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Journal articles on the topic 'Urbanization'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Wong, David W. H., Harry F. Lee, Simon X. B. Zhao, and Andy C. L. Tai. "Post-2008 Fiscal Stimulus Packages and the Driving Forces for China’s Urbanization." Land 11, no. 12 (2022): 2303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11122303.

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A growing body of research has sought to determine how different factors have affected urbanization in developed countries over the past decades. Yet, few studies have systematically examined urbanization’s driving forces, particularly in emerging economies. In 2008–2009, the Chinese government announced an economic stimulus program to revitalize an economy struck by the 2007–2008 Global Financial Crisis. This study aims to identify how urbanization’s driving forces evolved under a drastic change in fiscal policy and revisit the conventional urbanization theories in the Chinese context. Using

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2

Reddy, Rajyashree N. "The urban under erasure: Towards a postcolonial critique of planetary urbanization." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 36, no. 3 (2017): 529–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263775817744220.

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In my engagement with the planetary urbanization thesis, I make three main interventions: (1) I emphasize the pioneering contributions that postcolonial and relational geographical approaches have made to planetary thought long before the recent planetary turn in urban studies; (2) I underscore the disconcerting ethico-political implications of planetary urbanization's will to map the “extended landscapes” of urbanization and its reduction of contemporary planetary condition to the imperatives of capitalist urbanization; and (3) I offer the deconstructive strategy of writing “under erasure” th

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3

Gurbanalieva, Khulkar Ismailovna. "Sociological Analysis Of The Process Of Urbanization (Urbanization)." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 03, no. 04 (2021): 754–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume03issue04-121.

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This article is based on the fact that the process of urbanization is carried out intensively in almost all countries of the world, and this situation is necessary to continue the study. It is also written that sociological analysis involves the need to apply an environmental approach and the experience of foreign scientists to include. The problem of studying of process of urbanizatsion and its positive, negative sides is proved in this article. The bias on development of ecological approach in development of the industrial cities and the complex solution of problems is given.

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Zhai, Jun, and Fanbin Kong. "The Impact of Multi-Dimensional Urbanization on CO2 Emissions: Empirical Evidence from Jiangsu, China, at the County Level." Sustainability 16, no. 7 (2024): 3005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16073005.

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Understanding the underlying mechanism of how various dimensions of urbanization affect CO2 emissions could be helpful for achieving the goal of low-carbon cities in China. However, previous research has seldomly examined this relationship granularly in economically developed regions at the micro level, nor did they examine the mediating effects of economic development, industrial structure, and coal consumption. Using the panel dataset of 80 counties from 2002 to 2021 at the county level in Jiangsu, China, this study investigates the direct and indirect effects of population, economic, and la

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Jia, Kai, Ailin Huang, Xiaoling Yin, Ji Yang, Liming Deng, and Zhuoling Lin. "Investigating the Impact of Urbanization on Water Ecosystem Services in the Dongjiang River Basin: A Spatial Analysis." Remote Sensing 15, no. 9 (2023): 2265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15092265.

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The expansion of urban areas has resulted in a substantial increase in demand for water ecosystem services. To address this issue, this study aims to investigate how the interaction between urbanization and water ecosystem services changed in response to different levels of urbanization in the Dongjiang River Basin from 1985 to 2020. The research examines four water ecosystem services (water yield, soil retention, and water purifications of N and P) and three types of urbanizations (population urbanization, economic urbanization, and land urbanization) to identify spatial heterogeneities among

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6

Tursunnazarova, Sharafniso. "URBANIZATION PROCESSES: URBANIZATION AND SUBURBANIZATION." GEOGRAPHY: NATURE AND SOCIETY 2, no. 1 (2020): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-0834-2020-2-10.

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7

Yang, Xu, Suppanunta Romprasert, and Danai Tanamee. "Does urbanization undermine agricultural sustainability? Evidence from China." International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies 8, no. 3 (2025): 4602–15. https://doi.org/10.53894/ijirss.v8i3.7571.

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This study aims to explore the relationship between urbanization and agricultural development in China, focusing on the mechanisms through which urbanization influences agricultural sustainability. It investigates the role of urbanization in promoting agricultural development through resource agglomeration, technological advancement, and market demand expansion. Using panel data from 31 Chinese provinces between 2007 and 2021, this study applies the entropy method to construct comprehensive evaluation indices for agricultural environments and resources. Bidirectional fixed effects, mediation e

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8

Bakalo, Nadiya, and Viktoriia Makhovka. "The impact of urbanization on the development of tourism infrastructure in cities." Економіка і регіон/ Economics and region, no. 4(95) (December 30, 2024): 97–104. https://doi.org/10.26906/eir.2024.4(95).3612.

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This article provides deep analysis the essence of the concept of «urbanization» and it’s impact on the development of tourism infrastructure. Reveals the main aspects of the relationships between the level of urbanizations of the country and the development of the tourism sector are disclosed, amphasizing that urbanization is an important incentive for the formation of a competitive tourist environment. The classification of countries by the level of urbanization allows us to identify specific models of tourism development in different regions of the world having their own unique characterist

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9

Singh, Ramesh Prasad, and Januka Dhakal. "Problems and Prospects of Urbanization in Kathmandu Valley." International Journal of Atharva 2, no. 1 (2024): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ija.v2i1.62821.

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The capital of Nepal, Kathmandu, is undergoing rapid urbanization with issues like overcrowding, infrastructure strain, and environmental challenges. Informal settlements highlight resource disparities. The study explores urbanization's impact on cultural identity and social dynamics. Effective governance is crucial for managing urbanization and promoting social inclusion, but Nepal faces challenges like slow law implementation and corruption. Governance is pivotal for development, addressing issues like corruption and law enforcement. Despite challenges, urbanization presents opportunities fo

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10

Ching, Feng, and Xiao-Mei Liu. "An analysis of the new urbanization’s ecological driving factor on the environment: based on the LMDI method." Maejo International Journal of Energy and Environmental Communication 3, no. 3 (2021): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.54279/mijeec.v3i3.246335.

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The new urbanization policy emphasizes ecosystem friendliness. However, there is little research on new urbanization's effect on the ecological environment. This paper builds the LMDI model to decompose the ecological environment into three aspects: green area, wastewater discharge, and industrial solid waste production, to analyze the urbanization driving effect of Fujian Province in 2011-2018. The results show that the green area will increase due to economic-driven and urbanization-driven influences. Land-use-driven will cut down Wastewater discharge and waste generation. Among them, the ec

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11

Octifanny, Yustina. "The History of Urbanization in Java Island: Path to Contemporary Urbanization." TATALOKA 22, no. 4 (2020): 474–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/tataloka.22.4.474-485.

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The paper presents the historical analysis of the spatial transformation and emerging urban reality in Java Island. The historical approach used to understand the urbanization dynamics from the year 1200 until the present time. The study passes through important historical events: early Archipelago, precolonial, colonial state, late colonialization, Japanese occupation, Indonesia’s independence, Indonesia’s democratic experiment, guided democracy, new order, fall of the new order, and post-Suharto era, in which the history of urbanization pattern is also visualized on the map. From a long time

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12

Octifanny, Yustina. "The History of Urbanization in Java Island: Path to Contemporary Urbanization." TATALOKA 22, no. 4 (2020): 474–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/tataloka.22.4.474-485.

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The paper presents the historical analysis of the spatial transformation and emerging urban reality in Java Island. The historical approach used to understand the urbanization dynamics from the year 1200 until the present time. The study passes through important historical events: early Archipelago, precolonial, colonial state, late colonialization, Japanese occupation, Indonesia’s independence, Indonesia’s democratic experiment, guided democracy, new order, fall of the new order, and post-Suharto era, in which the history of urbanization pattern is also visualized on the map. From a long time

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13

Zhang, Kaize, Juqin Shen, Ran He, Bihang Fan, and Han Han. "Dynamic Analysis of the Coupling Coordination Relationship between Urbanization and Water Resource Security and Its Obstacle Factor." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23 (2019): 4765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234765.

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Water resource security is an important condition for socio-economic development. Recently, the process of urbanization brings increasing pressures on water resources. Thus, a good understanding of harmonious development of urbanization and water resource security (WRS) systems is necessary. This paper examined the coordination state between urbanization and WRS and its obstacle factors in Beijing city, utilizing the improved coupling coordination degree (ICCD) model, obstacle degree model, and indicator data from 2008 to 2017. Results indicated that: (1) The coupling coordination degree betwe

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14

Jazeel, Tariq. "Urban theory with an outside." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 36, no. 3 (2017): 405–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263775817707968.

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This paper critically engages planetary urbanization’s claim that it generates ‘Urban Theory Without an Outside’. It argues planetary urbanization is part of the broader ideological terrain of urban studies whose textual field reifies the city, the urban and urbanization as objects and processes of analyses through a kind of ‘methodological urbanization’. The paper argues the conceptual and political value of delineating views from outside urban studies and planetary urbanization – in particular from domains like area studies – that unmoor the primacy of the city, the urban and particularly ur

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15

Huang, Ziyan, and Kaixuan Huang. "Henri Lefebvre and planetary urbanization: Progress and prospect." Eco Cities 5, no. 2 (2024): 2890. http://dx.doi.org/10.54517/ec2890.

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<p>Henri Lefebvre, a key Marxist urban theorist, introduced the concept of ‘Planetary Urbanization,’ a cutting-edge theory addressing emerging global forms of capitalist urbanization, where traditional urban theories have limited explanatory power. This paper reviews studies on planetary urbanization over the past 20 years in relation to Lefebvre’s urban theories. The report categorizes planetary urbanization’s contributions to urban theory into two primary aspects. First, it innovatively incorporates the processes of urbanization and the extended operational landscapes within urban rese

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16

CHEN, Ying, Liyong LIU, and Ying ZHANG. "China’s Urbanization and Carbon Emissions Peak." Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 03, no. 03 (2015): 1550021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345748115500219.

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With the increase of urban population around the world, the massive construction of urban infrastructure and residential housing is hard to avoid. Urbanization has become a major factor that influences carbon emissions instead of a secondary factor due to more and more energy consumption and carbon emissions caused by the economic activities related to urbanization. China is in a stage of rapid development of urbanization, and urban construction has a huge potential demand for steel and iron, cement, and other high energy-consuming products, and thus the development of urbanization in the futu

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17

Li, Xuyang, Tongping Li, Hui Li, Junmei Qi, and Linjie Hu. "Research on the Online Consumption Effect of China’s Urbanization under Population Aging Background." Sustainability 11, no. 16 (2019): 4349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11164349.

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With the development of e-commerce, online consumption—a new sustainable consumption mode—has rapidly developed. Online shopping has become an important consumption method for Chinese residents, and the era of online consumption has arrived. Urbanization is an important foundation for the development of online consumption, and its impact on online consumption is becoming increasingly important. In addition, with the decline of fertility in China, the proportion of the elderly population is increasing. As the macro background of the current economic operation of China, population aging has long

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18

Streule, Monika, Ozan Karaman, Lindsay Sawyer, and Christian Schmid. "Popular Urbanization: Conceptualizing Urbanization Processes Beyond Informality." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 44, no. 4 (2020): 652–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12872.

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19

Bian, Yongxing. "Will Government-driven Urbanization Exacerbate Urbanization Imbalances?" Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 9 (June 13, 2023): 666–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v9i.9246.

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As a major form of administrative division adjustment in China since the reform and opening up, abolishing county and establishing district policy has reshaped the regional administrative power structure, which in turn has had a profound impact on regional economic and social development. Based on data from population census and land survey, this paper uses the general OLS method to estimate the effect of abolishing county and establishing city-administered district reform on the imbalance of urbanization development in prefecture-level cities. The study finds that the reform of abolishing cou

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20

Chen, Mingxing, Weidong Liu, and Xiaoli Tao. "Evolution and assessment on China's urbanization 1960–2010: Under-urbanization or over-urbanization?" Habitat International 38 (April 2013): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2012.09.007.

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21

Cheng, Yonghui, Qi Kang, Kewei Liu, et al. "Impact of Urbanization on Ecosystem Service Value from the Perspective of Spatio-Temporal Heterogeneity: A Case Study from the Yellow River Basin." Land 12, no. 7 (2023): 1301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12071301.

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Ecosystem services are the beneficial goods and services that ecosystems provide to humans. Urbanization is an important feature of human social development. While promoting economic and social development, it also brings about land degradation, resource depletion, environmental pollution and other problems, intensifying the transformation of natural ecosystems into semi-natural and artificial ecosystems, ultimately leading to the loss of ecosystem service functions and declining value. The study of the impact of urbanization on the value of ecosystem services is of critical importance for the

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22

Oliinyk, O., L. Serhiienko, and I. Legan. "Public administration of economic and ecological urbanization consequences." Fundamental and applied researches in practice of leading scientific schools 37, no. 1 (2020): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33531/farplss.2020.1.4.

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Urbanization is main demographic issue measured with relative terms: population increase and decrease, international migration. Nowadays, more than half world's population lives in cities. Ukraine is a part of world's urbanization processes, even if the positive dynamic does not exist. This is due to lack of investigations those processes, the gap between the world agenda and the processes of public policy formation and implementation in Ukraine in various fields, as well as a number of other factors, both internal and external, which in turn provoke a certain amount of risks and threats. The

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23

Gupta, Som. "IoT and the Urbanization." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 14, no. 1 (2025): 1005–7. https://doi.org/10.21275/sr25123135226.

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24

Cao, Shu, Nannan Yu, Yang Wu, Zihe Wang, and Jianing Mi. "The Educational Level of Rural Labor, Population Urbanization, and Sustainable Economic Growth in China." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (2020): 4860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12124860.

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Since the 1978 economic reform, China has undergone a historical process of rapid urbanization. Although this process has been recognized as a key factor in the development of sustainable growth in China, low quality rural labor continues to limit the effectiveness of the country’s urbanization. Our study uses a spatial analysis framework to explore how the education level of rural laborers moderates the effect of urbanization on economic growth with provincial data collected from 1996 to 2015. Our results reveal that the influence of population urbanization on sustainable growth is mediated b

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25

Eeckhout, Jan, and Christoph Hedtrich. "Green urbanization." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (2021): e0260393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260393.

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Large cities are more productive and generate more output per person. Using data from the UK on energy demand and waste generation, we show that they are also more energy-efficient. Large cities are therefore greener than small towns. The amount of energy demanded and waste generated per person is decreasing in total output produced, that is, energy demand and waste generation scale sublinearly with output. Our research provides the first direct evidence of green urbanization by calculating the rate at which per capita electricity use and waste decrease with city population. The energy demand

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26

Katz, Cindi. "SPLANETARY URBANIZATION." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 45, no. 4 (2021): 597–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.13025.

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27

Grigoryeva, Elena, and Konstantin Lidin. "urbanization trends." проект байкал, no. 69 (November 13, 2021): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.51461/projectbaikal.69.1844.

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Sometimes, people dream ofBlue cities,Which have no name.Song from the film “Two Sundays”, 1963What does the future hold for us? This question has always attracted attention and always eluded answering. Which of today’s trends will shape the appearance of tomorrow's cities? Irkutsk architects, continuing the theme of the Winter City, reflect on the development of underground urbanism. Novosibirsk citizens study the creative capital as the main resource for the growth of Siberian cities. The environmental approach to urban development and the ratio of the notion of environment with the borderli

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28

Brown, Alastair. "Urbanization emissions." Nature Climate Change 2, no. 6 (2012): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1569.

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29

Chatzis, Konstantinos. "Cyborg Urbanization." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 25, no. 4 (2001): 906–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00354.

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30

Friedmann, John. "China's Urbanization." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 27, no. 3 (2003): 745–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00480.

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31

MULLINS, PATRICK. "Tourism Urbanization." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 15, no. 3 (1991): 326–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.1991.tb00642.x.

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32

Nichol, Janet E., Bruce King, and Xiaoli Ding. "Sustainable urbanization." International Journal of Remote Sensing 34, no. 3 (2012): 755–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2013.721284.

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33

Cheng, Huixia. "Forced-Urbanization: The Alienation of Urbanization in China." Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology 6, no. 3 (2015): 126–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2015/16227.

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34

Ren, Yuan. "Hukou-based urbanization, or de-hukou-ed urbanization." Eurasian Geography and Economics 59, no. 5-6 (2018): 767–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2019.1581986.

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35

Li, Yuheng, Linrui Jia, Wenhao Wu, Jiayu Yan, and Yansui Liu. "Urbanization for rural sustainability – Rethinking China's urbanization strategy." Journal of Cleaner Production 178 (March 2018): 580–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.273.

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36

TYAGI, SANDEEP K., VIKAS KUMAR, KULDEEP KUMAR, and DHARMENDRA KUMAR. "ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH QUALITY AND THE CONSEQUENCES OF URBANIZATION: A REVIEW." International Journal of Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology 10, no. 5 (2023): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47856/ijaast.2023.v10i05.003.

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Urbanization is a worldwide trend that has changed economies, landscapes, and communities. It alludes to the process of population concentration in urban regions, which fosters the development of cities and the enlargement of their infrastructure. This article highlights the effects of urbanization on numerous facets of society along with urbanization's causes, products, and implications. Push and pull variables work together to cause urbanization. People are pushed out of rural regions by various circumstances, including a lack of work prospects, poor agricultural production, poverty, and nat

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37

Sun, Li, Xianglai Mao, Lan Feng, Ming Zhang, Xuan Gui, and Xiaojun Wu. "Investigating the Direct and Spillover Effects of Urbanization on Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions in China Using Nighttime Light Data." Remote Sensing 15, no. 16 (2023): 4093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15164093.

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Cities are the main emission sources of the CO2 produced by energy use around the globe and have a great impact on the variation of climate. Although the implications of urbanization and socioeconomic elements for carbon emission have been extensively explored, previous studies have mostly focused on developed cities, and there is a lack of research into naturally related elements due to the limited data. At present, remote sensing data provide favorable conditions for the study of large-scale and long-time series. Also, the spillover mechanism of urbanization effects on the discharge of carbo

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38

Li, Zhengru, Yang Yu, Bo Liu, et al. "The Coupling Coordination Degree and Spatio-Temporal Divergence Between Land Urbanization and Energy Consumption Carbon Emissions of China’s Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration." Buildings 15, no. 11 (2025): 1880. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111880.

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The strategic coordinated development of land urbanization and carbon emission systems in urban agglomerations is crucial for achieving dual carbon goals and sustainable development. While existing studies emphasize population and economic urbanization, the spatiotemporal coupling mechanisms between land urbanization (encompassing size, input, and output dimensions) and carbon emissions remain underexplored. This study collects data on land urbanization and carbon emissions from 27 cities in China’s Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration between 2010 and 2019. By establishing evaluation syste

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39

Smirnov, Sergei. "Education and urbanization / de-urbanization: The case of Russia." Economic and social problems of Russia. The digital economy: Current state and prospects, no. 2 (2018): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/espr/2018.02.02.

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Baiping, Zhang, Mo Shenguo, Tan Ya, Xiao Fei, and Wu Hongzhi. "Urbanization and De-urbanization in Mountain Regions of China." Mountain Research and Development 24, no. 3 (2004): 206–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2004)024[0206:uadimr]2.0.co;2.

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Li, Bingqin, Chunlai Chen, and Biliang Hu. "Governing urbanization and the New Urbanization Plan in China." Environment and Urbanization 28, no. 2 (2016): 515–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247816647345.

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42

Geyer, Hermanus S. "African urbanization in Metropolitan South Africa ? differential urbanization perspectives." GeoJournal 30, no. 3 (1993): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00806721.

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Shankarrao, Dr Pawar Ashok. "Urbanization & Pollution in India." Indian Journal of Applied Research 1, no. 6 (2011): 45–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/mar2012/14.

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Hussain, Anwar, and Sharmin Khan Sharmin Khan. "A Sustainable Approach to Urbanization." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 7 (2012): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/july2013/5.

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45

Sokołowski, Dariusz. "Some problems of defining geographical notions related to urbanisation processes = Niektóre problemy definiowania pojęć geograficzno-osadniczych związanych z urbanizacją." Czasopismo Geograficzne = Geographical Journal 1998(69), no. 2 (1998): 169–92. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1146842.

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This paper attempts to review and clarify some fundamental concepts of settlement geography, present in geographical and sociological literature. The aim is achieved, among others, by means of identification of attributes of urbanization. Two meanings of 'urbanization' are distinguished. Urbanization <em>sensu largo</em> is a more general term and does not necessarily result in a settlement to become a town. Rather, it is related to evolutionary changes in societies at higher level of development and is the consequence of abandonment of agriculture-related professions and modernization

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Zhu, Penghu, and Boqiang Lin. "Revisiting the Effect of Urbanization on Residential Electricity Consumption." Journal of Global Information Management 30, no. 1 (2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jgim.314788.

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Under the background of electrification, it is significant to explore the changes in residential electricity consumption for energy conservation and emission reduction. Based on the staggered difference-in-difference (DID) approach, this paper investigates urbanization's effect on residential electricity consumption using the longitudinal dataset from 2010-2018 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). It is found that China's urbanization has increased the average electricity consumption by 12.8% with electricity substitution as the main channel. After urbanization, the scale effect of population an

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Li, Xin, Bin Fang, Mengru Yin, Tao Jin, and Xin Xu. "Multi-Dimensional Urbanization Coordinated Evolution Process and Ecological Risk Response in the Yangtze River Delta." Land 11, no. 5 (2022): 723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11050723.

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The dislocated development of population, land, and economy will disturb the urban system, cause ecological risk problems, and ultimately affect regional habitat and quality development. Based on social statistics and nighttime lighting data from 2000 to 2018, we used mathematical statistics and spatial analysis methods to analyze the change process of urbanization’s coupling coordination degree and ecological risk response pattern in the Yangtze River Delta. Results show that: ① From 2000 to 2018, the coupling coordination degree of urbanization in the Yangtze River Delta increased, with high

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48

Swiney, Chrystie. "The Urbanization of International Law and International Relations: The Rising Soft Power of Cities in Global Governance." Michigan Journal of International Law, no. 41.2 (2020): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.36642/mjil.41.2.urbanization.

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This article examines the rising influence of cities in global governance and on international law, despite the existing international legal and political framework, which is designed to exclude them. It explores the various strategies and tools utilized by city leaders to leapfrog over their national counterparts in order to autonomously access the international policymaking and law-making world. These include (1) coalescing together to form large networks, which engage in city or “glocal” diplomacy; (2) allying with well-connected and well-resourced international organizations; (3) gaining i

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49

Bocquier, Philippe. "World Urbanization Prospects." Demographic Research 12 (May 4, 2005): 197–236. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/demres.2005.12.9.

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Fisher, James F., and Pitamber Sharma. "Urbanization in Nepal." Contemporary Sociology 19, no. 6 (1990): 862. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2073224.

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