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Journal articles on the topic 'Urbanization Tanzania Tanzania'
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J. Gwaleba, Method. "Urban Growth in Tanzania: Exploring Challenges, Opportunities and Management." International Journal of Social Science Studies 6, no. 12 (November 20, 2018): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v6i12.3783.
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Tanzania cities and towns are rapidly urbanizing. This urbanization is manifest of rural-to-urban migration as well as natural population increase. The perceived lack of opportunities in rural areas has been identified as the main push factors for Tanzanians to move from rural areas to urban cities and towns. Urban management practice will increasingly need to account for direct and indirect impacts of urban growth in Tanzania cities and towns. The objective of this paper is to pinpoint the challenges and opportunities of the urban growth in cities and towns in Tanzania.The discussion of this paper is mainly based on critical review of the literature and original data derived from Baruti settlement in Dar es Salaam City. The review of the documents whether published or not published depended on its status to provide a critical analysis of urban growth challenges and opportunities in Tanzania. The Primary data were gathered using 79 using semi-structured interviews with both open and closed ended questions. The questionnaires were administered by the researcher through face-to-face sessions with the respondents. A purposive sampling technique was adopted in this study. The reason for selecting the purposive sampling technique was based on the respondents’ involvement in urban development project. The quantitative data collected through the use of questionnaire to supplement qualitative data were summarized and organized by using spread sheet template for detailed analysis. The critical qualitative analysis was built on both the secondary and primary data sources to addresses the research questions. A descriptive technique for data analysis was adopted where findings were represented in tables, graphs and texts.While unperfected urbanization surpass the way inhabitants interact and live in cities and towns, urban management addresses the social, economical and environmental challenges that emerge with the continued urbanization in Tanzania cities and towns such that human activities could be more socially liable, economically sound and environmentally friendly over a long period of time in the future.
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Todd, Gemma, Ibrahim Msuya, Francis Levira, and Irene Moshi. "City Profile: Dar es Salaam, Tanzania." Environment and Urbanization ASIA 10, no. 2 (August 22, 2019): 193–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0975425319859175.
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Cities in Africa are experiencing fast urbanization with growing demand for basic services. The city of Dar es Salam, one of the fastest growing cities in the region and the world, is likely to guide the urban future in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam is the former capital city of Tanzania and retains its importance as most of the government offices were located. However, the whole process of complete relocation of government offices to the present capital city of Dodoma might affect the dynamics in Dar es Salaam in the near future. Nevertheless, it is the leading commercial centre and economic hub in Tanzania and is expected to be a mega city by 2030. The growth of the city is construed by both natural increase and high rate of migration. However, the city’s organic growth was affected by racial-based residential segregation under the colonial regime, whose imprints are evident to date. In this profile, an overview of Dar es Salaam’s colonial, post-colonial, social, economic and location factors that led to urbanization is provided. This profile highlights the previous, current and future challenges, and explores the pathways to enhance sustainability and transformation of Dar es Salaam to be a smart city. Poor implementation of master plans led to minimal guidance of city growth, but the current land and and human settlement policy emphasizes on sustainable approach in urban planning including low costs but sustainable settlements even for the urban poor. Such transformation requires government and city management to invest in better planning implementation, creation of database that will inform future planning, improvement in social services such as infrastructure, access to quality and affordable housing, water and electricity supply. This paper contributes to the existing literature on nature of cities in developing countries, which had been affected by colonialism and poor implementation of policies, and suggest ways in which cities can to become smarter and sustainable.
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Pearce, T., D. A. C. Maunder, T. C. Mbara, D. M. Babu, and T. Rwebangira. "Bus Accidents in India, Nepal, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1726, no. 1 (January 2000): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1726-03.
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Countries of the developing world are characterized by rapid urbanization, high growth rates of traffic and congestion, and decreasing regulation of public transport. Because the majority of the developing world’s inhabitants depend on public transport services for their mobility needs, safe, effective, and efficient public transport is essential to ensure adequate and affordable accessibility and the sustainable development of livelihoods in the rural and urban sectors. The operational environment of the public transport sector in Nepal, India, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe is examined, as well as the extent of accidents involving public transport vehicles and the likely causes. Finally, recommendations are made to reduce both the severity and the number of public transport accidents.
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Ivanchenko, Oxana, and Anastasia Banshchikova. "Urbanization and Mutual Help Groups: Contribution to Nation-Building in Tanzania." Social Evolution & History 17, no. 1 (March 2018): 34–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30884/seh/2018.01.03.
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SIMPSON, D. "Urbanization, Urban Planning and Urban Life in Tanzania: An annotated bibliography." African Affairs 95, no. 381 (October 1, 1996): 626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007785.
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Schmidt, Stephan, Wakuru Magigi, and Boniphace Godfrey. "The organization of urban agriculture: Farmer associations and urbanization in Tanzania." Cities 42 (February 2015): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2014.05.013.
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Walshaw, Sarah C. "Converting to rice: urbanization, Islamization and crops on Pemba Island, Tanzania,ad700–1500." World Archaeology 42, no. 1 (March 2010): 137–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00438240903430399.
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Kazaura, Method. "Knowledge, attitude and practices about dengue fever among adults living in Pwani Region, Tanzania in 2019." African Health Sciences 20, no. 4 (December 16, 2020): 1601–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v20i4.12.
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Background: Dengue fever (DF) is currently widespread in tropical and sub-tropical countries. Among the triggers of ep- idemic include urbanization and internal migrations. Within the past few years, there have been DF outbreaks in Tanzania. Although Pwani region is among the predicted risk areas for the DF, there is insufficient data about people’s knowledge, attitude and practices towards prevention of DF in their settings. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess knowledge, attitude and practices about DF among adults in Pwani region in Tanzania.
Methods: The cross-sectional study conducted in Mkuranga District, Pwani region in Tanzania. We used face-to-face inter- views to collect data. The main analytical procedure was descriptive using frequencies.
Results: The majority, 97.7%, were aware of DF. Nevertheless, almost 80% had a low knowledge on symptoms, transmis- sion and vector control measures. Furthermore, less than 20% had positive attitude towards dengue fever prevention, sever- ity of the illness and health seeking behavior.
Conclusion: Lack of enough knowledge and positive attitude about disease transmission, symptoms and preventive meas- ures put the population at high risk of contracting the disease. There is need to create and improve friendly, correct and simple information, education and education messages for the rural populations.
Keywords: Attitude; Dengue; knowledge; practice; rural.
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Anande, Doreen M., and Moon-Soo Park. "Impacts of Projected Urban Expansion on Rainfall and Temperature during Rainy Season in the Middle-Eastern Region in Tanzania." Atmosphere 12, no. 10 (September 22, 2021): 1234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12101234.
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Future changes of land use and land cover (LULC) due to urbanization can cause variations in the frequency and severity of extreme weather events, affecting local climate and potentially worsening impact of such events. This work examines the local climatic impacts associated with projected urban expansion through simulations of rainfall and temperature over the rapidly growing city of the middle-eastern region in Tanzania. Simulations were conducted using a mesoscale Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model for a period of 10 days during the rainfall season in April 2018. The Global Forecasting System data of 0.25° resolution was used to simulate the WRF model in two-way nested domains at resolutions of 12 km and 4 km correspondingly. Urban and built-up areas under the current state, low urbanization (30%), and high urbanization (99%) scenarios were taken into account as LULC categories. As the urbanized area increased, daily mean, maximum and minimum air temperatures, as well as precipitation increased. Local circulation affected the spatial irregularities of air temperature and precipitation. Results imply that urbanization can amplify the impacts of future climate changes dramatically. These results can be applicable to the city planning to minimize the adverse effect of urbanization on temperature and precipitation.
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Sumari, Neema Simon, Gang Xu, Fanan Ujoh, Prosper Issahaku Korah, Obas John Ebohon, and Neema Nicodemus Lyimo. "A Geospatial Approach to Sustainable Urban Planning: Lessons for Morogoro Municipal Council, Tanzania." Sustainability 11, no. 22 (November 19, 2019): 6508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226508.
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Sustainable urban planning is essential in mediating the natural and built environments globally, yet, there is little progress as regards its attainment in developing countries. Rapid and unplanned urbanization continue to threaten the sustainability of many cities in Africa. By selecting Morogoro Municipal Council (MMC) in Tanzania as an example, this study applied well-known remote sensing techniques to understand the dynamics of urban growth and the implications for sustainable urban planning. The study analyzes spatio-temporal characteristics for eighteen years (2000–2018) based on urban land density using gradient and grid-based analysis to further examine land use and urban land density nexus. The results indicate declining urban land densities with distance to the city center, indicating a less compact and fragmented development at the urban fringes; and northward development with limited development to the south of MCC. The knowledge and understanding of the patterns of spatio-temporal conditions, land use planning, and management interventions in MMC are necessary for addressing the inadequacies associated with rapid urbanization within the study area. On this basis, we propose a shift from the modernist to the communicative planning strategy that strongly integrates the urban social, economic, and environmental imperatives, while being adaptable to evolving realities. This plan should also aim to curtail urban sprawl and create a viable city system and economically prosperous city structure for MMC.
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Olarinoye, Tunde, Jan Willem Foppen, William Veerbeek, Tlhoriso Morienyane, and Hans Komakech. "Exploring the future impacts of urbanization and climate change on groundwater in Arusha, Tanzania." Water International 45, no. 5 (June 22, 2020): 497–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2020.1768724.
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Käyhkö, N., M. Mbise, Z. Ngereja, M. O. Makame, E. Mauya, G. Matto, E. Timonen-Kallio, and R. Rancken. "SOCIAL INNOVATIONS IN GEO-ICT EDUCATION AT TANZANIAN UNIVERSITIES FOR IMPROVED EMPLOYABILITY (GEOICT4E)." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-4/W2-2021 (August 19, 2021): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-4-w2-2021-83-2021.
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Abstract. Geospatial and ICT technologies are making an impact leap due to globally accessible open data solutions addressing environmental and social challenges, such as rapid urbanization, degradation of marine and land environments, and humanitarian crises. We are witnessing a rapid growth of innovations built on data and tools tackling local societal problems. At best, these can provide better opportunities for sustainable solutions and development. The need for geospatial expertise is growing globally, and the required skills and capabilities of experts are changing. Universities need to think that although the future jobs rely on experts’ geospatial data and technology skills, graduates need to have a strong conceptual and practical understanding of societal problems and capacity to co-develop solutions, which generate wellbeing and inclusive development. New generation university graduates need to master the interface between technologies’ potential and societies’ emerging needs, working in a multi-stakeholder environment and creating innovative and impactful solutions. In this paper, we present a model of institutional cooperation between five Tanzanian and three Finnish universities, aiming to tackle this transformative education challenge in Tanzania. GeoICT4e aims to develop innovative and scalable geospatial and ICT e-learning services for Tanzanian universities. Via this transformation, universities are aiming to enhance the future employment potential of the graduates with digital multi-competence skills. We present the overall methodology and key activities of the project cooperation, and discuss the opportunities and challenges related to this transformation, and use of open data and FOSS solutions particularly from the institutional and societal perspectives.
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Dhu, Trevor, Gregory Giuliani, Jimena Juárez, Argyro Kavvada, Brian Killough, Paloma Merodio, Stuart Minchin, and Steven Ramage. "National Open Data Cubes and Their Contribution to Country-Level Development Policies and Practices." Data 4, no. 4 (November 5, 2019): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data4040144.
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The emerging global trend of satellite operators producing analysis-ready data combined with open source tools for managing and exploiting these data are leading to more and more countries using Earth observation data to drive progress against key national and international development agendas. This paper provides examples from Australia, Mexico, Switzerland, and Tanzania on how the Open Data Cube technology has been combined with analysis-ready data to provide new insights and support better policy making across issues as diverse as water resource management through to urbanization and environmental–economic accounting.
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Flynn, Karen Coen, and Joe Lugalla. "Crisis, Urbanization, and Urban Poverty in Tanzania: A Study of Urban Poverty and Survival Politics." International Journal of African Historical Studies 29, no. 2 (1996): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/220570.
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Cockx, Lara, Liesbeth Colen, and Joachim De Weerdt. "From corn to popcorn? Urbanization and dietary change: Evidence from rural-urban migrants in Tanzania." World Development 110 (October 2018): 140–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.04.018.
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Sumari, Neema Simon, Patrick Brandful Cobbinah, Fanan Ujoh, and Gang Xu. "On the absurdity of rapid urbanization: Spatio-temporal analysis of land-use changes in Morogoro, Tanzania." Cities 107 (December 2020): 102876. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102876.
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Mashili, Fredirick L., Gibson B. Kagaruki, Joseph Mbatia, Alphoncina Nanai, Grace Saguti, Sarah Maongezi, Ayoub Magimba, et al. "Physical Activity and Associated Socioeconomic Determinants in Rural and Urban Tanzania: Results from the 2012 WHO-STEPS Survey." International Journal of Population Research 2018 (January 31, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4965193.
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Background. Physical inactivity contributes to the rising prevalence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Given the rapidly increasing prevalence of NCDs in Low-Income Countries (LICs), comprehensive evaluation and documentation of physical activity (PA) status in this setting are crucial. Methods. We examined the demographic and social-economic antecedents of PA among adults (5398) from the 2012 Tanzania STEPS survey data. Statistical significance at the level of 0.05 was used to measure the strength of associations. Results. Majority of study participants attained the WHO-recommended levels of physical activity (96.7%). Levels were higher among those living in rural than in urban settings (98% versus 92%, p<0.0001) and generally, urban residency, female gender, higher education achievement, and employment were significantly associated with low levels of PA. Participation in the different domains of PA (work, transport, and recreational) varied with living setting, levels of education, and employment status. Conclusion. These results describe PA status and associated social-economic determinants among adults in rural and urban Tanzania. The findings contribute to the growing evidence that implicates urbanization as a key driver for the growing prevalence of physical inactivity in LICs and underscore the need for tailored PA interventions based on demography and social-economic factors.
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Keller, Gudrun B., Hassan Mndiga, and Brigitte L. Maass. "Diversity and genetic erosion of traditional vegetables in Tanzania from the farmer's point of view." Plant Genetic Resources 3, no. 3 (December 2005): 400–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pgr200594.
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Traditional vegetables in Tanzania have been underutilized by farmers and neglected by research and development programmes. In the framework of the project ‘Promotion of Neglected Indigenous Vegetable Crops for Nutritional Health in Eastern and Southern Africa’ led by the World Vegetable Center (AVRDC) and partners, focus group meetings were conducted in 10–12 villages in each of four districts of north-east Tanzania, which differed in ethnicity as well as in altitude, climate and soil conditions. Farmers named 10–34 different traditional vegetables per village, summing up to an overall of 102 in all four districts, about half of which were only identified by local names. The number of wild traditional vegetables used was always greater than the number of cultivated traditional types, with ratios of wild to cultivated vegetables ranging from 11:9 in an urban highland district to 59:11 in a rural coastal district. Some wild traditional vegetables were found to be threatened with genetic erosion due to changes in land use and eating habits. The degree of urbanization and the availability of infrastructure contributed more strongly to genetic erosion as compared to climatic conditions. Farmers' training encouraged exotic vegetable cultivation and reduced traditional vegetable diversity. At the same time, indigenous knowledge on how and where to collect, cultivate and prepare traditional vegetables was disappearing.
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Pinchoff, Jessie, Carrie W. Mills, and Deborah Balk. "Urbanization and health: The effects of the built environment on chronic disease risk factors among women in Tanzania." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 3, 2020): e0241810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241810.
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KURWIJILA, L. R., A. OMORE, S. STAAL, and N. S. Y. MDOE. "Investigation of the Risk of Exposure to Antimicrobial Residues Present in Marketed Milk in Tanzania." Journal of Food Protection 69, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 2487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-69.10.2487.
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Concerns about food safety are increasing in developing countries where urbanization and changing life styles are associated with greater dependence on marketed foods. Ensuring the safety of animal products supplied from smallholder and pastoral systems in these countries presents a great challenge. The risk of consumer exposure to marketed milk containing antimicrobial residues was investigated by testing 986 samples of unpasteurized milk collected in dry and wet seasons from market agents along milk supply chains in and around Mwanza and Dar es Salaam in Tanzania during 1999 and 2000 and estimating the frequency of consuming such milk. With the Charm-AIM screening test kit, antimicrobial residues were detected in 36% of marketed milk samples, suggesting an average risk of about 11 exposures per month for a daily consumer of milk. The higher prevalence levels of the residues were not significantly different by site or season, as had been hypothesized. Recommendations to address this problem are (i) creation of awareness among policy makers, who are currently unaware of the milk safety problem, and development of potential interventions to address the problem, (ii) testing for the residues at milk collection centers, and (iii) further investigation of milk production practices used by the predominantly smallholder producers and market agents. Risks should be characterized and estimated to provide a basis for designing appropriate extension messages and effective management strategies for protecting the health of consumers without unnecessarily jeopardizing the livelihood benefits derived from dairying by producers and market agents.
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Kashimbiri, Nimzihirwa, Felix Mtalo, Fredrick Mwanuzi, Nepal C. Mandal, and Vijay S. Singh. "Modelling the Impact of Urbanization on Groundwater Using System Dynamic Technique. A Case Study of Arusha Municipal Well Field in Northeastern Tanzania." Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology 32, no. 2 (December 31, 2009): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.52339/tjet.v32i2.445.
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This paper is concerned with the impact of urbanization in aquifer well-system located in the Municipalarea of Arusha city, Tanzania. A system dynamic (SD) model was built under VENSIM PLE workbench fromtwenty-five years (1978-2003) physical and non-physical data to simulate their interactions and relations.This involved use of mathematics ideas and concepts in studying the physical and non – physical componentsseparately, and finally putting them together in new form (model) and study their relations. After model wasfound to be structurally complete and simulate properly by using the model and unit check tool of VENSIMPLE,parametric calibration of the model follows. Model output results were then compared with existing fieldconditions and information’s with the help of Excel spreadsheet. Historical data of population, rainfall, GDP,aquifer characteristics and land use was used as inputs. The model was trained for data series of 1978 to 1990and examined for data series of 1990 to 2003. Model efficiency criteria R2, suggested by Nash and Sutcliffe(1970), produced good results ranging from 0.6333 to 0.9868 during calibration and 0.9833 to 0.9985 duringverification. The model reveals that urbanization has enormous impact on population which was increasing ata rate of 4% from 1978 to 2003, which in turn caused increase in water demand for about 6% annually; as aresult aquifer well-system was overstressed due to over-pumping. Lastly a prediction of the situation for 2025was carried out in succession, and then interpretations and discussion concludes the paper.
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Tesha, Irene, Revocatus Machunda, Karoli Njau, and Emmanuel Mpolya. "Water-Handling Patterns and Associated Microbial Profiles in relation to Hygiene in Babati Town, Tanzania." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2019 (May 20, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5298247.
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Introduction. In rapidly urbanizing centres in Tanzania, water supply infrastructure lags behind the speed of urbanization, affecting water availability and accessibility. We believe that inhabitants’ access water using various ways which are characterizable and understanding them could inform about the risks to hygiene-related diseases. This study aimed at characterizing water-handling chains and their microbial profiles in Babati town to inform hygiene education policy and water supply planning. Methodology. A cross-sectional study design employing a proportional sampling for each of the 8 wards was conducted between November 2016 and March 2017. A total of 564 samples of water were collected using the USA EPA procedures from 37 randomly selected households. Water samples were collected from the common sources of water as well as from the downstream points to multiple storage containers. Using EPA membrane filtration techniques, two microorganisms were tested: fecal coliforms and Salmonella typhi. Results. Three water-handling chains/patterns in Babati town were determined, and they were as follows: (i) untreated-source-to-treated-reservoir-to-households (untrS2trR2HH) chain, (ii) untreated-source-to-untreated-reservoir-to-households (untrS2untrR2HH) chain; (iii) untreated-source-straight-to-households (untrS2HH) chain. In terms of the microbial profile, the most contaminated water-handling chain was the untreated-source-straight-to-households (untrS2HH). The number of users in these three chains was not statistically significantly different (p=0.5226), meaning that all people utilized the various chains almost equally, depending on the water situation. Most households (83%) did not treat their drinking water making those using the untreated-source-to-household chain (untrS2HH) most vulnerable to waterborne diseases. Conclusion. Determination of water-handling chains among the household is a novel approach which allows an understanding of the points at which highest fecal loading occurs. This approach therefore may inform the development of policies in the areas of household hygiene education, drinking water treatment, and water supply planning in urbanized towns in Tanzania and other developing countries.
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Zhang, Jiaqi, Sophia Shuang Chen, Qun Gao, Qiushi Shen, Ismael Aaron Kimirei, and Damas William Mapunda. "Morphological Characteristics of Informal Settlements and Strategic Suggestions for Urban Sustainable Development in Tanzania: Dar es Salaam, Mwanza, and Kigoma." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (May 7, 2020): 3807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093807.
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Rapid urbanization in developing countries has been accompanied by the spread of informal settlements, which is particularly prominent in sub-Saharan Africa. These settlements have become an important supplement to the inadequate formal housing supply in cities, and their spontaneously formed spatial patterns have important influences on sustainable development. In this study, qualitative and quantitative approaches were used to examine the morphological characteristics of informal settlements in Tanzania and the associated influences on urban development. Geographic spatial analyses, landscape pattern indices, and mathematical statistics, along with quick assessments, group discussions, and key informant interviews, were used to obtain detailed information on the spatial forms of informal settlements. The results indicate that the form of the settlements does not conform to the social, economic, or environmental characteristics of sustainable development. The disordered expansion of single-layered buildings with a single function, irregular road networks in poor condition, and a lack of consideration and protection of the ecological environment were found to negatively impact urban function and sustainable development. However, the structure and form of informal settlements could, in addition to formalization projects, be optimized to drive sustainable and socioeconomic development goals as well as environmental conservation.
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Magigi, Wakuru. "Urbanization and Its Impacts to Food Systems and Environmental Sustainability in Urban Space: Evidence from Urban Agriculture Livelihoods in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania." Journal of Environmental Protection 04, no. 10 (2013): 1137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jep.2013.410130.
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Kazuva, Emmanuel, and Jiquan Zhang. "Analyzing Municipal Solid Waste Treatment Scenarios in Rapidly Urbanizing Cities in Developing Countries: The Case of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 11 (June 7, 2019): 2035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16112035.
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Currently, large quantities of municipal solid waste (MSW) in many cities of the developing countries are being dumped in informal or formal but unregulated dumpsites that threaten the ecological environment and general public health. The situation in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania is of particular concern and is further challenged by a rapidly growing population and urbanization without adequate waste management systems. Current MSW treatment options have been selected based on the judgment and the experience of individuals with authority while underestimating the role of scientifically derived techniques. This study analyzes the most efficient waste treatment options, particularly scenarios with the lowest economic and environmental costs (EcC and EnC, respectively). It uses 12 years (2006–2017) of MSW management data and compares potential waste treatment options for the identified waste streams. A total of 108 different scenarios were designed, and a multi-criteria analysis method was applied to enable the identification of 11 scenarios with acceptable EcCs and EnCs. These formed an initial decision matrix of aggregation dominance that was then categorized into four groups, each represented by the most ideal point. Finally, the dominant scenario that formed the core for all considered options was found. It costs around $274,100 USD while saving about 1585 metric tons (MT) of CO2 emissions daily. This suggests that after all the MSW generated in the city is collected and segregated, organic waste should be composted whilst plastic, paper, glass, and ferrous metal should be recycled. After treatment, other waste will go to some form of landfill. Sustainable management of MSW in this city and others with similar conditions should consider particular local conditions and could use the methods and the findings of this study as a starting point.
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Kariuki, Rebecca W., Linus K. Munishi, Colin J. Courtney-Mustaphi, Claudia Capitani, Anna Shoemaker, Paul J. Lane, and Rob Marchant. "Integrating stakeholders’ perspectives and spatial modelling to develop scenarios of future land use and land cover change in northern Tanzania." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 12, 2021): e0245516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245516.
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Rapid rates of land use and land cover change (LULCC) in eastern Africa and limited instances of genuinely equal partnerships involving scientists, communities and decision makers challenge the development of robust pathways toward future environmental and socioeconomic sustainability. We use a participatory modelling tool, Kesho, to assess the biophysical, socioeconomic, cultural and governance factors that influenced past (1959–1999) and present (2000–2018) LULCC in northern Tanzania and to simulate four scenarios of land cover change to the year 2030. Simulations of the scenarios used spatial modelling to integrate stakeholders’ perceptions of future environmental change with social and environmental data on recent trends in LULCC. From stakeholders’ perspectives, between 1959 and 2018, LULCC was influenced by climate variability, availability of natural resources, agriculture expansion, urbanization, tourism growth and legislation governing land access and natural resource management. Among other socio-environmental-political LULCC drivers, the stakeholders envisioned that from 2018 to 2030 LULCC will largely be influenced by land health, natural and economic capital, and political will in implementing land use plans and policies. The projected scenarios suggest that by 2030 agricultural land will have expanded by 8–20% under different scenarios and herbaceous vegetation and forest land cover will be reduced by 2.5–5% and 10–19% respectively. Stakeholder discussions further identified desirable futures in 2030 as those with improved infrastructure, restored degraded landscapes, effective wildlife conservation, and better farming techniques. The undesirable futures in 2030 were those characterized by land degradation, poverty, and cultural loss. Insights from our work identify the implications of future LULCC scenarios on wildlife and cultural conservation and in meeting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and targets by 2030. The Kesho approach capitalizes on knowledge exchanges among diverse stakeholders, and in the process promotes social learning, provides a sense of ownership of outputs generated, democratizes scientific understanding, and improves the quality and relevance of the outputs.
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Twinomucunguzi, Felix R. B., Philip M. Nyenje, Robinah N. Kulabako, Swaib Semiyaga, Jan Willem Foppen, and Frank Kansiime. "Reducing Groundwater Contamination from On-Site Sanitation in Peri-Urban Sub-Saharan Africa: Reviewing Transition Management Attributes towards Implementation of Water Safety Plans." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 21, 2020): 4210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104210.
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High urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has resulted in increased peri-urban groundwater contamination by on-site sanitation. The World Health Organization introduced Water Safety Plans (WSP) towards the elimination of contamination risks to water supply systems; however, their application to peri-urban groundwater sources has been limited. Focusing on Uganda, Ghana, and Tanzania, this paper reviews limitations of the existing water regime in addressing peri-urban groundwater contamination through WSPs and normative attributes of Transition Management (TM) towards a sustainable solution. Microbial and nutrient contamination remain prevalent hazards in peri-urban SSA, arising from on-site sanitation within a water regime following Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) principles. Limitations to implementation of WSPs for peri-urban groundwater protection include policy diversity, with low focus on groundwater; institutional incoherence; highly techno-centric management tools; and limited regard for socio-cultural and urban-poor aspects. In contrast, TM postulates a prescriptive approach promoted by community-led frontrunners, with flexible and multi-domain actors, experimenting through socio-technical tools towards a shared vision. Thus, a unified risk-based management framework, harnessing attributes of TM and IWRM, is proposed towards improved WSP implementation. The framework could assist peri-urban communities and policymakers in formulating sustainable strategies to reduce groundwater contamination, thereby contributing to improved access to safe water.
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Agergaard, Jytte, Susanne Kirkegaard, and Torben Birch-Thomsen. "Between Village and Town: Small-Town Urbanism in Sub-Saharan Africa." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 29, 2021): 1417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031417.
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In the next twenty years, urban populations in Africa are expected to double, while urban land cover could triple. An often-overlooked dimension of this urban transformation is the growth of small towns and medium-sized cities. In this paper, we explore the ways in which small towns are straddling rural and urban life, and consider how insights into this in-betweenness can contribute to our understanding of Africa’s urban transformation. In particular, we examine the ways in which urbanism is produced and expressed in places where urban living is emerging but the administrative label for such locations is still ‘village’. For this purpose, we draw on case-study material from two small towns in Tanzania, comprising both qualitative and quantitative data, including analyses of photographs and maps collected in 2010–2018. First, we explore the dwindling role of agriculture and the importance of farming, businesses and services for the diversification of livelihoods. However, income diversification varies substantially among population groups, depending on economic and migrant status, gender, and age. Second, we show the ways in which institutions, buildings, and transport infrastructure display the material dimensions of urbanism, and how urbanism is planned and aspired to. Third, we describe how well-established middle-aged households, independent women (some of whom are mothers), and young people, mostly living in single-person households, explain their visions and values of the ways in which urbanism is expressed in small towns. In conclusion, we discuss the implications of this urban life-in-becoming of small towns for urban planning, emphasizing the importance of the development of inclusive local governance. Ultimately, we argue that our study establishes an important starting point for further explorations of the role of the simultaneous production and expression of urbanism in small town urbanization.
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Murphy, James T., and Pádraig R. Carmody. "Generative urbanization in Africa? A sociotechnical systems view of Tanzania’s urban transition." Urban Geography 40, no. 1 (July 31, 2018): 128–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2018.1500249.
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Kanai, J. Miguel, and Seth Schindler. "Peri-urban promises of connectivity: Linking project-led polycentrism to the infrastructure scramble." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 51, no. 2 (March 11, 2018): 302–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x18763370.
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This paper offers an interpretive framework linking polycentric urban expansion in emerging/frontier economies to the global extension of infrastructure networks. Drawing from scholarship on state restructuring, we theorize an infrastructure scramble whereby numerous state actors and agencies make massive investments in infrastructure connectivity to secure effective integration to transnational value chains as economic and geopolitical competition intensify. This has manifold territorial implications, and matters for debates on planetary urbanization. Novel urbanization processes include the proliferation of peri-urban nodes. Built in cheaply available land, these respond to (or anticipate economic gains from) enhanced connective infrastructure. In contrast to city-regional exemplars, project-led polycentrism does not arise from territorially decentralized governance arrangements, and may deepen peri-urban exclusion. The paper includes an experimental comparison of two peri-urban nodal projects: the Iranduba University City (IUC), located in a riparian rainforest of the Brazilian Amazon 17 miles from bustling Manaus, and the Bagamoyo Port and Special Economic Zone, located 35 miles north of the congested port of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania’s expansive capital. Our findings suggest that: (i) techno-entrepreneurial capacity requirements underpin the centralist scalar politics governing the development of peri-urban nodes; as (ii) state-led projects rely on ambitious physical planning, with masterplans evincing elite, globalization-oriented objectives that neglect local needs and trigger displacement and (iii) even failing projects spearhead varying trajectories of territorial transformation in erstwhile-stagnant peri-urban peripheries. Concluding, we call for further research on multiple drivers and modalities of polycentrism in the global South, and the infrastructure scramble’s broad implications for hyper-connected and bypassed territories.
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Ameye, Hannah. "Urbanization and the Two Tails of Malnutrition in Tanzania." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2960034.
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Pallaver, Karin. "A triangle: Spatial processes of urbanization and political power in 19th-century Tabora, Tanzania." Afriques, no. 11 (December 15, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/afriques.2871.
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Ivanchenko, Oxana, and Anastasia Banshchikova. "Urban Life, Rural Thinking: incomplete urbanization and strategy of survival (the case of Dar Es Salam, Tanzania)." Journal of the Institute for African Studies, September 20, 2018, 100–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.31132/2412-5717-2018-44-3-100-111.
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The paper explores particular features of incomplete urbanization in Dar es Salam, Tanzania. It studies the lives of people, who have just moved into the big city, as well as the lives of the second or third-generation immigrants from countryside and rural districts. In the first part of the study these features are treated using the anthropological and historical methodology; in the second part attention is paid to respondents’ perception of life in megapolis compared to those in native villages. Features of incomplete urbanization include: creation of informal settlements, formation of living community and city space by means of its inhabitants (just as in the villages); employment in the informal sectors of economy, small-scale commerce or small-scale services requiring no education or highly specialized skills (for example, growing and selling of fruits and vegetables, just as in the villages); establishment of mutual help groups (instead of relatives’ and villagers’ help, now absent); use of the social commitment power instead of legal power, importance of family and person’s own reputation; appeal to moral authority of group leaders instead of calling the police in case of conflicts; patrolling and securing the territory of informal settlements by units of people’s militia at night (in coordination with state police). It is clear that these practices have emerged in the big city hand in hand with migrants from rural regions. Incomplete urbanization and its trends can be treated as a result of insufficient state support of the poor, but in some ways it continues and even develops social relations, which existed before colonization and then were additionally enhanced during the nation-building and implementation of Julius Nyerere’s “ujamaa” concept after Tanzania gained independence.
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"Crisis, urbanization, and urban poverty in Tanzania: a study of urban poverty and survival politics." Choice Reviews Online 33, no. 05 (January 1, 1996): 33–2876. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.33-2876.
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Ezekiel, Mangi J., Felix Kisanga, Idda H. Mosha, Amani Anaeli, Switbert R. Kamazima, Rose Mpembeni, and Eustace P. Muhondwa. "Factors associated with child sexual abuse in Tanzania: a qualitative study." Tanzania Journal of Health Research 19, no. 2 (March 27, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v19i2.9.
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Background: Child sexual abuse (CSA) is one of the most pervasive occurrences which are reported all over the world. It often goes unnoticed and undocumented due to surrounding taboos; its sensitivity in nature and affects the less powerful population. Anecdote information is available on the nature and extent of sexual abuse among children in Tanzania. The aim of this study was to explore factors, forms, context of abuse and perpetrators of child sex abuse in selected regions of Tanzania.Methods: Key informant interviews were conducted among adults including parents of the victims to explore factors associated with sexual abuse of children under 10 years old in Tanzania. The interview guide centred on factors for child sexual abuse, the type of perpetrators and the context into which these abuses take place.Results: There were incidences of child sexual abuse in Tanzania and the major forms were anal and vaginal penetration, and the most affected were girls. The abuses were rarely reported due to shame and embarrassment faced by the affected children and parents. The causes of child sexual abuse were poverty, ambitions and moral degradation, myths and beliefs, urbanization, foreign culture and poor parental care. Incidents of CSA were reported to occur in perpetrators’ homes and in semi-finished housing structures, madrassa and recreational venues where children can freely access entertainment by watching movies. These acts were committed by people in position of power, close relationship and trusted by the children. Contexts where child sexual abuses occur included overcrowded living spaces and social activities that go on late into the night.Conclusion: We recommend for strengthened interventions at different levels within the society to address the root causes and different contexts in which child sex abuse occurs. Increased awareness of the root causes should go hand in hand with measures to encourage parents and survivors to report incidents to relevant authorities timely as they occur.
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Cockx, Lara, Liesbeth Colen, and Joachim De Weerdt. "From Corn to Popcorn? Urbanization and Food Consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Rural-Urban Migrants in Tanzania." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2961692.
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Fadhil, Daud Mkali. "Investigating the Impact of Firm Specific Determinants of Non-Pension Fund on Property Investment Decisions: An Evidence from Zanzibar Social Security Fund in Tanzania." Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting, August 19, 2021, 40–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajeba/2021/v21i1130440.
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The aim of this study was to look at the impact of firm specific determinants of non-pension fund on property investment decisions, a case study of Zanzibar Social Security Fund (ZSSF) in Tanzania. The unit root test, co-integration, and vector error correction model (VECM) were used for estimation in the linear econometric model equation, which looked at the impact of three firm specific determinants of non-pension fund on property investment decisions: urbanization (URB), inflation rate (INF) and interest rate (IR). The estimated result showed that, there was presence of long-run relationship at equilibrium between property investment decisions (PID) in ZSSF and all tested determinants of property investment decisions. The results revealed that urbanization (URB) had positive significant long run relationship with property investment decisions in ZSSF. But it was further revealed that the inflation rate (INF) and interest rate (IR) had negative relationship with PID at ZSSF, though they were statistically significant. The results also revealed unidirectional causality relationship whereby PID causes IR. Furthermore, the results revealed unidirectional causal relationship from URB to PID at 5% level of significant. However, the result revealed that PID and INF were not granger cause each other in a short run. The study then recommends among others, that management of ZSSF has to consider these determinants when they make property investment decisions, this including, the need for management of Zanzibar Social Security Fund to work together with financial institutions like banks to develop a working formula on how they can facilitate mortgage facility at reasonable rate for residential and commercial properties, this will help to increase demand for real estate to society.
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Gerber, Markus, Serge A. Ayekoé, Johanna Beckmann, Bassirou Bonfoh, Kouadio Benal Kouassi, Bomey Clément Gba, Sylvain G. Traoré, et al. "Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity Is Associated With Cardiorespiratory Fitness Among Primary Schoolchildren Living in Côte d'Ivoire, South Africa, and Tanzania." Frontiers in Public Health 9 (August 19, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.671782.
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Background: Physical inactivity and low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are independent cardiovascular risk factors among children, but have rarely been investigated concurrently in sub-Saharan Africa. The purpose of this study was to compare physical activity (PA) and CRF of primary schoolchildren living in Côte d'Ivoire (CI), South Africa (ZA), and Tanzania (TZ), to test sex- and age-related differences, and to examine whether PA and CRF are associated with each other.Methods: Baseline data from an ongoing cluster-randomized controlled trial were used, including 499 children from CI (Taabo, 49% girls, M = 8.0 ± 1.6 years), 1,074 children from ZA (Gqeberha, 49% girls, M = 8.3 ± 1.4 years), and 593 children from TZ (Ifakara, 51% girls, M = 9.4 ± 1.7 years). PA was assessed by accelerometry and CRF by a 20 m shuttle-run test. The data were analyzed using multi-/univariate analyses of variance and mixed linear models.Results: Most children met recommendations put forward by the World Health Organization for moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and achieved high CRF scores. In CI, 89.6% of the children met MVPA recommendations (boys: 91.7%, girls: 87.4%), whereas this rate was 76.9% in ZA (boys: 91.0%, girls: 62.4%), and 93.8% in TZ (boys: 95.5%, girls: 92.0%). Children from TZ had the highest CRF and MVPA levels, followed by children from CI and ZA. Boys had higher MVPA levels than girls, whereas girls engaged in more sedentary behavior. Sex differences were strongest in ZA. Sedentary behavior and MVPA were higher among older schoolchildren compared to their younger peers. Higher MVPA, but not sedentary behavior, was associated with better CRF.Conclusions: In all three settings, higher levels of MVPA were associated with higher CRF scores. Nevertheless, children living in the most urbanized setting (such as observed in ZA) were physically less active and had lower CRF than peers living in more rural areas (such as observed in CI and TZ). Particularly for girls, urbanization might increase the risk for insufficient MVPA, which may have negative effects on their CRF, thus negatively influencing health and well-being at later age.
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Khac Lich, Hoang, and Duong Cam Tu. "The Optimal Public Expenditure in Developing Countries." VNU Journal of Science: Economics and Business 35, no. 2 (June 25, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.25073/2588-1108/vnueab.4228.
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Many researchers believe that government expenditures promote economic growth at the first development stage. However, as public expenditure becomes too large, countries will suffer a huge tax burden and tax distortions. This suggests an optimal public expenditure at which economic growth rate is the highest. However, the optimal point would differ across countries because of differences in economic structure. In this present paper, the optimal public expenditure in the developing countries is analyzed. Based on descriptive statistics and regression analysis of 30 developing countries in the period 2004-2013, the findings of this paper are threefold: (i) public expenditure increases along with development level of countries; (ii) the optimal public expenditure is at 19. 375% of GDP; (iii) economic growth has a positive relationship with both investment and labor force, and a negative relationship with urbanization.
Keywords
Public expenditure; Economic growth; Fiscal policy; Government size
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