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Journal articles on the topic 'Urbanization Japan'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Douglass, Mike. "The transnationalization of urbanization in Japan." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 12, no. 3 (September 1988): 425–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.1988.tb00088.x.

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2

Nakai, Norihiro. "Urbanization promotion and control in metropolitan Japan." Planning Perspectives 3, no. 2 (May 1988): 197–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02665438808725659.

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3

Fukurai, Hiroshi, and Jon Alston. "Divorce in contemporary Japan." Journal of Biosocial Science 22, no. 4 (October 1990): 453–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000018861.

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SummaryData from the 1985–86 Japanese census are analysed to explore the determinants of the divorce rates in Japan's forty-seven prefectures, using two theoretical models: (a) the social integration model, which is shown to have a greater utility in predicting Japanese divorce levels than (b), the human capital model. Female emigration patterns play a significant role in affecting the divorce rate. Population increase and net household income are also important predictors of the Japanese divorce rate and urbanization has a great influence in modern Japan. Demographic and aggregate variables such as migration, urbanization, and socioeconomic factors are useful when organized under a social integration model.

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4

Yamada, Hiroyuki, and Kazuyuki Tokuoka. "Population and Urbanization Trends in Post-war Japan." Asian Economic Journal 9, no. 2 (July 1995): 187–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8381.1995.tb00031.x.

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5

Yamada, Hiroyuki, and Kazuyuki Tokuoka. "Population and Urbanization Trends in Post-war Japan." Asian Economic Journal 10, no. 2 (July 1996): 187–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8381.1996.tb00165.x.

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6

Yamada, Hiroyuki. "Economic Growth, Urbanization and Regional Policy in Postwar Japan." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 494 (1994): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.1994.494_1.

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7

ISONO, Aya, Naho DOKYU, and Akira YAMAMOTO. "A STUDY ON THE URBANIZATION IN MEDIEVAL ‘HIRAIZUMI’, JAPAN." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 73, no. 624 (2008): 471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.73.471.

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8

Shimadera, Hikari, Akira Kondo, Kundan Lal Shrestha, Ken Kitaoka, and Yoshio Inoue. "Numerical Evaluation of the Impact of Urbanization on Summertime Precipitation in Osaka, Japan." Advances in Meteorology 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/379361.

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This study utilized the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model version 3.5.1 to evaluate the impact of urbanization on summertime precipitation in Osaka, Japan. The evaluation was conducted by comparing the WRF simulations with the present land use and no-urban land use (replacing “Urban” with “Paddy”) for August from 2006 to 2010. The urbanization increased mean air temperature by 2.1°C in urban areas because of increased sensible heat flux and decreased mean humidity by 0.8 g kg−1because of decreased latent heat flux. In addition, the urbanization increased duration of the southwesterly sea breeze. The urbanization increased precipitation in urban areas and decreased in the surrounding areas. The mean precipitation in urban areas was increased by 20 mm month−1(27% of the total amount without the synoptic-scale precipitation). The precipitation increase was generally due to the enhancement of the formation and development of convective clouds by the increase in sensible heat flux during afternoon and evening time periods. The urbanization in Osaka changes spatial and temporal distribution patterns of precipitation and evaporation, and consequently it substantially affects the water cycle in and around the urban areas of Osaka.

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9

Li, Yan Hong, Xian Guang Wang, and Xiao Nian Sun. "Research on the Correlation between Typical National Urbanization Development and Transportation and its Enlightenment to China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 744-746 (March 2015): 2120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.744-746.2120.

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To promote the new urbanization development, this paper utilizes the coordination theory and transport economic theory to select some typical countries, including United States, Japan, Britain, and South Korea, to analyze the correlation between their urbanization development stage and the evolution of their main transportation modes; on the other hand, it studies the mutual support between the urbanization development and the spatial variation of transport network. The above results are then used to make a comparison with the actual situation of China urbanization development. Therefore, this paper presents some new ideas for the transportation development in China’s urbanization process from two aspects, the development stage and the development focus, aiming to guide a healthy urbanization and achieve the sustainable development.

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10

Matsuyama, H. "Global warming and urbanization affect springwater temperatures in Tokyo, Japan." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 18 (February 25, 2014): 012102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/18/1/012102.

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11

Yamada, Hiroyuki, and Kazuyuki Tokuoka. "A Study of the Urbanization Process in Post War Japan." Review of Urban & Regional Development Studies 3, no. 2 (July 1991): 152–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-940x.1991.tb00026.x.

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12

Ishibashi, Tamon. "Perspective of Water Resources in Japan and in the World." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 1-3 (January 1, 1991): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0396.

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Recently, problems of water shortage are becoming global in both developed and developing countries. This is due to tremendous population increases and also urbanization and industrialization. In this paper, countermeasures for future water shortages are described.

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13

Higashino, Makoto, and Heinz G. Stefan. "Hydro-climatic Change in Japan (1906-2005): Impacts of Global Warming and Urbanization." Air, Soil and Water Research 7 (January 2014): ASWR.S13632. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/aswr.s13632.

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Hydro-climatic change in Japan from 1906 to 2005 has been analyzed using local climate data from four large metropolitan areas, four cities, and eight rural areas. Mean annual and seasonal air temperature records (Japan Meteorological Agency, JMA) show linear warming trends at all 16 study sites with a strong dependence on population (density). Over the 100 year period investigated, the average warming has been the least (1.06°C) at the rural sites, higher (1.77°C) in the urban areas and cities, and highest (2.70°C) in the large metropolitan areas. The more sparsely populated rural sites had warming trends from 0.73 to 1.24°C per 100 years. In the business district of Tokyo, an average warming of 3.07°C in 100 years was recorded. Warming in Japan has been higher in winter than in summer, and has accelerated significantly since 1981. Average warming at all 16 stations was 3.1 times higher in the recent 25 years (1981-2005) than in the last century (1906-2005). The 1906-2005 average warming at the rural sites (1.06°C) was higher than the global warming reported by the IPCC (0.74°C). Mean annual precipitation has decreased, on average, by 3% (60 mm) number of days with precipitation by 8% (29 days) at the 16 study sites in 100 years (1906-2005), and average daily precipitation intensity has increased by 4%. Annual precipitation amounts have changed the most (7%) in medium sized cities, and the least (2%) at rural study sites; they have also been higher in the warmer south (8%) than in the cooler north (1%) of Japan. Precipitation intensity increases are uncorrelated with air temperatures or their increases. Changes in precipitation from 1906 to 2005 in Japan are more likely caused by global climate change rather than by local urban heat island effects.

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14

Imamovic, A., K. Tanaka, D. Folini, and M. Wild. "Global dimming and urbanization: did stronger negative SSR trends collocate with regions of population growth?" Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 21 (November 6, 2015): 31133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-31133-2015.

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Abstract. Global dimming refers to the decrease in surface solar radiation (SSR) observed from the 1960s to the 1980s at different measurement sites all around the world. It is under debate whether anthropogenic aerosols emitted from urban areas close to the measurement sites are mainly responsible for the dimming. In order to assess this urbanization impact on SSR, we use spatially explicit population density data of 0.08° resolution to construct population indices (PI) at 157 high data quality sites. Our study extends previous population-based studies by incorporating distance-weighting as a simple aerosol diffusion model. We measured urbanization in the surrounding of a site as the PI change form 1960 to 1990 and found no negative correlation with the corresponding SSR trends from 1964 to 1989 for the 92 sites in Europe and Japan. For the 39 sites in China the correlation coefficients are significant at the 5 % level and reach around −0.35, while for the 26 remaining Asian, mostly Russian sites the correlation coefficients reach around −0.55 at the 1 % significance level. Results are similar, when the absolute levels of PIs are taken as an indicator for urbanization. Our findings call into question the existence of an urbanization effect for the sites in Europe and Japan, while such an effect cannot be ruled out for the sites in Asia, especially in Russia.

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Imamovic, Adel, Katsumasa Tanaka, Doris Folini, and Martin Wild. "Global dimming and urbanization: did stronger negative SSR trends collocate with regions of population growth?" Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 5 (March 4, 2016): 2719–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2719-2016.

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Abstract. Global dimming refers to the decrease in surface solar radiation (SSR) observed from the 1960s to the 1980s at different measurement sites all around the world. It is under debate whether anthropogenic aerosols emitted from urban areas close to the measurement sites are mainly responsible for the dimming. In order to assess this urbanization impact on SSR, we use spatially explicit population density data of 0.08° resolution to construct population indices (PI) at 157 high data quality sites. Our study extends previous population-based studies by incorporating distance-weighting as a simple aerosol diffusion model. We measured urbanization in the surrounding of a site as the PI change from 1960 to 1990 and found no negative correlation with the corresponding SSR trends from 1964 to 1989 for the 92 sites in Europe and Japan. For the 39 sites in China the correlation coefficients are significant at the 5 % level and reach around −0.35, while for the 26 remaining Asian, mostly Russian sites the correlation coefficients reach around −0.55 at the 1 % significance level. Results are similar, when the absolute levels of PIs are taken as an indicator for urbanization. Our findings call into question the existence of an urbanization effect for the sites in Europe and Japan, while such an effect cannot be ruled out for the sites in Asia, especially in Russia.

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16

TAKANO, T., K. NAKAMURA, and M. WATANABE. "INCREASED FEMALE DRINKING IN ACCORDANCE WITH POST-INDUSTRIAL URBANIZATION IN JAPAN." Alcohol and Alcoholism 31, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a008114.

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17

Hanashima, Makoto, and Ken'ichi Tomobe. "Urbanization, industrialization, and mortality in modern Japan: a spatio-temporal perspective." Annals of GIS 18, no. 1 (March 2012): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19475683.2011.647078.

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18

Sakano, Noriko, Nobuyuki Miyatake, Shoko Murakami, Takeshi Suzue, Tomohiro Hirao, and Keiki Ogino. "Changes in Temperatures in Okayama Area Compared with Different Urbanization Areas, Japan." Journal of Environmental Protection 02, no. 02 (2011): 162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jep.2011.22018.

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19

Lee, Cheol Min, and Tae-Sung Kwon. "Response of ground arthropods to effect of urbanization in southern Osaka, Japan." Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity 8, no. 4 (December 2015): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2015.10.007.

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20

Tanaka, Katsumasa, Atsumu Ohmura, Doris Folini, Martin Wild, and Nozomu Ohkawara. "Is global dimming and brightening in Japan limited to urban areas?" Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 21 (November 11, 2016): 13969–4001. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13969-2016.

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Abstract. Worldwide observations indicate secular trends of all-sky surface solar radiation on a decadal time scale, termed global dimming and brightening. Accordingly, the observed surface radiation in Japan generally shows a strong decline until the end of the 1980s and then a recovery until around 2000. Because a substantial number of measurement stations are located within or close to populated areas, one may speculate that the observed trends are strongly influenced by local air pollution and are thus not of large-scale significance. This hypothesis poses a serious question as to what regional extent the global dimming and brightening are significant: are the global dimming and brightening truly global phenomena, or regional, or even only local? Our study focused on 14 meteorological observatories that measured all-sky surface solar radiation, zenith transmittance, and maximum transmittance. On the basis of municipality population time series, historical land use maps, recent satellite images, and actual site visits, we concluded that eight stations have been significantly influenced by urbanization, with the remaining six stations being left pristine. Between the urban and rural areas, no marked differences were identified in the temporal trends of the aforementioned meteorological parameters. Our findings suggest that global dimming and brightening in Japan occurred on a large scale, independently of urbanization.

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21

Kusaka, Hiroyuki, Keiko Nawata, Asuka Suzuki-Parker, Yuya Takane, and Nana Furuhashi. "Mechanism of Precipitation Increase with Urbanization in Tokyo as Revealed by Ensemble Climate Simulations." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 53, no. 4 (April 2014): 824–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-13-065.1.

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AbstractThis study examines how urbanization affects the precipitation climatology in Tokyo, Japan. A unique aspect of this study is that an ensemble, regional climatological simulation approach is used with sensitivity experiments to reduce uncertainty arising from nonlinearity in the precipitation simulations. Another aspect is that the robustness of the precipitation response is tested with “stress response” simulations with increasing urban forcing. The results show that urbanization causes a robust increase in the amount of precipitation in the Tokyo metropolitan area and a reduction in the inland areas. These anomalies are statistically significant at the 95% and 99% levels in some parts. There is no measureable change in the surrounding rural and ocean areas. These precipitation responses are attributed to an increase of surface sensible heat flux in Tokyo, which destabilizes the atmosphere and induces an anomalous surface low pressure pattern and the convergence of grid-scale horizontal moisture flux. The anomalous convergence of grid-scale horizontal moisture flux is a consequence of urbanization modifying the sea breeze.

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22

MORIKAWA, Hiroshi. "The Present Aspect of Urbanization and Structural Change of Urban Systems in Japan." Geographical Review of Japa,. Ser. A, Chirigaku Hyoron 64, no. 8 (1991): 525–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4157/grj1984a.64.8_525.

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23

Taniguchi, Makoto, and Takeshi Uemura. "Effects of urbanization and groundwater flow on the subsurface temperature in Osaka, Japan." Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 152, no. 4 (October 2005): 305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2005.04.006.

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24

김일수. "Japanese Resident Groups and Colonial Urbanization in Daegu ahead of Japan-Korea Treaty." 한국학논집 ll, no. 59 (June 2015): 253–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18399/actako.2015..59.008.

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25

Ouyang, Xiaoling, and Boqiang Lin. "Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions during urbanization: A comparative study between China and Japan." Journal of Cleaner Production 143 (February 2017): 356–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.102.

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26

Horikoshi, Tetsumi, Tadahiro Tsuchikawa, and Yotaro Kobayashi. "Changes of landscape and dwellings with windbreaks caused by urbanization in Central Japan." Energy and Buildings 15, no. 3-4 (January 1990): 305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7788(90)90003-2.

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27

Yamada, K. "Diffuse pollution in Japan: issues and perspectives." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 1 (July 1, 2007): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.431.

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Many parts of Japan have experienced rapid urbanization and industrialization over the past 50 years. This trend resulted in severe water pollution in many urban areas. To address the pollution problems, several measures such as construction of sewerage systems and enactment of laws and regulations have been undertaken. Because of these measures, the water quality has been improved to some extent. However, many water quality concerns still remain and are attributed in part to diffuse pollution. In this paper, historical progress, present situation and future aspects of diffuse pollution problems in Japan are reviewed. It is noted that solving diffuse pollution problems will require a combination of several measures including application of conventional treatment technologies and natural purification systems, implementation of appropriate policy measures, and promotion of citizen participation.

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28

AZUMA, REN. "Planning system of allotment garden and urbanization zone caused by surplus farmland.Germany and Japan." JOURNAL OF RURAL PLANNING ASSOCIATION 9, no. 4 (1991): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2750/arp.9.4_39.

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29

Kawamoto, Yoichi. "Effect of Urbanization on the Urban Heat Island in Fukuoka-Kitakyushu Metropolitan Area, Japan." Procedia Engineering 169 (2016): 224–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.10.027.

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30

Javed, Aiman, Aftab Rafiq, Junaid Ashraf, Abdullah ., and Tasir Khan. "Role of Fossil Fuel and Urbanization on Environment Panel Data of China and Japan." International Journal of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Research 9, no. 2 (2020): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.13.2020.92.73.86.

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31

Otsu, Akiko, Shunichi Araki, Ryoji Sakai, Kazuhito Yokoyama, and A. Scott Voorhees. "Effects of urbanization, economic development, and migration of workers on suicide mortality in Japan." Social Science & Medicine 58, no. 6 (March 2004): 1137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(03)00285-5.

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32

Sugimoto, Shiori, Tomonori Sato, and Tomonori Sasaki. "Seasonal and diurnal variability in historical warming due to the urbanization of Hokkaido, Japan." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 120, no. 11 (June 5, 2015): 5437–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014jd022759.

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33

Nomiya, Daishiro, Alan S. Miller, and John P. Hoffmann. "Urbanization and rural depletion in modern Japan: An analysis of crime and suicide patterns." International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 24, no. 1 (March 2000): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2000.9678649.

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34

Taniguchi, Makoto, Takeshi Uemura, and Yasuo Sakura. "Effects of urbanization and groundwater flow on subsurface temperature in three megacities in Japan." Journal of Geophysics and Engineering 2, no. 4 (October 24, 2005): 320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-2132/2/4/s04.

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35

Takahashi, Terumasa, Yoshiaki Kanzawa, Tatsuaki Kobayashi, Darlene Zabowski, and Robert Harrison. "The effects of urbanization on chemical characteristics of forest soil in Tamagawa basin, Japan." Landscape and Ecological Engineering 11, no. 1 (March 14, 2014): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11355-014-0251-1.

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36

LEE, AIE-RIE. "Social Network Model of Political Participation in Japan*." Japanese Journal of Political Science 17, no. 1 (January 29, 2016): 44–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109915000389.

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AbstractThe objective of the study is to re-examine the Verba, Nie, and Kim (VNK)'s path-breaking analysis of political participation and political equality, under the inclusion of a social network model in Japan. In particular, the present research investigates how and why we find the extremely low correlations between one's socio-economic resource level (SERL) and political participation in Japan, the evidence unsatisfactorily explained by the VNK analysis. Building on the social network model and employing the first wave of the Asian Barometer survey conducted in 2003, this research presents a more comprehensive model of political participation. The study finds three major kinds of causes for the weak associations between SERL–participation levels in Japan: exogenous factors (i.e., sex, urbanization, and age); equalizing impact of social networks; and weak SERL–psychological involvement linkage. From the viewpoint of the social network model, it is clear that the weak SERL–participation linkage is derived from the equalizing impact of group-based processes, yet uniquely Japanese style of network involvement.

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37

Zhu, Siqi, Kyoshiro Sasaki, Yue Jiang, Kun Qian, and Yuki Yamada. "Trypophobia as an urbanized emotion: comparative research in ethnic minority regions of China." PeerJ 8 (March 18, 2020): e8837. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8837.

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Trypophobia is a strong emotion of disgust evoked by clusters of holes or round objects (e.g., lotus seed pod). It has become increasingly popular and been studied since 2010s, mainly in the West and Japan. Considering this, trypophobia might be a modern emotion, and hence urbanization possibly plays key roles in trypophobia. To address this issue, we compared the degree of trypophobia between urban and less urban people in China. In an experiment, we asked participants about their degree of discomfort from trypophobic images. The results showed that trypophobia occurred in both groups, although the effect size was larger in urban than less urban people. Moreover, post-experimental interviews and post-hoc analyses revealed that older people in less urban area did not experience as much trypophobia. Our findings suggest that trypophobia links to urbanization and age-related properties.

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38

Ubaura, Michio, Junpei Nieda, and Masashi Miyakawa. "Building Reconstruction After Large-Scale Disasters A Case Study of Ishinomaki City After the Great East Japan Earthquake." Journal of Disaster Research 11, sp (September 1, 2016): 780–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2016.p0780.

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In large-scale disasters and the subsequent recovery process, land usage and urban spatial forms change. It is therefore important to use this process as an opportunity to create a more sustainable spatial structure. This study considers the urban spatial transformations that took place after the Great East Japan Earthquake, their causes, and accompanying issues by investigating building construction in the recovery process. The authors discovered that individual rebuilding is primarily concentrated in vacant lots within the city’s existing urbanized areas. This is likely due to the spatial impact of the urban planning and agricultural land use planning system, the area division of urbanization promotion areas, and the urbanization restricted areas, all of which were in place prior to the disaster and which have guided development. On the other hand, there are areas severely damaged by tsunami in which there has been little reconstruction of housing that was completely destroyed. The authors concluded that building reconstruction in Ishinomaki City resulted in both the formation of a high-density compact city and also very low-density urban areas.

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39

Sato, Tetsuji, and Masahiro Shiraishi. "Time-series economic effect of developing MAGLEV among metropolitan areas in Japan considering urbanization economies." Transportation Research Procedia 48 (2020): 150–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2020.08.013.

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40

Kondoh, A., and J. Nishiyama. "Changes in hydrological cycle due to urbanization in the suburb of Tokyo Metropolitan area, Japan." Advances in Space Research 26, no. 7 (January 2000): 1173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0273-1177(99)01143-6.

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41

Matsuba, Misako, Shota Nishijima, and Kazuhiro Katoh. "Effectiveness of corridor vegetation depends on urbanization tolerance of forest birds in central Tokyo, Japan." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 18 (August 2016): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2016.05.011.

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42

Nagaoka, Tomohito, and Nana Nakayama. "Influences of industrial development and urbanization on human lives in premodern Japan: Views from paleodemography." International Journal of Paleopathology 33 (June 2021): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2021.04.002.

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43

Yoshida, Shingo. "Effects of Urbanization on Farmland Size and Diversified Farm Activities in Japan: An Analysis Based on the Land Parcel Database." Land 9, no. 9 (September 4, 2020): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9090315.

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Peri-urban agriculture (PUA) has been widely regarded as a sub-field of multifunctional agriculture for improving the sustainability of urban environments. However, urban sprawl has both negative and positive effects on peri-urban farming, and the research on this issue in Japan is insufficient. This study aims to demonstrate the spatial distribution of farmland parcels in Tokyo and Osaka metropolitan areas and explore the synergistic effect of distance from cities and urban sprawl on the size of farmland parcels and farm-diversified activities such as direct marketing, farming experience, and environmentally friendly practices. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Poisson regression analyses were used with a nationwide agricultural land parcel Geographic Information System (GIS) database (Tokyo metropolitan area = 1,939,162 and Osaka metropolitan area = 1,507,072 parcels), in Japan, to specify the farmland locations and calculate the extent of urban sprawl. The results revealed that more than 50% of farmlands in the targeted areas were located within 4 km from the boundaries of densely inhabited districts (DIDs). Furthermore, with a decreasing distance from a DID, the urban sprawl had more positive effects on farmland parcel sizes and farm-diversified activities. These findings imply that PUA has a wider presence in Japan, and the peri-urban farmers may be capable of utilizing the multifunctional nature of intensively sprawled urban environments.

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44

Yamasaki, Akiko, Ryoji Sakai, and Taro Shirakawa. "Low Income, Unemployment, and Suicide Mortality Rates for Middle-Age Persons in Japan." Psychological Reports 96, no. 2 (April 2005): 337–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.96.2.337-348.

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The relationships between age-specific suicide mortality rates and social life factors for all 47 Japanese prefectures in 1980, 1985, and 1990 were assessed by multiple regression analysis after factor analysis on 20 social life indicators. During this period, Japan experienced a secondary oil crisis in 1980–1983 and a bubble economy in 1986–1990. It was concluded that (1) low income was the major determinant which positively affected suicide mortality rate in middle-aged men during a previous 20-yr. period (1970–1990), (2) urbanization was negatively associated with male suicide mortality rates in most of the age classes in the 1980s, (3) unemployment was one of the major determinants of increased suicide mortality rate in middle-age men in the 1980s, and (4) unemployment was the major factor which was inversely associated with suicide mortality rate for elderly women from 1980 to 1990 in Japan.

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45

Finch, A. J. "The Japanese Police's Claim to Efficiency: A Critical View." Modern Asian Studies 33, no. 2 (April 1999): 483–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x99003170.

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Japan, in contrast to other industrialized democracies, has enjoyed a falling or steady crime rate for much of the post-war period. This has been despite the potentially adverse effects of rapid industrialization and urbanization. The low crime rate and high clearance rates shown in the official statistics are seen as both a result and a reflection of the development of successful policing techniques in Japan. Even allowing for the dark figure of unrecorded crime, this record is impressive, and it is claimed that it has been achieved using fewer resources in manpower terms than those available to European and North American forces. Explanations for this phenomenon of a relatively low crime rate and high clearance rates in Japan have focused on three main areas of concern. The most popular approach has been to examine the organization and intelligence-gathering activities of the Japanese police at a local level through studies of the system of satellite police boxes: the kōban in urban areas and the chūzaisho (residential police boxes) in rural districts.

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Ishigaki, Taisuke, Ryuji Kawanaka, Taira Ozaki, and Keiichi Toda. "Vulnerability to Underground Inundation and Evacuation in Densely Urbanized Area." Journal of Disaster Research 11, no. 2 (March 1, 2016): 298–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2016.p0298.

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Cities often have numerous underground spaces such as subways and shopping malls. These hold the possibility of being inundated in a disaster. The reasons of these disasters are urbanization and global warming. The vulnerability of underground spaces to extreme flood and evacuation from there are treated in this paper by using the results obtained by numerical methods in densely urbanized area, Osaka, Japan. It is found that up to 60% of water would flood underground spaces if no counter measures were taken. It was also confirmed such areas should be evacuated before inundation.

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Hao, Kiyotaka, Satoshi Yasuda, Toru Takii, Yoshitaka Ito, Jun Takahashi, Kenta Ito, Masaharu Nakayama, et al. "Urbanization, Life Style Changes and the Incidence/In-Hospital Mortality of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Japan." Circulation Journal 76, no. 5 (2012): 1136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1253/circj.cj-11-1233.

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Fujii, Hideto, Hirohide Kiri, and Tetsuo Nakaya. "Effect of Urbanization on Flood Runoff Characteristics in Suburban Low Land Areas of Imba Marsh, Japan." Journal of Rainwater Catchment Systems 6, no. 2 (2001): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7132/jrcsa.kj00003257873.

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Mogi, Motoyoshi, Peter A. Armbruster, and Nobuko Tuno. "Differences in Responses to Urbanization Between Invasive Mosquitoes, Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) and Aedes albopictus, in Their Native Range, Japan." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 1 (October 5, 2019): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz145.

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Abstract The Asian mosquitoes, Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald), have invaded North America, Europe, and other regions since the late 20th century. In invasive ranges, Ae. albopictus has well been recognized as urban, domestic species, whereas views about the macrohabitats of Ae. j. japonicus are inconsistent. Previous reports in Japan suggest the disappearance of Ae. j. japonicus from metropolises. However, container-mosquito larvae have not been inspected simultaneously for various macro and microhabitats in metropolises in Japan. The current study in Fukuoka City, a metropolis in southwest Japan, confirmed the absence of Ae. j. japonicus irrespective of macrohabitats (temples with graveyards, shrines, public graveyards, cultivated bamboo groves, and urban forests, all within the area densely inhabited by humans) and microhabitats (container types). In contrast, Ae. albopictus was dominant throughout the macro and microhabitats except forest tree holes rich with competitive species. Past records indicate the disappearance of Ae. j. japonicus from metropolitan Fukuoka within the last 70 yr. Based on careful examination of available evidence, we concluded that 1) both species benefit from human-made environments with artificial containers free from competitors, 2) Ae. j. japonicus disappeared due to hot, dry summer conditions facilitated by urban heat-island effects and a decrease in favored mammal hosts, and 3) Ae. albopictus has proliferated with higher tolerance to hot, dry climate and a wider blood-feeding host-range including humans. This difference is important for efficient control of each species as well as predicting and preventing the expansion into new distribution ranges.

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Tsai, Shih-Feng. "Urbanization, Public Finance and Carbon Intensity – Based on Panel Data and Error Correction Model." Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 1 (January 26, 2016): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n1p23.

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<span lang="EN-US">Aiming at six big emerging economies in the world, namely, China, United States, United Kingdom, Germany, France and Japan, this paper analyzes their carbon emission conditions based on the data of carbon emission, energy consumption and economic development during 1970—2008 from the statistics in the World Development Index Database (WDI) of the World Bank, and carries out empirical analyses based on theories & policies and driving factors of their low carbon economy. It is found that energy intensity, economic growth and urbanization progress exert more remarkable influences on carbon intensity, and the effect of carbon emission reduction depending on government fiancé is not sustainable. Thus, this paper is intended to explain that China needs more actively promoting green sustainable towns with its sustainable development, and developing urban low carbon industries and buildings for more civilized ecological towns.</span>

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