose and insulin, CRP and fibrinogen, the rural group having the lowest risk, the urban group the highest. The migrant group had intermediate risk, although generally more similar to the urban than the rural group. Blood pressure did not show a clear gradient of difference between groups. The migrant group had similar systolic blood pressure (SBP) but lower diastolic blood pressure (DBP) than the rural group. The urban group had higher SBP but similar DBP than rural group. In the case of lipid profile, no difference was observed between groups for HDL and triglycerides. Obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and estimated absolute cardiovascular risk were all higher in migrant and urban groups than in the rural sample. Within the migrant group, when classified by time since migration or age at migration, differences were observed in total cholesterol, LDL, fasting glucose and insulin resistance. The findings of this study suggest the impact of migration on cardiovascular risk is not uniform across risk factors. The study provides new insights into the increased disease risk associated with migration and urbanisation.
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Books on the topic "Urban-To-Rural Migration"

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Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, ed. Rural to urban migration in Pakistan: The gender perspective. Islamabad: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, 2010.

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Mukuka, Lawrence. Urban-rural migration of Zambian retirees: Readjustment and contribution to rural development. Lusaka: Study Fund Committee of the World Bank Social Recovery Project, 1997.

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Toth, James. Rural-to-urban migration and informal sector expansion: Impediments to Egyptian development. San Domenico: European University Institute, 2002.

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Toth, James. Rural-to-urban migration and informal sector expansion: Impediments to Egyptian development. Badia Fiesolana, San Domenico (FI): European University Institute, 2002.

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1949-, Ahmed Salehuddin, and Bāṃlādeśa Pallī Unnaẏana Ekāḍemī, eds. Resource transfer from rural to urban areas in Bangladesh. Kotbari, Comilla: Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development, 1995.

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Murdoch, Jonathan. Counterurbanisation and the countryside: Some causes and consequences of urban to rural migration. Cardiff: Department of City and Regional Planning, University of Wales Cardiff, 1998.

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Hussain, S. M. Turab. Rural to urban migration and network effects in an extended family framework. Lahore: Lahore University of Management Sciences, 2005.

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Choi, Jin Bo. Determinants and consequences of urban to rural return migration in Korea. Ann Arbor, Mich: U.M.I., 1994.

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Tribhuvana Viśvavidyālaya. Central Dept. of Population Studies., ed. Trends, patterns and implications of rural-to-urban migration in Nepal. Kathmandu: Central Dept. of Population Studies, Tribhuvan University, 1998.

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Doãn, Mậu Diệp. Survey of spontaneous migration to a rural and an urban area in Viet Nam. New York: United Nations, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Urban-To-Rural Migration"

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Keshari Pattanaik, Bikram. "Rural Livelihoods and Rural-to-Urban Migration." In Fundamentals of Rural Development, 206–36. London: Routledge India, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003541189-8.

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Hirway, Indira, and Udai Bhan Singh. "Migration and Development: Rural-to-Urban Temporary Migration to Gujarat." In Rural Labour Mobility in Times of Structural Transformation, 269–97. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5628-4_12.

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Bhattacharya, Prabir. "The Informal Sector and Rural-to-Urban Migration." In Informal Sector, Migration, and the Beginnings of Structural Transformation, 21–36. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-61085-1_3.

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Zhong, Taiyang, Zhenzhong Si, and Yuan Yuan. "The Role of Rural–Urban Migrants in Urban Food Systems in China." In International Perspectives on Migration, 245–59. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-9715-8_13.

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Abstract Rural–urban migrants play an important role in China’s urban food economy. To investigate the contribution of migrants in urban food systems, this chapter analyses several datasets collected by the Hungry Cities Partnership in Nanjing over the past seven years, including a city-wide migrant farmer survey, a food vendor survey, a supermarket survey and a household food security survey. The chapter shows that rural–urban migrants are extensively involved in food production, wholesaling, and retailing and as supermarket employees. Working as migrant farmers and migrant vendors, rural–urban migrants contribute significantly to urban food security, improving both food availability and accessibility. The chapter also unveils the challenges facing migrants, including food insecurity, food retailing challenges, and how the daily operation of migrant food vendors was affected by COVID-19.
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Bhagat, Ram B., and Mohammad Izhar Hassan. "Rural to Urban Migration: Trends, Patterns and Policy Issues." In Exploring Urban Change in South Asia, 83–103. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-3181-0_5.

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Wei, Houkai, and Hongjian Su. "Urbanisation, Migration and the Anti-Poverty Programme in China." In The Urban Book Series, 75–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74544-8_6.

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AbstractFrom 1979 to 2018, Chinaunderwentrapid urbanisation and large-scale population migration. As a result, the permanent urban population increased by about 659 million, and the numbers of rural poor decreased by 754 million. However, as migration from rural to urban areas has increased, rural poverty has reduced while urban poverty is gradually increasing. The co-existence of both rural and urban poverty poses new challenges to development. In this chapter, we analyse the characteristics of China’sinternal migrationand urbanisation process. We draw on relevant data to describe in detail the changes that have occurred since China’s Reform and Opening-up, as well as China’s programme in reducing rural poverty and current trends in urban poverty. As the rate of urbanisation in China enters a new phase, there is a growing imperative to improve and promote an integrated approach to both urban and rural development. We also discuss the new raft of anti-poverty and poverty-management measures.
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Vercillo, Siera, and Bruce Frayne. "Urban–Rural Migration, Young People, and Agricultural Development in Northern Ghana." In International Perspectives on Migration, 189–208. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-9715-8_11.

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Abstract Development policies targeting young people and African agriculture tend to focus on their abandonment of the sector and the need to attract new generations to agricultural activities through its commercialization. This chapter points to potential gaps in such interventions by investigating the diverse mobilities, aspirations and engagements of young people in farming, through a qualitative case study in rural northern Ghana. Our study also challenges the prevalent assumption of African farmers’ movements from rural to urban areas, and out of farming altogether, as there is evidence of young people migrating from urban to rural areas. The intersection of generation, place and gender unevenly shape young people’s movements to and away from rural areas, along with the broad patterns of their involvement with farming.
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Zhong, Bao-Liang, and Helen Fung-Kum Chiu. "Mental Health Morbidity Among Rural-to-Urban Migrant Workers in China." In Mental Health, Mental Illness and Migration, 357–68. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2366-8_28.

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Zhong, Bao-Liang, and Helen Fung-Kum Chiu. "Mental Health Morbidity Among Rural-to-Urban Migrant Workers in China." In Mental Health, Mental Illness and Migration, 1–12. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0750-7_28-1.

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Pisarevskaya, Asya, and Peter Scholten. "Cities of Migration." In IMISCOE Research Series, 249–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92377-8_16.

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AbstractCities are often the main hubs or portals for migration. They are the places where people leave from, and where they first arrive at, after their migration journey, either to settle or to move on. They are also the places where diversities and mobilities become the most manifest. Built into the cross-roads of ancient trade routes, cities have been the centres for encounters between many cultures since ancient times. In the past, cities attracted internal migrants from rural areas, while nowadays, many cities have been shaped by a long history of international migration. For instance, the development of cities such as New York or London cannot be understood without taking into account their long migration histories. Indeed, in developing countries like Russia, China, South Africa, and Nigeria, urbanisation is still ongoing; both internal rural-urban or periphery-centre migrants, together with international migrants, are attracted to capital city urban centres, and this magnetism in turn shapes diversity landscapes.
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Conference papers on the topic "Urban-To-Rural Migration"

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KUKA, JANE FRANCES. "MIGRATION IN UGANDA: MEASURES GOVERNMENT IS TAKING TO ADDRESS RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION." In International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies 25th Session. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812797001_0075.

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Özdemir, Lutfiye, Orhan Polat, Gamze Seyitoğlu, and Sevde Çiçekli. "A Research and Determination of the Effective Elements in the Prevention of Migration from the Village to the City for Sustainable Rural Development i." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c08.01882.

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In today's Turkey, rapid technological changes and developments at global level has increased to migration from village to urban areas. Sustainable rural development (SRD) means that future generations can meet their needs in a settlement that is less than a population of 20,000, so that past generations can’t complain about them. For sustainable rural development, it is important to prevent rural migration and to present labour, production, marketing and living opportunities in rural areas. In this context, the study was conducted in order to investigate the causes of migration from the village to the city, to take the necessary precautions and to make suggestions for the SRD. For this purpose, the research has been applied to farmers in selected villages in Central Anatolia, Black Sea, Aegean, Marmara, Mediterranean and Eastern Anatolia Regions in Turkey with face to face discussions and 141 questionnaires have already been collected. It was found that Cronbach Alpha was found to be quite reliable as the result of the analysis with a scale value of 0.785. Reasons for migration as a result of factor analysis can be classified as: 1) Migration due to education, 2) Migrations based on physical infrastructure. Numerous independent variables considered to be effective on these problems were analyzed by multiple linear regression analysis. As a result, it has been determined that many factors, mainly demographic qualities, are effective on migrations based on both education and physical infrastructure.
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CUCU, Marian Cătălin. "THE RURAL POPULATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ROMANIA'S REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT." In Competitiveness of Agro-Food and Environmental Economy. Editura ASE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/cafee/2020/9/13.

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The Romanian rural area has experienced numerous changes from 1989 to the present. The development in an accelerated rhythm of the urban area compared to the rural area encouraged the migration of the population, this action being influenced by the discrepancies registered at regional level. Lately, the rural space is characterized by heterogeneity determined by the unequal process of village development. This paper presents the analysis of the number of inhabitants in rural areas in accordance with a series of indicators with a significant impact on living standards. The research results reflect the current dynamics of rural population migration and the related trend in each region. The concentration of the population in the highly developed areas leads to the depopulation of villages with a low pace of development.
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Bučar Ručman, Aleš. "Družbene vezi, solidarnost, različnost in družbena vključenost: primerjava ruralnih in urbanih skupnosti v Sloveniji." In Varnost v ruralnih in urbanih okoljih: konferenčni zbornik. Univerzitetna založba Univerze v Mariboru, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-404-0.10.

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The urban population represents the smallest share of the people in Slovenia, as most of them live in rural areas. Despite the migration of people from rural to urban areas, which increased in the period after the Second World War, Slovenia did not develop large urban centres as Western countries. Slovenia followed the idea of polycentric development with moderate urban population growth in smaller urban centres. The primary purpose of this text is to present the essential characteristics of rural, urban and suburban communities in Slovenia and understanding of solidarity and communal life of diverse social groups? The author uses a literature review and a secondary analysis of already collected data in two surveys (Safety in Local Communities, 2017; Slovenian Public Opinion 2016/1) to present the characteristics. With the help of these research data, the author explains the structure of the population in urban, suburban and rural areas (education, employment, religion, ethnicity), and further analyses interpersonal relationships, connections, mutual assistance, acceptance of diversity and perceptions of security/threat.
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Özdemir, Lutfiye, and Orhan Polat. "Common Formal Education Proposal in Preventing Immigration for Sustainable Development in Rural Areas: A Pilot Study." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01770.

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This study was conducted to determine the effect of training in the prevention of migration as an obstacle for sustainable rural development. In this context, the causes of migration from rural areas to the cities were investigated and evaluated the educational status of people living in the villages. For this purpose, research has been implemented in rural part of Turkey’s Central Anatolia, Mediterranean and Black regions. Research data were collected by applying a questionnaire to the region inhabitants. A total of 123 questionnaires were evaluated. On statistical analysis, Cronbach's alpha value was found to be .833. Consequently, accessed findings are: 1) People living in region have low educational levels. 2) None of the participants had received any training related to agriculture in high school. 3) The proportion of participants receiving vocational training in related to agriculture, except for state schools is low. 4) Lack of education is one of the important reasons of the migration from rural to urban areas. 5) If enough agricultural education is given to region habitants, natural resources to ensure the survival of future generations are protected.
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Auzina-Emsina, Astra, and Velga Ozolina. "TWO-SPEED OR THREE-SPEED RECOVERY IN POST-COVID ERA: REGIONAL AND SECTORAL DEVELOPMENT." In 12th International Scientific Conference „Business and Management 2022“. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2022.861.

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Sustainable and balanced recovery is a key factor to ensure the economic performance. Two-speed recovery pattern is already observed. Three-speed recovery represents the most likely pattern of recovery in majority in the EU countries in the post-COVID era due to the common dramatic decline in transport and tourism, relative minor impact on large part of essential manufacturing and services. It is believed that we will face large increase in air transport, minor increase in boomed courier and postal sector, and stability in other transport branches. The findings argue that urban areas are shocked more and modelled recovery scenarios reveal faster recovery compared to rural areas. Policy makers and government are encouraged to relocate and modify the recovery plans to stimulate balanced reginal recovery, reducing imbalances, rural-urban migration and rural-urban income inequality.
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Tabac, Tatiana. "Migrația internațională în Republica Moldova în profil teritorial." In Economic growth in the conditions of globalization: International Scientific-Practical Conference, XVIth edition. National Institute for Economic Research, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36004/nier.cdr.2022.16.16.

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The paper focuses on analyzing the general and territorial trends of international migration in the period 2014-2020. The paper is based on revised data on the population with usual residence and international migration. The methodological approach consists of the estimation and analysis of specific indicators of migration: net migration and net migration rate according to age, gender, residence, and administrative-territorial units (districts). The results showed that the total net migration in 2014-2020 constituted -228.8 thousand people, which means a decrease of the population by -8.3% during this period. The population decrease in urban areas was -9.8%, and in rural areas was -7.3%. The analysis also revealed the active involvement of the rural female population in migration processes. Negative migration is particularly high at ages 0-39, while positive migration is seen in the population aged 40 and over. Positive migration is a specific phenomenon in rural areas. The population of the municipality of Chisinau decreased by -86.1 thousand or -12.6% during this period. The largest population decrease due to migration was recorded in the districts of Ialoveni -15.9%, Cantemir -14.9% and Cahul -13.4%. Four districts had a positive increase due to migration: Ocnița (0.3%), Rîșcani (0.3%), Dondușeni (0.2%), and UTA Găgăuzia (0.1%). The paper concludes that the prevention of future demographic disasters can be achieved through urgent measures to improve the socioeconomic situation and improve the quality of life of the population. The article was elaborated within the State Program Project (2020-2023) 20.80009.0807.21 „Migration, demographic changes, and situation stabilization policies”.
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Talluri, Aishwarya. "Spatial planning and design for food security. Building Positive Rural-urban Linkages." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/rymx6371.

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Food is vital for human survival. Food has had a significant impact on our built environment since the beginning of human life. The process of feeding oneself was most people’s primary job for the greater part of human history. Urban Migration moved people away from rural and natural landscapes on which they had been dependent for food and other amenities for centuries.1 Emergence of the cities leads to a new paradigm where the consumers get their food from rural hinterland where the main production of food products happens2 . In a globalized world with an unprecedented on-going process of urbanization, There is an ever reducing clarity between urban and rural, the paper argues that the category of the urban & rural as a spatial and morphological descriptor has to be reformulated, calling for refreshing, innovating and formulating the way in which urban and rural resource flows happen. India is projected to be more than 50% urban by 2050 (currently 29%). The next phase of economic and social development will be focused on urbanization of its rural areas. This 50 %, which will impact millions of people, will not come from cities, but from the growth of rural towns and small cities. Urbanization is accelerated through Government schemes such as JNNURM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission ) , PMAY (Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana), 100 smart cities challenge, Rurban Mission are formulated with developmental mindset. The current notions of ‘development’ are increasing travel distances, fuels consumption, food imports, deterioration of biodiversity, pollution, temperatures, cost of living. The enormity of the issue is realized when the cumulative effect of all cities is addressed. Urban biased development becomes an ignorant choice, causing the death of rural and deterioration of ecological assets. Most people live in places that are distant from production fields have been observed as an increasing trend. Physical separation of people from food production has resulted in a degree of indifference about where and how food is produced, making food a de-contextualized market product as said by Halweil, 20023 . The resulting Psychological separation of people from the food supply and the impacts this may have on long term sustainability of food systems. Methodology : . Sharing the learning about planning for food security through Field surveys, secondary and tertiary sources. Based on the study following parameters : 1. Regional system of water 2. Landforms 3. Soil type 4. Transportation networks 5. Historical evolution 6. Urban influences A case study of Delhi, India, as a site to study a scenario that can be an alternative development model for the peri-urban regions of the city. To use the understanding of spatial development and planning to formulate guidelines for sustainable development of a region that would foster food security.
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Pahomii, Irina, and Vitalie Stirba. "Diferențe rural-urban în dinamica speranței de viață și politicile de sănătate a populației." In International Scientific-Practical Conference "Economic growth in the conditions of globalization". National Institute for Economic Research, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36004/nier.cdr.v.2023.17.29.

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In the last years, Moldova registered a tendency of increase in life expectancy at birth, excluding the pandemic period. Despite the registered trends in mortality evolution, the previous mortality pattern with a gender and regional gap in the length of life is maintained. In this regard, our research is aimed to highlight the urban/rural life expectancy gap, attempting to explain changes in mortality through the implemented measures and policies towards population health. We utilised period life tables for our analysis, enabling the decomposition of life expectancy. Therefore, we systematised the existing legislative framework in population health and implemented national health programs and lifestyle-adjusting policies while analysing mortality evolution. The changes in life expectancy at birth have occurred in the context of a decrease in mortality primarily attributed to cardiovascular diseases and external causes. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the structure of causes of death, leading to a substantial increase in urban mortality, which has caused a reduction in the urban/rural disparity. In our analysis, we deduce that implemented alcohol and tobacco control policies will likely have a long-term output on population lifestyle adjustment. Improvements in healthcare infrastructure and implemented targeted programs (e.g. interventional cardiology) significantly contribute to the amelioration of population health but are less accessible for rural regions than urban ones. The article was elaborated within the State Program Project (2020-2023) 20.80009.0807.21 „Migration, demographic changes, and situation stabilization policies”.
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Dahs, Aleksandrs, Juris Krumins, Atis Berzins, and Kristine Lece. "Demographic challenges of rural areas in Latvia: reflections of the COVID-19 pandemic." In 24th International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2023”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2023.57.035.

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Typical case of rural depopulation represents a spiral of diminishing returns between negative natural population growth, shrinking employment opportunities, out-migration of the young, active and creative individuals and degrading socio-economic environments needed to support them. In 2020, health measures introduced due to COVID-19 pandemic by many European countries, including Latvia, have brought changes to the traditional concept of workplace, creating remote and hybrid working environments within multiple economic sectors. The rapid uptake of remote or hybrid working and the positive feedback of both workers and employers indicate a fundamental shift in the concept of workplace, suggesting a need to revisit the established rural population development approach. This study aims to evaluate the changes in rural population dynamics and population disposition towards demographic processes before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, while assessing the possible changes in the rural demographic development approach needed in order to encompass the changing realities. Authors use available population statistics and compare results of the two consecutive nationwide population opinion surveys carried out before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Latvia. Study results indicate some new opportunities and new challenges for the rural population development in Latvia. Authors conclude that rural areas can benefit from the remote work possibilities, as it reduces role of employment constraints in the rural development equation. However, remote work is still unlikely to fix the rural-urban divide in Latvia, as many rural areas are lacking the necessary infrastructure or enabling institutions necessary to attract and sustain remote workers.
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Reports on the topic "Urban-To-Rural Migration"

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Busso, Matías, Juan Pablo Chauvin, and Nicolás Herrera L. Rural-Urban Migration at High Urbanization Levels. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002904.

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This study assesses the empirical relevance of the Harris-Todaro model at high levels of urbanization a feature that characterizes an increasing number of developing countries, which were largely rural when the model was created 50 years ago. Using data from Brazil, the paper compares observed and model-based predictions of the equilibrium urban employment rate of 449 cities and the rural regions that are the historic sources of their migrant populations. Little support is found in the data for the most basic version of the model. However, extensions that incorporate labor informality and housing markets have much better empirical traction. Harris-Todaro equilibrium relationships are relatively stronger among workers with primary but no high school education, and those relationships are more frequently found under certain conditions: when cities are relatively larger; and when associated rural areas are closer to the magnet city and populated to a greater degree by young adults, who are most likely to migrate.
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Busso, Matías, and Juan Pablo Chauvin. Long-term Effects of Weather-induced Migration on Urban Labor and Housing Markets. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004714.

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This paper explores the effects of weather-induced rural-urban migration on urban labor and housing markets in Brazil. In order to identify causal effects, it uses weather shocks to the rural municipalities of origin of migrants. We show that larger migration shocks led to an increase in employment growth and a reduction in wage growth of 4 and 5 percent, respectively. The increased migration flows also affected the housing market in destination cities. On average, it led to 1 percent faster growth of the housing stock, accompanied by 5 percent faster growth in housing rents. These effects vary sharply by housing quality. We find a substantial positive effect on the growth rates of the most precarious housing units (with no effect on rents) and a negative effect on the growth of higher-quality housing units (with a positive effect on rents). This suggests that rural immigration growth slowed down housing-quality upgrading in destination cities.
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Bakhtiar, M. Mehrab, Abu Sonchoy, Muhammad Meki, and Simon Quinn. Virtual Migration through Online Freelancing: Evidence from Bangladesh. Digital Pathways at Oxford, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-dp-wp_2021/03.

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Youth unemployment is a major issue in many developing countries, particularly in locations not well connected with large urban markets. A limited number of available job opportunities in urban centres may reduce the benefit of policies that encourage rural–urban migration. In this project, we investigated the feasibility of ‘virtual migration’, by training rural youth in Bangladesh to become online freelancers, enabling them to export their labour services to a global online marketplace. We did this by setting up a ‘freelancing incubator’, which provided the necessary workspace and infrastructure – specifically, high-speed internet connectivity and computers. Close mentoring was also provided to participants to assist in navigating the competitive online marketplace. We show the exciting potential of online work for improving the incomes of poor youth in developing countries. We also highlight the constraints to this type of work: financing constraints for the high training cost, access to the necessary work infrastructure, and soft skills requirements to succeed in the market. We also shed light on some promising possibilities for innovative financial contracts and for ‘freelancing incubators’ or ‘virtual exporting companies’ to assist students in their sourcing of work and skills development.
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Chisari, Omar O., and Sebastián J. Miller. Climate Change and Migration: A CGE Analysis for Two Large Urban Regions of Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011724.

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Migration is one of the strategies used by populations to adapt to natural shocks and also to respond to economic policies. Climate change will probably have an impact on the productivity of factors and on the health of the population of the Latin America and Caribbean region, triggering migrations. In addition, policies aimed at reducing emissions (like carbon taxes) will change relative prices and the remuneration of factors and, in turn, will alter the allocation of labor between urban and rural areas. This paper explores the potential quantitative relevance of those population movements using a CGE version of the Harris-Todaro model. Two paradigmatic cases are considered: i) domestic or internal migrations, focusing on the case of Sao Paulo (Brazil) and ii) international migrations, analyzing the displacement of population from Bolivia and Paraguay to Argentina.
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Eckert, Elizabeth, Eleanor Turner, and Jo Anne Yeager Sallah. Youth Rural-Urban Migration in Bungoma, Kenya: Implications for the Agricultural Workforce. RTI Press, August 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2019.op.0062.1908.

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This study provides insights into a specific, hard-to-reach youth subpopulation—those born in agricultural areas in Western Kenya who migrate to large towns and cities—that is often missed by research and development activities. Using a mixed-methods approach, we find high variability in movement of youth between rural villages, towns, and large urban areas. Top reasons for youth migration align with existing literature, including pursuit of job opportunities and education. For youth from villages where crop farming is the primary economic activity for young adults, 77 percent responded that they are very interested in that work, in contrast to the common notion that youth are disinterested in agriculture. We also find many youth interested in settling permanently in their villages in the future. This research confirms that youth migration is dynamic, requiring that policymakers and development practitioners employ methods of engaging youth that recognize the diversity of profiles and mobility of this set of individuals.
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McCall, Jamie. Assessing the Evidence: Promoting Economic Development in Rural North Carolina with Education, Workforce Development, Infrastructure, Healthcare, and Leadership. Carolina Small Business Development Fund, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46712/rural.economic.development.

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Like many other states, North Carolina’s population dynamics have shown a definitive shift toward greater urbanization. Some of the population increase in urban areas is in-migration from outside the state. However, net population loss in many of North Carolina’s rural areas has been on the rise for years. Population outflows of this magnitude can bring an array of unique challenges for rural small firms. Chronic rural issues like unfavorable geography, endemic poverty, and poor infrastructure for business can pose serious economic development challenges. According to some scholars, level of rurality or geographical isolation is the primary variable in explaining why economic development outcomes vary across the United States. We assess the literature to determine what role small business development and complimentary strategies have in rural economic growth.
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Nishiura, Sadatsugu. Working Paper PUEAA No. 4. Tama New Town Revitalization Policy and its Major Projects. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Programa Universitario de Estudios sobre Asia y África, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/pueaa.002r.2022.

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In the period after the Second World War, the phenomenon of migration from rural to urban areas increased dramatically, this posed a new series of challenges for cities that saw their infrastructure and their space taken to the limit. But now the new Japanese urban developments seek to reverse this by making cities more friendly places for both the individual and the environment. Taking into consideration both socioeconomic and environmental factors, these new projects seek to create coexistence and co-development that improves the quality of life in cities from their very design, as a way to help combat social inequalities, but also to help the cities’ sustainability.
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Guðmundsdóttir, Hjördís, Maja Brynteson, and Sigrid Jessen. Should I stay or should I go? Early career mobility and migration drivers. Nordregio, October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/wp2023:71403-2511.

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Where do young people wish to settle down, and why? Recent data show a high level of internal migration among young adults in the Nordic region, with a striking differences in migration intensities between people in their 20s compared to people in their 30s. Exploring current trends in mobility is vital for regional integration and prosperity, planning provisions and projections. The attraction of young individuals from urban areas and university towns to non-metropolitan regions is an important source of economic growth for many regions. The review of young people's mobility behaviour in the early career stage in the Nordic countries highlights that migration decisions are influenced by a set of various push and pull factors, working simultaneously. It is important to understand the background of the mover, where the behavior of the mover is impacted by educational background and industrial specialisation, geographical origin, gender, income-level and civic status. Learning more about current migration drivers and migration aspirations of the early career cohorts in the Nordic countries will help policymakers to shape the future of Nordic labour markets and better prepare the future labour supply and demands in rural areas. This working paper present the main findings from previous studies on migration drivers and will serve as a baseline for the data collection on migration history and migration aspirations of young people in the Nordic countries.
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Ballesteros, Marife, Jenica Ancheta, and Tatum Ramos. Aging Population and Lower Fertility Affect Housing Market. Philippine Institute for Development Studies, April 2025. https://doi.org/10.62986/pn2025.07.

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This Policy Note examines the changing dynamics of household formation in the Philippines. It observes that the number of new households has slowed due to falling fertility rates, an aging population, and limited access to affordable housing. Despite a growing preference for living alone, the percentage of extended and multifamily households has increased significantly. These patterns suggest that the housing market influences household structures and rural-to-urban migration. Finally, the study notes that households led by the elderly are increasingly supporting homeownership for a growing population, highlighting the need to investigate intergenerational housing further and its impact on the elderly and the broader housing market.
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Coombs, Elizabeth, Orazio J. Bellettini Cedeño, and Paul E. Carrillo. Stay Public or Go Private?: A Comparative Analysis of Water Services between Quito and Guayaquil. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011284.

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This paper computes several indicators of water coverage, quality, and prices in Ecuador's two largest cities: Quito and Guayaquil- both before and after the privatization of water services in Guayaquil. The type of data sources that are used make it possible to specifically control for income and, thus, to evaluate changes in water provision, particularly among the poor. These indicators provide useful information about how certain water-related services have changed over time and facilitate evaluating the performance of each company. It should be emphasized, however, that such estimates cannot be used to identify the causal effects of the privatization of water provision. In particular, differences in a) before-concession water-coverage trends, c) rural-to-urban migration patterns, and c) other idiosyncratic institutional characteristics between these two cities, suggest that Quito may not be a suitable control group for identifying the casual effects of privatization.
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