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Journal articles on the topic 'Urbanized terrain'
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1
Klubov, Stepan, Victor Tretyakov, Vasiliy Dmitriev, Anna Nikulina, and Catherine Kalinayte-Kramer. "Methodology for urbanized watersheds parameters ascertainment." E3S Web of Conferences 407 (2023): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340702002.
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The paper presents elaborated methodology for Saint Petersburg and its outskirts watersheds parameters ascertainment. The methodology is based on usage of the digital terrain model, which was created as result of topographic maps digitalization. Usage of the most popular global digital terrain models such as SRTM, ASTER GDEM makes difficulties under the conditions of big cities. The models were processed on the base of Earth surface radar mapping. Therefore, the altitude values have distortions due to the radar signal reflection from roofs, structures, trees, scrubs, and so on. Thus, the global models include noisy data. The distortions can lead to mistakes at determination of the watersheds boundaries. Topographic maps digitalization allows elaborating of digital terrain models without distortions of the altitude values. The watersheds boundaries ascertainment was carried out by means of the ArcGIS tool Watershed. In addition, we use for the ascertainment and determination of the catchments areas structure some tools of Quantum GIS (QGIS) and SAGA.
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Shen, Zhuoqian, and Suiping Zhou. "Behavior Representation and Simulation for Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain." SIMULATION 82, no. 9 (2006): 593–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037549706072093.
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Hennadii, Khudov, Makoveichuk Oleksandr, Khudov Vladyslav, et al. "Development of a two-stage method for segmenting the color images of urban terrain acquired from space optic-electronic observation systems based on the ant algorithm and the hough algorithm." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 1, no. 9 (121) (2023): 49–61. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2023.274360.
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The object of this study is the high level of errors of the first and second kind in the segmentation of images of urbanized areas acquired from space optoelectronic surveillance systems. The method of image segmentation of urbanized areas implies two stages and, unlike known ones: – takes into account each channel of brightness of the color space of the original image; – at the first stage, an ant algorithm is used; – image segmentation at the first stage is reduced to the calculation of the objective function, the areas of movement of ants, and the concentration of pheromone on the routes of ant movement. – at the second stage, the brightness and geometric shape of the elements of objects are taken into account; – contours and geometric primitives are defined in the Hough parameter space; – the objects of interest of the urbanized area in the space of the original image are determined. An experimental study into the segmentation of images of urbanized terrain acquired from space optoelectronic observation systems was carried out based on the ant algorithm and the Hough algorithm. The quality of image segmentation of the urbanized area was assessed. It was found that the error of the first kind when using the improved method of segmentation is reduced by 2.75 %. The error of the second kind is reduced by 3.91 % when using the improved method of segmentation. This reduction became possible due to the use of an improved method of segmenting the image of an urbanized area by the ant algorithm at the first stage. Compared to Canny's algorithm, the error of the first kind decreased by 8.9 %, and the error of the second kind decreased by 11.0 %. Methods for segmenting images of urbanized areas acquired from space optoelectronic surveillance systems can be implemented in software and hardware systems of image processing
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Sarkisyan, David Armenovich, and Irina Borisovna Melnikova. "Architectural and planning features of terracing of multi-storey residential buildings on flat terrain." E3S Web of Conferences 457 (2023): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202345703005.
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The paper deals with terracing techniques for multi-storey residential buildings on flat terrain. The relevance of terracing application in modern architecture is substantiated, as this architectural and planning method allows not only to radically change the visual qualities of a residential building, but also to enhance the planning qualities of apartments, supplementing them with additional individual open spaces. The paper outlines the classification of terracing techniques for multi-storey residential buildings from the point of forming their volumetric and spatial composition. An analysis of different terracing methods with examples from current world practice is presented. The presented terracing techniques demonstrate the great potential of this method in design practice both for achieving expressive architecture of buildings and complexes, and for improving the quality of urbanized residential environment in general.
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Kuklina, E. E., K. I. Kalashnikov, N. D. Baldanov, and A. N. Beshentsev. "Geoinformation Assessment and Mapping of Dynamics of the Urbanized Territory of Ulan-Ude City." UNIVERSITY NEWS. NORTH-CAUCASIAN REGION. NATURAL SCIENCES SERIES, no. 3 (207) (October 2, 2020): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1026-2237-2020-3-44-50.
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The article presents information about methods and technologies used in assessing the dynamics of urbanized territory, gives a brief description of them, and identifies advantages and disadvantages. The concept of geoinformation monitoring of an urbanized territory is formulated. To integrate heterogeneous and multiformat data and assess the dynamics of residential environmental management, a problem-oriented GIS for monitoring urbanized territories has been developed on the example of Ulan-Ude city (Republic of Buryatia). The functional structure of GIS, consisting of measuring, analytical and cartographic blocks, is presented, and the characteristics of each block are given. The planned basis of GIS is the topographic basis of three spatial levels: regional (1:200 000) for monitoring agglomerations and large cities; local (1:50 000, 1:100 000) to assess the dynamics of residential development of the territory; detailed (1:10 000, 1:25 000) to assess the dynamics of real estate and land plots. A digital terrain model is used as a high-altitude basis for the assessment of urbanized territories, which allows the assessment of morphometric parameters of the residential nature management system. The dynamics of the urbanized territory of Ulan-Ude was estimated using six time sections. The physical and geographical features of the urbanized territory development are determined, the map of the city dynamics for the entire period of residential development is compiled, and the forecast of the further development of the urbanized territory for background and local buildings is presented.
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Gunko, S. O. "Ecological peculiarities of cadmium dispersal at the urbanized terrain edaphotopes of the Steppe Dnieper region (shown by Dniprodzerzhinsk as an example)." Fundamental and Applied Soil Science 16, no. 3-4 (2015): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/041517.
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The objective of this research is the clarification of ecological peculiarities of cadmium dispersal at the urbanized terrain edaphotopes of Dniprodzerzhinsk. Heavy metals have been widely discussed in a huge number of researches. Special attention should be paid to cadmium as one of the most hazardous environmental toxic agents. There exist multiple data on cadmium content in various soil types of Ukraine, but until the present time there’s no full information as for the accurate geochemical behavior of cadmium in the soils, as well as for the priority impact of one or another soil property upon its concentration in certain soil types – natural ones or anthropogenically modified ones. The applicability of such researches is first of all determined by the necessity to decrease the hazardous environmental consequences of soil contamination with cadmium, as well as to improve the living conditions of the population. Evaluation of the technology-related impact upon the city soil layer is of current concern in terms of monitoring that is corresponding to the modern tasks for the environmental condition control. The article highlights the issue of ecological peculiarities of cadmium dispersal at the urbanized terrain edaphotopes of Dniprodzerzhinsk: variety of cadmium concentration being formed under the natural and anthropogenous influence in the soils of Dniprodzerzhinsk makes difficult to solve the problem of soil contamination with such chemical element. Soils with various content of cadmium can be found within the limits of the city, underneath the steppe vegetation. Content differentiation is attributed to rather diverse set of processes in the soil and to various properties of the soils. Edaphotopes of all studied right-bank urbanized terrains are cadmium contaminated to any extent. Cadmium content in the soil layer of the administrative districts of Dniprodzerzhinsk is ascending as follows: Dniprovsky district (0.6–9.9 mg/kg) – Bagliy district (1.0–10.5 mg/kg) – Zavodsky district (1.5–10.8 mg/kg). Evaluation of intensity of the technology-related geochemical abnormalities in the city soils has been provided by the abnormality level factor. The lowest (weak) soil contamination level can be observed within the edaphotopes of the left-bank area of Dniprovsky district of the city. High and very high soil contamination levels can be observed within the urbanized terrains of the right-bank part of the city at Bagliy and Zavodsky districts (eastern, central and western areas). Results of the statistical processing of the experimental material show the ratios of correlation of cadmium content and mechanical composition of the soil and humus. Absence of cadmium correlation with physical clay-fraction of soil, as well as close significant relation with humus enable us to associate its presence in the soils with biogenous accumulation, being also the evidence of the anthropogenous impact upon cadmium content in the soil layer.
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Wang, Gang, Yufeng Li, Hongyu Liu, and Alan Wright. "Development of the Wetland Condition Index (WCI) by Combining the Landscape Development Intensity Index (LDI) and the Water Environment Index (WEI) for Humid Regions of China." Water 11, no. 3 (2019): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11030620.
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Human use and management have a marked effect on wetland from different scales; it is necessary to develop a multi-scale integrated method to assess wetland conditions. So, this research aids the development of the wetland condition index (WCI) for humid regions of China by combining two main sub-indices: (i) the landscape development intensity index (LDI), which assesses human-dominated impacts; and (ii) the water environment index (WEI), which assesses changes in water quality and phytoplankton. We measured terrain and land use in the watersheds of wetlands using remote imaging data with geographic information systems (GIS) software. Also, we monitored the physical and chemical variables of the water bodies of 27 wetlands in urbanized and moderately urbanized areas in Nanjing City of China for this study. There were significant inconsistencies between the city’s level of development and the values of the WCI and its sub-indices. The WCI of urbanized areas was better than that for moderately urbanized areas, and the sub-indices LDI and WEI were only slightly correlated. In other words, wetlands with a low LDI value did not necessarily have a low water environment index value. Due to wetland restoration and human management activities, integrating the LDI and WEI is increasingly necessary for wetlands in urbanized areas than for moderately urbanized areas. This method could guide the design of wetlands to optimize their qualities and benefits to residents and reinforce wetland conservation.
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Khudov, Hennadii, Oleksandr Makoveichuk, Vladyslav Khudov, et al. "Development of a two-stage method for segmenting the color images of urban terrain acquired from space optic-electronic observation systems based on the ant algorithm and the hough algorithm." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 1, no. 9 (121) (2023): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2023.274360.
Full textAbstract:
The object of this study is the high level of errors of the first and second kind in the segmentation of images of urbanized areas acquired from space optoelectronic surveillance systems. The method of image segmentation of urbanized areas implies two stages and, unlike known ones: – takes into account each channel of brightness of the color space of the original image; – at the first stage, an ant algorithm is used; – image segmentation at the first stage is reduced to the calculation of the objective function, the areas of movement of ants, and the concentration of pheromone on the routes of ant movement. – at the second stage, the brightness and geometric shape of the elements of objects are taken into account; – contours and geometric primitives are defined in the Hough parameter space; – the objects of interest of the urbanized area in the space of the original image are determined. An experimental study into the segmentation of images of urbanized terrain acquired from space optoelectronic observation systems was carried out based on the ant algorithm and the Hough algorithm. The quality of image segmentation of the urbanized area was assessed. It was found that the error of the first kind when using the improved method of segmentation is reduced by 2.75 %. The error of the second kind is reduced by 3.91 % when using the improved method of segmentation. This reduction became possible due to the use of an improved method of segmenting the image of an urbanized area by the ant algorithm at the first stage. Compared to Canny's algorithm, the error of the first kind decreased by 8.9 %, and the error of the second kind decreased by 11.0 %. Methods for segmenting images of urbanized areas acquired from space optoelectronic surveillance systems can be implemented in software and hardware systems of image processing
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Mi, Lihua, Yan Han, Lian Shen, Chunsheng Cai, and Teng Wu. "Multi-Scale Numerical Assessments of Urban Wind Resource Using Coupled WRF-BEP and RANS Simulation: A Case Study." Atmosphere 13, no. 11 (2022): 1753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111753.
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Urban wind resource assessments (WRAs) contribute to the effective exploitation of wind energy and thus are of significant importance to the sustainable development of cities. To improve the simulation accuracy of urban wind flow with high spatial resolution, this study implemented a multi-scale numerical assessment of the wind power potential in a highly-urbanized region with realistic terrain conditions by integrating the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations into the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with Building Effect Parameterization (WRF-BEP). The sensitivity analyses are first conducted to obtain an appropriate combination of physical parameterization schemes in the WRF-BEP model. Then, the wind tunnel tests are performed to validate the computational accuracy of urban wind flow using the RANS equations. Based on a close examination of the urban wind flow resulting from the coupled WRF-BEP and RANS simulations, the integration of micro-wind turbines into the building skin is not recommended in the highly-urbanized region. Furthermore, five optimum roof installation locations with low turbulence intensities (smaller than 18%) and high wind power densities (approximately 220 W/m2, 260 W/m2, 270 W/m2, 300 W/m2 and 400 W/m2, respectively) are identified. Finally, the important effects of the terrain conditions, planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterization schemes and turbulence models on WRAs are discussed. The results of WRAs in this multi-scale numerical case study presented a systemic approach to effectively determine the installation locations of micro-wind turbines that possess the greatest potential to harness wind energy in a realistic highly-urbanized area.
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Zech, Y., X. Sillen, C. Debources, and A. Van Hauwaert. "Rainfall-Runoff Modelling of Partly Urbanized Watersheds: Comparison Between a Distributed Model Using GIS and Other Models Sensitivity Analysis." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 1-2 (1994): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0662.
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This paper presents an original integrated approach to rainfall-runoff modelling for partly urbanized watersheds. A digital terrain model (DTM), allowing use of GIS techniques, was built not only for representing the undeveloped part of the catchment but also the urbanized area. For each cell of the DTM grid, a water budget is computed, providing runoff and interflow amounts. The water volumes generated at each cell are moved along the steepest slopes with a celerity depending on this slope, until they reach the outlet and contribute to the resulting hydrograph. The model was tested in a partly urbanized catchment, specially equipped with rain and flow measurement station. Comparisons with other procedures, mainly with SWMM and WALLRUS models, shows that the proposed model seems to be one of the most accurate. Moreover, the sensitivity analysis confirms the flexibility of the tool. Its concept, based on GIS routines, allows much of the computation to be done automatically, avoiding a lot of tedious tasks. For example, it becomes relatively easy to check the consequences of urban planning options.
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Wang, Zhiyong, Tixing Yang, Helin Liu, Man Yuan, Ji Luo, and Chun Li. "Evaluation and Dynamic Mechanism of Ecological Space in a Densely Urbanized Region During a Rapidly Growing Period—A Case Study of the Wu-E-Huang-Huang Metropolitan Interlocking Region." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (2019): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010073.
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Ecological space in a densely urbanized region plays a very important role in its development. Therefore, a scientific evaluation of ecological spaces in a densely urbanized region is the main prerequisite for corresponding ecological space planning. Taking the Wu-E-Huang-Huang Metropolitan Interlocking Region as the study area, the paper selects six types of ecological factors, including the location index, land status, terrain conditions (elevation, slope), hydrological conditions (rivers, lakes), landscape value, and road traffic. By using a single factor evaluation and a multi-factor comprehensive evaluation method involving GIS, the paper presents an evaluation of the ecological space conditions of the Wu-E-Huang-Huang Metropolitan Interlocking Region. In line with the result, the ecological environment of the region is divided into four levels: highly sensitive areas, sensitive areas, weakly sensitive areas and insensitive areas. On this basis, the underlying problems and mechanisms are explored further.
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Munizaga, Juan, Mariano García, Fernando Ureta, Vanessa Novoa, Octavio Rojas, and Carolina Rojas. "Mapping Coastal Wetlands Using Satellite Imagery and Machine Learning in a Highly Urbanized Landscape." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (2022): 5700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095700.
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Coastal wetlands areas are heterogeneous, highly dynamic areas with complex interactions between terrestrial and marine ecosystems, making them essential for the biosphere and the development of human activities. Remote sensing offers a robust and cost-efficient mean to monitor coastal landscapes. In this paper, we evaluate the potential of using high resolution satellite imagery to classify land cover in a coastal area in Concepción, Chile, using a machine learning (ML) approach. Two machine learning algorithms, Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Forest (RF), were evaluated using four different scenarios: (I) using original spectral bands; (II) incorporating spectral indices; (III) adding texture metrics derived from the grey-level covariance co-occurrence matrix (GLCM); and (IV) including topographic variables derived from a digital terrain model. Both methods stand out for their excellent results, reaching an average overall accuracy of 88% for support vector machine and 90% for random forest. However, it is statistically shown that random forest performs better on this type of landscape. Furthermore, incorporating Digital Terrain Model (DTM)-derived metrics and texture measures was critical for the substantial improvement of SVM and RF. Although DTM did not increase the accuracy in SVM, this study makes a methodological contribution to the monitoring and mapping of water bodies’ landscapes in coastal cities with weak governance and data scarcity in coastal management.
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Trubina, L. K., and O. N. Nikolaeva. "On practice of integrated environmental mapping of urban areas taking into account pollution dissemination." Geodesy and Cartography 960, no. 6 (2020): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2020-960-6-20-28.
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The high level of environment pollution is specific to urbanized territories. The efficient solution of city ecological problems requires considering urban environment as a dynamic system and taking its development over time and space into account. This can be achieved through a complex analysis of time and space dynamics of pollutants in accordance with natural conditions and city infrastructure. The study determines an approach to the environmental assessment of the urbanized territory based on geoinformation analysis and 3D cartographic modelling time and space dynamics of pollutants spreading in the urban environment. The approach to assessing it, taking into account the patterns of pollution dissemination is substantiated. The logical sequence of integrating heterogeneous environmental data for pollution distribution modelling is offered. The digital relief and terrain models of Novosibirsk city are formed. The environmental database of Novosibirsk city is developed. The city area zoning by composite index regarding environmental risk is given. A 3D model of pollution dissemination is developed.
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Motyka, Zbigniew, and Bjørn Petter Jelle. "System model for spatial mapping of anthropogenic sinkholes and subsidence basins in mining areas applying 2D laser scanner technique." E3S Web of Conferences 106 (2019): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910601007.
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The model of a remote measurement system suitable for use on mobile unmanned aerial platforms is discussed in order to provide data for mapping spatial parameters of anthropogenic landscape forms, mainly outcrops, sinkholes, subsidence basins around urbanized industrial areas, especially those covered by past and ongoing mining activities. The results of the tests carried out with the use of a prototype model of such system are presented. These show that for the model forming small depression in terrain, its visualization was possible enabling obtaining its true geometrical characteristics.
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McKendry, I. G., and J. Lundgren. "Tropospheric layering of ozone in regions of urbanized complex and/or coastal terrain: a review." Progress in Physical Geography 24, no. 3 (2000): 329–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/030913300701542660.
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Howard, Jeffrey L., Katharine M. Orlicki, and Sarah M. LeTarte. "Evaluation of some proximal sensing methods for mapping soils in urbanized terrain, Detroit, Michigan, USA." CATENA 143 (August 2016): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2016.03.011.
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McKendry, I. G., and J. Lundgren. "Tropospheric layering of ozone in regions of urbanized complex and/or coastal terrain: a review." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 24, no. 3 (2000): 329–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913330002400302.
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Exchange of pollutants between the atmospheric boundary layer and free troposphere is an important (yet often neglected) process that tends to produce distinct layers of pollution in the lower troposphere. These layers represent a potential sink for pollutants from the boundary layer, have the potential to be mixed to ground and likely influence tropospheric chemistry and the global climate system. Factors influencing the vertical distribution of ozone in the troposphere are outlined as a prelude to a more specific discussion of elevated layers and myriad meteorological processes responsible for their development. Evidence from a range of geographical settings suggests that these phenomena are ubiquitous. A rich data set from the Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia, is used to provide an inventory of layer structures and to highlight their diverse origins and histories. Approaches used to assess the impact of down-mixing of pollutants from elevated layers on ground-level concentrations of ozone are outlined and future research priorities recommended.
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Chen, Si, Zhenghui Xie, Jinbo Xie, et al. "Impact of urbanization on the thermal environment of the Chengdu–Chongqing urban agglomeration under complex terrain." Earth System Dynamics 13, no. 1 (2022): 341–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-341-2022.
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Abstract. Located in the mountainous area of southwest China, the Chengdu–Chongqing urban agglomeration (CCUA) has been rapidly urbanized in the last 4 decades, which has led to a 3-fold urban area expansion, thereby affecting the weather and climate. To investigate the urbanization effects on the thermal environment in the CCUA under complex terrain, we conducted simulations using the advanced Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF V4.1.5) model together with combined land use scenarios and terrain conditions. We observed that the WRF model reproduces the general synoptic summer weather pattern, particularly for the thermal environment. It was shown that the expansion of the urban area changed the underlying surface's thermal properties, leading to the urban heat island effect, enhanced further by the complex terrain. The simulation with the future scenario shows that the implementation of idealized measures including returning farmland to forests and expanding rivers and lakes can reduce the urban heat island effect and regulate the urban ecosystem. Therefore, urban planning policy has the potential to provide feasible suggestions to best manage the thermal environment of the future city toward improving the livelihood of the people in the environment.
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Geng, Yanfen, Baohang Zhu, and Xin Zheng. "Effect of Independent Variables on Urban Flood Models." Water 12, no. 12 (2020): 3442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123442.
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The simulation accuracy of urban flood models is affected by independent variables describing terrain resolution and artificial land cover. An evaluation of these effects could provide suggestions for the improvement of simulation accuracy when the available terrain resolutions and representation methods of land cover are different. This paper focused on exploring and evaluating these effects on simulation accuracy using two indicators, relative depth accuracy (RDA) and relative area accuracy (RAA). The study area was the Nanjing Jianye district in China, which has experienced extensive urbanization. Designed rainfall (2 and 10 year return periods) and three terrain resolutions (17, 35, and 70 m) were used in this paper. Building blocks (BB), road drainage (RD), and a combination of both (BB + RD) were compared to present the effect of artificial land cover. Real flood events were initially simulated as a model verification case, and hypothetic modeling scenarios were simulated to evaluate the effects of different resolutions and representation methods. The results indicate that the effect of terrain resolutions on simulation accuracy was more obvious than that of artificial land cover in the study area. In this paper, 20–30% higher accuracy could be achieved in the 35 m resolution model with respect to the 70 m resolution model. A relative accuracy of 94% was achieved in the 17 m resolution model when using the BB method, which was 5% higher than that using the RD method. This paper shows that evaluating the effects of terrain resolution and artificial land cover is effective and helpful for improving the simulation accuracy of urban flood models in extensively urbanized districts.
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Lahai, Yusuf A., Dauda M. Kamara, and Chernoh M. Jalloh. "Lion Mountain Landslide in Non-urbanized Terrain: Changing the Myth of Landslide Occurrence in Western Sierra Leone." Energy and Earth Science 3, no. 2 (2020): p61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/ees.v3n2p61.
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Freetown has documented one of the most devastating landslides in the world in 2017. Many debates in the media, few scientific papers and technical documents, have argued with eloquence ascertaining human factors, particularly deforestation and urbanization, as the dominant causative factor. This notion seems to be widely accepted for all other slides by the communities, government agencies and departments. Therefore, this work attempts to expand on existing public knowledge by demonstrating the less influential or insignificant human factors which can have impacts on certain landslide occurrences in the Freetown Layered-Complex. The representative landslide considered for this study occurred beyond the vicinity of urbanized zone. Therefore, to establish a clear understanding of the actual causative factors, fieldwork and laboratory investigations were undertaken. During the field survey, we assessed the rock type, discontinuities, geomorphology and hydrological influence of the landslide. The specific rock series underlying the landslide was confirmed through thin section analysis at the National Minerals Agency (NMA). DCP tests and laboratory analyses enhanced the derivation of geotechnical properties of the residual soil/regolith.This work systematically presented how natural conditions, such as: geology (rock types and tectonic signatures), geomorphology, hydrology and the geotechnical properties of the slope soil, have interplayed in the occurrence of the landslide event. In addition, the slip surface of the landslide occurred at a depth below the reach of plant activities (2.6 m). This information may help modify public messages by institutions and can be a source of useful information for the country’s Landslide Disaster Management Department (LDMD).
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Bragais, M. A., D. B. Magcale-Macandog, J. L. Arizapa, and K. M. Manalo. "VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT USING LIDAR DATA IN SILANG-STA. ROSA SUBWATERSHED, PHILIPPINES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (October 14, 2016): 1397–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b8-1397-2016.
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Silang-Sta. Rosa Subwatershed is experiencing rapid urbanization. Its downstream area is already urbanized and the development is moving fast upstream. With the rapid land conversion of pervious to impervious areas and increase frequency of intense rainfall events, the downstream of the watershed is at risk of flood hazard. The widely used freeware HEC-RAS (Hydrologic Engineering Center- River Analysis System) model was used to implement the 2D unsteady flow analysis to develop a flood hazard map. The LiDAR derived digital elevation model (DEM) with 1m resolution provided detailed terrain that is vital for producing reliable flood extent map that can be used for early warning system. <br><br> With the detailed information from the simulation like areas to be flooded, the predicted depth and duration, we can now provide specific flood forecasting and mitigation plan even at community level. The methodology of using 2D unsteady flow modelling and high resolution DEM in a watershed can be replicated to other neighbouring watersheds specially those areas that are not yet urbanized so that their development will be guided to be flood hazard resilient. LGUs all over the country will benefit from having a high resolution flood hazard map.
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Machowski, Robert, Maksymilian Solarski, Martyna A. Rzetala, Mariusz Rzetala, and Abderrahman Hamdaoui. "The Impact of Hard Coal Mining on the Long-Term Spatio-Temporal Evolution of Land Subsidence in the Urban Area (Bielszowice, Poland)." Resources 13, no. 12 (2024): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources13120167.
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This article presents the results of long-term monitoring of land subsidence in the Bielszowice area (Upper Silesian Coal Basin) using archival maps from the late 19th and 20th centuries, as well as contemporary LIDAR models from 2012 and 2022. The research work conducted included an analysis of subsidence caused by mining activities based on four terrain models: a historical terrain model obtained by digitizing Messtischblätter topographic maps, showing the land surface in 1883, a terrain model obtained by vectorizing Polish topographic maps from 1993, and LIDAR digital terrain models from 2012 and 2022. The study shows that over a period of 139 years, the study area subsided by an average of 9.5 m, which translated into an anthropogenic land subsidence rate of 68 mm/year and a subsidence volume of 100.5 million m3. The greatest subsidence occurred in the northern part of the study area, where basins with depths exceeding 30 m (the maximum subsidence amounted to 36 m) emerged. During the 139 years studied, land subsidence affected the entire area that was built up until 2022. Overall, 38.9% of built-up areas subsided by less than 10 m, 54.0% was subject to subsidence ranging between 10 and 20 m, and subsidence of more than 20 m affected 7.1% of the areas. Such large-scale subsidence in an urbanized area resulted in mining damage to houses and other infrastructure (e.g., railroads, roads); in extreme cases, some structures had to be demolished. Bielszowice is a good example of an area where spatial conflicts have emerged that have been related to the activities of industrial plants on the one hand and the development of urban areas on the other.
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Kowarska, Zofia, and Szymon Lenarczyk. "Results of a survey conducted in the area of the Jiyeh Marina Resort hotel complex in the 2012 season." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean XXIV, no. 1 (2016): 491–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.0089.
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In 2012, an initial reconnaissance was conducted of the area north of the Jiyeh (Porphyreon) site. This coastal region is heavily urbanized and progressing building investment is causing the destruction of archaeological remains, which until quite recently were relatively well preserved in places. Subsequent investments involved the expansion of the Jiyeh Marina Resort hotel complex into terrain lying to the north of the Polish excavation area. Earlier construction work connected to the hotel complex was carried out in an area originally occupied by a pottery workshop from the late Hellenistic and early Roman periods, as well as at the site of a Roman– late antique necropolis. Further construction work, conducted without archaeological supervision, revealed more ancient structures which were in all probability connected with wine production.
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Gruenhagen, Lars, and Carsten Juergens. "Multitemporal Change Detection Analysis in an Urbanized Environment Based upon Sentinel-1 Data." Remote Sensing 14, no. 4 (2022): 1043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14041043.
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The German Ruhr area is a highly condensed urban area that experienced a tremendous structural change over recent decades with the replacement of the coal and steel industries by other sectors. Consequently, a lot of major land cover changes happened. To retrospectively quantify such land cover changes, this study analysed synthetic aperture radar images of the Sentinel-1 satellites by applying the Google Earth Engine. Three satellite images are analysed by the multitemporal difference-adjusted dispersion threshold approach to capture land cover changes such as demolished buildings and new buildings by applying a threshold. This approach uses synthetic aperture radar data that are rarely considered in previously existing land cover change services. Urbanization or urban sprawl leads to changes in the urban form globally. These can be caused, for example, by migration or regionally by structural change, etc., such as in the study area presented here. The results are validated with reference data sets, which are publicly available nationally (e.g., house contour lines, normalized digital terrain model, digital orthophotos) or which are publicly available globally like the Global Urban Footprint and the World Settlement Footprint. Based on this, land cover changes could be identified for 21 locations within the study area of the city of Bochum.
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Howard, Jeffrey, Jonathan Weyhrauch, Glenn Loriaux, Brandy Schultz, and Mark Baskaran. "Contributions of artifactual materials to the toxicity of anthropogenic soils and street dusts in a highly urbanized terrain." Environmental Pollution 255 (December 2019): 113350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113350.
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Iliopoulou, Theano, Panayiotis Dimitriadis, and Demetris Koutsoyiannis. "Pluvial Flood Risk Assessment in Urban Areas: A Case Study for the Archaeological Site of the Roman Agora, Athens." Heritage 6, no. 11 (2023): 7230–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage6110379.
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Ancient monuments located in urbanized areas are subject to numerous short- and long-term environmental hazards with flooding being among the most critical ones. Flood hazards in the complex urban environment are subject to large spatial and temporal variability and, thus, require location-specific risk assessment and mitigation. We devise a methodological scheme for assessing flood hazard in urban areas, at the monument’s scale, by directly routing rainfall events over a fine-resolution digital terrain model at the region of interest. This is achieved using an open-source 2D hydraulic modelling software under unsteady flow conditions, employing a scheme known as ‘direct rainfall modelling’ or ‘rain-on-grid’. The method allows for the realistic representation of buildings and, thus, is appropriate for detailed storm-induced (pluvial) flood modelling in urbanized regions, within which a major stream is usually not present and conventional hydrological methodologies do not apply. As a case study, we perform a pilot assessment of the flood hazard in the Roman Agora, a major archaeological site of Greece located in the center of Athens. The scheme is incorporated within an intelligent decision-support system for the protection of monumental structures (ARCHYTAS), allowing for a fast and informative assessment of the flood risk within the monument’s region for different scenarios that account for rainfall’s return period and duration as well as uncertainty in antecedent wetness conditions.
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Lin, Lihwa, Zeki Demirbilek, Jessica Podoski, Thomas Smith, and Lihwa Lin. "COASTAL MODELING FOR REGIONAL SEDIMENT BUDGET IN WEST MAUI, HAWAII." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 35 (June 23, 2017): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v35.sediment.14.
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The West Maui Region incorporates a thin coastal margin backed by steep mountainous terrain that has been vastly altered by agricultural and urbanized development. Coastline includes headlands and reefs with a very limited supply of sediment. Shoreline was found to be erosional chronically based on average rates. The dynamics of the area are complex with a wave climate affected by intricate bathymetry, wind, and island sheltering. Longshore currents vary locally and temporally from nearshore to offshore. Wave and current modeling indicates that large waves in the summer and winter have driven the majority of sediment transport along the coast. The littoral transport is essentially northward in summer and southward in winter. The net transport of longshore sediment is overall small. The nearshore eddy formation with wave breaking nearshore over narrow sandy bed and wide reefs may increase the complexity of sediment movement within the region.
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Knyazeva, A. A., and O. O. Smolina. "Engineering and Ecological Aspects of Planting for Contaminated Surface Flow Treatment." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture 27, no. 1 (2025): 157–71. https://doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2025-27-1-157-171.
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Problem statement: Surface flow contamination with man-made impurities and increase in their concentration in wastewater and accumulation in open water sources.Purpose: Systematization and generalization of surface flow treatment methods in urbanized areas, their effectiveness evaluation.Methodology: The comparative analysis of the quality of surface flow treatment in various ways: filtering, local treatment plants, biological treatment (bioengineering facilities).Research findings: Assessment of the quality of surface flow treatment using sanitary facilities and analysis of operational frequency; Russian and international experience in using bioengineering structures, taking into account temperature parameters and soil; selection of woody and shrubby vegetation with a high degree of surface flow treatment and a wide vegetation area in the Russian Federation; bioengineering structures used on difficult terrain of Novosibirsk, Gusinobrodsky highway and Lazurnaya Street.Value: Data structuring of surface flow treatment. Application of bioengineering facilities based on the Russia and world experience. Development of the ecological passport of woody and shrubby vegetation for rain and meltwater treatment.
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Nowak, Marek, and Piotr Firych. "Międzymieście a uczestnictwo w kulturze. Przykłady z Poznania i Trójmiasta." Kultura i Społeczeństwo 62, no. 3 (2018): 63–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/kis.2018.62.3.4.
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This article is devoted to the spatial changes in the postmodern, post-transformation city, and particularly to areas that can be defined as the “in-between city” (German “Zwischenstadt”). This term refers to areas characterized by a change of function connected with the extensive spatial development of a city. The authors undertake to present studies of the case of the “in-between city” areas of two cities in Poland (Poznań and Gdańsk) and the various types of participation in culture that occur there. They call attention to the culture-forming and city-forming potential of “peripheral” areas, which are currently intensively urbanized but which not long ago were treated as industrial terrain or as areas for supplying resources (communications routes, energy infrastructure, etc.). The authors seek out the historical facts conditioning the evolution of the in-between city, as well as making use of the data collected during their study. They refer to the findings of the sociology of the city, the perspectives of culture studies, and the premises of a relational theory of culture.
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Sanzana, P., J. Gironás, I. Braud, et al. "Decomposition of 2D polygons and its effect in hydrological models." Journal of Hydroinformatics 21, no. 1 (2018): 104–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2018.031.
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Abstract 2D non-uniform polygonal meshes allow representation of the impact of landscape elements and small infrastructures on water flows. The initial vectorial mesh, derived from the intersection of several geographical information systems' layers, can have highly non-convex or sliver polygons. These bad-shaped elements compromise accurate numerical flow computation. We propose a flexible divide-and-conquer strategy to decompose polygons into physiographical meaningful parts using shape descriptors to better represent the surface terrain and hydrologic connectivity. We use the convexity index (CI) and the form factor (FF) to consider convex and square like optimum shapes. The strategy was applied to two peri-urban areas whose hydrologic response was simulated using distributed modeling. Good-quality meshes were generated with threshold values of CI≈0.8 and FF≈0.2, and CI≈0.95 and FF≈0.4 for undeveloped and highly urbanized zones, respectively. We concluded that the mesh segmentation facilitates the representation of the spatially distributed processes controlling not only the lumped response of the catchment, but also the spatial variability of water quantity and fluxes within it at medium and small scales.
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Megahed, Hanaa A., Amira M. Abdo, Mohamed A. E. AbdelRahman, Antonio Scopa, and Mohammed N. Hegazy. "Frequency Ratio Model as Tools for Flood Susceptibility Mapping in Urbanized Areas: A Case Study from Egypt." Applied Sciences 13, no. 16 (2023): 9445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13169445.
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The occurrence of flash floods is a natural yet unavoidable occurrence over time. In addition to harming people, property, and resources, it also undermines a country’s economy. This paper attempts to identify areas of flood vulnerability using a frequency ratio approach. The frequency ratio (FR) model was used to produce flood prediction maps for New Cairo City, Egypt. Using field data and remote sensing data, 143 spatial flooded point sites were mapped to build a flood inventory map. The primary driving criteria for flash floods were determined to be elevation, slope, aspect, Land Use Land Cover (LULC), lithology, stream distance, stream density, topographic wetness index (TWI), surface runoff, and terrain ruggedness index (TRI), in that order of importance. A flood susceptibility map (FSM) has been created using the FR model, which combines geographical flooded sites and environmental variables. Our findings from FSM, roughly a fifth of the city is very highly susceptible to flooding (19.32%), while the remaining 40.09% and 13.14% of the study area rank very low and low risk, respectively. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) technique was also used to validate the FSM, and the resulting results showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 90.11%. In conclusion, decision makers can employ models to extract and generate flood risk maps in order to better understand the effects of flash floods and to create alternative measures to prevent this hazard in similar regions. The results of this study will aid planners and decision makers in developing some likely actions to reduce floods vulnerability in this area.
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Dubrovskaya, S. A., and R. V. Ryakhov. "Landscape-ecological zoning of the Orenburg city based on geomorphometric, ecological and economic features of the territory." Geoinformatika, no. 4 (2020): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.47148/1609-364x-2020-4-63-70.
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The article is a complex of detailed studies of the natural landscape structure and the ecological and functional purpose of the urbanized territory. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that it is necessary to introduce territorial planning documents (master plan) and landscape planning projects, with the allocation of specific sections of the natural-ecological framework of cities. The study was conducted with the aim of studying the natural-technical geosystem to optimize the interaction of nature transformed by human activities and the socio-economic needs of society. To achieve this goal, a typification scheme for landscape structures of urban space was developed for the first time, based on a digital terrain model and using the method of automated typological zoning of relief using its morphometric data using artificial neural networks. As a result of automated training of the neural network model and verification of the data obtained, 15 classes were obtained (taxa tracts) and established the correspondence of each type of landscape in space with an indication of geomorphometric characteristics. Based on the digitized model of the functional zoning of Orenburg and types of landscapes, for the first time, an integrated map of the landscape-ecological zoning of urban space was developed and classifications of types and types of landscape zones were presented: primary and mixed. Cartographic models of the natural-landscape component of Orenburg, which is the natural-ecological framework of the object of study – recreational zones and a hydrographic network are separately presented. The results obtained are important for maintaining the landscape functions of the urbanized area, forecasting changes, and minimizing the effects of anthropogenic impact. Key words: urban planning, natural-ecological framework, functional types of land use, technological systems, type of landscape purpose, landscape, geomorphometric features, neural network algorithm.
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Liu, Yiping, Chengpeng Lu, Jinhuang Mao, Jiaxing Pang, Zhiliang Liu, and Muchen Hou. "Comprehensive Evaluation of the Importance of Ecological Land in Arid Hilly Cities in Northwest China: A Case Study of the Core Urban Area of Lanzhou." Land 10, no. 9 (2021): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10090942.
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Cities in hilly arid areas of northwest China have generally experienced a low level of economic development; they also have unique natural characteristics such as climate, soil, terrain, environment, and surface cover. High quality ecological lands are those that provide humans and the environment with relatively high levels of ecological services including soil, water, and air purification, adsorbing pollutants, or providing water or nutrients needed by plants. In this study, ecological lands were classified as woodland, grassland, water area, and bare land. The present study constructed an ecological land model designed to evaluate the importance of such land from the perspective of ecological service function and ecological demand intensity. Results revealed that: (1) This model can help researchers to better analyze the structure and spatial characteristics of ecological land in cities and also meet the needs of ecological protection and urban management in highly urbanized areas. (2) In terms of ecological service function and ecological demand intensity, the most important ecological land is mostly distributed in densely populated and urbanized areas, and the spread of urbanization is conducive to the improvement of land ecological value for the arid hilly area of northwest China. (3) Among all types of ecological land, the water area had the highest ecological value in the study area, while the grassland had the most potential for improvement, as careful planning and use can allow grassland to function as an ecological barrier while providing good, aesthetically pleasing space for leisure activities for the general public. (4) Qilihe and Xigu districts have more generally important graded areas of forest, grassland, and bare land, although the current ecological value of these lands is limited, though they have great potential for ecological improvement.
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Barabash, Olena, Ganna Weigang, and Kateryna Komar. "Formation of traffic safety profile in central parts of the city and its informational protection." Transport technologies 2021, no. 2 (2021): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/tt2021.02.042.
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Nowadays, there is a difference between European and domestic approaches to the functioning and organization of road networks, urban mobility, and effective use of the space of urbanized territories. The main factors were historical development, scientific-technical progress, an administrative component in the formation of financial flows to developing urban systems, terrain, the process of territories` urbanization, and the formation of urban agglomerations. These factors had a direct impact on the shape of the modern state of the road network. The process of Intelligent transport systems integration into the system of domestic cities requires complex approaches, in particular, consideration of the parametric structure of elements, application of communicators not only for the control of traffic flows from the outside but also from the inside, which will allow speeding up the information change in the system. One of the elements of the combination of morphologic elements of the urban environment is the practical application of the criterion of street and road infrastructure interaction and the concept of traffic safety profile. This is a result of a combination of all morphological features and variants of their configuration. In current conditions, a new approach in research is necessary to determine criteria and factors of sustainable development of transport systems. This approach allows operatively considering the changes of the external environment, reacting adequately to the changing behaviour of competitors providing services and consumers, and effectively impacting the demand and supply of transport services. A concept of effectiveness is required to consider both the transport system in general and its separate elements. Implementation of progressive methods of system control of transport flows provides, in conditions of rapid motorization and increasing the urbanized territories areas, obtaining the most significant effect in short terms and allows maximal using the possibilities of urban transport networks.
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Morelli, Stefano, Alessandro Battistini, and Filippo Catani. "Rapid assessment of flood susceptibility in urbanized rivers using digital terrain data: Application to the Arno river case study (Firenze, northern Italy)." Applied Geography 54 (October 2014): 35–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.06.032.
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Tsybulia, Serhii. "Determination of the characteristic colors of the terrain in the development of camouflage means." Military Technical Collection, no. 28 (May 26, 2023): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33577/2312-4458.28.2023.114-123.
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Color and pattern are integral parts of the visual characteristics of camouflage. These means, taking into account the experience of military operations during the Russian-Ukrainian war, can significantly increase the survivability and safety of personnel, weapons and military equipment, by eliminating the characteristic unmasking signs of these military facilities and hiding them on vegetative, desert-steppe, snowy and urbanized areas background.
 The paper considers the first stage in the design of camouflage means of concealment - the identification of the characteristic colors of the area. The identification of characteristic colors is proposed to be carried out using clustering related to unsupervised machine learning methods. The number of clusters determines the number of colors that will be displayed on the masking surface.
 It was determined that it is advisable to analyze terrain images stored in the digital JPEG format, and the colors are represented in the RGB additive color model.
 When conducting research, such a clustering method for image analysis as k-means was used, which has an advantage over other clustering methods in ease of implementation, unpretentiousness in resources and sufficient computational speed. Other clustering methods, such as hierarchical or density-based, have not proven to be suitable for image clustering. The comparison was made with the most common clustering methods: c-means, DBSCAN, OPTICS, agglomerative, spectral biclustering, etc.
 Various algorithmic approaches to choosing the number of clusters were tested, according to the results of the experiments, the “elbow” method was chosen as the most optimal one.
 Mathematical algorithms were taken from open sources, their implementation was carried out using common software libraries for machine learning of the Python programming language.
 The results of the work made it possible to choose mathematical algorithms for determining the number of colors of camouflage means of concealment. This will allow to analyze the terrain of all natural zones of Ukraine and design effective camouflage coverings for the Armed Forces of Ukraine.
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Yavkin, Vyacheslav, and Halyna Khodan. "Adverse urbogeomorphological processes in the formation of harmful impurities in the air." Науковий вісник Чернівецького університету : збірник наукових праць, no. 826 (November 27, 2020): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/geo.2020.826.21-27.
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The environmental problems of cities arose simultaneously with the cities themselves. Urban settlements in themselves (without special systems) do not correspond to the closed ecological type. The city is a large consumer of various resources, but it has virtually no conditions for waste disposal, recovery of resources. The negative side of urban life is the low quality of the natural environment and its main components - water, air, vegetation, etc .; saturation of its physical, chemical and biological contaminants. In general, the urban way of life generates abiological tendencies and "diseases of civilization". There is a direct relationship between the size of the city and the frequency of the disease. In large industrial cities, the incidence of allergic diseases is 10-20%, and in rural areas only 2-4%. The increase in allergic diseases among children is especially noticeable. The state of the urbanized natural-technogenic geomorphosystem can be assessed using a system of expert assessments, which ultimately allows to identify geomorphosystems with different degrees of resistance to man-made loads. In order to consistently study the state of the urban geomorphosystem and assess the stability of the terrain to man-made loads, it is proposed to carry out research at the following stages: Retrospective step-by-step analysis of the evolution of natural relief and historical-geomorphological territory based on the study of the history of settlement and development of geomorphological objects in the city. Assessment of the current state of the urbanized natural and man-made geomorphosystem. Zoning of the city territory according to the degree of potential geomorphological danger. Development of environmental recommendations and general forecasting of UPTG development taking into account geoecological risk. The retrospective step-by-step analysis of the evolution of natural relief includes two main stages: the study of the formation of the natural subsystem of UPTG in the future city and the stage of formation of natural-technogenic geomorphosystem in connection with urbanization. Based on historical and geomorphological analysis, a general picture of the use of geomorphological objects in the historical stage, three main stages of urbanization, which corresponded to a certain level of man-made loads on the terrain, namely: development without significant landforms (suburban); significant transformation of the relief without significant negative consequences (medieval and new); intensive urbanization with the emergence of zones of geoecological risk (modern). Estimation of the current state of the urbanized natural-technogenic geomorpho-system of logical conditions of the territory from the point of view of their resistance to man-caused influences and determination of the volumes of man-caused loads on the relief. To assess the man-made impact on the topography of the city, an inventory and classification of all sources of man-made impacts was conducted, the nature and intensity of this impact on the topography was studied. The structure of the modern city and the basis of functional zoning of the territory is subject to the same research. Assessment of the degree of man-made impact is carried out on a set of indicators that take into account the level of static and dynamic loads, the degree of relief, the presence and nature of man-made deposits. Static loads were determined by indicators of building density, density of water supply and sewerage mains, capacity of man-made sediments (alluvium, embankments, landfills). The intensity of static loads is estimated according to their types - engineering, construction, operation.
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Stryjewsja, Dominika, Krzysztof Kwoka, Paulina Szymanowska, and Bożena Janda-Dębek. "CogMap Analyst – a quantitative analysis of the structure and content characteristics of sketch drawings of cognitive maps of urbanized spaces." Polish Journal of Applied Psychology 14, no. 4 (2016): 9–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjap-2015-0065.
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Abstract The paper presents the specification of the CogMap Analyst program, which has been created for the purpose of conducting an analysis of the structure and content of sketch drawings of cognitive maps of urbanized spaces. Assumptions for this analytic tool come from the neobehavioral understanding of the concept of cognitive maps, which has its source in the works of Tolman, and from the criteria of analyzing their contents and structure, which were developed by Lynch (1960). The program serves the purpose of collecting numerical data on the quantity, size, as well as placement and distortion of objects on drawings by participants in relation to the actual layout of the terrain, which was selected by the researcher, and to the sketch’s scale. This data may be used not only to determine the measurements on drawings, but also to determine possible connections with other variables, such as personal traits of participants and formal traits of the space, according to the research goals of particular scientific studies for which the CogMap Analyst program shall be used. In this article we present the theoretical basis for the tool that we have created, we compare its characteristics with other similar methods of quantitative analysis of sketch drawings of cognitive maps, and we present in detail the mode of operation and of data analysis employed by CogMap Analyst.
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Boulomytis, Vassiliki Terezinha Galvão, Antonio Carlos Zuffo, and Tiago Zenker Gireli. "WATERSHED SPATIAL DISCRETIZATION FOR THE ANALYSIS OF LAND USE CHANGE IN COASTAL REGIONS." Boletim de Ciências Geodésicas 23, no. 1 (2017): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1982-21702017000100007.
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In this study, we present a methodology to discretize a non-assessed basin based on terrain analysis using the SRTM digital elevation model (DEM) and a high resolution surface model (DSM) with a drainage network semi-automatic extraction process. The Juqueriquerê River Basin was used for the case study, which has the most representative non-urbanized plains of the northern coastline of São Paulo State, Brazil. The low-lying region is featured by elevations close to the sea level, mild slopes, and shallow water tables. It is also influenced by tidal variation and orographic rains. Therefore, frequent flooding occurs, even in vegetated areas. Two conflicting land use scenarios, proposed by the City Master Plan (CMP) of Caraguatatuba and the Ecological-Economical Zoning (EEZ), were compared to analyze the flood vulnerability increase and geotechnical risk caused by the urbanization process. The drainage extraction techniques showed better results on high resolution DSM for low-lying regions than the SRTM DEM and determined with accuracy the locations of flood potentiality in the plains. The watershed spatial discretization allowed us to show the effects of the two different land use approaches, considering the flood vulnerability and geotechnical risk of each sub-basin
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Gohar, Amir, and G. Mathias Kondolf. "Flash flooding as a threat to settlements even in remote areas." Environment and Urbanization 29, no. 2 (2016): 503–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247816672158.
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Desert environments are subject to flash floods in wadi floors, which may occur only once every decade or two in a given wadi (dry channels or valleys, except during rains). In areas of rapid growth, flood-prone areas can become urbanized in the time between floods. Being flat and constituted of sandy sediments, unlike the surrounding terrain, wadi floors are often used for construction, exposing the new settlements to flood risks. We present a case study of the town of El-Sheikh El-Shazli, in the Eastern Desert of Egypt, which has undergone increasingly rapid development over the past two decades. The town is named for an important 13th-century Sufi leader whose shrine receives thousands of visitors annually. We document the extent and effects of the last flash flood (1996) from interviews, field measurement of flood debris, and patterns in satellite imagery; these show the extent of new development in flood-prone wadi floors and the potential risks to residents and visitors in the absence of proper planning. We then recommend measures to reduce the future loss of life and damage from flooding.
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SHCHERBATYUK, Andrey P. "Regularities of the Occurrence of Geoecological Threats and Geographic Mechanisms of Their Implementation." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 10, no. 7 (2020): 1583. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.10.7(39).15.
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Chitino-Ingodinskaya basin of the Zabaykal type is a typical representative part of the intercontinental intermountain basins. An excess of the maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants in the atmospheric air is recorded in the cities, which are located here. One of the main areas of research within the framework of the subject under consideration is the assessment of the impact of the terrain on the benz (a) pyrene atmosphere pollution index and related indicators of demographic losses (due to respiratory disease) of the population of cities in the Zabaikalsky Krai which is located in the stagnant atmospheric circulation of valleys and intermountain basins. The evaluation of the geo-environmental threats and the geographical mechanisms of its realization are accomplished. The regularities of the manifestation of extremely dangerous concentrations of pollutants in the atmospheric air, allowing to predict the indicators of living conditions for the population, are revealed. The cause-and-effect relationships between the level of transformation of urbanized territories and the degree of discomfort of the conditions for the life of the population of cities located in hollows are studied, taking into account natural and man-made factors.
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МУХАМЕТХАНОВ, Р. И. "TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE TERRAIN FEATURES OF THE SITE WHEN DESIGNING BUILDINGS." Экономика и предпринимательство, no. 11(148) (May 13, 2023): 1202–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.34925/eip.2022.148.11.238.
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Еще с древних времен человек приспосабливается к жизни на скалистой, холмистой местности. Целые народы поселялись на таких территориях, строили дома, позднее на них возводили города. Выбор такого рельефа для строительства был обусловлен спецификой политической жизни, развитием науки и техники того времени, а также рядом других причин, которые сохраняют актуальность и сегодня. К ним относятся: наличие благоприятных почв, микроклимата, низкая затопляемость, наличие полезных ископаемых, лучшие климатические условия возвышенного района (в тропической зоне). По своей сущности человеку необходимо жить в естественной среде. Именно поэтому сегодня многие люди покидают урбанизированные города, находят новые места для возведения и обустройства собственного дома в горных малонаселенных районах или же в районах с довольно специфическим рельефом. Как правило, естественный рельеф не всегда удобен для размещения зданий. Существует метод его полного выравнивания посредством проведения работ по вертикальному планированию. Однако, такая возможность является экономически затратной. В наши времена одной из важнейших задач для архитектора является рациональное землепользование – сохранение природной уникальности рельефа. Изучение его особенностей позволяет проектировать здания с нестандартными решениями, тематически вовлеченными и органично вписанными в окружающую среду. Анализ рельефа также необходим с точки зрения безопасности эксплуатации объекта. Учитывая то, что наиболее удачные области уже застроены, исследование особенностей рельефа участка при проектировании зданий является актуальной проблемой и с годами ее актуальность будет только расти. Since ancient times, people have been adapting to life on rocky, hilly terrain. Entire peoples settled in such territories, built houses, and later cities were built on them. The choice of such a relief for construction was due to the specifics of political life, the development of science and technology of that time, as well as a number of other reasons that remain relevant today. These include: the presence of favorable soils, microclimate, low flooding, the presence of minerals, the best climatic conditions of the elevated area (in the tropical zone). By its very nature, a person needs to live in a natural environment. That is why today many people leave urbanized cities, find new places to build and equip their own homes in mountainous sparsely populated areas or in areas with a rather specific terrain. As a rule, natural relief is not always convenient for the placement of buildings. There is a method for its complete alignment through vertical planning work. However, such an opportunity is economically costly. Nowadays, one of the most important tasks for an architect is rational land use – the preservation of the natural uniqueness of the relief. Studying its features allows you to design houses with non-standard solutions, thematically involved and organically integrated into the environment. Terrain analysis is also necessary from the point of view of the safety of the facility operation. Considering that the most successful areas have already been built up, the study of the terrain features of the site when designing buildings is an urgent problem and its relevance will only grow over the years..
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Lo, J. C. F., A. K. H. Lau, Z. B. Yuan, J. C. H. Fung, and F. Chen. "A physical modeling approach for identification of source regions of primary and secondary air pollutants." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 6, no. 4 (2006): 6467–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-6-6467-2006.
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Abstract. This paper describes a simple but practical methodology to identify the contribution of primary and secondary air pollutants from the local/regional emission sources to Hong Kong, a highly urbanized city with complex terrain and coastlines. The meteorological model MM5 coupled with a three-dimensional, mutli-particle trajectory model is used to identify salient aspects of regional air pollutant transport characteristics during some typical meteorological conditions over the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. Several weighting factors are determined for calculating the air mass/pollutant trajectory and are used to evaluate the local and regional contribution of primary pollutants over the PRD to Hong Kong pollution. The relationships between emission inventories, physical paths and chemical transformation rates of the pollutants, and observational measurements are formulated. The local and regional contributions of secondary pollutants are obtained by this conceptual module under different weather scenarios. Our results demonstrate that major pollution sources over Hong Kong come from regional transport. In calm-weather situations, 78% of the respirable suspended particulates (RSP) totals in Hong Kong are contributed by regional transport, and 49% are contributed by the power plants within the PRD. In normal-day situations, 71% of the RSP are contributed by regional transport, and 45% are contributed by the power plants.
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Salamanca, F., E. S. Krayenhoff, and A. Martilli. "On the Derivation of Material Thermal Properties Representative of Heterogeneous Urban Neighborhoods." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 48, no. 8 (2009): 1725–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jamc2176.1.
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Abstract An important question arises when modeling a heterogeneous landscape (e.g., an urbanized area) with a mesoscale atmospheric model. The surface within a grid cell of the model (which has a typical dimension of one or more kilometers) can be composed of patches of surfaces of different character. The total sensible heat flux in the grid cell, then, is the aggregate of the heat fluxes from each individual surface, each one with a unique thermal response arising from its thermal properties, among other factors. Current methods to estimate the sensible heat flux consider only one (in the case of flat terrain) or three (roof, walls, and ground, for urban areas) active surfaces with thermal properties that are ideally representative of the materials present in the grid cell. The question is then how to choose the representative thermal properties such that the heat flux computed by the model most closely approximates the aggregate of the fluxes from the different patches. In this work a new way to average building material thermal properties for urban canopy parameterizations is presented, and a suite of idealized numerical simulations demonstrates its superiority to two more standard averages. Moreover, this novel approach points to a new way of determining physical properties that are representative of heterogeneous zones.
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Kim, Jisoo, and Hyo Hyun Sung. "Assessing Flood Risk of Heritage Sites in an Urban Area: Impact of Locational Characteristics and Historical Context." Sustainability 16, no. 23 (2024): 10473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su162310473.
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This study examines how the locational characteristics of heritage sites influence their current flood risk in an urban environment under changing climate conditions. We studied 1620 heritage sites in the highly urbanized environment of Seoul, Korea; the study first quantified the flood risk of heritage sites, considering the topography and hydrological environment under 10-, 30-, and 50-year return periods of extreme precipitation scenarios. Terrain analyses were then applied to examine the physical locational characteristics of heritage sites related to flood susceptibility, with a literature review on the historical origin and human factors of each site. The evaluation of the location conditions of at-risk sites and their relationship with the construction period and type of heritage sites was conducted. The results show that the physical, political, economic, social, and cultural determinants of location varied depending on the construction period and heritage type, leading to the present spatial distribution of heritage sites. Specific sites in topographical knickpoints and lowlands near streams, which face additional hydraulic pressure and drainage issues from urban development, showed particularly high flood risks. By examining the interplay between historical, physical, and urban development factors, the research provides a holistic understanding of flood risks, essential for sustainable conservation strategies.
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Lagerev, Alexander V., and Igor A. Lagerev. "Design of Passenger Aerial Ropeway for Urban Environment." Urban Rail Transit 5, no. 1 (2019): 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40864-018-0099-z.
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Aerial ropeways is an effective alternative to the conventional modes of land public transport in metropolitan areas and cities. Construction of passenger aerial ropeways in the urban environment is a very costly enterprise in terms of engineering and economics, and requires significant financial resources. This article is aimed at the development of the design method of the passenger aerial ropeway, ensuring the reduction in its construction cost. For this purpose, the individual components of the construction cost are considered, and the approximate calculation dependencies are proposed. It is shown that the cost of the aerial ropeway is mainly influenced by the installation step, height of intermediate towers and carrying rope tension. The task of the conditional nonlinear optimization of the given parameters is formulated and solved in the article. This task ensures the minimum cost of the aerial ropeway. The optimization task is done taking into account possible limitations on the ropeway laying in the severely urbanized environment (the terrain, urban infrastructure arrangement, altitude performance of the urban development, technical characteristics of the carrying rope, etc.). Implementing the solution findings of the given optimization task makes it possible to significantly reduce the construction cost of aerial ropeways in the urban environment.
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Lanko, A. V., and G. I. Sarapulova. "Spatial and temporal variability analysis of snow cover parameters according to the urbanized area profile system." Earth sciences and subsoil use 46, no. 4 (2024): 423–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2686-9993-2023-46-4-423-431.
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The purpose of the study is to analyze the spatial and temporal variability of snow cover parameters in the urbanized area of the city of Irkutsk and its adjacent areas according to the system of profiles reflecting the features of the area microrelief. Field surveys were conducted in accordance with standard recommendations for snow and geochemical surveys. Snow sampling was carried out at the entire snow depth, with the exception of the snow depth of 0.5-1 cm. Sampling points located at least 25 meters away from the roads. Snow sampling in the residential areas of the city was carried out in the places with undisturbed snow cover and free from extraneous snow banks and landfills. Global Mapper, Golden Software Surfer, Statistica software were used to carry out statistical analysis, build the models of profile sections and obtain the diagrams of snow cover parameter distribution. A 3D relief model was obtained on the basis of radar topographic survey data, which revealed a multiple formation relief of the studied area featuring mountains, high plains with undulating flat gently sloping watersheds, valleys, hollows and depressions. The height difference is up to 230 m. The diagrams of snow depth distribution built with regard to the profiles made it possible to identify the territories with the deepest snow cover. A geochemical analysis of the melt water filtrate was carried out over a three-year period. In 2021 a high correlation with electrical conductivity was found for the contents of tungsten, sodium, bromine, calcium, molybdenum, sulfur, barium, magnesium, antimony, tantalum, cesium, titanium, chromium, and silicon. The average correlation level with electrical conductivity was recorded for arsenic, copper, and lead. The analysis data obtained indicate a different contamination level of the area as a result of atmospheric precipitation in those years due to the activity of industrial facilities. The distribution patterns of the pH snow index have been revealed. It is shown that zones with pH<6 are mostly confined to the Irkutsk aluminum smelter. The zones with pH >6 are caused by the influence of the power plants using hydrocarbon fuels: gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil, diesel fuel, coal. The snow cover was subjected to field and laboratory studies using GIS technologies and physico-chemical methods. The distribution and migration of pollutants in various spatial and temporal aspects have been revealed taking into account the terrain relief. The conducted study opens up opportunities for modeling the landscape structure, taking into account meteorological parameters, phenological processes and snow cover state for the purposes of the national economy and the location of construction of various facilities.
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Metang, Victor, Domkam Brigitte, Toussi Tawo Myrianne, et al. "Contribution of Remote Sensing for the Mapping of the Yaoundé Metadiorites." European Journal of Environment and Earth Sciences 3, no. 5 (2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejgeo.2022.3.5.321.
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Geologists face a number of problems, mainly related to the difficulty of covering the entire terrain, leading to various pieces of information collected and its extrapolation for drawing maps. To overcome these problems, we have proposed to use remote sensing which is a current tool for rock mapping. Remote sensing is a modern tool to highlight several information that conventional mapping methods do not allow. Thus, the objective of this work is to update the geological contours of the Yaoundé metadiorites by processing satellite images coupled with the classical approach. Sentinel 1-A radar images were used. A textural analysis of these images was carried out using the GLCM (Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix) method, resulting in eight co-occurrence indices, among which three were chosen to perform colored compositions. The colored compositions obtained are VMH and HMV. And the contrasts obtained were compared with maps from previous work and also with field work. The metasedimentary rocks (kyanite - garnet migmatites and garnet micaschists) and metaigneous rocks (metadiorite) constitute the metamorphic complex distinctly mapped by exploiting remote sensing data, superposition maps from previous work and integrating the new sampling points. Remote sensing in geological mapping thus plays an important role mainly in the urbanized study area as it detects the metadiorites under the metasediments despite the existence of anthropogenic works and low vegetation cover.
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K. Hemalatha, R. Kamali, R. Pushpalatha, M. Saranya, and P. Vijayalakshmi. "Utilizing Aerial Photography to Trace the Development of Urbanization in the Chennai District." International Research Journal on Advanced Engineering Hub (IRJAEH) 2, no. 04 (2024): 988–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.47392/irjaeh.2024.0138.
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Chennai, India is growing more urbanized by the day, hence studying its development is essential. We may see the world from a bird's-eye viewpoint thanks to aerial photography, a method for taking pictures of the Earth's surface from an elevated position—typically from an aircraft or drone. Scientific research, land surveying, urban planning, environmental monitoring, and mapping are just a few of the applications for these photos. Using remote sensing techniques, we are able to examine and record changes in Chennai's physical terrain over time, allowing us to trace the city's evolution through these aerial photos. ArcGIS, ERDAS, ENVI, Pix4D, Global Mapper, and QGIS were among the programs we used to process and examine the aerial photo data. Through the help of these software programs, users can extract insightful data and useful information from photos taken by satellites, drones, or airplanes. When compared to satellite images, aerial photography frequently produces imagery with a better spatial resolution, enabling more accurate and thorough study of ground-based objects. Through a comparative analysis of maps produced using aerial photography data throughout time, we have discovered that Chennai is losing open land, green spaces, and water bodies because of its growing urbanization. By closely analysing this trend and taking into account various factors, we can forecast the continued growth of Chennai.
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Bassani, M., N. Grasso, and M. Piras. "3D GIS BASED EVALUATION OF THE AVAILABLE SIGHT DISTANCE TO ASSESS SAFETY OF URBAN ROADS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-3/W3 (August 19, 2015): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-3-w3-137-2015.
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The available sight distance (ASD) in front of the driver to detect possible conflicts with unexpected obstacles is fundamental for traffic safety. In the last 20 years, road design software (RDS) has been continuously updated with dedicated modules to estimate ASD, thus assessing the quality of project from a safety point of view. Unfortunately, the evaluation of ASD still represents an issue in the case of existing road, and the object of discussion in the research community. To avoid problems related to the limitation associated with the use of digital terrain models typically employed in RDS, the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software can use digital surface models (DSM) which are more flexible in the modelling of sight obstruction due to vegetation, street furniture, and vertical surfaces largely diffused in urbanized areas. <br><br> The paper deals with the evaluation of GIS in the estimation of ASD in a typical urban road where the density of sight obstruction along the roadside is relatively high. The work explores the case study of a collector road in the city of Turin (Italy). Results confirm the potentiality of GIS software in capturing the complex morphology of the urban environment, thus confirming that GIS could become an important analysis tool for road engineers in the field of road safety. The investigation here described is part of the Pro-VISION Project (funded in 2014 by the <i>Regione Piemonte</i>, Italy).