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1
Jin, Xia, and Wu Qiuhui. "On the Innovative Design of Urban Squares Based on the Background of Digital Technology." E3S Web of Conferences 236 (2021): 05081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123605081.
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Urban square is an important place for modern people’s lives, but there exists a common phenomenon of pursuing formal beauty and wide land occupation while ignoring the participation and experience of the users, and lack of innovation. Based on the concept of humanized design, this paper explores the two-way interactive relationship between urban square and the user “people” under the background of digital technology, and fully perceive the mental needs and behavioral pattern of users, by analyzing different groups and types of their activities so as to contribute to a better innovative design of urban squares.
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Barreiros, Maria Helena. "Urban Landscapes: Houses, Streets and Squares of 18th Century Lisbon." Journal of Early Modern History 12, no. 3-4 (2008): 205–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006508x369866.
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AbstractThis article retraces Lisbon's urban evolution, both planned and spontaneous, from the beginning of the Age of Discovery until the first decades of the 19th century. It highlights the 1755 earthquake as a powerful agent of transformation of Lisbon, both of the city's image and architecture and of street life. The article begins by summing up urban policies and urban planning from Manuel I's reign (1495-1521) to João V's (1707-1750); it goes on to depict Lisbon's daily life during the Ancien Regime, focusing on the uses of public and private spaces by common people. The Pombaline plans for the rebuilding of Lisbon after the 1755 earthquake are reappraised, stressing the radically original morphology and functions of the new streets and housing types. The contrast between pre- and post-1755 Lisbon's public spaces is sharp, in both their design and use, and gradually streetscape became increasely regulated in accordance with emergent bourgeois social and urban values. More than a century later, the city's late 19th- and early 20th-century urban development still bore the mark of Pombaline plans, made just after 1755, for the revived Portuguese capital.
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Kissfazekas, Kornelia. "METAMORPHOSIS OF PUBLIC SPACES IN HUNGARY OR THE QUESTION OF CONTEXT WITHIN THE PUBLIC SPACES OF THE COMMUNIST AND POST-COMMUNIST PERIOD." JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 37, no. 3 (October 1, 2013): 182–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20297955.2013.832391.
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The design of successful public spaces is not merely a simple stylistic problem, but also a reflection on the social circumstances of a certain era, an architectural answer to the demands of society (Shields 1986). By following the continuous change in public spaces, we can observe a particular slice of history. This study is an investigation of the changing roles of two very different types of public spaces common in Hungary: the new urban squares of the '50s and the centres built in the '70s for public institutions. The study accomplishes this primarily by analysing them within their different contexts. The conclusion of this study is that public squares built in the communist period can meet contemporary space use demands in different ways. However these square types’ problems have great differences in scale and nature, during their renewals the deep knowledge of their history is essential. This is the precondition to creation public spaces that are intimately linked to the venue (and its spirit and history), even if we use fashinable designing tools.
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Xu, Xinhui, Zhenkai Sun, Zezhou Hao, Qi Bian, Kaiyue Wei, and Cheng Wang. "Effects of Urban Forest Types and Traits on Soil Organic Carbon Stock in Beijing." Forests 12, no. 4 (March 26, 2021): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12040394.
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Forests can affect soil organic carbon (SOC) quality and distribution through forest types and traits. However, much less is known about the influence of urban forests on SOC, especially in the effects of different forest types, such as coniferous and broadleaved forests. Our objectives were to assess the effects of urban forest types on the variability of SOC content (SOC concentration (SOCC) and SOC density (SOCD)) and determine the key forest traits influencing SOC. Data from 168 urban forest plots of coniferous or broadleaved forests located in the Beijing urban area were used to predict the effects of forest types and traits on SOC in three different soil layers, 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, and 20–30 cm. The analysis of variance and multiple comparisons were used to test the differences in SOC between forest types or layers. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was used to explain the influence of forest traits on SOC and select the significant predictors. Our results showed that in urban forests, the SOCC and SOCD values of the coniferous forest group were both significantly higher than those of the broadleaved group. The SOCC of the surface soil was significantly higher than those of the following two deep layers. In PLSR models, 42.07% of the SOCC variance and 35.83% of the SOCD variance were explained by forest traits. Diameter at breast height was selected as the best predictor variable by comparing variable importance in projection (VIP) scores in the models. The results suggest that forest types and traits could be used as an optional approach to assess the organic carbon stock in urban forest soils. This study found substantial effects of urban forest types and traits on soil organic carbon sequestration, which provides important data support for urban forest planning and management.
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Grafenauer Bratož, Boža. "Ethnological Research Applicability in Designing Urban Contents in Green Areas of Maribor." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 7, no. 1 (September 4, 2009): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/66.
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Parks, avenues, squares, open spaces and other green areas are established spatial categories and something that can always be seen in all urban centres, also in Maribor. Different ways of life are reflected in green areas because it is about the public spaces for socializing, recreation and relaxation. These are the spaces offered by the city to its residents for the very activities mentioned before. And since ethnology primarily deals with a way of life by which the contemporary and past forms and contents of the social and cultural life are characterized, the ethnological aspect of dealing with the green areas is specific and of key importance to an overall understanding of them. Both differences and similarities between the City Park and the Slomšek Square (i.e., between the two different types of green areas in the City of Maribor) are telling their part of the story of the city in the same relevant way.
KEYWORDS: • ethnology • urban culture • green areas • heritage • municipality • Slovenia
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Tiurikova, E., О. Pogorelov, V. Titinov, and O. Nedoshitko. "FORMATION OF THE HUMAN AND STREET ANIMALS INTERACTION ENVIRONMENT." East European Scientific Journal 1, no. 4(68) (May 14, 2021): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/essa.2782-1994.2021.1.68.8.
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The paper is devoted to the problem of arrangement of the city's ecosystem by the architectural and design tools. The contradictions and conditions of joint habitation of people and street animals (cats) in the urban environment are revealed. The initial potential capacity of different types of urban environment (beaches, a traditional Odessa courtyard, public parks and squares, modern multi-storey buildings) in the formation of a harmonized, conflict-free interaction between people and animals have been investigated. The sketches of the search for the artistic appearance of cat settlements (students’ works) are presented.
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CREANGA, Emil, and Maria DUDA. "Sustainable urban structures to challenge climate change." Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People 1, no. 2 (July 21, 2012): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26458/jedep.v1i2.11.
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Public spaces within the city in all their form of different types - streets, boulevards, squares, plazas, market places, green areas - are the backbone of cities. Over the centuries buildings defined the shape and quality of public spaces, valorising them in various ways. The post-modern development of urban form generated a great number of “urban spaces”, where there is no longer correspondence between architectural forms and social and political messages: shopping malls and theme parks, inner public spaces, strip developments etc. Urban sprawl accompanied by loss of agricultural/rural land and its impact on the environment are serious concerns for most cities over Europe. To strike the right balance between inner city regeneration, under-use of urban land in the old abandoned sites and the ecological benefits that accompany the new private business initiatives in suburban areas, is one of the major challenges confronting cities in Europe. The paper will analyze the complex relations between architecture and public space, in an attempt to understand how traditional urban structures, public and green spaces, squares and streets, could provide orientation for quality-oriented regeneration. Case in point is Bucharest - capital city of Romania - where aggressive intervention in the urban structure during the 1980s disrupted the fabric of the city. The investigation is oriented towards fundamental questions such as: how to secure and preserve sites that serve as initial points in upgrading processes, how to balance private investment criteria and the quality interests of the urban communities.The major aim is to provide a support for decision making in restoring the fundamental role of public urban space in shaping urban form and supporting community life.
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Petovello, Mark G., Kyle O'Keefe, Phil Wei, and Chaminda Basnayake. "Assessment of Different Sensor Configurations for Collaborative Driving in Urban Environments." International Journal of Navigation and Observation 2013 (March 10, 2013): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/767313.
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Vehicle-to-vehicle relative navigation of a network of vehicles travelling in an urban canyon is assessed using least-squares and Kalman filtering covariance simulation techniques. Between-vehicle differential GPS is compared with differential GPS augmented with between-vehicle ultrawideband range and bearing measurements. The three measurement types are combined using both least-squares and Kalman filtering to estimate the horizontal positions of a network of vehicles travelling in the same direction on a road in a simulated urban canyon. The number of vehicles participating in the network is varied between two and nine while the severity of the urban canyon was varied from 15-to 65-degree elevation mask angles. The effect of each vehicle’s azimuth being known a priori, or unknown is assessed. The resulting relative positions in the network of vehicles are then analysed in terms of horizontal accuracy and statistical reliability of the solution. The addition of both range and bearing measurements provides protection levels on the order of 2 m at almost all times where DGPS alone only rarely has observation redundancy and often exhibits estimated accuracies worse than 200 m. Reliability is further improved when the vehicle azimuth is assumed to be known a priori.
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Dijokienė, Dalia. "PECULIARITIES OF GENESIS, DEVELOPMENT AND VALUES OF HISTORIC SUBURBS IN LITHUANIAN TOWNS (KAUNAS, KLAIPĖDA, KĖDAINIAI)." JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 30, no. 4 (December 31, 2006): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921630.2006.10697080.
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The object of investigation is the historic suburbs of Kaunas, Klaipėda and Kėdainiai. The investigation includes an analysis of the following urban structure elements of the suburbs: the network of streets; the structure of land holdings; the type of building–up of squares, streets and land holdings; complexes and ensembles of buildings; peculirities of natural setting; panoramas and silhouettes; compositional links with the old town’s kernel; urban and architectural pecularities of the studied historic suburbs preserved up to now. The investigation also provides the reasons of the genesis of the suburbs and a summarized description of their formation period, singles out factors that determined urban peculirities of the suburbs and sets out their types. The dispersion of the most valuable elements of the urban structure of the historic suburbs, that have preserved the highest number of authentic features, is illustrated.
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KOLESNIKOV, S. A., and E. E. KOZLOVA. "THE EVOLUTION OF ARCHITECTURAL AND URBAN PLANNING OBJECT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE MASS PERFORMANCES." Urban construction and architecture 3, no. 2 (June 15, 2013): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2013.02.4.
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The article presents the evolution of architectural and urban planning object in the context of the spatial organization of the mass performances. By the architectural and urban object we mean a certain environment or building intended for mass events. The first types of mass performances appeared in ancient Greece. Various forms of mass celebrations existed in ancient Rome, the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, etc. Each type of mass performances had its own certain architectural structure or entertaining area. For example, a gladiatorial combats in ancient Rome were held in the Coliseum, and the medieval carnivals generally took place in town squares and streets.
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Huang, Xu-dong, Dong Wang, Pei-pei Han, Wen-chuan Wang, Qing-jie Li, Xiao-li Zhang, Ming-wei Ma, Bao-jian Li, and Shi-jie Han. "Spatial Patterns in Baseflow Mean Response Time across a Watershed in the Loess Plateau: Linkage with Land-Use Types." Forest Science 66, no. 3 (January 16, 2020): 382–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxz084.
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Abstract Understanding the relation between land-use types and baseflow mean response time (BMRT) is important to explore the response mechanism of baseflow processes in watersheds. BMRT was determined using an instantaneous unit hydrograph. The instantaneous unit hydrograph parameters were estimated by autocorrelation functions. The relative importance of land-use types in determining BMRT dynamics was assessed by hydrological model and partial least-squares regression. Our study suggests greater effects of urban area on BMRT than the effects of forest and agricultural land. This may be because the urban interception impervious area may impede baseflow generation over a short timescale. The effects of agricultural land are greater than those of forest in areas with steeper hillslopes, but lower than those of the forest in areas with more plains, reflecting the varied ability of forest and agricultural lands with different topography to hinder overland flow. Variations of BMRT are strongly linked to land use in the watershed. Overall, our study provides insight into the BMRT and dominant factors of land-use types in watersheds, planning of sustainable water resource use, and ecological protection in watersheds.
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Cabrera-Barona, Pablo F., Gualdemar Jimenez, and Pablo Melo. "Types of Crime, Poverty, Population Density and Presence of Police in the Metropolitan District of Quito." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 12 (December 4, 2019): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8120558.
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This exploratory study identifies spatial patterns of crimes and their associations with the index of Unsatisfied Basic Needs (UBN), with Communitarian Policy Units (CPU) density, as well as with population density. The case study is the Metropolitan District of Quito. Correlation analyses were applied between number of registers of each type of crime, and the UBN index, CPU density and population density measures. The spatial autocorrelation index of Getis-Ord Gi* was calculated to identify hotspots of the different types of crime. Ordinary least squares regressions and geographically weighted regressions considering types of crime as dependent variables, were calculated. Larceny and robbery were found to be the predominant crimes in the study area. An inverse relationship between the UBN index and number of crimes was identified for each type of crime, while positive relationships were found between crimes and CPU density, and between crimes and population density. Significant hotspots of fraud, homicide, larceny, murder, rape and robbery were found in all urban parishes. Additionally, crime hotspots were identified in eastern rural parishes adjacent to urban parishes. This study provides important implications for crime prevention in the Metropolitan District of Quito (MDQ), and the obtained results contribute to the ecology of crime research in the study area.
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Li, Xiangmei, Ying Wang, Jiangfeng Li, and Bin Lei. "Physical and Socioeconomic Driving Forces of Land-Use and Land-Cover Changes: A Case Study of Wuhan City, China." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8061069.
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To investigate precise nexus between land-use and land-cover changes (LUCC) and driving factors for rational urban management, we used remotely sensed images to map land use and land cover (LULC) from 1990 to 2010 for four time periods using Wuhan city, China, as a case study. Partial least squares (PLS) method was applied to analyze the relationships between LUCC and the driving factors, mainly focusing on three types of LULC, that is, arable land, built-up area, and water area. The results were as follows:(1)during the past two decades, the land-use pattern in Wuhan city showed dramatic change. Arable land is made up of the largest part of the total area. The increased built-up land came mainly from the conversion of arable land for the purpose of economic development.(2)Based on the Variable Importance in Projection (VIP), the joint effects of socioeconomic and physical factors on LUCC were dominant, though annual temperature, especially annual precipitation, proved to be less significant to LUCC. Population, tertiary industry proportion, and gross output value of agriculture were the most significant factors for three major types of LULC. This study could help us better understand the driving mechanism of urban LUCC and important implications for urban management.
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Glibovytska, N., and Yaroslav Adamenko. "WOODY PLANTS VITALITY OF URBAN AREAS AND PROSPECTS OF THEIR GREENERY." Scientific Bulletin Series D : Mining, Mineral Processing, Non-Ferrous Metallurgy, Geology and Environmental Engineering 31, no. 1 (2017): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37193/sbsd.2017.1.03.
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The problem of trees selection in urban green spaces has been reviewed. Vitality of the dominant representatives of the most spread woody plants types used in urban areas landscaping has been analyzed. The advantages of native tree species usage under exotic species in cities greenery, which has been in higher phytomeliorative ability of indigenous species, their adaptability to environmental conditions and effective use of available resources, have been found. The criteria for assessing the vitality of plants at different levels of biosystem organization have been accented; key parameters of adapted species protective processes and destructive parameters of unstable species in stressful growing conditions have been highlighted. The most informative indicators of woody plants life condition in urban areas have been morphologic - square, weight and linear parameters of vegetative and generative organs, necrosis, diseases and pests damages presence, the level of dechromation and crown defoliation and physiological - content and ratio of photosynthetic pigments, metabolic composition of leaves, acidity level and buffer stability of leave 's internal environment. The use of resistant to anthropogenic pollution species of Salix L. genus as effective phytoremediants of technologically-transformed ecosystems has been proposed. Sensitive to environmental contamination Populus L. and Pinus L. species have been not recommended for planting in urban areas. However, they can be used as informative bioindicators of environmental ecological condition. Middle resistant species of Betula L., Acer L., Aesculus L., Tilia L. and Pinus L. genus have been recommended to implementation in urban ecosystems greening of recreation areas - parks and squares. Sustainability of the trees genera analyzed in terms of anthropogenic pressure has increased in the following range: Aesculus L. → Pinus L. → Populus L. → Tilia L. → Betula L. → Acer L. → Salix L.
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Poláčková, Lucie. "Means of landscape architecture in the urban public space of Rome, Paris and Prague." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, no. 8 (2012): 281–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260080281.
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The aim of the research was to identify the role of landscape architecture means in the creation of urban public spaces as well as the possible ways they can be used in. In this respect, public urban spaces of three European metropolises were explored: Rome, Paris and Prague. These were chosen based on their specific affinity as they are within a broad cultural range of western European civilization. We have specified basic types of urban public spaces as streets, squares, parks, roof terraces and gardens, waterfronts, and “spaces between houses”. The basic means of landscape architecture used in urban public spaces are relief and paving, water, artwork, vegetation, furniture, minor constructions and light and time. Spatial and functional performance of the particular components was explored within the particular public spaces. As the functions of compositional principles are universal, their exploration can lead to some generalization. Naturally, the uniqueness of each place, its history and spatial context need to be taken into account. Only an exploration of public spaces in the largest possible scope and searching for mutual, often hidden or indirect parallels will yield new knowledge and understanding. The study has proven that these exist among the three selected European cities and they can serve as a guideline for further designs of public urban spaces.
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Teodoronsky, V. S., V. A. Leonova, and K. K. Vardanyan. "HISTORICALLY FORMED STRUCTURE OF THE GARDENING SYSTEM INTHE CENTER OF YEREVAN AND ITS MODERN PROBLEMS." Landscape architecture in the globalization era, no. 4 (2020): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37770/2712-7656-2020-4-5-19.
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The article examines the historical, landscape and urban planning features of Yerevan, which determined the planning structure and development of the city's greening system. The analysis of the city relief in terms of heights and natural types of landscapes is given. Particular attention is paid to the description of urban planning axes and compositional nodes of the landscaping system, created during the Soviet period according to the general plan of 1937.For the first time, the structure and types of tree plantations of squares and city streets are analyzed, depending on their functional purpose and location in the city. The description of the design solution for the Children’s railway in the gorge of Hrazdan river and the station building, as well as the widespread assortment of the trees and bushes in the city in the Soviet period. The main problems of the current state of the green areas of the center are considered and the directions of reorganization of the city greening system are given. The ways of solving existing problems by the introducing regulations for the preservation of existing plantings in center of Yerevan and the prospects for their development are proposed.
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Zhang, Hongsheng, Ting Wang, Yuhan Zhang, Yiru Dai, Jiangjie Jia, Chang Yu, Gang Li, Yinyi Lin, Hui Lin, and Yang Cao. "Quantifying Short-Term Urban Land Cover Change with Time Series Landsat Data: A Comparison of Four Different Cities." Sensors 18, no. 12 (December 7, 2018): 4319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124319.
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Short-term characteristics of urban land cover change have been observed and reported from satellite images, although urban landscapes are mainly influenced by anthropogenic factors. These short-term changes in urban areas are caused by rapid urbanization, seasonal climate changes, and phenological ecological changes. Quantifying and understanding these short-term characteristics of changes in various land cover types is important for numerous urban studies, such as urbanization assessments and management. Many previous studies mainly investigated one study area with insufficient datasets. To more reliably and confidently investigate temporal variation patterns, this study employed Fourier series to quantify the seasonal changes in different urban land cover types using all available Landsat images over four different cities, Melbourne, Sao Paulo, Hamburg, and Chicago, within a five-year period (2011–2015). The overall accuracy was greater than 86% and the kappa coefficient was greater than 0.80. The R-squared value was greater than 0.80 and the root mean square error was less than 7.2% for each city. The results indicated that (1) the changing periods for water classes were generally from half a year to one and a half years in different areas; and, (2) urban impervious surfaces changed over periods of approximately 700 days in Melbourne, Sao Paulo, and Hamburg, and a period of approximately 215 days in Chicago, which was actually caused by the unavoidable misclassification from confusions between various land cover types using satellite data. Finally, the uncertainties of these quantification results were analyzed and discussed. These short-term characteristics provided important information for the monitoring and assessment of urban areas using satellite remote sensing technology.
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Amontcha, Adéréwa Aronian Maximenne, Julien Gaudence Djego, Toussaint Olou Lougbegnon, and Brice Augustin Sinsin. "Typologie Et Répartition Des Espaces Verts Publics Dans Le Grand Nokoué (Sud Bénin)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 21 (July 31, 2017): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n21p79.
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Urban green spaces are essential to ensure the quality of life and the fulfillment of town-dwellers. The objective of this research is to assess the richness of public green spaces in the great Nokoué cities (AbomeyCalavi, Cotonou, Ouidah, Porto-Novo and Sèmè-Podji). The itinerary method was used to find the greens spaces whose list was obtained in the town halls. For each public green space found, the geo-referencing (tracking), the determination of the area of the public places and the measurement of the length of the tracks were made. The results revealed that the great Nokoué cities have 114 public green spaces which can be classified in four types (green Spaces of Tribes 4,39 %, Green Spaces of Pathways 13,16 %, Parks and Squares 26,32 % and Public Roads Alignment Trees 58,77 %). Cotonou is the city of the great Nokoué richest in public green spaces (61,95 %) whereas Ouidah has the highest ratio of public green spaces per inhabitant (Ouidah, 0.27 m2 /hbt, Porto-Novo, 0.18 m2 /hbt , Cotonou, 0.12 m2 /hbt Abomey-Calavi 0,06 m2 /hbt and Sèmè -Podji, 0,06 m2 /hbt ). No city of the great Nokoué has reached the ratio of 10 m2 of public green space per inhabitant as recommended by OMS. It is therefore important that urban authoritys give far greater attention to public green spaces (gardens, parks, squares, etc.) in future development plans.
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Golosova, E. V., and H. M. Chu. "INFLUENCE OF FRENCH GARDEN CULTURE ON URBAN GREENING IN VIETNAM." Landscape architecture in the globalization era, no. 4 (2020): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37770/2712-7656-2020-4-32-42.
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The article analyzes the role of the French protectorate in the development of the greening system of major cities in Vietnam. The article presents political, economic and religious facts that influenced domestic policy in the field of urban planning and landscape architecture in the period from 1858 to 1954. The French protectorate period was an important milestone in the history of Vietnamese architecture. The French made significant changes to the construction art of Vietnam with its traditional wooden architecture. They built homes using new technologies such as mansard roofs, terraces, and balconies, and also used new materials for Vietnam - cement, steel, concrete, ceramic tiles, and slate. It is shown that in the initial period of French rule in Vietnam, only European traditions were used in architecture and Park construction, and after the 1st world war, with the acquisition of a certain negative experience, they began to take into account the traditions of local construction art and the climatic conditions of the region. A significant contribution of French specialists was made in the first attempts to select types of woody plants for urban gardening that meet the requirements of safety and street hygiene. French influence in the garden culture of Vietnam shifted the vector of development of this area of activity towards Europeanization. This is especially evident in the structure of urban squares and the ways in which plants were formed according to the laws of European topiary art, which required regular planning.
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COTOZ, Alex Péter, Valentin Sebastian DAN, and Maria CANTOR. "Urban Rehabilitation of the Unirii Square in Cluj-Napoca." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Horticulture 77, no. 1 (June 3, 2020): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-hort:2019.0010.
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To improve the design of the Unirii Square from Cluj-Napoca both aesthetically and functionally, principles of urban landscape and sustainable design were implemented. To achieve this goal, modular and mobile structures with two different types of low maintenance plant species, Sedum and Cornus were selected. These species have been chosen because of their ecological benefits, hardiness attributes and morphological characteristics. This paper aims to present an urban green component adaptable to different scenarios such as major annual events without interfering with temporary constructions and pedestrian routes while at the same time creating a more aesthetic and attractive open space for locals and tourists alike. Every element added to the square can be relocated or moved at any given time without negative impact to the environment. To present the potential of this design concept, three different arrangement design scenarios were conducted - one for the everyday life of the public and the other to accommodate the unfolding of two major events held annually: the TIFF film festival and the Christmas fair.
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Man, Xiaoming, and Yanguang Chen. "Fractal-Based Modeling and Spatial Analysis of Urban Form and Growth: A Case Study of Shenzhen in China." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 11 (November 13, 2020): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9110672.
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Fractal dimension curves of urban growth can be modeled with sigmoid functions, including logistic function and quadratic logistic function. Different types of logistic functions indicate different spatial dynamics. The fractal dimension curves of urban growth in Western countries follow the common logistic function, while the fractal dimension growth curves of cities in northern China follow the quadratic logistic function. Now, we want to investigate whether other Chinese cities, especially cities in South China, follow the same rules of urban evolution and attempt to analyze the reasons. This paper is devoted to exploring the fractals and fractal dimension properties of the city of Shenzhen in southern China. The urban region is divided into four subareas using ArcGIS technology, the box-counting method is adopted to extract spatial datasets, and the least squares regression method is employed to estimate fractal parameters. The results show that (1) the urban form of Shenzhen city has a clear fractal structure, but fractal dimension values of different subareas are different; (2) the fractal dimension growth curves of all the four study areas can only be modeled by the common logistic function, and the goodness of fit increases over time; (3) the peak of urban growth in Shenzhen had passed before 1986 and the fractal dimension growth is approaching its maximum capacity. It can be concluded that the urban form of Shenzhen bears characteristics of multifractals and the fractal structure has been becoming better, gradually, through self-organization, but its land resources are reaching the limits of growth. The fractal dimension curves of Shenzhen’s urban growth are similar to those of European and American cities but differ from those of cities in northern China. This suggests that there are subtle different dynamic mechanisms of city development between northern and southern China.
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Smith, Andrew, Goran Vodicka, Alba Colombo, Kristina N. Lindstrom, David McGillivray, and Bernadette Quinn. "Staging city events in public spaces: an urban design perspective." International Journal of Event and Festival Management 12, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 224–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijefm-10-2020-0063.
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PurposeThere are two main aims of this conceptual paper. The first is to explore the issues associated with staging events in public spaces, and to produce a typology of different event spaces. The second is to explore if and how events should be designed into parks, streets and squares and whether this might reduce some of the negative impacts and associated user conflicts.Design/methodology/approachThe paper analyses the history, drivers and effects of using public spaces as venues and examines the reciprocal relationships between events and the spaces that host them. To explain the range and dynamics of contemporary events, a typology of event spaces is developed. This typology highlights nine different types of event spaces which are differentiated by the level of public accessibility (free entry, sometimes free, paid entry), and the mobility of event audiences (static, limited mobility, mobile). Using this typology, the paper discusses ways that public spaces might be adapted to make them better suited to staging events. This discussion is illustrated by a range of examples.FindingsThe paper finds that it makes practical sense to adapt some urban public spaces to make them better equipped as venues, but designing in events presents new issues and does not necessarily resolve many of the problems associated with staging events. Disputes over events are inevitable and constituent features of public spaces.Originality/valueThis paper makes an original contribution by developing a new classification of event spaces and by synthesising ideas from urban design with ideas from the events literature.
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Bará, S., Á. Rodríguez-Arós, M. Pérez, B. Tosar, RC Lima, A. Sánchez de Miguel, and J. Zamorano. "Estimating the relative contribution of streetlights, vehicles, and residential lighting to the urban night sky brightness." Lighting Research & Technology 51, no. 7 (October 29, 2018): 1092–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477153518808337.
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Under stable atmospheric conditions the brightness of the urban sky varies throughout the night following the time course of the anthropogenic emissions of light. Different types of artificial light sources (e.g. streetlights, residential, and vehicle lights) have specific time signatures, and this feature makes it possible to estimate the amount of brightness contributed by each of them. Our approach is based on transforming the time representation of the zenithal night sky brightness into a modal expansion in terms of the time signatures of the different sources of light. The modal coefficients, and hence the absolute and relative contributions of each type of source, can be estimated by means of a linear least squares fit. A practical method for determining the time signatures of different contributing sources is also described, based on wide-field time-lapse photometry of the urban nightscape. Our preliminary results suggest that, besides the dominant streetlight contribution, artificial light leaking out of the windows of residential buildings may account for a significant share of the time-varying part of the zenithal night sky brightness at the measurement locations, whilst the contribution of the vehicle lights seems to be significantly smaller.
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Liu, Li, and Lei Xu. "Discussion on the Urban Landscape Design Considering the Human Activities." Applied Mechanics and Materials 584-586 (July 2014): 617–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.584-586.617.
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The urban square is the good object which to study the landscape design and human activities relationship, as the important landscape and the human activities places. The research take the summarized activity types and produced conditions as the foundation, using the behavior-place theory, discourse the present situation of the square landscape and obtains the assistant and the interactive relations between the human activities and the landscape design. As the lived role, human vitality and motility accomplish the beautiful scenery in city.
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MEZENTSEVA, Natalia, and Maria PALCHUK. "OPEN PUBLIC SPACES OF KYIV IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIO-SPATIAL APPROACH." Ekonomichna ta Sotsialna Geografiya, no. 80 (2018): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2413-7154/2018.80.18-27.
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Urban public spaces determine the identity of the city’s dwellers, ensure the implementation of the communication function. They are constantly changing, characterized by various transformational processes that take place under the influence of various factors in the development of the city. The need for knowledge of contemporary complex and ambiguous processes in cities causes the relevance of the socio-spatial approach to the analysis of the functioning and transformation of public spaces in order to increase the level of comfort of living in cities, and smart management of urban development. In this aspect, Kyiv is a good ground for socio-geographical study of various types of public spaces characterized by intensive traditional and specific transformations. The most significant changes are typical for open public spaces. Therefore, in order to understand the factors of contemporary processes in open public spaces, it is necessary to carry out a socio-spatial analysis of a set of parks, public gardens, boulevards, streets, embankments and squares of the capital. The article presents results of analysis of the peculiarities of Kyiv’s open public spaces functioning and transformation in the context of the socio-spatial approach. The analysis revealed that the network of open public spaces in Kyiv corresponds to the stages of the city’s territorial development. The most widespread directions of open public spaces transformation in Kyiv are commercialization (functioning of objects providing paid cultural and entertainment services), “beautification” (club design, sculpture installation, renovation of street furniture, registration of thematic zones), (home-type behavior of visitors, the use of home decor items), “europeanization” (designing public spaces based on European urban practices), “ideologization”(commemorative practices through giving relevant names to public spaces and/or establishment of monuments), sacralization (restoration or new construction of temples in parks, squares and gardens), orientation towards the potential consumer (differences in planning design and functions depending on location in the urban planning structure) and “elitization” (allocation of facilities with the club effect). These processes make substantial impact on the intensity of the use of open public spaces in different planning zones, changing their functions and prospects of use.
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Zhang, Cuina, Ruobing Li, Yun Xia, Yixing Yuan, Hasan Dinçer, and Serhat Yüksel. "Analysis of Environmental Activities for Developing Public Health Investments and Policies: A Comparative Study with Structure Equation and Interval Type 2 Fuzzy Hybrid Models." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6 (March 17, 2020): 1977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061977.
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The design of elements which exert pivotal effects on leisurely physical activity (LPA) in open space is an important part of urban development. However, little research has been done about the influence and discrepancies of those elements in different types of open space. To research these issues and to guide the design of urban open space, a survey from 8 open spaces (2 curtilage, 2 neighborhood squares (NS), 2 parks, and 2 campus) is conducted and a questionnaire is administered. Simultaneous analysis of several groups (SASG) of Structure equation model (SEM) is used, and the effects and discrepancies are acquired. In addition to this situation, interval type 2 (IT2) fuzzy hybrid decision making model is proposed in the second analysis. In this framework, IT2 fuzzy decision-making trial, evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL), and IT2 fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) methods are used. The results show that the influence relationships between elements and LPA did exist in four groups. Another important conclusion is that there were discrepancies of influence among different space groups. Physical environment (PE) has the greatest influence on LPA in the curtilage, whereas facilities exert the most effect in NS group. Additionally, amenities only have significant impact in parks and facilities only exercise remarkable influence on duration on campus. In addition to them, it is also identified that key design elements are presented for different types of space and that design strategy is provided through 4 specific examples.
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Petrova, V., and V. Dvoinev. "Urban Public Space of a Small City and the Needs of Residents in Realizing Practices of Socio-Cultural Interaction." Bulletin of Science and Practice 6, no. 1 (January 15, 2020): 325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/50/41.
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To date, the urban environment is considered as an interesting area of sociological research. Urban space represents a built environment, which includes buildings, streets, squares, parks, embankments, etc. Every day, citizens interact with this public space, build their routes, form impressions and the image of the city, they also evaluate its effectiveness in connection with opportunities for the realization of their needs of socio–cultural interaction. Public spaces are those places where holidays are held, social and economic relations are formed, verbal and non-verbal communications are created. In urban public space take place meetings of friends and acquaintances, the integration of various cultures, social groups with diverse goals, norms and attitudes. Public spaces act as a stage for the social life of individuals when they are a comfortable, accessible and safe environment. The article presents the results of a sociological study of the conformity of public spaces of the city of Vyazma in the Smolensk region with the needs of its population. The study was conducted using observation and interview methods. An analysis of the collected data helped to identify the main purpose of the urban public space as it is seen by the residents, the types of their interactions, to determine the structure, functions and effectiveness, as well as to assess the quality of the content and equipment of the urban public spaces, as well as to identify the most active groups of population and how their activities change in the daily and seasonal cycles. Based on the results obtained, recommendations were developed for improving and developing public space and urban life in general. Recommendations can become the basis for creating design solutions for a comfortable, safe and innovative environment for both small and large cities.
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Zhou, Xisheng, Long Li, Longqian Chen, Yunqiang Liu, Yifan Cui, Yu Zhang, and Ting Zhang. "Discriminating Urban Forest Types from Sentinel-2A Image Data through Linear Spectral Mixture Analysis: A Case Study of Xuzhou, East China." Forests 10, no. 6 (May 31, 2019): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10060478.
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Urban forests are an important component of the urban ecosystem. Urban forest types are a key piece of information required for monitoring the condition of an urban ecosystem. In this study, we propose an urban forest type discrimination method based on linear spectral mixture analysis (LSMA) and a support vector machine (SVM) in the case study of Xuzhou, east China. From 10-m Sentinel-2A imagery data, three different vegetation endmembers, namely broadleaved forest, coniferous forest, and low vegetation, and their abundances were extracted through LSMA. Using a combination of image spectra, topography, texture, and vegetation abundances, four SVM classification models were performed and compared to investigate the impact of these features on classification accuracy. With a particular interest in the role that vegetation abundances play in classification, we also compared SVM and other classifiers, i.e., random forest (RF), artificial neural network (ANN), and quick unbiased efficient statistical tree (QUEST). Results indicate that (1) the LSMA method can derive accurate vegetation abundances from Sentinel-2A image data, and the root-mean-square error (RMSE) was 0.019; (2) the classification accuracies of the four SVM models were improved after adding topographic features, textural features, and vegetation abundances one after the other; (3) the SVM produced higher classification accuracies than the other three classifiers when identical classification features were used; and (4) vegetation endmember abundances improved classification accuracy regardless of which classifier was used. It is concluded that Sentinel-2A image data has a strong capability to discriminate urban forest types in spectrally heterogeneous urban areas, and that vegetation abundances derived from LSMA can enhance such discrimination.
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Liao, Wenyue, Yingbin Deng, Miao Li, Meiwei Sun, Ji Yang, and Jianhui Xu. "Extraction and Analysis of Finer Impervious Surface Classes in Urban Area." Remote Sensing 13, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13030459.
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Impervious surfaces (IS), the most common land cover in urban areas, not only provide convenience to the city, but also exert significant negative environmental impacts, thereby affecting the ecological environment carrying capacity of urban agglomerations. Most of the current research considers IS as a single land-cover type, yet this does not fully reflect the complex physical characteristics of various IS types. Therefore, limited information for urban micro-ecology and urban fine management can be provided through one IS land-cover type. This study proposed a finer IS classification scheme and mapped the detailed IS fraction in Guangzhou City, China using Landsat imagery. The IS type was divided into seven finer classes, including blue steel, cement, asphalt, other impervious surface, and other metal, brick, and plastic. Classification results demonstrate that finer IS can be well extracted from the Landsat imagery as all root mean square errors (RMSE) are less than 15%. Specially, the accuracies of asphalt, plastic, and cement are better than other finer IS types with the RMSEs of 7.99%, 8.48%, and 9.92%, respectively. Quantitative analyses illustrate that asphalt, other impervious surface, and brick are the dominant IS types in the study area with the percentages of 9.68%, 6.27%, and 4.45%, respectively, and they are mainly located in Yuexiu, Liwan, Haizhu, and Panyu districts. These results are valuable for research into urban fine management and can support the detailed analysis of urban micro-ecology.
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Kamińska, Wioletta, and Mirosław Mularczyk. "Demographic types of small cities in Poland." Miscellanea Geographica 18, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2014-0031.
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Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the demographic types of all small cities in Poland in 2013 and to identify the standards of their spatial diversity. The following questions were posed: Which demographic types are dominant among the small cities of Poland? Is there a relation between a specific demographic type and the size of the city? Does the structure of small cities according to their demographic types relate to their distance from main roads and urban agglomerations? The study applied the Webb’s typology, the K. Doi leading element method, the departure from average indicator, and the nonparametric Chi squared test. The spatial regularities were identified based on the created maps. The results of the study show that small cities of Poland in 2013 were represented by all demographic types, but most of them were regressive. They were established in 80% of small cities. The main element determining the population trends of small cities was the negative migration balance, which was observed in 80% of the surveyed areas. It was also established that the population of small cities has a slight impact on population trends. The most important aspect of their development is the distance from agglomerations and main roads.
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Dijokienė, Dalia. "PECULIARITIES OF GENESIS, DEVELOPMENT AND VALUES OF VILNIUS HISTORIC SUBURBS." JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 30, no. 2 (June 30, 2006): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921630.2006.10697068.
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The object of investigation is peculiarities of the genesis, development and values of Vilnius historic suburbs. Historic suburbs are the territories of a town which at one stage of their genesis were suburbs and their founding is interrelated with the founding of the town and which were in formation until the mid nineteenth century. The territory under study is the administrative boarders of Vilnius in 1939–1940. Most European towns no longer have such territories: they have lost their uniqueness, gradually disappeared or were destroyed during wars and have been replaced by modern urban structures and parks. In Lithuania the historic kernels of towns are still surrounded by historic suburbs. The investigation includes a chronological table presenting the development of Vilnius town, an analysis of the following urban structure elements of the suburbs: the network of streets; the structure of land holdings; the type of building-up of squares, streets and land holdings; complexes and ensembles of buildings; distinct features of the natural settings; panoramas and silhouettes; compositional links with the town’s kernel; distinctive urban and architectural features of the historic suburbs under study preserved up to date. The reasons of founding of the suburbs are defined and their types are distinguished. It is stated that historic suburbs have historic and cultural value. The values of historic suburbs play a role in the preservation of the town’s uniqueness and supplement the process of the town’s formation.
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Chen, Peng, Rui Tong, Guangquan Lu, and Yunpeng Wang. "Exploring Travel Time Distribution and Variability Patterns Using Probe Vehicle Data: Case Study in Beijing." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2018 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3747632.
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Exploring travel time distribution and variability patterns is essential for reliable route choices and sophisticated traffic management and control. State-of-the-art studies tend to treat different types of roads equally, which fails to provide more detailed analysis of travel time characteristics for each specific road type. In this study, based on a vast amount of probe vehicle data, 200 links inside the Third Ring Road of Beijing, China, were investigated. Four types of roads were covered including urban expressways, auxiliary roads of urban expressways, major roads, and secondary roads. The day-of-week distributions of unit distance travel time were first analyzed. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Anderson-Darling test, and chi-squared test were employed to test the goodness-of-fit of different distributions and the results showed lognormal distribution was best-fitted for different time periods and road types compared with normal, gamma, and Weibull distribution. In addition, four reliability measures, that is, unit distance travel time, coefficient of variation, buffer time index, and punctuality rate, were used to explore the day-of-week travel time variability patterns. The results indicated that urban expressways, auxiliary roads of urban expressways, and major roads have regular and distinct morning and afternoon peaks on weekdays. It is noteworthy that in daytime the travel times on auxiliary roads of urban expressways and major roads share similar variability patterns and appear relatively stable and reliable, while urban expressways have most reliable travel times at night. The results of analysis help enable a better understanding of the volatile travel time characteristics of each road type in urban network.
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Dragan, Weronika. "Development of the urban space surrounding selected railway stations in Poland." Environmental & Socio-economic Studies 5, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/environ-2017-0020.
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AbstractAt present, many railway stations, in spite of being architecturally valuable, are subject to de-capitalization and degradation, which increasingly leads to demolition including elements or even entire railway stations of historical importance. Therefore, there arises a need to transform these facilities – as well as their nearby surroundings – into service areas not only for railway passengers but also for the consumer or tourist. This article presents an overview of the types of development of functional and spatial areas around a railway station, as well as the building itself, on selected examples in cities of Poland. In past historical periods, the surroundings of railway stations often became the new core of the studied centres, creating new urban structures. Train station forecourts, as well as access roads leading to railway stations, became specific links of railway infrastructure, the main points of which were railway stations, with the original urban layout. Unfortunately, the decline in the importance of rail transport has contributed to the recession and degradation of these spaces, and often to changes in their functions. This article refers to the concept of redevelopment of the railway station area, which emphasizes the creation of hubs integrating various modes of transport on the one hand, and transforming the area around the stations into an area of development of new business activities, on the other. Some of the discussed train stations have undergone a thorough renovation (e.g. Kraków Główny, Katowice and Poznań Główny), frequently in an attempt to allude to global trends in the commercialization of space and transport integration within station squares. However, this poses a problem and a challenge for decision-makers attempting to redevelop such facilities and the spaces associated with them.
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Abdelkarim, Ashraf. "Improving the Urban Planning of the Green Zones in Al-Dammam Metropolitan Area, KSA, Using Integrated GIS location-allocation and Accessibility Models." Geosfera Indonesia 5, no. 1 (April 10, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/geosi.v5i1.16708.
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In the present study, the location-allocation and the accessibility models of GIS were integrated with the urban planning standards of the Ministry of Municipal and Rural affairs of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) in order to enhance the spatial planning and the environmental sustainability of the green zones in Al-Dammam Metropolitan area, KSA. The integration of these models provides a framework for investigating the efficiency of the spatial distribution of the green zones and generating alternatives either by suggesting new effective service or by improving an existing one. To achieve these purposes, the accessibility within (5, 10 and 15) minutes to the service areas in the green zones that is classified into nine types (“neighborhood gardens”, “specialized parks”, “cities gardens”, “children’s gardens”, “district gardens”, “streets and squares gardens”, “sports city”, “Sports clubs” and “Playgrounds”) was analyzed through analyzing the network structure of the green zones in Al-Dammam Metropolitan area. The location-allocation model was used based on the maximum coverage within response time of no more than 10 minutes.The study revealed poor distribution of the green zones, the low per capita green zones rates with only (3.52 m2/person) and there were no green zones in 45 districts representing 33.3% of the total districts in the investigated area. Consequently, Al-Dammam Metropolitan area suffers from the weakness of the green zones structure and the shortage in fulfilling the needs of population. The current needs were determined as nine services by two “sports cities”, two “sports clubs”, two “streets and Squares gardens”, one “district garden”, one “children’s garden” and one “specialized park”.it is recommended that the results of this study be taken into consideration by the decision makers while developing the urban planning strategies for improving the infrastructure efficiency as the KSA vision 2030.
Keywords: Urban planning; environmental sustainability; green zones; accessibility; location-allocation models; fair and efficient spatial distribution; KSA vision 2030.
Copyright (c) 2020 Geosfera Indonesia Journal and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International License
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Gao, Sihang, Qingming Zhan, Chen Yang, and Huimin Liu. "The Diversified Impacts of Urban Morphology on Land Surface Temperature among Urban Functional Zones." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (December 21, 2020): 9578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249578.
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Local warming induced by rapid urbanization has been threatening residents’ health, raising significant concerns among urban planners. Local climate zone (LCZ), a widely accepted approach to reclassify the urban area, which is helpful to propose planning strategies for mitigating local warming, has been well documented in recent years. Based on the LCZ framework, many scholars have carried out diversified extensions in urban zoning research in recent years, in which urban functional zone (UFZ) is a typical perspective because it directly takes into account the impacts of human activities. UFZs, widely used in urban planning and management, were chosen as the basic unit of this study to explore the spatial heterogeneity in the relationship between landscape composition, urban morphology, urban functions, and land surface temperature (LST). Global regression including ordinary least square regression (OLS) and random forest regression (RF) were used to model the landscape-LST correlations to screen indicators to participate in following spatial regression. The spatial regression including semi-parametric geographically weighted regression (SGWR) and multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) were applied to investigate the spatial heterogeneity in landscape-LST among different types of UFZ and within each UFZ. Urban two-dimensional (2D) morphology indicators including building density (BD); three-dimensional (3D) morphology indicators including building height (BH), building volume density (BVD), and sky view factor (SVF); and other indicators including albedo and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and impervious surface fraction (ISF) were used as potential landscape drivers for LST. The results show significant spatial heterogeneity in the Landscape-LST relationship across UFZs, but the spatial heterogeneity is not obvious within specific UFZs. The significant impact of urban morphology on LST was observed in six types of UFZs representing urban built up areas including Residential (R), Urban village (UV), Administration and Public Services (APS), Commercial and Business Facilities (CBF), Industrial and Manufacturing (IM), and Logistics and Warehouse (LW). Specifically, a significant correlation between urban 3D morphology indicators and LST in CBF was discovered. Based on the results, we propose different planning strategies to settle the local warming problems for each UFZ. In general, this research reveals UFZs to be an appropriate operational scale for analyzing LST on an urban scale.
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Kang, Wooseok, Narang Park, and Wookjae Heo. "Improvements in Evaluating Grids for Basic Living Infrastructure: The Case of Gwangjin District in Seoul, South Korea." Social Sciences 10, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10010026.
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The purpose of this study was to analyze the current status and needs of infrastructure for basic life in Gwangjin district in Seoul, South Korea. In this study, we examined whether the national minimum standard was satisfied in terms of the infrastructure for basic life in the district. Specifically, we employed and compared the empirical utilities of two types of geographic datasets, 100-square-meter grids and 500-square-meter grids. The study compares the prediction accuracy between two types of geographic datasets by employing multivariate linear estimation using influential factors. The evaluation methods for prediction accuracy were to compare the root mean of squared error (RMSE) and mean of absolute error (MAE) from each dataset. The results were as follows: (a) the dataset with 100-square-meter grids showed more significant associations among influential factors and the infrastructure than the dataset with 500-square-meter grids; (b) the 100-square-meter grids showed better prediction accuracy compared with the 500-square-meter grids; and (c) in terms of basic level local government, it was more powerful to use the datasets with 100-square-meter grids for finding blind sides of infrastructure than the datasets with 500-square-meter grids. The results imply that it is necessary to adjust urban policy by using appropriate datasets, such as 100-square-meter grids.
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Li, Zehong, Yang Ren, Jingnan Li, Yu Li, Pavel Rykov, Feng Chen, and Wenbiao Zhang. "Land-Use/Cover Change and Driving Mechanism on the West Bank of Lake Baikal from 2005 to 2015—A Case Study of Irkutsk City." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (August 16, 2018): 2904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082904.
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Lake Baikal is located on the southern tableland of East Siberian Russia. The west coast of the lake has vast forest resources and excellent ecological conditions, and this area and the Mongolian Plateau constitute an important ecological security barrier in northern China. Land-use/cover change is an important manifestation of regional human activities and ecosystem evolution. This paper uses Irkutsk city, a typical city on the West Bank of Lake Baikal, as a case study area. Based on three phases of Landsat remote-sensing image data, the land-use/cover change pattern and change process are analyzed and the natural factors and socioeconomic factors are combined to reveal driving forces through the partial least squares regression (PLSR) model. The results show the following: (1) From 2005 to 2015, construction land expanded, and forestland was converted into construction land and woodland. In addition, grass land, bare land, and cultivated land were converted into construction land, and the woodland area increased. The annual changes in land use from 2005 to 2010 were dramatic and then slowed down from 2010 to 2015. (2) The main reasons for the change in land-use types were urban expansion and nonagricultural development caused by population migration. The process of urbanization from external populations to urban agglomeration and the process of reverse urbanization from a central urban population to urban suburbs jointly expanded urban construction land area. As a result, forestland, grass land and bare land areas on the outskirts of cities were continuously reduced. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, land privatization led to a decline in the farm economy, the emergence of agricultural land reclamation and urban expansion; in addition, the implementation of the “one-hectare land policy” intensified development in suburban areas, resulting in a reduction of forestland and grass land areas. The process of constructing the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor has intensified human activities in the region, and the prevention of drastic changes in land cover, coordination of human-land relations, and green development are necessary.
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Deka, Devajyoti. "Relationship between Households' Housing and Transportation Expenditures." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2531, no. 1 (January 2015): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2531-04.
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Because of growing concern about the significant increase in American household transportation costs, federal agencies have endorsed the notion that it is not merely the affordability of housing alone that is important but the affordability of housing and transportation taken together. Most transportation studies have focused on the relationship between the costs of housing and commuting. Thus the relationship between household expenditures on housing and overall transportation has remained mostly unexamined. With the use of U.S. Consumer Expenditure Survey data, this study made an effort to bridge the gap in the existing knowledge base through an examination of this relationship. In the absence of theories about the relationship between the two types of expenditures, this study leaned heavily on a stream of literature on lifestyle choice, which was advanced to explain the absence of a trade-off between the costs of housing and commuting postulated by urban economic theorists. To account for endogeneity between household expenditures on housing and transportation, three-stage least-squares models were used with the two types of expenditures defined in dollar amounts and as shares of income. For the sake of comparison, a third model, which defined the two types of expenditures as shares of household total expenditures, was used. The relationship between the two types of expenditures varied depending on the definition used. In addition, the models showed the way in which dwelling type, building age, number of household automobiles, public transit use, and metropolitan area size affected transportation expenditure. The implications are discussed.
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Lu, Xiaojun, Qun Wang, and Daishuang Wei. "Do Health Insurance Schemes Heterogeneously Affect Income and Income Distribution? Evidence from Chinese Agricultural Migrants Survey." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9 (April 28, 2020): 3079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093079.
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Currently, the particularity of Chinese agricultural migrants groups determines that they can participate in various types of public health insurance schemes, i.e., the New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS), Urban Residents Basic Medical Insurance (URBMI), and Urban Employees Basic Medical Insurance (UEBMI). The goal of this paper is to shed light on whether and how these health insurance schemes affect the agricultural migrants’ income and income distribution. A dataset of 86,660 individuals is obtained from China Migrants Dynamic Survey implemented by the National Health Commission. The study uses the basic ordinary least squares regression to assess association between health insurance schemes and income and uses the propensity score matching method to estimate the income effect. In addition, we further use the quantile regression method to explore heterogeneous effects of health insurance schemes on income distribution. We find that UEBMI and URBMI have significant increased monthly net income of agricultural migrants, while NCMS does not. The income-increasing effect of UEBMI is greater than that of URBMI. The income-increasing effect of UEBMI is most obvious in the low-income group. While URBMI has a significant role in increasing income with its income-increasing effect being obvious for the lowest and highest income groups. We suggest that China’s health insurance system needs further reforms in order to reduce income inequality of agricultural migrants.
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Yin, Xiao Tong, Chao Qun Ma, and Liang Peng Qu. "The Analysis of Urban Road Traffic State Based on Kinds Floating Car Data." Applied Mechanics and Materials 694 (November 2014): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.694.80.
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The analysis of the unban road traffic state based on kinds of floating car data, is based on the model and algorithm of floating car data preprocessing and map matching, etc. Firstly, according to the characteristics of the different types of urban road, the urban road section division has been carried on the elaboration and optimization. And this paper introduces the method of calculating the section average speed with single floating car data, also applies the dynamic consolidation of sections to estimate the section average velocity.Then the minimum sample size of floating car data is studied, and section average velocity estimation model based on single type of floating car data in the different case of floating car data sample sizes has been built. Finally, the section average speed of floating car in different types is fitted to the section average car speed by the least square method, using section average speed as the judgment standard, the grade division standard of urban road traffic state is established to obtain the information of road traffic state.
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Farley, Shannon M., Andrew R. Maroko, Shakira F. Suglia, and Lorna E. Thorpe. "The Influence of Tobacco Retailer Density and Poverty on Tobacco Use in a Densely Populated Urban Environment." Public Health Reports 134, no. 2 (February 14, 2019): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354918824330.
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Objectives: Researchers have identified associations between neighborhood-level factors (eg, income level, tobacco retailer density) and smoking behavior, but few studies have assessed these factors in urban environments. We explored the effect of tobacco retailer density, neighborhood poverty, and housing type (multiunit and public) on smoking in a large urban environment (New York City). Methods: We used data on smoking prevalence and individual sociodemographic characteristics from the 2011-2013 New York City Community Health Survey, data on tobacco retailers from the 2012 New York City Department of Consumer Affairs, data on neighborhood sociodemographic characteristics and population density from the 2009-2013 American Community Survey, and data on multiunit and public housing from the 2012 New York City Primary Land Use Tax Lot Output data set. We used aggregate neighborhood-level variables and ordinary least squares regression, geographic weighted regression, and multilevel models to assess the effects of tobacco retailer density and neighborhood poverty on smoking prevalence, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics (age, sex, race/ethnicity, and education) and neighborhood population density. We also assessed interactions between tobacco retailer density and poverty and each housing type on smoking. Results: Neighborhood poverty positively and significantly modified the association between tobacco retailer density and prevalence of neighborhood smoking ( β = 0.003, P = .01) when we controlled for population density, sociodemographic characteristics, and types of housing. Neighborhood poverty was positively associated with the prevalence of individual smoking ( β = 0.0099, P < .001) when we adjusted for population density, sociodemographic characteristics, and type of housing. Conclusion: More research is needed to determine all the environmental factors associated with smoking prevalence in a densely populated urban environment.
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Crichton, Wilson A., and Harald Müller. "Brochantite-2M2 from Pierre Plate Mine, Vizille." Powder Diffraction 23, no. 3 (September 2008): 246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/1.2964219.
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Evidence for the recently described 2M2 polytype of brochantite from X-ray powder diffraction investigation of secondary alteration products of ore material from the Pierre Plate Mine, Vizille, Isère, France is presented. This report is the first to describe the 2M2 polytype from locations outside of Italy and through the use of powder XRD methods. In the procedure used herein, developed in a study by Merlino et al. [Eur. J. Mineral 15, 267–275 (2003)], we have used family reflections, common to both main types of brochantite, as the source of approximate cell parameters from which we obtain positions of characteristic reflections to demonstrate the unique choice of polytype, before final refinement stage. This method demonstrates that the determination of polytype is possible from powder data, for samples typical of both geological and urban environments. Least-squares refined cell parameters for the 2M2 polytype from Pierre Plate are a=12.7409(8) Å, b=9.8371(6) Å, c=6.0109(3) Å, and a=90.135(9)°, constrained in space group P21/n11.
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Hasanah, Andi Nidaul, and Muhammad Halley Yudhistira. "Landscape view, height preferences and apartment prices: evidence from major urban areas in Indonesia." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 11, no. 4 (August 6, 2018): 701–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-09-2017-0082.
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Purpose Landscape view is a crucial factor in house-buying decisions. Landscape views provide an amenity to residents, and this can influence the house or apartment owners in their residence decisions. Yet, the relative value of different types of view potentially differs. Additionally, the value of each type of view may differ depending on an apartment’s elevation above the ground level. In this study, the authors aim to estimate the value of landscape views on apartment prices in major urban areas in Indonesia. Design/methodology/approach This paper evaluates to what extent various landscape views including mountain, sea, river, lake, street, urban village, garden and sports center views affect apartment prices in major urban areas in Indonesia. Two hedonic regression approaches are used: ordinary least squares and semiparametric regression. The latter is used to accommodate a possible non-linearity in the relationship between price and apartment characteristics. The model also incorporates housing and locational characteristics as control variables. Findings Using online apartment market data, the estimates in this paper show some degree of heterogeneity in the value of various views to the extent of providing negative externalities. Mountain, street and sports center views are associated with higher apartment prices. Sea, lake and garden views are statistically insignificant in explaining the prices. In contrast, the unappealing nature of the rivers and their surrounding creates a negative impact on prices. The estimates also suggest that an apartment’s floor height plays a significant role in the valuation of views. Originality/value There is little research on landscape view effects on apartment prices, especially in Indonesia. In addition, the relationship between the value of views and height preferences has seldom been analyzed. This paper provides the valuation of an extensive list of landscape views in urban areas in Indonesia. The estimation results also suggest that the value of views may differ depending on the floor on which an apartment lies.
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Mba, Peter Nwachukwu, Emmanuel O. Nwosu, and Anthony Orji. "Effects of Exposure to Risks on Household Vulnerability in Developing Countries: A New Evidence From Urban and Rural Areas of Nigeria." SAGE Open 11, no. 1 (January 2021): 215824402110022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211002214.
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Exposure to risk may be seen as one of the many dimensions of poverty. Household exposure to risk consequent upon different types of shocks often leads to undesirable welfare outcomes. A shock can push an already income-poor household further into poverty or drive a non-poor household below the income poverty line. Risk appears to be one of the major challenges many households face in developing economies especially in the Sub-Saharan Africa. As a result, these issues have become central in the policy agenda not only in these countries but also in the international multilateral institutions. This study examines the exposure to risks in urban and rural areas and its effect on household vulnerability to poverty in Nigeria. The study applied the framework that computes vulnerability as expected poverty on the Nigeria General Household Survey for 2015 and the cross-sectional data and three-stage feasible generalized least squares analysis were employed. Findings show that exposure to risks such as job loss, business failure, harvest failure, livestock death, dwelling demolition, increase and decrease in input and output prices, and other similar risks significantly drive households into poverty but differ across households in rural and urban areas, both in characteristics and regions. These findings suggest that social safety nets should be designed to take care of not only the current poor households but also the non-poor households who are likely to be vulnerable in the future.
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Sankar, Racha, and Fatma !Huffman. "Nutrition Knowledge, English Adequacy, Women's Education and Food Insecurity Among Syrian Refugees in Florida." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab051_034.
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Abstract Objectives The objective was to measure food insecurity and determine whether food insecurity may be associated with nutrition knowledge, English adequacy and education of Syrian women from the households participating in this study. Methods One-on-one interview questionnaires were administered to Syrian refugee households residing in Florida, N = 80, n = 43 in rural area, n = 37 in urban area. The main outcomes were food insecurity, nutrition knowledge, English adequacy, and women's education. Results Among the total households, 80% were food insecure, and food insecurity was greater in rural area (60.9%) than in urban area (39.1%). The majority (57.5%) of participants scored fair nutrition knowledge. One-way frequency analysis showed that 75% of households had inadequate English and 25% had adequate English. Twenty three point seven percent of Syrian refugee women had high school diploma or higher, when 76.3% did not complete their high school education. The Chi square test showed a significant difference in nutrition knowledge in urban and rural areas, P = 0.04. It also showed significant differences in women's education in rural and urban areas, P = 0.03. The result of multivariate logistic regression model indicated that types of residence had an inverse significant effect on food security after controlling for our variables. Syrian refugees in rural areas had 79.9 greater odds of being food insecure compared with urban areas, odds ratio = 0.201, 95% CI: 0.053–0.758, P = 0.01. Conclusions Nutrition knowledge, English adequacy and women's education may be less important than types of residence. The types of residence is a contributing factor to food insecurity in Syrian refugees residing in Florida. A larger sample size would allow clearer understanding of the relation of our variables with food insecurity. Funding Sources Self funded
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Hu, Xinyu, Zhonghu Zhang, and Junyan Yang. "Spatial Correlation of Formats in the Central Districts of a Megacity: The Case of Shanghai." Sustainability 11, no. 6 (March 19, 2019): 1658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061658.
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A “format” is an essential component of a city’s central districts and reflects their economic characteristics. In the urban context, individual formats relate to and mutually influence each other. Using data from two central districts in Shanghai—People’s Square and Lujiazui—and a case study approach, we investigated the mutual influences and relations among formats in these districts. We collected and categorized data on formats and assessed the degree of format aggregation. We also identified and described three different types of spatial relationships that may exist among formats: Strong two-way correlations, strong one-way correlations, and weak two-way correlations. These spatial relationships reflect the spatial distribution structure in an urban central district, embodying the systemicity and integrity of formats. The relationships we found have significance for future research on spatial relationships in other urban central districts.
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Zareie, Sajad, Hassan Khosravi, Abouzar Nasiri, and Mostafa Dastorani. "Using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor to detect change in land surface temperature in relation to land use change in Yazd, Iran." Solid Earth 7, no. 6 (November 15, 2016): 1551–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1551-2016.
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Abstract. Land surface temperature (LST) is one of the key parameters in the physics of land surface processes from local to global scales, and it is one of the indicators of environmental quality. Evaluation of the surface temperature distribution and its relation to existing land use types are very important to the investigation of the urban microclimate. In arid and semi-arid regions, understanding the role of land use changes in the formation of urban heat islands is necessary for urban planning to control or reduce surface temperature. The internal factors and environmental conditions of Yazd city have important roles in the formation of special thermal conditions in Iran. In this paper, we used the temperature–emissivity separation (TES) algorithm for LST retrieving from the TIRS (Thermal Infrared Sensor) data of the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM). The root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2) were used for validation of retrieved LST values. The RMSE of 0.9 and 0.87 °C and R2 of 0.98 and 0.99 were obtained for the 1998 and 2009 images, respectively. Land use types for the city of Yazd were identified and relationships between land use types, land surface temperature and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were analyzed. The Kappa coefficient and overall accuracy were calculated for accuracy assessment of land use classification. The Kappa coefficient values are 0.96 and 0.95 and the overall accuracy values are 0.97 and 0.95 for the 1998 and 2009 classified images, respectively. The results showed an increase of 1.45 °C in the average surface temperature. The results of this study showed that optical and thermal remote sensing methodologies can be used to research urban environmental parameters. Finally, it was found that special thermal conditions in Yazd were formed by land use changes. Increasing the area of asphalt roads, residential, commercial and industrial land use types and decreasing the area of the parks, green spaces and fallow lands in Yazd caused a rise in surface temperature during the 11-year period.
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Zhu, Wenjun, Si Zhu, Bruno F. Sunguya, and Jiayan Huang. "Urban–Rural Disparities in the Magnitude and Determinants of Stunting among Children under Five in Tanzania: Based on Tanzania Demographic and Health Surveys 1991–2016." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10 (May 13, 2021): 5184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105184.
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Our study aims to examine the disparity of under-5 child stunting prevalence between urban and rural areas of Tanzania in the past three decades, and to explore factors affecting the rural–urban disparity. Secondary analyses of Tanzania Demographic and Health Surveys (TDHS) data drawn from 1991–1992, 1996, 1999, 2004–2005, 2009–2010, and 2015–2016 surveys were conducted. Under-5 child stunting prevalence was calculated separately for rural and urban children and its decline trends were examined by chi-square tests. Descriptive analyses were used to present the individual-level, household-level, and societal-level characteristics of children, while multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to examine determinants of stunting in rural and urban areas, respectively. Additive interaction effects were estimated between residence and other covariates. The results showed that total stunting prevalence was declining in Tanzania, but urban–rural disparity has widened since the decline was slower in the rural area. No interaction effect existed between residence and other determinants, and the urban–rural disparity was mainly caused by the discrepancy of the individual-level and household-level factors between rural and urban households. As various types of determinants exist, multisector nutritional intervention strategies are required to address the child stunting problem. Meanwhile, the intervention should focus on targeting vulnerable children, rather than implementing different policies in rural and urban areas.
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Czerliński, Mirosław, and Michał Sebastian Bańka. "Ticket tariffs modelling in urban and regional public transport." Archives of Transport 57, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8041.
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Ticket tariff is an important factor influencing the demand for public transport. Among basic problematics re-garding ticket tariffs are designing new fare systems and optimization of current systems. The task of optimization is influenced by two main factors: ticket prices and the structure of the tariff. Both elements were researched in this article, based on eleven public transport organizers fare systems in Poland – metropolitan areas and cities of a different scale. The purpose of this article was to define basic tariff types used in urban and regional public transport with a presentation of their function models. Ticket tariffs split into two main groups: flat and differen-tial. Differential group of tariffs covers: distance (usually are encountered fares based on a number of kilometres or stops travelled), quality (e.g. different fares on basic and express lines), time (minutes, hours or days of ticket validity, but also different tariff during on-peak and off-peak hours), sections (between which passenger travel on a transit route) and zones (transport network divided into areas, e.g. designated by municipalities bounda-ries) tariffs. The concept of this study was to transform as many tariffs as possible from tabular form to the math-ematical function. Five types of functions were considered for each tariff schematic: linear, power, polynomial, logarithmic and exponential. Functions and associated with them R-squared parameters were obtained as a result of regression analysis. The paper indicates that for time, distance and flat tariffs conformity (R2) was in most cases very high and above 0,90. The results indicate that the power function best describes time tariffs. In the case of distance tariffs, different kind of functions can be used: logarithmic, power or polynomial. The pro-posed function form of tariffs may speed up the process of creating new fare systems or upgrading existing ones. With general knowledge about the structure of tariffs and their function forms, it would be easier to determine the price of different kinds of tickets. New fare integration solutions could be also proposed in the future by using Big Data analysis.
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Knöll, Martin, Katrin Neuheuser, Thomas Cleff, and Annette Rudolph-Cleff. "A tool to predict perceived urban stress in open public spaces." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 45, no. 4 (January 13, 2017): 797–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265813516686971.
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This article presents an exploratory framework to predict ratings of subjectively perceived urban stress in open public spaces by analysing properties of the built environment with GIS and Space Syntax. The authors report on the findings of an empirical study in which the environmental properties of a sample of open public spaces in the city of Darmstadt, Germany were constructed and paired to users’ ratings. The data are analysed using different types of multivariate analyses with the aim to predict the ratings of perceived urban stress with a high explained variance and significance. The study finds that open public space typologies (park, square, courtyard, streets) are the best predictors for perceived urban stress, followed by isovist characteristics, street network characteristics and building density. Specifically, the isovist visibility, vertices number and perimeter, previously related to arousal and complexity in indoor spaces, show significant relation to perceived urban stress in open public spaces, but with different direction of effects. A model is presented that achieves a predictive power of R2 = 54.6%. It extends existing models that focused on green spaces and streetscapes with a first exploratory attempt to predict more complex reactions such as perceived urban stress.