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Academic literature on the topic 'Urban types of squares'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Urban types of squares"

Jin, Xia, and Wu Qiuhui. "On the Innovative Design of Urban Squares Based on the Background of Digital Technology." E3S Web of Conferences 236 (2021): 05081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123605081.

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Urban square is an important place for modern people’s lives, but there exists a common phenomenon of pursuing formal beauty and wide land occupation while ignoring the participation and experience of the users, and lack of innovation. Based on the concept of humanized design, this paper explores the two-way interactive relationship between urban square and the user “people” under the background of digital technology, and fully perceive the mental needs and behavioral pattern of users, by analyzing different groups and types of their activities so as to contribute to a better innovative design of urban squares.

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Barreiros, Maria Helena. "Urban Landscapes: Houses, Streets and Squares of 18th Century Lisbon." Journal of Early Modern History 12, no. 3-4 (2008): 205–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006508x369866.

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AbstractThis article retraces Lisbon's urban evolution, both planned and spontaneous, from the beginning of the Age of Discovery until the first decades of the 19th century. It highlights the 1755 earthquake as a powerful agent of transformation of Lisbon, both of the city's image and architecture and of street life. The article begins by summing up urban policies and urban planning from Manuel I's reign (1495-1521) to João V's (1707-1750); it goes on to depict Lisbon's daily life during the Ancien Regime, focusing on the uses of public and private spaces by common people. The Pombaline plans for the rebuilding of Lisbon after the 1755 earthquake are reappraised, stressing the radically original morphology and functions of the new streets and housing types. The contrast between pre- and post-1755 Lisbon's public spaces is sharp, in both their design and use, and gradually streetscape became increasely regulated in accordance with emergent bourgeois social and urban values. More than a century later, the city's late 19th- and early 20th-century urban development still bore the mark of Pombaline plans, made just after 1755, for the revived Portuguese capital.

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Kissfazekas, Kornelia. "METAMORPHOSIS OF PUBLIC SPACES IN HUNGARY OR THE QUESTION OF CONTEXT WITHIN THE PUBLIC SPACES OF THE COMMUNIST AND POST-COMMUNIST PERIOD." JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 37, no. 3 (October 1, 2013): 182–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20297955.2013.832391.

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The design of successful public spaces is not merely a simple stylistic problem, but also a reflection on the social circumstances of a certain era, an architectural answer to the demands of society (Shields 1986). By following the continuous change in public spaces, we can observe a particular slice of history. This study is an investigation of the changing roles of two very different types of public spaces common in Hungary: the new urban squares of the '50s and the centres built in the '70s for public institutions. The study accomplishes this primarily by analysing them within their different contexts. The conclusion of this study is that public squares built in the communist period can meet contemporary space use demands in different ways. However these square types’ problems have great differences in scale and nature, during their renewals the deep knowledge of their history is essential. This is the precondition to creation public spaces that are intimately linked to the venue (and its spirit and history), even if we use fashinable designing tools.

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Xu, Xinhui, Zhenkai Sun, Zezhou Hao, Qi Bian, Kaiyue Wei, and Cheng Wang. "Effects of Urban Forest Types and Traits on Soil Organic Carbon Stock in Beijing." Forests 12, no. 4 (March 26, 2021): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12040394.

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Forests can affect soil organic carbon (SOC) quality and distribution through forest types and traits. However, much less is known about the influence of urban forests on SOC, especially in the effects of different forest types, such as coniferous and broadleaved forests. Our objectives were to assess the effects of urban forest types on the variability of SOC content (SOC concentration (SOCC) and SOC density (SOCD)) and determine the key forest traits influencing SOC. Data from 168 urban forest plots of coniferous or broadleaved forests located in the Beijing urban area were used to predict the effects of forest types and traits on SOC in three different soil layers, 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, and 20–30 cm. The analysis of variance and multiple comparisons were used to test the differences in SOC between forest types or layers. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was used to explain the influence of forest traits on SOC and select the significant predictors. Our results showed that in urban forests, the SOCC and SOCD values of the coniferous forest group were both significantly higher than those of the broadleaved group. The SOCC of the surface soil was significantly higher than those of the following two deep layers. In PLSR models, 42.07% of the SOCC variance and 35.83% of the SOCD variance were explained by forest traits. Diameter at breast height was selected as the best predictor variable by comparing variable importance in projection (VIP) scores in the models. The results suggest that forest types and traits could be used as an optional approach to assess the organic carbon stock in urban forest soils. This study found substantial effects of urban forest types and traits on soil organic carbon sequestration, which provides important data support for urban forest planning and management.

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Grafenauer Bratož, Boža. "Ethnological Research Applicability in Designing Urban Contents in Green Areas of Maribor." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 7, no. 1 (September 4, 2009): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/66.

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Parks, avenues, squares, open spaces and other green areas are established spatial categories and something that can always be seen in all urban centres, also in Maribor. Different ways of life are reflected in green areas because it is about the public spaces for socializing, recreation and relaxation. These are the spaces offered by the city to its residents for the very activities mentioned before. And since ethnology primarily deals with a way of life by which the contemporary and past forms and contents of the social and cultural life are characterized, the ethnological aspect of dealing with the green areas is specific and of key importance to an overall understanding of them. Both differences and similarities between the City Park and the Slomšek Square (i.e., between the two different types of green areas in the City of Maribor) are telling their part of the story of the city in the same relevant way. KEYWORDS: • ethnology • urban culture • green areas • heritage • municipality • Slovenia

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Tiurikova, E., О. Pogorelov, V. Titinov, and O. Nedoshitko. "FORMATION OF THE HUMAN AND STREET ANIMALS INTERACTION ENVIRONMENT." East European Scientific Journal 1, no. 4(68) (May 14, 2021): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/essa.2782-1994.2021.1.68.8.

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The paper is devoted to the problem of arrangement of the city's ecosystem by the architectural and design tools. The contradictions and conditions of joint habitation of people and street animals (cats) in the urban environment are revealed. The initial potential capacity of different types of urban environment (beaches, a traditional Odessa courtyard, public parks and squares, modern multi-storey buildings) in the formation of a harmonized, conflict-free interaction between people and animals have been investigated. The sketches of the search for the artistic appearance of cat settlements (students’ works) are presented.

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CREANGA, Emil, and Maria DUDA. "Sustainable urban structures to challenge climate change." Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People 1, no. 2 (July 21, 2012): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26458/jedep.v1i2.11.

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Public spaces within the city in all their form of different types - streets, boulevards, squares, plazas, market places, green areas - are the backbone of cities. Over the centuries buildings defined the shape and quality of public spaces, valorising them in various ways. The post-modern development of urban form generated a great number of “urban spaces”, where there is no longer correspondence between architectural forms and social and political messages: shopping malls and theme parks, inner public spaces, strip developments etc. Urban sprawl accompanied by loss of agricultural/rural land and its impact on the environment are serious concerns for most cities over Europe. To strike the right balance between inner city regeneration, under-use of urban land in the old abandoned sites and the ecological benefits that accompany the new private business initiatives in suburban areas, is one of the major challenges confronting cities in Europe. The paper will analyze the complex relations between architecture and public space, in an attempt to understand how traditional urban structures, public and green spaces, squares and streets, could provide orientation for quality-oriented regeneration. Case in point is Bucharest - capital city of Romania - where aggressive intervention in the urban structure during the 1980s disrupted the fabric of the city. The investigation is oriented towards fundamental questions such as: how to secure and preserve sites that serve as initial points in upgrading processes, how to balance private investment criteria and the quality interests of the urban communities.The major aim is to provide a support for decision making in restoring the fundamental role of public urban space in shaping urban form and supporting community life.

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Petovello, Mark G., Kyle O'Keefe, Phil Wei, and Chaminda Basnayake. "Assessment of Different Sensor Configurations for Collaborative Driving in Urban Environments." International Journal of Navigation and Observation 2013 (March 10, 2013): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/767313.

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Vehicle-to-vehicle relative navigation of a network of vehicles travelling in an urban canyon is assessed using least-squares and Kalman filtering covariance simulation techniques. Between-vehicle differential GPS is compared with differential GPS augmented with between-vehicle ultrawideband range and bearing measurements. The three measurement types are combined using both least-squares and Kalman filtering to estimate the horizontal positions of a network of vehicles travelling in the same direction on a road in a simulated urban canyon. The number of vehicles participating in the network is varied between two and nine while the severity of the urban canyon was varied from 15-to 65-degree elevation mask angles. The effect of each vehicle’s azimuth being known a priori, or unknown is assessed. The resulting relative positions in the network of vehicles are then analysed in terms of horizontal accuracy and statistical reliability of the solution. The addition of both range and bearing measurements provides protection levels on the order of 2 m at almost all times where DGPS alone only rarely has observation redundancy and often exhibits estimated accuracies worse than 200 m. Reliability is further improved when the vehicle azimuth is assumed to be known a priori.

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Dijokienė, Dalia. "PECULIARITIES OF GENESIS, DEVELOPMENT AND VALUES OF HISTORIC SUBURBS IN LITHUANIAN TOWNS (KAUNAS, KLAIPĖDA, KĖDAINIAI)." JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 30, no. 4 (December 31, 2006): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921630.2006.10697080.

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The object of investigation is the historic suburbs of Kaunas, Klaipėda and Kėdainiai. The investigation includes an analysis of the following urban structure elements of the suburbs: the network of streets; the structure of land holdings; the type of building–up of squares, streets and land holdings; complexes and ensembles of buildings; peculirities of natural setting; panoramas and silhouettes; compositional links with the old town’s kernel; urban and architectural pecularities of the studied historic suburbs preserved up to now. The investigation also provides the reasons of the genesis of the suburbs and a summarized description of their formation period, singles out factors that determined urban peculirities of the suburbs and sets out their types. The dispersion of the most valuable elements of the urban structure of the historic suburbs, that have preserved the highest number of authentic features, is illustrated.

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KOLESNIKOV, S. A., and E. E. KOZLOVA. "THE EVOLUTION OF ARCHITECTURAL AND URBAN PLANNING OBJECT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE MASS PERFORMANCES." Urban construction and architecture 3, no. 2 (June 15, 2013): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2013.02.4.

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The article presents the evolution of architectural and urban planning object in the context of the spatial organization of the mass performances. By the architectural and urban object we mean a certain environment or building intended for mass events. The first types of mass performances appeared in ancient Greece. Various forms of mass celebrations existed in ancient Rome, the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, etc. Each type of mass performances had its own certain architectural structure or entertaining area. For example, a gladiatorial combats in ancient Rome were held in the Coliseum, and the medieval carnivals generally took place in town squares and streets.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Urban types of squares"

Vaculíková, Petra. "Veřejné prostory historického jádra Brna - náměstí." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta architektury, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233246.

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Changes of physical, functional and social structure of the city as a result of the group of variously interrelated changes and events that are fundamentally participate in the formation of the image of the urban development. This doctoral thesis is based on research of the historical city center - squared. First part is focuses on the historical development of urban texture of the inner city of Brno and its squares. We are talking about Square of Freedom, Vegetable Market, Dominican square, Jacobs square, Capuchins square and Šilingrovo square. Based on individual characteristics, describing the emergence of morphological and functional changes in Brno square was created urban classification of basic types of square. City of Brno, as the capital city of region has a significant position in the structure of settlements. This fact has become one of the key aspects for the selection of examples of European cities and their squares. The second part of the thesis is based on comparative studies of different types of historical squares. In order to define the value of public spaces, it is necessary to look at the public places of historical perspective and deal with the causes that led to the decline of the importance and role of public spaces. Austrian capital cities of region (Graz, Linz, Klagenfurt and Salzburg) will be examined with regard to similar climatic conditions and a common cultural and historical context of the city. Based on urban patterns and graphic diagrams of each square are observed inner relationships between shapes of square, form, function and location of the position of an artwork. Research areas are also focused on comparing aspects of transport, green space, functional use, visual unit and social activities. The public space is shaped by a set of characteristics that promote diversity and interdependence of functions. For a better interpretation of the results have been established two benchmarks - symbol of identification with the place and the Magnet (function and filling space). The objective of the thesis is to define an aspects and elements of space which were involved in square use.

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Gospodini, Anastasia-Aspasia. "Type and function in the urban square : a case study of London." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.434254.

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Lupala, John Modestus. "Urban types in rapidly urbanising cities." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Infrastructure, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3426.

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One of the challenges confronting cities innon-industrialised countries today is the fact that cities aregrowing at unprecedented rates, sizes and densities. Growthtrends in these cities are largely unregulated. In thesecountries, cities have changed in at least four major ways:their size, spatial organisation or morphology, the quality anddistribution of public services and infrastructure and theiremployment base. While this situation can be attributed toglobal urbanisation trends, the general poor knowledge on howthese cities develop, densify and acquire certain physicalcharacteristics has limited effective urban planning andmanagement. At times, the pervasive knowledge gap has beenassociated with the lack of relevant theories and concepts toexplain the evolution, growth and prevailing spatial qualities.However, the limited research in this field has alsocontributed to this problem. The other problem that confrontsthe rapidly urbanising city is continued sprawl that has beenmanifested in externalities of inadequate infrastructureprovision and under-utilisation of scarce resourcesparticularly land.

This thesis is an attempt to contribute towards addressingthese two problem areas. The main field of study is on urbantypes within a rapidly urbanising city context. Dar es Salaamcity was selected a case study area. The study exploresthetheoretical framework for classification and analysis ofsettlements. The relevance of this framework in the studycontext is examined. At low scale level, the study provides ananalysis of house forms, density, plot characteristics, spacesand space uses in formal and informal settlements.

The analysis shows that urbanisation under poverty andlow-density urban types greatly influence the sprawlingcharacter of the city. The increasing market-led housingdevelopment and ineffective planning responses are contributingfactors to the observed unguided densification anddeteriorating spatial qualities. It has also been shown thatwhile theoretical frameworks developed from most industrialisedcountries can be adapted to analyse urban types innon-industrialised countries, these theories are limited incomprehending fully the growth and character of rapidlyurbanising cities.

Key words:Urban types, house forms, density, plotcharacteristics, spaces and space use, spatial quality, formaland informal settlements, Dar es Salaam.

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Li, Mimi. "Urban Regeneration through Public Space: A Case Study in Squares in Dalian, China." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/991.

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Urban regeneration has been accompanying urban development since the earliest human settlement, and was emphasized after the World War Two. Several decades' experience and billions of dollars forced the decision makers to realize the importance of urban image, quality of life, and urban environment, which were recognized as prerequisites and catalysts for the economic development of cities. In this circumstance squares have been involved in urban regeneration projects to create symbol of the city and to provide space for residents, and have been proved to be effective for urban regeneration by many western countries. Dalian, a coastal city in Northeast China presented to be a successful case in the country in involving the construction of squares in regenerating central city to transform the city from a heavy industrial city to a garden city. In the circumstance of urban beautification movement in China, which began in 1990s and was partly symbolized by the construction of fancy, large, but under-used squares, a study on the success of Dalian is indeed needed. This study shed light on the major concerns of Dalian government to create squares in central city, the land use issues of squares, the usage on the squares, and the perception of squares by users. Through the application of key-informant interview, questionnaire survey, and onsite observation, the paper concluded that the construction of squares was part of the urban regeneration policies in Dalian, the major concern was to provide local residents with public open space to enjoy public life, and to improve urban environment. The construction of squares was carefully and systematically planned, the location of squares was pertinent to the land use pattern nearby and to the function of each of the three districts in central city, the squares are fully utilized, and are appreciated by both local residents and tourists. The squares were considered as catalyst in urban environment improvement, urban image enhancement, and tourism and economic development from the perspective of government officials, local residents, and tourists. Implication was provided for other cities in China based on the major findings and reviewed literature, future research opportunities were also suggested.

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Li, Mimi. "Urban regeneration through public space a case study in squares in Dalian, China /." Waterloo, Ont. : University of Waterloo, [Dept. of Geography], 2003. http://etd.uwaterloo.ca/etd/m9li2004.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Waterloo, Dept. of Geography, 2003.
"A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in Geography." Includes bibliographical references.

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Mattsson, Johan. "Human Behaviour & Urban Squares : A Public Life Study of Kungsträdgården and Sergels Torg." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254528.

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Some public squares experience large amounts of human activity and some experience very little, even though external conditions between them create comparable opportunities for public life. The field of public life studies observes the human activity of public spaces and presents principles that predicts human public behaviour to gain a better understanding for what elements of space people are attracted to. The human staying activity at two central public square in Stockholm – Kungsträdgården and Sergels Torg – was studied with the methodology of public life studies as outlined in Gehl & Svarre (2013) How to Study Public Life. A stationary activity mapping was performed for the two squares where female, male, sitting and standing activity was registered. The result show that Kungsträdgården attracts more than twice the staying activity as Sergels Torg, and that the two squares are mirror images of each other in terms of gender and activity proportions, with Kungsträdgården being predominately female and sitting and Sergels Torg male and standing. The principles, theories, previous observations and hypotheses from a selection of the most seminal works within the public life studies field frame the seven themes used to analyse the human stationary activity at the two squares; Sitting, Standing, Thermal Comfort, Psychological Comfort, Sensory Comfort, Aesthetics and Human Interaction.

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Apostolopoulou, Ioli. "Comparing two key modernist public squares among Athens and Stockholm : From similar morphological patterns to common urban experience." Thesis, KTH, Samhällsplanering och miljö, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-222368.

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The urban form undergoes a constant evolution process that transforms the urban experience. As it has been stated by urban morphologists, the design and planning principles as well as emerging social-economic forces shape the built environment. During the period of modernism, cities reformed their urban cores according to the fundamental elements of modernism, aiming to address the ongoing urban growth, the traffic increase and the emerging social issues. Thus, after that period, several urban cores were transformed from old districts to new modern and prestigious business and commercial centers were the former urban experience disappeared. The center of Athens as well as the center of Stockholm constitute two representative examples of how modernism transformed completely the built environment during that period. Traffic oriented solutions prevailed against the traditional urban districts in both cases. Thus, by experiencing these two cases, common patterns were identified on the urban form of these two key public spaces of the cities. The current study is aiming to unfold the evolution of their urban form and the processes of change that took place in each case during the same time. An extended analysis is conducted, where formal and non-formal conditions are thoroughly examined. Through the analysis of the urban form, this work is aiming to reveal whether common elements that are identified in the built environment produce same implications on the urban life of the public space and consequently common urban experience to the users, despite cultural differences. In addition, the emerging unique formal and non-formal conditions, that generate vitality in each case, are selectively extracted in the last chapter, where crucial interventions are proposed.

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Wang, Zhiwei. "Transit network design considering urban development and differential service types /." View abstract or full-text, 2008. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CIVL%202008%20WANG.

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Glazzard, Andrew. "Character types from populist genres in Joseph Conrad's urban fiction." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.590818.

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This thesis investigates the relationship between literary and popular/populist fiction by examining Conrad's use of five character types common in popular fiction in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries: the detective, the infonner/spy, the spymaster, the anarchist/terrorist, and the swindler. Conrad's fiction has previously been situated in relation to 'exotic' genres such as adventure fiction ; what is original about my thesis is its use of a very wide range of texts from 'urban' genres such as detective and espionage fiction to reconstruct what Conrad's contemporary readers would have expected from novels featuring the character types listed above. This enables a more thorough examination of Conrad's engagement with urban genres than has previously been attempted, using popular texts not previously examined in relation to Conrad. The thesis argues that Conrad appropriated character types from populist genres for three reasons: as a commercial strategy to make his fiction marketable, as a way of responding to topical or contentious social and political issues, and as a means of creative experimentation. The thesis argues that Conrad's fictions are simultaneously ' literary' and 'popular', and that Conrad achieved distinctive aesthetic effects by applying particular literary techniques - what he called "treatment" - to popular subjects such as crime and espionage. This rewriting of genre fiction enabled Conrad to balance the demands of the literary marketplace with artistic and ethical aspirations, and to produce a wide range of narratives that varied significantly in aesthetic effect.

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Li, Dawei. "The development of a conceptual framework for delivering socially beneficial urban squares in Guangzhou, China." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/11549/.

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Since the 1990s, in the context of recent rapid urbanisation, China has experienced an intense period of creating urban squares by new-build and regeneration. Much of this has been widely influenced by interpretations of Western urban morphology (Cao, 2005; Zhang 2006; Chen and Thwaites, 2013). Today, the contemporary urban square has become an essential urban form in the city layouts of Chinese cities, built primarily to display a city’s features, promote a city’s cultures, and enhance urban recreation life in China, mirroring perceptions of how such urban settings function in the West. However, the real usage patterns of urban squares in China appear to have limited and imbalanced usage by the public which appears to be in contrast to the well-used western urban squares that China has sought to imitate. This is beginning to attract the attention of the built environment professional fraternity who are seeking to develop better awareness of urban square usage patterns in Chinese cities and understand the planning and design implications. Based on the review of relevant literature and the researcher’s practical experiences, the emergence of this issue could be influenced by the following: - In today’s China, there is no national, regional or local level design guidance or policy in existence to provide the practitioners with any industrial standards to follow in the delivery of user-friendly urban squares in the Chinese context. - Under this circumstance, therefore, the urban squares in China are normally delivered by practitioners who often look to Western influences placing emphasis on visual appearance rather than social functioning. Planning and design decision making processes are therefore heavily biased towards practitioners’ own intuitions and preferences, rather than a deep understanding of, and then a response to, the users’ needs and preferences in the Chinese context. In response, this research will contribute towards solving this issue by developing a conceptual framework for delivering socially beneficial urban squares for today’s China. Here, Guangzhou is selected as the study city for two main reasons. Firstly, Guangzhou is a representative city of China, clearly reflecting the issue discussed above; and secondly, its advanced experiences and lessons could be referred to by the other Chinese cities, due to its significant influence within China. The aim illustrated above is achieved by addressing four research objectives. These are: firstly, to investigate the lessons and experiences that can be learnt from the Western context with regards to delivering socially beneficial urban squares for China, taking the city of Guangzhou as a study site; secondly, to uncover the users’ usage features, desires, and suggestions on the recreation squares in Guangzhou; thirdly, to discover the concept and criteria of socially beneficial recreation squares that are suited to today’s Guangzhou; and finally, to synthesise the outcomes of the previous three steps into a conceptual framework that can offer urban squares the ability to sustain and nourish public urban social life, in Guangzhou. Finally, this research makes four main contributions to the fields of urban square and urban design including theoretical development and practical application. The first contribution is that it uncovers the evolving pattern of traditional Chinese squares, which can fill the gap that exists within the literature review of Chinese squares. The second contribution is that it reveals and illustrates the concept and criteria of socially beneficial urban squares in the Western context, which can enrich the West’s documentary material of urban squares. The third contribution is that it develops two innovative research tools for the fieldwork in China, which contributes towards the development of built environment research methodology. The fourth contribution is that it produces a conceptual framework, which can be used not only in Guangzhou to assist the practitioners to deliver socially beneficial urban squares in practice, but also offers potential for application in other Chinese cities. This implies its significance and contribution to the theoretical and practical developments of Chinese urban squares.

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Books on the topic "Urban types of squares"

Kottas, Dimitris. Urban spaces: Squares & plazas. Barcelona: Links, 2007.

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Cerver, Francisco Asensio. Urban spaces I: (streets and squares). Barcelona: [Arco Editorial Board], 1994.

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Lang, Jon. Urban Squares as Places, Links and Displays. New York : Routledge, 2016.: Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315660707.

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Ye, Kan Har, ed. Urban intensities: Contemporary housing types and territories. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2014.

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Dense + green: Innovative building types for sustainable urban architecture. Boston: Birkhäuser, 2015.

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Waters, Suzanne. A tale of two squares: A story of urban change and renewal. [London}: Twentieth Century Society, 1994.

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Moshi, Ezekiel Z. M. Urban transformation: Changing building types in Kariakoo, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. Oslo: Oslo School of Architecture and Design, 2009.

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Sālāhauddina, Khāledā. Women in urban informal sector: Employment pattern activity types and problems. Dhaka: Women for Women, 1992.

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Il rilievo a vista: La piazza = The on-sight relief : the squares. Milano: Di Baio, 1986.

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Rynki, malle i cmentarze: Przestrzeń publiczna miast śląskich w ujęciu socjologicznym = Market squares, malls, cemeteries : public realm in the Silesian cities in the sociological perspective. Kraków: Nomos, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Urban types of squares"

Fu, Chonglan, and Wenming Cao. "The Disruption of Traditional Squares and the Rise of New-Type Squares." In An Urban History of China, 223–42. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8211-6_12.

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Marshall, Nancy. "Urban Squares." In Place and Placelessness Revisited, 186–203. New York: Routledge, 2016. | Series: Routledge research in planning and urban design: Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315676456-13.

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Lerner, Jaime. "Of Parks, Squares, and Monuments." In Urban Acupuncture, 88–92. Washington, DC: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-584-7_27.

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Morimoto, Akinori. "Types of urban structure." In City and Transportation Planning, 19–40. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003119913-2.

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Nasr, Joe, June Komisar, and Henk de Zeeuw. "A Panorama of Rooftop Agriculture Types." In Urban Agriculture, 9–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57720-3_2.

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Fu, Chonglan, and Wenming Cao. "Urban Public Squares and Social Public Life." In An Urban History of China, 145–56. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8211-6_10.

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Bayraktar, Nuray. "Social characteristics of squares as urban spaces." In Public Space, 89–94. First Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Design and the built environment: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315603018-7.

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Fu, Chonglan, and Wenming Cao. "Chinese Traditional Squares: The Most Longevous Square Systems." In An Urban History of China, 157–222. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8211-6_11.

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Fu, Chonglan, and Wenming Cao. "A Cultural Comparison Between Chinese and Western Squares." In An Urban History of China, 273–83. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8211-6_14.

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Weiland, Ulrike. "Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for Types of Land Use." In Urban Ecology, 438–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-88583-9_88.

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Conference papers on the topic "Urban types of squares"

Lakićević, Milena, Ivona Simić, and Radenka Kolarov. "Designing parterres on the main city squares." In 10th International Symposium on Graphic Engineering and Design. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of technical sciences, Department of graphic engineering and design,, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/grid-2020-p66.

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A “parterre” is a word originating from the French, with the meaning interpreted as “on the ground”. Nowadays, this term is widely used in landscape architecture terminology and depicts a groundlevel space covered by ornamental plant material. The designing parterres are generally limited to the central city zones and entrances to the valuable architectonic objects, such as government buildings, courts, museums, castles, villas, etc. There are several main types of parterres set up in France, during the period of baroque, and the most famous one is the parterre type “broderie” with the most advanced styling pattern. Nowadays, French baroque parterres are adapted and communicate with contemporary landscape design styles, but some traits and characteristics of originals are still easily recognizable. In this paper, apart from presenting a short overview of designing parterres in general, the main focus is based on designing a new parterre on the main city square in the city of Bijeljina in the Republic of Srpska. The design concept relies on principles known in the history of landscape art but is, at the same time, adjusted to local conditions and space purposes. The paper presents the current design of the selected zone – parterre on the main city square in Bijeljina and proposes a new design strongly influenced by the “broderie” type of parterre. For creating a new design proposal we have used the following software AutoCad (for 2D drawings) and Realtime Landscaping Architect (for more advanced presentations and 3D previews). The paper provides detailed graphical representations for a new design proposal and explains the main design ideas and guidelines which can be applied even when designing parterres in the other urban space. Besides that, the paper lists the plant material that is suitable for establishing and maintaining parterres in the urban environment.

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Falsetti, Marco, and Pina Ciotoli. "Introverted and knotted spaces within modern and contemporary urban fabrics: passages, gallerias and covered squares." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.5913.

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The scenic plaza mayor shares with the theater organisms some formative characters, since they both derive from a transformation, by knotting, of pre-existing buildings and fabrics. This architectural transformation is generated, at the beginning, by a change in the modalities of using public space. As for the corral de comedias, the process is due to the sedentarization of the theatrical practice, which abandons the itinerant dimension of the street to move inside the buildings (such as private homes and palaces). The original corral de comedias was in fact set up inside an open place that could be covered, and this feature became permanent over time, creating a new building type. Similarly, since the sixteenth century, squares became the fundamental location of Spanish civic life as well as they hosted all sorts of political, religious and festive representations, but also the venue of executions. For this purpose, namely to allow people to watch such events, the squares were transformed, by raising temporary walls and walkways. In some cases, like Tembleque and San Carlos del Valle, they began to realize permanent continuous balconies, with solutions that seem to have followed the same morphological evolution of corrales de comedias. In both cases it was necessary to unify different elements (buildings or rooms) and connect them to each other, through a process of “knotting”, in order to create a new organism. Over time the physiognomy of the spaces, originally open, assumed the permanent characters of a new type, closed and similar to the courtyard of a “palazzo”.

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Satoh, Koyu, Naian Liu, Jinmo Wu, Haixiang Chen, Jiao Lei, and Jesse S. Lozano. "CFD Simulations of Urban and Wildland Fire Spread Among Discrete Fuels Under Effect of Wind." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-37152.

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It is important to investigate the urban and wildland fire behavior to mitigate the fire hazards. There have been many studies on such fires, but the need of real time fire simulations has recent increased and a demand to predict fire spread patterns in urban and wildland regions for decision-making strategies against fires has emerged. However, the knowledge of fire spread behavior is still insufficient, particularly for the condition of discrete fuel distributions. Under this condition the fire spread behavior shows high complexity due to the significant interactions between the radiation, conduction and convection heat transfer, especially under significant ambient wind effects. This paper investigates urban and wildland fire spread behavior by utilizing CFD simulations for two types of fuels under the effect of wind. A 15×15 square array, consisting of 225 fuel sources, is used to simulate the discrete fuel distribution, with varying fuel spacing and wind speed. The simulation method is similar to that used in our previous study, but with different ignition heaters. The comparison of the simulated results for the reduced and real scale models is reasonable, as verified by the similarity law. The critical fire spread distance, the wind effect upon fire spread, and the variation of fire spread rate for the two types of fuels are extensively investigated.

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Waite, Michael, and Vijay Modi. "Calibrated Building Energy Models for Community-Scale Sustainability Analyses." In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6642.

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Building energy contributes approximately 40% of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions and 75% of emissions in some urban areas. Evaluating modifications to existing building stocks is essential to a proper assessment of GHG reduction policy at various levels. With deeper penetration of intermittent renewable energy resources, supply and demand effects at a high resolution (e.g. hourly) will become more important as variations in grid emissions will become more significant. City-level hourly electricity load data is available; however, effects of building stock changes on usage profiles are not easily analyzed, and on-site fossil fuel usage — the dominant loads in many urban areas — are generally only available annually. Building energy models allow for detailed simulation of building systems, but existing building models must be calibrated to actual energy usage to predict the effects of energy conservation measures. Reference building models developed by the U.S. Department of Energy for the EnergyPlus software tool were used as the basis for a set of calibrated building energy models to perform community-scale energy conservation measures on the dominant building classes in NYC (i.e. residential and office buildings). A statistical analysis of zip code-level annual electricity and fuel usage data was performed to determine electricity, space heating fuel and domestic hot water (DHW) fuel usage intensities (EUIs) for three broad building categories encompassing these building types in New York City. Several parameters were adjusted for each model until simulations produced the EUIs from the statistical analysis: Thermal envelope characteristics, peak electric equipment and lighting loads, DHW flow requirements, cooling equipment coefficient of performance and heating equipment efficiency. Cooling energy demands were adjusted based on the electricity demand vs. temperature behavior during the cooling season. The hourly daily usage schedules of internal electric and lighting loads were then adjusted for all models, targeting the actual hourly electricity demands for NYC. Because hourly changes affect annual EUIs, the calibrations were performed iteratively until the model outputs, weighted by each building type’s total NYC square footage, equaled the annual EUIs for each building type and the hourly electricity demand data. This paper shows that this comprehensive calibration approach can achieve root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) of 7% from the average annual electricity demand for these building types, compared to a 31% RMSD for an approach using annual energy calibration only.

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Jeihani, M. "Estimating trip generation rates for two new development types." In URBAN TRANSPORT 2009. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ut090041.

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Novickas, Audrius. "Renovation of Historical Public Squares: Conservative and Innovative Trends." In Urban Heritage: Research, Interpretation, Education. Vilnius, Lithuania: Vilnius Gediminas Technical University Publishing House Technika, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/uh20070925.70-76.

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Alpak, Elif Merve, Emine Tarakçı Eren, and Tuğba Düzenli. "Green Design in Urban Squares: Ecological Urban Consciousness in Landscape Architecture Education." In 4th International Conference of Contemporary Affairs in Architecture and Urbanism – Full book proceedings of ICCAUA2020, 20-21 May 2021. Alanya Hamdullah Emin Paşa University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.38027/iccaua2021tr0042n14.

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Due to increase in population density in cities, unplanned urbanization, where built areas proliferate and concrete and impermeable surfaces are predominant, have started to capture cities. While this causes the natural environments and green areas in cities to decrease day by day, it also directly affects the formation of heat islands in the cities, air pollution and the decrease in the quality of life of people. Since landscape architecture is a discipline that deals with the planning, development, protection and design of rural and urban open spaces that can make the future better, teaching students the importance of the ecological city and the criteria of designs for this should be the primary goal in universities. The area, which was determined as an Urban Transformation area by Trabzon Municipality and planned to be designed as Karagöz Square, was studied within the scope of Karadeniz Technical University Landscape Architecture Environmental Design Project 4 in the fall semester of 2019-2020. The lecturer of the course aimed to teach the students the awareness of green design-oriented city square solution in line with ecological city criteria. Within the scope of this study, course data were examined with ecological city criteria.

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Zhansheng, Wang, Ding Ling, Yang Liqiang, and Zhang Ning. "Cluster Analysis on Urban Rail Transit Ticket Types." In 2010 International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation (ICICTA). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icicta.2010.829.

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Moraes, Elcione L., Irving M. Franco, Marcelle Vilar, Isabela Avertano, Dorival Pinheiro, Mindiyara Freitas, and Denilson Del Tetto. "Categorization of street types in urban thermoacoustic analysis." In ICA 2013 Montreal. ASA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4800419.

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Schulwitz, M., and T. Hillenbrand. "Small-scale modelling of urban structure types for the cost evaluation in sanitary environmental engineering." In URBAN WATER 2016. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/uw160091.

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Reports on the topic "Urban types of squares"

Ellefsen, Richard, and David Fordyce. Urban Terrain Building Types: Second Edition Public Releasable Version. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada586279.

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Hedegaard, Holly. Urban–Rural Differences in Drug Overdose Death Rates, 1999–2019. National Center for Health Statistics, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:102891.

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This report uses the most recent mortality data from the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) to examine urban–rural differences in drug overdose death rates, for all drugs and by selected types of opioids and stimulants.

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Gupte, Jaideep, Sarath MG Babu, Debjani Ghosh, Eric Kasper, and Priyanka Mehra. Smart Cities and COVID-19: Implications for Data Ecosystems from Lessons Learned in India. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2021.034.

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This brief distils best data practice recommendations through consideration of key issues involved in the use of technology for surveillance, fact-checking and coordinated control during crisis or emergency response in resource constrained urban contexts. We draw lessons from how data enabled technologies were used in urban COVID-19 response, as well as how standard implementation procedures were affected by the pandemic. Disease control is a long-standing consideration in building smart city architecture, while humanitarian actions are increasingly digitised. However, there are competing city visions being employed in COVID-19 response. This is symptomatic of a broader range of tech-based responses in other humanitarian contexts. These visions range from aspirations for technology driven, centralised and surveillance oriented urban regimes, to ‘frugal innovations’ by firms, consumers and city governments. Data ecosystems are not immune from gendered- and socio-political discrimination, and technology-based interventions can worsen existing inequalities, particularly in emergencies. Technology driven public health (PH) interventions thus raise concerns about 1) what types of technologies are appropriate, 2) whether they produce inclusive outcomes for economically and socially disadvantaged urban residents and 3) the balance between surveillance and control on one hand, and privacy and citizen autonomy on the other.

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Tiruneh, Dawit T., John Hoddinott, Caine Rolleston, Ricardo Sabates, and Tassew Woldehanna. Understanding Achievement in Numeracy Among Primary School Children in Ethiopia: Evidence from RISE Ethiopia Study. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/071.

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Ethiopia has succeeded in rapidly expanding access to primary education over the past two decades. However, learning outcomes remain low among primary school children and particularly among girls and children from disadvantaged backgrounds. Starting with a systematic review of quantitative studies on the determinants of learning outcomes among primary school children in Ethiopia, this study then examined key determinants of students’ numeracy achievement over the 2018-19 school year. The study focused on Grade 4 children (N=3,353) who are part of an on-going longitudinal study. The two questions that guided this study are: what are the key determinants of numeracy achievement at Grade 4 in primary schools in Ethiopia, and how does our current empirical study contribute to understanding achievement differences in numeracy among primary school children in Ethiopia? We employed descriptive and inferential statistics to examine factors that determine differences in numeracy scores at the start and end of the school year, as well as determinants of numeracy scores at the end of the school year conditional on achievement at the start of the school year. We examined differences across gender, region, and rural-urban localities. We also used ordinary least squares and school ‘fixed effects’ approaches to estimate the key child, household and school characteristics that determine numeracy scores in Grade 4. The findings revealed that boys significantly outperformed girls in numeracy both at the start and end of the 2018/19 school year, but the progress in numeracy scores over the school year by boys was similar to that of girls. Besides, students in urban localities made a slightly higher progress in numeracy over the school year compared to their rural counterparts. Students from some regions (e.g., Oromia) demonstrated higher progress in numeracy over the school year relative to students in other regions (e.g., Addis Ababa). Key child (e.g., age, health, hours spent per day studying at home) and school- and teacher-related characteristics (e.g., provision of one textbook per subject for each student, urban-rural school location, and teachers’ mathematics content knowledge) were found to be significantly associated with student progress in numeracy test scores over the school year. These findings are discussed based on the reviewed evidence from the quantitative studies in Ethiopia.

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Swanston, Christopher W., Leslie A. Brandt, Patricia R. Butler-Leopold, Kimberly R. Hall, Maria K. Janowiak, Stephen D. Handler, Kyle Merriam, et al. Adaptation Strategies and Approaches for California Forest Ecosystems. U.S. Department of Agriculture, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2020.7204070.ch.

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Forest health has never been a more urgent concern in California. A variety of forest ecosystem types have experienced extraordinary combinations of stressors and disturbances over the past century, which have resulted in significant changes to forest conditions. Current conditions are a product of multiple interacting factors, including fire exclusion, historic logging practices, increased wildland-urban-interface expansion and, more recently, the effects associated with climate change. The intersection of the factors has led to high severity fire, drought linked mortality, and pest infestation and disease in the affected forests. It’s increasingly clear that the expected effects of climate change will further impact California forest ecosystems, potentially compelling and, in some cases, forcing the application of targeted adaptation strategies and approaches in the years and decades to come.

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Cook, Stephen, and Loyd Hook. Developmental Pillars of Increased Autonomy for Aircraft Systems. ASTM International, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/tr2-eb.

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Increased automation for aircraft systems holds the promise to increase safety, precision, and availability for manned and unmanned aircraft. Specifically, established aviation segments, such as general aviation and light sport, could utilize increased automation to make significant progress towards solving safety and piloting difficulties that have plagued them for some time. Further, many emerging market segments, such as urban air mobility and small unmanned (e.g., small parcel delivery with drones) have a strong financial incentive to develop increased automation to relieve the pilot workload, and/or replace in-the-loop pilots for most situations. Before these advances can safely be made, automation technology must be shown to be reliable, available, accurate, and correct within acceptable limits based on the level of risk these functions may create. However since inclusion of these types of systems is largely unprecedented at this level of aviation, what constitutes these required traits (and at what level they must be proven to) requires development as well. Progress in this domain will likely be captured and disseminated in the form of best practices and technical standards created with collaboration from regulatory and industry groups. This work intends to inform those standards producers, along with the system designers, with the goal of facilitating growth in aviation systems toward safe, methodical, and robust inclusion of these new technologies. Produced by members of the manned and unmanned small aircraft community, represented by ASTM task group AC 377, this work strives to suggest and describe certain fundamental principles, or “pillars”, of complex aviation systems development, which are applicable to the design and architectural development of increased automation for aviation systems.

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McCarthy, Noel, Eileen Taylor, Martin Maiden, Alison Cody, Melissa Jansen van Rensburg, Margaret Varga, Sophie Hedges, et al. Enhanced molecular-based (MLST/whole genome) surveillance and source attribution of Campylobacter infections in the UK. Food Standards Agency, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ksj135.

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This human campylobacteriosis sentinel surveillance project was based at two sites in Oxfordshire and North East England chosen (i) to be representative of the English population on the Office for National Statistics urban-rural classification and (ii) to provide continuity with genetic surveillance started in Oxfordshire in October 2003. Between October 2015 and September 2018 epidemiological questionnaires and genome sequencing of isolates from human cases was accompanied by sampling and genome sequencing of isolates from possible food animal sources. The principal aim was to estimate the contributions of the main sources of human infection and to identify any changes over time. An extension to the project focussed on antimicrobial resistance in study isolates and older archived isolates. These older isolates were from earlier years at the Oxfordshire site and the earliest available coherent set of isolates from the national archive at Public Health England (1997/8). The aim of this additional work was to analyse the emergence of the antimicrobial resistance that is now present among human isolates and to describe and compare antimicrobial resistance in recent food animal isolates. Having identified the presence of bias in population genetic attribution, and that this was not addressed in the published literature, this study developed an approach to adjust for bias in population genetic attribution, and an alternative approach to attribution using sentinel types. Using these approaches the study estimated that approximately 70% of Campylobacter jejuni and just under 50% of C. coli infection in our sample was linked to the chicken source and that this was relatively stable over time. Ruminants were identified as the second most common source for C. jejuni and the most common for C. coli where there was also some evidence for pig as a source although less common than ruminant or chicken. These genomic attributions of themselves make no inference on routes of transmission. However, those infected with isolates genetically typical of chicken origin were substantially more likely to have eaten chicken than those infected with ruminant types. Consumption of lamb’s liver was very strongly associated with infection by a strain genetically typical of a ruminant source. These findings support consumption of these foods as being important in the transmission of these infections and highlight a potentially important role for lamb’s liver consumption as a source of Campylobacter infection. Antimicrobial resistance was predicted from genomic data using a pipeline validated by Public Health England and using BIGSdb software. In C. jejuni this showed a nine-fold increase in resistance to fluoroquinolones from 1997 to 2018. Tetracycline resistance was also common, with higher initial resistance (1997) and less substantial change over time. Resistance to aminoglycosides or macrolides remained low in human cases across all time periods. Among C. jejuni food animal isolates, fluoroquinolone resistance was common among isolates from chicken and substantially less common among ruminants, ducks or pigs. Tetracycline resistance was common across chicken, duck and pig but lower among ruminant origin isolates. In C. coli resistance to all four antimicrobial classes rose from low levels in 1997. The fluoroquinolone rise appears to have levelled off earlier and among animals, levels are high in duck as well as chicken isolates, although based on small sample sizes, macrolide and aminoglycoside resistance, was substantially higher than for C. jejuni among humans and highest among pig origin isolates. Tetracycline resistance is high in isolates from pigs and the very small sample from ducks. Antibiotic use following diagnosis was relatively high (43.4%) among respondents in the human surveillance study. Moreover, it varied substantially across sites and was highest among non-elderly adults compared to older adults or children suggesting opportunities for improved antimicrobial stewardship. The study also found evidence for stable lineages over time across human and source animal species as well as some tighter genomic clusters that may represent outbreaks. The genomic dataset will allow extensive further work beyond the specific goals of the study. This has been made accessible on the web, with access supported by data visualisation tools.

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