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Academic literature on the topic 'Urdu Letter writing'
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Journal articles on the topic "Urdu Letter writing"
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Dr Syed Zamir ul Hassan and Dr. Ansar Abbas. "Tradition Of Script Recognition And The Distinctions Of Imtiaz Ali Arshi." Dareecha-e-Tahqeeq 5, no. 2 (June 30, 2024): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.58760/dareecha-e-tahqeeq.v5i2.168.
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When after traveling a long distance the human civilization on earth reaches the first rung of the ladder of enlightenment it aspires to harness the power of nature and the strong desire to pass on the experiences, mental and intellectual capital to the next generations becomes strong. The possible answer to which is searched in shapes and appearances. It is this image, the appearance, the painting which makes writing a top priority for a civilized world. Letter writing enjoys much importance in the East. Like other languages with the name of Urdu language there comes in the mind the image of a script. This is the language which is written in Persian script. Persian script is not only its essential factor but it is also its life blood. In view of the requirements of their language Urdu literary giants have been making many changes. The Persian book writers aromatized the garden of letter writing with the smell of aesthetic sense. Letter recognition is a knowledge. Its popularity in Europe is less in comparison to that in the East. Excavation and its related research came into vogue. The researchers have started making attempts to read engravings on various buildings and to know about the mutual relation between different scripts. There are various writings on Egyptian oak, dry clay and fine membranes, in the ancient times. Organization of all this information led to the founding a new art of letter recognition. In Urdu also, the experts of this art accessed these sciences by recognizing ancient manuscripts. In the field of script recognition, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Hafiz Muhammad Sheerani, Hafiz Abdul Wadood and Dr.Waheed Qureshi are valuable personalities. Imtiaz Ali Khan Arshi is another name in the field of Script recognition who enjoys unique identity in this field. This study aims at resuscitating the dying tradition of script recognition and with the guidance of the script recognizers like Imtiaz Ali in crossing its milestone of school of thought with his guidance to smooth the way for future compilers and script recognizers.
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Zahid, Hira, Sidra Abid Syed, Munaf Rashid, Samreen Hussain, Asif Umer, Abdul Waheed, Shahzad Nasim, Mahdi Zareei, and Nafees Mansoor. "A Computer Vision-Based System for Recognition and Classification of Urdu Sign Language Dataset for Differently Abled People Using Artificial Intelligence." Mobile Information Systems 2023 (June 26, 2023): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/1060135.
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Communication between normal people and deaf people is the most difficult part of daily life worldwide. It is difficult for a normal person to understand a word from the deaf one in their daily routine. So, to communicate with deaf people, different countries developed different sign languages to make communication easy. In Pakistan, for deaf people, the government developed Urdu Sign Language to communicate with deaf people. Physical trainers and experts are difficult to provide everywhere in society, so we need such a computer/mobile-based system to convert the deaf sign symbol into voice and written alphabet that the normal person can easily get the intentions of the deaf one. In this paper, we provided an image processing and deep learning-based model for Urdu Sign Language. The proposed model is implemented in Python 3 and uses different image processing and machine techniques to capture the video and transform the symbols into voice and Urdu writing. First, we get a video from the deaf person, and then the model crops the frames into pictures. Then, the individual picture is recognized for the sign symbol such as if the deaf showed a symbol for one, then the model recognizes it and shows the letter which he/she wants to tell. Image processing techniques such as OpenCV are used for image recognition and classification while TensorFlow and linear regression are used for training the model to behave intelligently in the future. The results show that the proposed model increased accuracy from 80% to 97% and 100% accordingly. The accuracy of the previously available work was 80% when we implemented the algorithms, while with the proposed algorithm, when we used linear regression, we achieved the highest accuracy. Similarly, when we used the TensorFlow deep learning algorithm, we achieved 97% accuracy which was less than that of the linear regression model.
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Srika, M. "A Critical Analysis on “Revolution 2020” - An Amalgam of Socio- Political Commercialization World Combined with Love Triangle." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 7, no. 10 (October 31, 2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v7i10.10255.
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Literature is considered to be an art form or writing that have Artistic or Intellectual value. Literature is a group of works produced by oral and written form. Literature shows the style of Human Expression. The word literature was derived from the Latin root word ‘Litertura / Litteratura’ which means “Letter or Handwriting”. Literature is culturally relative defined. Literature can be grouped through their Languages, Historical Period, Origin, Genre and Subject. The kinds of literature are Poems, Novels, Drama, Short Story and Prose. Fiction and Non-Fiction are their major classification. Some types of literature are Greek literature, Latin literature, German literature, African literature, Spanish literature, French literature, Indian literature, Irish literature and surplus. In this vast division, the researcher has picked out Indian English Literature. Indian literature is the literature used in Indian Subcontinent. The earliest Indian literary works were transmitted orally. The Sanskrit oral literature begins with the gatherings of sacred hymns called ‘Rig Veda’ in the period between 1500 - 1200 B.C. The classical Sanskrit literature was developed slowly in the earlier centuries of the first millennium. Kannada appeared in 9th century and Telugu in 11th century. Then, Marathi, Odiya and Bengali literatures appeared later. In the early 20th century, Hindi, Persian and Urdu literature begins to appear.
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Ansari, Zahra, Shaukat Ali, and Fatima Khan. "USE OF ROMAN SCRIPT FOR WRITING URDU LANGUAGE." International Journal of Linguistics and Culture 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/ijlc.v1i2.20.
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The purpose of the paper is to highlight the need of evolving a standardized Romanization table, which is used for writing Urdu language on mobile phones, laptops or tabs etc. Use of Urdu language in Roman script is in vogue in our daily life. Internet and mobile users have conveniently adopted Roman script since long for writing Urdu. But it is being used in an irregular and disorganized way. Therefore, an organized and systematic Roman script is imperative to explore ample possibilities of its usage. The current study is qualitative in nature. The Urdu Romanization table is used as a tool in this regard. This tool has been framed by finding out equivalents of Urdu alphabets in the Roman letters so that the sounds and etymology of the traditional Pearsio Arabic script of Urdu from different languages (Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic, and Turkish) could be used and preserved in a proper way.
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Ashraf, Tauqir. "The Epistolary prose of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan." Noor e Tahqeeq 7, no. 03 (September 19, 2022): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/nooretahqeeq.2022.06031808.
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Epistolary prose is the cultural capital of a nation in which all the elements of a civilization are preserved. In the more or less 250 years of history of Urdu Epistolary prose, Urdu Letters has gone through many levels of styles, themes and linguistics. Up to the time of Sir Syed, Urdu prose had freed itself from styles like abstract techniques, Persian style and colorful writing. Sir Syed's epistolary prose also a fine example of his contemporary style, not only can the popular style of Urdu prose of this period be evaluated from them, but their letters are the most authentic sources for the interpretation and dissemination of Sir Syed's political, religious, social and academic ideas. In the article under review, an attempt has been made to understand Sir Syed's ideas and personality in the mirror of his correspondence.
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IQBAL, DR AAMAR, DR MAZHAR IQBAL KALYAR, and DR QAMAR ABBAS. "4. The Contributio of Magazines and Journels in the progress of Urdu Litereture: A Reasearch Analysis." Al-Aijaz Research Journal of Islamic Studies & Humanities 6, no. 2 (June 27, 2022): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.53575/u4.v6.02(22).27-39.
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Journalism has major role in people training, civic peace and unity. The news leads the human to create and invent new forms of communication. This article focused on the role of newspapers and monthly editions in promoting Urdu literature. Journalism is process for publishing books, booklets, journals and newspapers. This article highlights the origin of journalism from the Arabic word “Sahifa” with meaning “Book or Booklet”. This article has explored that publishing of news starts from china leading to England, Germany and Europe with writing letters, pasting major news on city walls, using drum to announce major official orders and carving orders on stones. In India the publishing of news started back to Asoka leading to Mughal emperors, East India Company and British rule. Findings indicated that the publishing of newspapers in India start from Hakes Gazette, India Gazette, Kolkata Gazette to many Urdu newspapers like Delhi Urdu Newspaper, Khairkhwa. In early twentieth century, newspapers like Saqi, Zamindar, Hilal, Aodh Akhbar, Tehzib ul Ikhlaq, Nigar and Payam are major newspapers that give the popularity to journalism leading role toward the freedom.
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Syed, Hafiz M. Yasir. "Correlation of Urduization in Pakistani English (PAKE): A Cultural Integrant." Journal of English Language, Literature and Education 1, no. 01 (August 15, 2019): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/jelle.2019.010139.
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Pakistani English is a non-native variety of English language as it shows different shifts from Standard British English. Every non-native language has a great impact of culture because language is culture and culture is language. It is obvious that many words of local languages become part of the variety of English that is spoken in a specific region. Cultural integration in Pakistani English is very dominant as it is syndicated with Urdu language because Urdu language is a national language of Pakistan declared by constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan 1973. Thus Pakistani English shows “Borrowing” from Urdu language and leads to the urduized and code-switched terms as an elementary part of English variety spoken in Pakistan. Recent studies show extensive research on Pakistani English in multi-dimensional avenues. This paper intends to highlight inclusion of Urdu words as a distinct part of Pakistani English (PakE). Qualitative approach has been used to signify Urduization in sample of writings which include newspapers, official letters and text books selected through convenience sampling technique. This study will highlight the word formation process in Pakistani English under parasol of Urduization phenomenon and how it opens the pathway of producing code-switched terms as an integral part of Pakistani English. Neologism will also be delineated in this study related to Urduized version of English spoken across Pakistan. For this purpose eminent works of M. Taalat, Tariq Rehman, Ahmar Mahboob and Baumgardner in the realm of Pakistani English will be discussed profoundly. Findings show Urdu language as a cultural integrant syndicated with Pakistani English explicitly. This study will open the avenues of conspicuous research regarding Pakistani English as a distinct variety of English at the verge of standardization.
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Babar Hussain and Muhammad Ramzan. "Representation of Comical Traces In ‘Peter’s Articles." Dareecha-e-Tahqeeq 1, no. 1 (March 21, 2022): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.58760/dareechaetahqeeq.v1i1.6.
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Born in 1898 to a learned family in Peshawar, Professor Ahmad Shah Bukhari became famous for his pen name Peter Bukhari. He was fluent in Urdu, Persian, Pashto and English. His correct pronunciation of the English language was famous. Peter Bukhari’s writings on Urdu language and literature were simultaneously humorous with essays, excellent critical essays and excellent translations, but they were not limited to the genres of literature but also became experts in journalism (serious, sound and broadcasting). Also called a diplomat. The great thing about him is that he does not allow his humour to be tainted with ridicule and satire. His humour is a pure mixture of humour and sweetness . There is not so much bitterness in it that it becomes satire and there is not so much open humour that it falls with seriousness. His subtle humour comes from his unique perspective. In addition to Peter’s fascinating essays and translations, many of his books have been published. He was a brilliant speaker, present-minded and a tycoon whose many amusing and interesting things are known. Apart from reading in the hostel, in memory of the deceased, dogs, Mabel and me, many of his interesting articles and letters are especially popular among the readers.
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Kiran, Naumana. "Stratification and Role of the Elite Muslim Women in the State of Awadh, 1742-1857." ATHENS JOURNAL OF HISTORY 7, no. 4 (September 21, 2021): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajhis.7-4-2.
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This paper focuses on stratification and role of the elite Muslim women in the State of Awadh during the second-half of the eighteenth, and first-half of nineteenth century India. It evaluates the categorization of women associated with the court and the division of political and domestic power among them. It also seeks their economic resources and their contribution in fields of art and architecture. The study finds that the first category of royal women of Awadh, including queen mothers and chief wives, enjoyed a powerful position in the state-matters unlike many other states of the time in India. Besides a high cadre of royal ladies, three more cadres of royal women existed in Awadh’s court with multiple ratios of power and economic resources. Elite women’s input and backing to various genres of art, language and culture resulted in growth of Urdu poetry, prose, drama and music in addition to religious architecture. The paper has been produced on the basis of primary and secondary sources. It includes the historical accounts, written by contemporary historians as well as cultural writings, produced by poets and literary figures of the time, besides letters and other writings of the rulers of Awadh. The writings produced by the British travelers, used in this paper, have further provided an insightful picture and a distinctive perspective.
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Tahir, Pervez. "Introducing Iqbal the Economist." Pakistan Development Review 40, no. 4II (December 1, 2001): 1167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v40i4iipp.1167-1176.
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The Iqbal Memorial Lecture was instituted in 1994 when the Pakistan Society of Development Economists (PSDE) celebrated the completion of a decade of steady progress. A brief announcement stated: “The Iqbal Memorial Lecture attributed to the national poet [Emphasis added], Allama Muhammad Iqbal has been included in the programme for the first time. Professor Ian M. D. Little is delivering that lecture” [Secretary’s Report (1994), p. 1472]. Iqbal, the poet and philosopher par excellence, has made incisive remarks or comments on economic and social issues in his poetry, philosophical writings, and in the course of his discourses as well as some famous letters, particularly those written to the Quaid-i-Azam, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan. But these do not make Iqbal an economist. The Secretary of the PSDE was, therefore, careful in observing that the lecture commemorates our “national poet”. However, it will be of great interest to this largest national congregation of economists and other scholars concerned with development to know that the very first published book of Iqbal related neither to poetry nor philosophy, but economics. It was written in Urdu. He also taught the subject at undergraduate and Master’s level, even though he had not studied it as a student. At the Government College, Lahore, Iqbal studied English, Philosophy and Arabic for his B.A. and then completed the M.A. in Philosophy.
Books on the topic "Urdu Letter writing"
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Baṣīr, Nasrīn Mumtāz. Urū k̲h̲ut̤ūt̤ nigārī, ek mut̤ālaʻah. ʻAlīgarḥ: Nasrīn Mumtāz Baṣīr, 1995.
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Farḥat Fāt̤imah (Urdu critic), editor and Qaumī Kaunsil barāʼe Furog̲h̲-i Urdū Zabān (New Delhi, India), eds. Maktūbāt-i Urdū kā adabī va tārīk̲h̲ī irtiqā: Maktoobat-e-Urdu ka adbi wa tareekhi irtiqa. Naʼī Dihlī: Qaumī Kaunsil barāʼe Furog̲h̲-i Urdū Zabān, 2013.
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Ḥusain, Sayyid Rāshid. Jadīd Urdū ṭāʼip rāʼiṭing. Naʼī Dihlī: Sayyid Rāshid Ḥusain, 1991.
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Urdū maktūb nigārī: Sar Sayyid aur un ke rufaqāʼ ke k̲h̲uṣūṣī ḥavāle se = Urdu maktoob nigari. Naʼī Dihlī: Maktabah Jāmiʻah, 2012.
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Dudney, Arthur. India in the Persian World of Letters. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192857415.001.0001.
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This study traces the development of philology (the analysis of literary language) in the Persian tradition in India, concentrating on its socio-political ramifications. The most influential Indo-Persian philologist of the eighteenth century was Sirāj al-Dīn ʿAlī Ḳhān (d. 1756), whose pen-name was Ārzū. Besides being a respected poet, Ārzū was a rigorous theoretician of language whose intellectual legacy was side-lined by colonialism. His conception of language accounted for literary innovation and historical change in part to theorize the tāzah-goʾī [literally, “fresh-speaking”] movement in Persian literary culture. Although later scholarship has tended to frame this debate in anachronistically nationalist terms (Iranian native speakers versus Indian imitators), the primary sources show that contemporary concerns had less to do with geography than with the question of how to assess innovative “fresh-speaking” poetry, a situation analogous to the Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns in early modern Europe. Ārzū used historical reasoning to argue that as a cosmopolitan language Persian could not be the property of one nation or be subject to one narrow kind of interpretation. Ārzū also shaped attitudes about reḳhtah, the Persianized form of vernacular poetry that would later be renamed and reconceptualized as Urdu, helping the vernacular to gain acceptance in elite literary circles in northern India. This study puts to rest the persistent misconception that Indians started writing the vernacular because they were ashamed of their poor grasp of Persian at the twilight of the Mughal Empire.
Book chapters on the topic "Urdu Letter writing"
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Asha, V., N. Uma, Balasubramanian Prabhu Kavin, and Gan Hong Seng. "Urdu Cursive Word Recognition Using an Advanced Intelligent Model of Optimized Deep Learning." In Advanced Intelligence Systems and Innovation in Entrepreneurship, 102–27. IGI Global, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-0790-8.ch008.
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Many historically significant documents are only accessible in paper record form, making text recognition a crucial problem in the arena of digital image processing. Text recognition techniques primarily aim to convert paper documents into digital files that can be easily managed in a database or other server-based entity. Size, colour, font, orientation, backdrop complexity, occlusion, illumination, and lighting all make text identification more difficult in photos from real-world settings. Variations in writing style, several forms of the same letter, linked text, ligature diagonal, and condensed text make Urdu text identification more difficult than with non-cursive scripts. To separate the spatial correlation and appearance correlation (DSSAC) of the mapped convolutional channel, the suggested intelligent model employs the deep separable convolutional layers in place of the conventional design in the U-Net. To achieve cursive region, capture, the research offers a model called DSSAC-RSC.
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"On Translating Ghalib." In A Life in Urdu, edited by Marion Molteno, 111–26. Oxford University PressDelhi, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9789391050948.003.0010.
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Abstract Ghalib is considered a difficult poet, even for Urdu speakers, and there are particular difficulties in translating his ghazals. Russell describes his joint work with Kurshidul Islam to present Ghalib’s life largely through translations of his prose writing. His letters, written to friends particularly in his later years, are lively and accessible, but other prose (mainly in Persian) was carefully crafted within traditional styles, which for modern readers is more difficult to appreciate. Nevertheless Russell feels it important to translate it in the style Ghalib chose. The difficulties of translating ghazals lie in the genre itself—highly condensed language (a complete meaning in each couplet), and conventional imagery which conveys nuances to Urdu (or Persian) speakers that need explaining to others. But while compromise is inevitable he feels it important to respect the form of the ghazal by remaining concise, and as far as possible conveying a sense of the metrical patterns.
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Tyabji, Salima. "Letters from Europe: 1870." In The Changing World of A Bombay Muslim Community, 1870-1945, 191—C5P44. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192869746.003.0005.
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Abstract Amiruddin Tyabji (1848·1917) was the younqest of the six sons of Tyabjee Bhoymeeah. Like most of his brothers, he entered into the family business after being educated at school and university in England. He may not have been a particularly successful partner in the family business initially, but after his return to India, he became a dearly loved and extremely responsible member of the joint family. These letters were written from Le Havre, France, during 1870, where Amiruddin had been sent at the age of 23 in connexion with the family business, representing the firm of S. Tyabji and Co., which traded extensively with France and China. After a few lonely months, Amiruddin’s irrepressible good spirits and charm soon gave him a position in the society of the town: he became a sought-after young man, invited to balls and dinners, about which he writes home with great vivacity. These letters were written in English. At one level this reflects the extent of anglicization of the men in the family, a trend that was noticeable as early as the 1880s, when the men’s Urdu entries in the akhbar books were markedly more stilted than the women’s, but their English correspondingly fluent. At another level, the writer’s use of this language enables him to tum the view outward-it is the natural medium for one writing from Europe. It makes him open to the world in a way the use of Urdu would have perhaps inhibited.