Academic literature on the topic 'Urease inhibitor'
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Journal articles on the topic "Urease inhibitor"
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Zhang, Xiaoyin, Yue He, Zhanbo Xiong, et al. "Chelerythrine Chloride: A Potential Rumen Microbial Urease Inhibitor Screened by Targeting UreG." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 15 (2021): 8212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22158212.
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Inhibition of ruminal microbial urease is of particular interest due to its crucial role in regulating urea-N utilization efficiency and nitrogen pollution in the livestock industry. Acetohydroxamic acid (AHA) is currently the only commercially available urease inhibitor, but it has adverse side effects. The urease accessory protein UreG, which facilitates the functional incorporation of the urease nickel metallocentre, has been proposed in developing urease inhibitor through disrupting urease maturation. The objective of this study was to screen natural compounds as potential urease inhibitors by targeting UreG in a predominant ruminal microbial urease. In silico screening and in vitro tests for potential inhibitors were performed using molecular docking and an assay for the GTPase activity of UreG. Chelerythrine chloride was selected as a potential urease inhibitor of UreG with an inhibition concentration IC50 value of 18.13 μM. It exhibited mixed inhibition, with the Ki value being 26.28 μM. We further explored its inhibition mechanism using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, and we found that chelerythrine chloride inhibited the binding of nickel to UreG and induced changes in the secondary structure, especially the α-helix and β-sheet of UreG. Chelerythrine chloride formed a pi-anion interaction with the Asp41 residue of UreG, which is an important residue in initiating the conformational changes of UreG. In conclusion, chelerythrine chloride exhibited a potential inhibitory effect on urease, which provided new evidence for strategies to develop novel urease inhibitors targeting UreG to reduce nitrogen excretion from ruminants.
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Nayab, S., A. Alam, F. A. Khan, H. Khan, S. Khan, and F. A. Khan. "Synthesis, characterization and urease inhibitory activities of Zn(II) complexes bearing C1-symmetric ligands derived from (R)-phenylethanamine." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia 35, no. 2 (2021): 301–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v35i2.7.
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ABSTRACT. A series of Zn(II) complexes, supported with N-substituted phenylethanamine derivatives, [LnZnCl2] (where Ln = LA ((R)-1-phenyl-N-(thiophene-2-ylmethyl)ethanamine; LB (R)-N-(5-meyhylthiophene-2-yl)methyl-1-phenylethanamine; LC ((R)-N-(furan-2-ylmeththyl)-1-phenylethanamine and LD (R)-N-((5-methylfuran-2-yl)methyl)-1-phenylethanamine) were synthesized and characterized. The urease inhibitory activities of these complexes were determined against selected urease inhibitors where [LBZnCl2] was found to be the most prominent inhibitor of Jack bean urease (J. B. urease) (IC50 = 10.39±0.78 μM), whereas the activity of Bacillus pasteurii urease (B. P. urease) was predominantly inhibited by [LAZnCl2] (IC50 = 8.68±0.7 μM). Additionally, MOE-Dock program was used to affirm the probable binding modes of these complexes into the crystal structure of J. B. urease which certainly verified the inhibitory mechanism of these novel complexes.
KEY WORDS: Zn(II) complexes, (R)-Phenylethanamine, Urease inhibition, Molecular docking
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2021, 35(2), 301-314.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v35i2.7
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Song, Wan-Qing, Mei-Ling Liu, Su-Ya Li, and Zhu-Ping Xiao. "Recent Efforts in the Discovery of Urease Inhibitor Identifications." Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 22, no. 2 (2022): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026621666211129095441.
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Abstract: Urease is an attractive drug target for designing anti-infective agents against pathogens such as Helicobacter pylori, Proteus mirabilis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum. In the past century, hundreds of medicinal chemists focused their efforts on explorations of urease inhibitors. Despite the FDA’s approval of acetohydroxamic acid as a urease inhibitor for the treatment of struvite nephro-lithiasis and the widespread use of N-(n-butyl)thiophosphoric triamide as a soil urease inhibitor as nitrogen fertilizer synergists in agriculture, urease inhibitors with high potency and safety are urgently needed. Exploration of novel urease inhibitors has therefore become a hot research topic recently. Herein, inhibitors identified worldwide from 2016 to 2021 have been reviewed. They structurally belong to more than 20 classes of compounds such as urea/thioure analogues, hydroxamic acids, sul-fonamides, metal complexes, and triazoles. Some inhibitors showed excellent potency with IC50 val-ues lower than 10 nM, having 10000-fold higher potency than the positive control thiourea.
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Ni, Kang, and Andreas Siegfried Pacholski. "Soil Moisture and Temperature Effects on Granule Dissolution and Urease Activity of Urea with and without Inhibitors—An Incubation Study." Agriculture 12, no. 12 (2022): 2037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122037.
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Urea granule dissolution in soil and soil urease activity are essential parameters for the accurate prediction of nitrogen dynamics after urea application, but both are scarcely studied. The response of urease activity to temperature is unclear under the addition of urease or nitrification inhibitors. In this study, we conducted laboratory incubation trials using glass jars with 100 g soil to quantify urea granule dissolution. Urease activity after urease and nitrification inhibitor addition were investigated in plastic bottles (5 g soil) under different temperatures. Inhibitor N-(2-nitrophenyl) phosphoric triamide (2-NPT), and a mixture of dicyandiamide and 1 H-1,2,4-triazol (DCD/HZ) were tested as urease and nitrification inhibitors separately and in combination. The dynamics of urease activity was fitted with Michaelis–Menten kinetics combined with the Van’t Hoff equation. At low soil moisture contents close to air-dry conditions (4–8% w/w water content), soil moisture was the dominant factor, but at higher soil moisture contents (28% and 48% w/w), temperature controlled the dissolution process. Dissolution could take several days or even longer at very dry soil conditions, while it was completed between a few hours and 24 h at high soil moisture levels. Urea with urease inhibitor formulation dissolved significantly slower at a moisture level of 28% (w/w). In the studied soil, urease activity varied between 2.9 and 54.4 mg NH4+-N kg−1 h−1. Across all urea concentrations, the addition of urease inhibitor 2-NPT significantly reduced urease activity. The relationship between urease activity and urea addition rate could be accurately described with Michaelis–Menten kinetics, and urease inhibitor addition reduced the temperature sensitivity of urease activity by 7%, while the nitrification inhibitor increased it by 4%. Parameter estimates and process characterization for urea granule dissolution and urea hydrolysis in this study are meaningful for and helpful in agricultural practice and the model simulation of soil nitrogen dynamics.
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Zhang, Xiaoyin, Zhanbo Xiong, Ming Li, Nan Zheng, Shengguo Zhao, and Jiaqi Wang. "Activity- and Enrichment-Based Metaproteomics Insights into Active Urease from the Rumen Microbiota of Cattle." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 2 (2022): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020817.
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Regulation of microbial urease activity plays a crucial role in improving the utilization efficiency of urea and reducing nitrogen emissions to the environment for ruminant animals. Dealing with the diversity of microbial urease and identifying highly active urease as the target is the key for future regulation. However, the identification of active urease in the rumen is currently limited due to large numbers of uncultured microorganisms. In the present study, we describe an activity- and enrichment-based metaproteomic analysis as an approach for the discovery of highly active urease from the rumen microbiota of cattle. We conducted an optimization method of protein extraction and purification to obtain higher urease activity protein. Cryomilling was the best choice among the six applied protein extraction methods (ultrasonication, bead beating, cryomilling, high-pressure press, freeze-thawing, and protein extraction kit) for obtaining protein with high urease activity. The extracted protein by cryomilling was further enriched through gel filtration chromatography to obtain the fraction with the highest urease activity. Then, by using SDS-PAGE, the gel band including urease was excised and analyzed using LC-MS/MS, searching against a metagenome-derived protein database. Finally, we identified six microbial active ureases from 2225 rumen proteins, and the identified ureases were homologous to those of Fibrobacter and Treponema. Moreover, by comparing the 3D protein structures of the identified ureases and known ureases, we found that the residues in the β-turn of flap regions were nonconserved, which might be crucial in influencing the flexibility of flap regions and urease activity. In conclusion, the active urease from rumen microbes was identified by the approach of activity- and enrichment-based metaproteomics, which provides the target for designing a novel efficient urease inhibitor to regulate rumen microbial urease activity.
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Drulis, Povilas, Zita Kriaučiūnienė, and Vytautas Liakas. "The Influence of Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates, Urease Inhibitors and Biological Preparations on Maize Grain Yield and Yield Structure Elements." Agronomy 12, no. 3 (2022): 741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12030741.
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The field experiment was performed in 2019–2021 at the Experimental Station of Vytautas Magnus University Agriculture Academy (54°52′ N, 23°49′ E). The soil of the experimental field was Endohipogleyic-Eutric Planasol. The studied factors were: Factor A—different nitrogen fertilizer rates: (1) 100 kg N ha−1; (2) 140 kg N ha−1; (3) 180 kg N ha−1; Factor B—the use of urease inhibitors (UI) and biological preparations (BP): (1) urease inhibitors (UI) and biological preparations (BP) were not used; (2) Urease inhibitor (UI ATS)—ammonium thiosulfate—[(NH4)2S2O3 12-0-0-26S]; (3) Urease inhibitor (UI URN)—N-butyl-thiophosphorus triamide (NBPT) and N-propyl-thiophosphorus triamide (NPPT); (4) Biological preparation (BP HUM)—suspension of humic and fulvic acids; (5) Biological preparation (BP FIT)—Ascophyllum nodosum suspension. Our studies showed that the highest yield of maize grain (8.9–12.0 t ha−1) was obtained by fertilizing with N180 and using the urease inhibitor ammonium thiosulfate (ATS). ATS significantly increased corn grain yield in all backgrounds of nitrogen fertilization. The investigated urease inhibitors and biologics had a higher and more significant (p < 0.05) effect on maize grain yield when fertilized with N100 nitrogen. The increase in nitrogen fertilizer rates had an effect on maize grain yield, with the largest increase in yield being found in the increase in nitrogen rate from N100 to N140, and the increase in rate to N180 was less effective. The maximum mass of 1000 grains (323.5 g) was determined in 2019 by fertilization with N180 and use of the urease inhibitor UI URN. The urease inhibitor UI ATS was more effective when fertilized with lower rates of N100 and N140. Positive, moderate, strong and very strong, statistically significant correlations (r2 = 0.48–0.91) were most often found between the latter indicators and nitrogen fertilizer rates throughout the study year. The largest amount of grain (497 units) in the cob was determined in 2019, using fertilization with N140 and UI ATS, but no significant differences were found between the different fertilizer rates and the tested preparations. These results suggest that urease inhibitors and biologics can reduce dependence on nitrogen fertilizers and increase maize yield, a technology that should be practiced by maize growers.
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Rafique, Hummera, Fizza Tahira, Syeda Zar Afshan, et al. "Synthesis, Molecular Docking, and In Vitro Investigation of 1,1'-Diaryl- 3,3'-(p-phenylenedicarbonyl) dithioureas as Urease Inhibitors." Letters in Organic Chemistry 17, no. 4 (2020): 254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570178616666191004111058.
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Synthesis of some 1,1'-diaryl-3,3'-(p-phenylenedicarbonyl)dithioureas was accomplished in two steps. Dithioureas were prepared under inert conditions with significantly high yields. Inhibitory activity of dithiourea compounds was investigated against urease enzyme. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their urease inhibitory activities, and molecular docking studies were carried out to ascertain the inhibitor binding mode with the enzyme. All the compounds displayed moderate to significant urease inhibitory activities.
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Zhang, Zhenyu, Ming Li, Xiaoyin Zhang, Nan Zheng, Shengguo Zhao, and Jiaqi Wang. "A Novel Urease Inhibitor of Ruminal Microbiota Screened through Molecular Docking." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 17 (2020): 6006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176006.
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Inhibition of the urease activity of ruminal microbiota is not only beneficial for increasing dietary and endogenic urea-N utilization efficiency in ruminants but also might be applicable for the preservation of nitrogen fertilizer in soil and treatment of gastrointestinal and urinary tract infections caused by ureolytic bacteria. To discover urease inhibitors to efficiently target ruminal microbiota, the identified ruminal microbial metagenomic urease gene was used to construct a homology model to virtually screen urease inhibitors from the ChemDiv database by molecular docking. The GMQE and QMEAN values of the homology model were 0.85 and −0.37, respectively, indicating a good model quality. The inhibition effect of the screened urease inhibitor for ruminal urea degradation was assessed by ruminal microbial fermentation in vitro. The toxic effect of the candidate inhibitor was performed using gut Caco-2 cells in vitro. The results showed that compound 3-[1-[(aminocarbonyl)amino]-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrrol-2-yl] propanoic acid (ChemDiv_ID: 6238-0047, IC50 = 65.86 μM) was found to be the most effective urease inhibitor among the candidate compounds. Compound 6238-0047 significantly lowered the amount of urea degradation and ammonia production in ruminal microbial fermentation. The 24 h degradation rate of compound 6238-0047 in ruminal microbial fermentation was 3.32%–16.00%. In addition, compound 6238-0047 (10–100 μM) had no significant adverse effect on the cell viability of Caco-2 cells. Molecular docking showed that compound 6238-0047 could interact with Asp359 in the active site and Cys318 in the flap region by the hydrogen bond and Pi-Alkyl interaction, respectively. Compound 6238-0047 could be used as a novel inhibitor for decreasing the urease activity of ruminal microbiota.
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Pokharel, Apar, Jaya Prakash Mayya, and Hari Prasad Upadhyay. "Comparison of Proton Pump Inhibitor and Triple Therapy Regimen for Laryngospharyngeal Reflux Disease." Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 18, no. 3 (2020): 513–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v18i3.2493.
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Background: Laryngopharyngeal reflux is retrograde flow of contents of the stomach to the larynx and the pharynx. The study aims to compare two regimens (proton pump inhibitor monotherapy versus triple therapy) on the outcome of Helicobactor pylori positive laryngopharyngeal reflux disease.
Methods: The presence of laryngopharyngeal reflux was determined by reflux symptom index and reflux finding score. The presence of Helicobactor pylori in the tissue was confirmed by rapid urease test. All urease test negative laryngopharyngeal reflux patients were given a course of proton pump inhibitors and results were evaluated. All urease test positive patients were divided into two groups. One group was given a course of proton pump inhibitors and another group was given a course of triple therapy and the results were compared.
Results: A total number of 704 laryngopharyngeal reflux patients were screened for urease test. Among them 138 patients (19.6 %) were urease test negative and were given proton pump inhibitor therapy. Improvement in both reflux finding score (average score 11.75) and reflux symptom index (average score 5.25) score was observed after 3 months with p-value<0.05. In urease test positive patients, improvement in scores was observed in both proton pump inhibitors and triple therapy group, however marked improvement in the clinical features was observed in triple therapy group with p-value<0.05.
Conclusions: The study reveals association between laryngopharyngeal reflux and Helicobactor pylori. Proton pump inhibitor therapy is sufficient if no Helicobactor pylori is detected, however incase of presence of Helicobactor pylori, triple therapy gives better results.
Keywords: Helicobacter pylori; laryngopharyngeal reflux disease; rapid urease test
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Jiang, Xue-Yue, Liang-Quan Sheng, Chong-Fu Song, et al. "Mechanism, kinetics, and antimicrobial activities of 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde semicarbazone as a new Jack bean urease inhibitor." New Journal of Chemistry 40, no. 4 (2016): 3520–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nj01601k.
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A new inhibitor of jack bean urease, 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde semicarbazone, was synthesized and employed to investigate the inhibitory mechanism of HNDSC on jack bean urease by kinetic and fluorescence titration assay, and its antibacterial activities were also investigated.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Urease inhibitor"
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Dawar, Khadim M. "The impacts of urease inhibitor and method of application on the bioavailability of urea fertiliser in ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Biological Sciences, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5193.
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The use of urea fertiliser has been associated with relatively poor nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE) due to heavy N losses such as gaseous emissions of ammonia (NH₃) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) and nitrate (NO₃⁻) leaching into surface and ground waters. Improving N use-efficiency of applied urea is therefore critical to maximise its uptake and to minimise its footprint on the environment. The study was conducted under laboratory-glasshouse conditions (Chapter 2-4)and lysimiter-field plot studies (Chapter 5). In chapter 2, Two glasshouse-based experimentswere conducted to investigate the potential of incorporating urea fertiliser with ureaseinhibitor, (N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (nBTPT) or ‘Agrotain’) to enhance fertiliser N uptake efficiency. Urea, with or without Agrotain, was applied to Ryegrass (Lolium perenne
L.) grown in standard plant trays maintained at soil moisture contents of 75–80% field capacity, at rates equivalent to 25 or 50 kg Nha⁻¹. These treatments were compared with other common forms of N fertilisers (ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate and sodium nitrate). In a separate pot experiment, granular ¹⁵N urea (10 atom %) with or without Agrotain, was applied at 25 kg Nh⁻¹ to track N use-efficiency and the fate of ¹⁵N-labelled fertiliser. In both experiments, Agrotain-treated urea improved bioavailability (defined as the fraction of total
soil N that can interact with a biological target in the plant or that can be taken up by plant) of added N and resulted in significantly higher herbage DM yield and N uptake than urea alone or other forms of N fertilisers. Results from the ¹⁵N experiment support the suggestion that a delay in urea hydrolysis by Agrotain provided an opportunity for direct plant uptake of an increased proportion of the applied urea-N than in the case of urea alone.
In chapter 3, two more glasshouse-based experiments were conducted to investigate if urea applied in fine particle application (FPA), with or without Agrotain, had any effect on fertiliser-N uptake efficiency (defined as the difference in N uptake between the fertiliser treatment and the control as a percentage of the amount of N applied) under optimum soil moisture (75-80% field capacity) and temperature (25 °C) conditions, in comparison with other common forms of N fertilisers applied, either in FPA or in granular form. In a separate pot experiment, ¹⁵N urea (10 atom %), with or without Agrotain, was applied to either shoots or leaves only or to the soil surface (avoiding the shoots and leaves) to determine urea hydrolysis, herbage DM and ¹⁵N uptake. In both experiments, herbage DM yield and N
uptake were significantly greater in the FPA treatments than in those receiving granular application. Agrotain-treated urea FPA resulted in significantly higher N response efficiency (difference between the dry matter produced by the various fertiliser treatments and the
control, divided by the amount of N applied) than urea FPA alone or other forms of N fertilisers. Results from the ¹⁵N experiment support the idea that Agrotain treatment improves
the N response of urea applied in FPA form due to a delay in hydrolysis of urea, thus providing herbage an extended opportunity to absorb added urea directly through leaves,
cuticles and roots.
A further glasshouse-based study was conducted to investigate the effect of Agrotain and irrigation on urea hydrolysis and its movement in a Typic Haplustepts silt loam soil (Chapter 4). A total of 72 repacked soil cores (140 mm inner diameter and 100 mm deep) were used -
half (36) of these cores were adjusted to soil moisture contents of 80% field capacity (FC) and the remaining 36 cores to 50% FC. Granular urea, with or without Agrotain, was applied at a rate equivalent to 100 kg N ha⁻¹. Twelve pots were destructively sampled at each day after 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 10 days of treatment application to determine urea hydrolysis and its lateral and vertical movement in different soil layers. Agrotain-treated urea delayed urea
hydrolysis compared with urea alone during the first 7 days of its application. This delay in urea hydrolysis by Agrotain enabled added urea to disperse and move away from the surface soil layer to the sub-surface soil layer both vertically and laterally. In contrast, most urea in the absence of Agrotain hydrolysed within 2 days of its application. Irrigation after 1 day resulted in further urea movement from the surface soil layer (0-10 mm) to the sub-soil layer (30-50 mm) in Agrotain-treated urea. These results suggest that Agrotain delayed urea hydrolysis and allowed more time for rainfall or irrigation to move the added urea from the surface layer to sub-soil layers where it is likely to make good contact with plant roots. This
distribution of urea in the rooting zone (0-200 mm) has the potential to enhance N use efficiency and minimise N losses via ammonia (NH₃) volatilisation from surface-applied
urea.
Finally, a field study using lysimeters (300 mm inner diameter and 400 mm deep), and small field plots (1 m² in area) was established using a silt loam Typic Haplustepts soil (Soil Survey Staff 1998) to investigate the effect of FPA and granular applications of urea, with or without Agrotain, on N losses and N use efficiency (Chapter 5). The five treatments were: control (no N) and ¹⁵N-labelled urea (10 atom %), with or without Agrotain, applied to lysimeters or mini plots (un-labelled urea), either in granular form to the soil surface or in FPA form (through a
spray) at a rate equivalent to 100 kg N ha⁻¹. Gaseous emissions of NH₃ and N₂O, NO₃⁻ leaching, herbage production, N response efficiency, total N uptake and total recovery of applied ¹⁵N in the plant and soil were determined up to 63 days. Urea-alone and urea with Agrotain, applied in FPA form, was more effective than its granular form and reduced N2O emissions by 5-12% and NO3- leaching losses by 31-55%. Urea-alone applied in FPA form
had no significant effect in reducing NH₃ losses compared with granular form. However, urea with Agrotain applied in FPA form reduced NH₃ emissions by 69% compared with the
equivalent granular treatment. Urea-alone and with Agrotain applied in FPA form increased herbage dry matter production by 27% and 38%, and N response efficiency compared with
the equivalent granular urea application, respectively. Urea applied in FPA form resulted in significantly higher ¹⁵N recovery in the shoots compared with granular treatments – this was improved further when urea in FPA form was applied with Agrotain. Thus, treating urea with
Agrotain in FPA under field conditions has the potential to delay its hydrolysis, minimise N losses and improve N use efficiency and herbage production. The lower dry matter
production and N-response efficiency to urea applied in FPA form in Chapter 3 are probably because of additional factors such as lower application rates (25 kg N ha⁻¹ ) or lack of interception of urea by the leaves. Applying urea in FPA form is a good management strategy and I conclude that combining FPA urea with Agrotain has the potential to increase N use efficiency and herbage production further.
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Faria, Letícia de Abreu. "Dinâmica do nitrogênio proveniente de ureia combinada a tecnologias redutoras de volatilização." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-02042013-132618/.
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A aplicação de ureia em manejos conservacionistas favorece a ocorrência de elevadas perdas por volatilização de NH3. Novas fontes nitrogenadas ou processos que possam ser aplicados à ureia têm sido pesquisados a fim de reduzir esse tipo de perda. Considerando as questões: O uso móvel do coletor semi-aberto exige a alteração das equações de ajuste, que foram desenvolvidas a partir de seu uso na forma estática? Há menor perda de N por volatilização, e influência o estado nutricional, qualidade e a produtividade da cultura com a agregação de tecnologias à ureia, como o revestimento com zeolita ou Cu e B, ou sua mistura com sulfato de amônio, aplicadas em superfície para a cultura de milho em plantio direto? A agregação de tecnologias à ureia pode alterar as transformações do N do fertilizante no solo? A ureia agregada a tecnologias de revestimento apresenta perdas de NH3 por volatilização semelhante ou inferior as obtidas com aplicação de sulfato de amônio? Foram realizados três experimentos com objetivo de elucidá-las: (i) a quantificação de NH3 volatilizada pelo método do coletor semi-aberto usado com base móvel comparado ao estático; (ii) a avaliação do uso de ureia revestida com ácido bórico e sulfato de cobre (UR) ou revestida com zeolita (UZ), além das misturas de sulfato de amônio + ureia (SAU) e sulfato de amônio + ureia revestida com ácido bórico e sulfato de cobre (SAUR) comparadas ao uso da ureia e do nitrato de amônio (NA) na cultura de milho em plantio direto, e (iii) a influência da UR e UZ nas transformações do N proveniente do fertilizante no solo por meio de incubação com 15N. A partir do primeiro experimento concluiu-se que o uso do coletor semi-aberto móvel pode ser utilizado na avaliação de perdas por volatilização de NH3 juntamente com o uso de equações de ajustes desenvolvidos para o modelo estático. No segundo experimento, a UR demonstrou menor pico e perda total de NH3 volatilizado quando as condições climáticas foram favoráveis à volatilização, enquanto em condições de elevada precipitação, as fontes a base de ureia se apresentaram similares. Os tratamentos avaliados influenciaram a produtividade e a quantidade de N exportado nos grãos, porém não diferiram quanto a massa de 1000 grãos e teor de proteína bruta. A fração de N-ISNT não apresentou efeito dos tratamentos, embora tenha apresentado quantidades elevadas de N potencialmente disponíveis em ambas as safras. No terceiro experimento, a perda total de NH3 por volatilização não teve influência dos tratamentos aplicados à ureia. No entanto, com a aplicação de UR foi observado menor quantidade de NH3 perdido nos primeiros dias de incubação, sendo estes resultados consequência do maior tempo de permanência do N do fertilizante na forma de ureia, bem como da alteração no fluxo de N-NH4+, que somados são fatores que permitem maior eficiência de uso do N do fertilizante.Urea application in no-till is favorable for occurrence of high losses by volatilization of NH3. New nitrogen sources or process that may be applied to urea have been studied to reduce it. Three studies were realized to answer questions as: Is it necessary modifications in adjustment equations with use dynamic of the collector semi-open? Is it possible to get lower losses by volatilization of NH3, nutritional influence, quality and productivity with application of urea coated with zeolite or Cu and B, or urea mix with ammonium sulfate applied in surface for corn in no-tillage? Could these technologies applied in urea modify the dynamic of N from fertilizer in soil? Is it possible the application of coating urea get similar or lower losses of NH3 than ammonium sulfate? The carried out studies were: (i) Evaluation and calibration of the collector semi-open dynamic to quantify losses of NH3 volatilized. (ii) evaluation of urea coated with boric acid and copper sulfate (UC) or with zeolite (UZ), beside the mixes of ammonium sulfate + urea (ASU) and ammonium sulfate + urea coated with boric acid and copper sulfate (ASUC) compared to urea and ammonium nitrate (AN) in corn culture in no-tillage, and (iii) the UC and UZ influence in dynamic of N from fertilizer in soil through 15N incubation. In the first experiment was concluded that dynamic use of collector semi-open can be used in evaluation of losses by volatilization of NH3 with the same adjustment equations developed for static use. In the second experiment, UC showed lower losses of NH3 volatilized when the climatic conditions were favorable to volatilization process occurrence. However, all the treatments with urea were similar when heavy rain occurred. The treatments evaluated influenced the productivity and quantity of N exported by grains; however they had no difference for mass of 1000 grains and crude protein. N-ISNT fraction had no effect of the treatments however they shown high quantities of N potentially available for both harvests. In the third experiment, total losses of volatilization of NH3 had no influence of treatments applied to urea. For other hand, the application of UC showed the lower quantity of losses of NH3 volatilized in the first days of incubation. The results were consequence of the UC effect in the rate of urea hydrolysis, as well as the change on NH4+-N flux for this treatment that could improve N-use efficiency.
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Reinhardt-Hanisch, Annett. "Grundlagenuntersuchungen zur Wirkung neuartiger Ureaseinhibitoren in der Nutztierhaltung." Stuttgart : Selbstverl, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:100-opus-3028.
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Sunderlage, Brent. "LATE APPLICATION NITROGEN ON CORN IN SOUTHERN ILLINOIS AND SOIL PROPERTIES AFFECTING AMMONIA VOLATILIZATION FROM UREA FERTILIZER." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2154.
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AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF BRENT C. SUNDERLAGE, for the Master of Science degree in Plant, Soil, and Agricultural Systems, presented on March 8, 2017, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: LATE APPLICATION NITROGEN ON CORN IN SOUTHERN ILLINOIS AND SOIL PROPERTIES AFFECTING AMMONIA VOLATILIZATION FROM UREA FERTILIZER MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Rachel L. Cook In corn (Zea mays L.) production systems, typical nitrogen fertilization occurs either before planting or after crop emergence, as late as the V6 stage. Since the majority of nitrogen uptake does not occur until V10 through R1, delaying nitrogen fertilization until V10 may reduce potential for early season soil N transformations and losses, while sustaining crop yields. A two-year study, conducted across three southern Illinois locations, evaluated the effects of various late sidedress nitrogen applications and enhanced efficiency fertilizers on corn yield and residual mineral soil N. The various nitrogen treatments compared: rates from 0-224 kg N ha-1; sources of urea and 32% UAN, with and without urease inhibitors 0.09% N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) as Agrotain® Ultra (AT) and 0.06% NBPT + 0.02% N-(n-propyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NPPT) as Limus® (L), and polymer-coated urea (ESN®); application timings at planting, V6, V10, and VT; placement either dribble applied, broadcasted, or injected. Across sites and years, late (V10) nitrogen split applications generally resulted in corn yields greater than or equal to the same total nitrogen rate applied at planting. Most late N treatment differences varied between sites and years, but 56 kg N ha-1 as broadcasted UAN at planting with 112 kg N ha-1 as broadcasted urea, either with or without AT or L at V10 were on average highest yielding treatments among sites in both years, with 16% greater yield than 168 kg N ha-1 as broadcasted UAN at planting. Urease inhibitors did not enhance yield in most instances, likely due to sufficient incorporating rainfall shortly after application. The effects of urease inhibitors used with late-application nitrogen on corn yield and actual ammonia volatilization remained ambiguous. Residual soil mineral nitrogen concentrations between 0-30 cm after harvest in the late nitrogen treatments did not elicit water quality concerns. Furthermore, ammonia volatilization from surface applied urea is controlled by many interrelated soil properties as well as environmental conditions. However, conclusions about the influence of soil properties on ammonia volatilization differ according to geographies and are not well established across a wide range of soil types. A laboratory soil incubation experiment measured the effects of soil properties on ammonia volatilization over 7 days from surface-applied urea and the efficacy of three urease inhibitors: Agrotain® Ultra (AT) as 0.09% NBPT, Limus® (L) as 0.06% NBPT + 0.02% NPPT, and NutriSphere-N® (NS) 30% calcium salt of maleic-itaconic copolymer among 83 soil surface samples from across the United States with a wide range of soil properties. The soil properties evaluated were: total exchange capacity, 1:1 CaCl2 pH, organic matter, buffering capacity, clay content, and urease activity. In Urea (R2 = 0.69) and Urea + NS (R2 = 0.62) models, total exchange capacity, clay, and buffering capacity significantly reduced ammonia volatilization, and organic matter significantly increased ammonia volatilization, while 1:1 CaCl2 pH and urease activity were non-significant. Clay, organic matter, and buffering capacity were correlated to total exchange capacity. Total exchange capacity was the strongest predictor and best consolidated variable to predict N loss of urea. In Urea + AT (R2 = 0.54) and Urea + L (R2 = 0.67) models, ammonia volatilization was significantly reduced at lower 1:1 CaCl2 pH and total exchange capacity, and all other soil properties were non-significant. The NBPT in Urea + AT and Urea + L likely decayed more rapidly under acidic soil conditions, resulting reduced NBPT efficacy and greater N loss at lower pH. Urea + AT and Urea + L reduced volatilization significantly by 18.2 percentage points compared to Urea or Urea + NS, and there were no significant differences between Urea + AT and Urea + L (α = 0.05). On average, NutriSphere-N® did not reduce volatilization.
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Wallace, Ashley J. "The effect of environment, soil type and farm system management on nitrogen use efficiency and nitrous oxide emissions from cereal crops in south eastern Australia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/232432/1/Ashley_Wallace_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis outlines findings from a series of field experiments measuring the efficiency with which wheat and barley crops grown in south eastern Australia utilise nitrogen (N) fertiliser, with particular focus on loss of N as emissions of the greenhouse gas: nitrous oxide. N use efficiency varied significantly across regions, seasons and management strategies, while nitrous oxide emissions were highest in high rainfall environments or under irrigation compared with lower rainfall environments. Strategies which match the rate and timing of fertiliser application to crop demand resulted in greater efficiency, offering opportunities to reduce the greenhouse footprint of crop production.
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Bobrowski, Anna Barbara Verfasser], Eberhard [Akademischer Betreuer] [Hartung, and Thomas [Gutachter] Amon. "Reduction of ammonia emissions by applying a urease inhibitor in dairy livestock systems / Anna Barbara Bobrowski ; Gutachter: Thomas Amon ; Betreuer: Eberhard Hartung." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2020. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:8-mods-2020-00505-4.
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Bobrowski, Anna Barbara [Verfasser], Eberhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Hartung, and Thomas [Gutachter] Amon. "Reduction of ammonia emissions by applying a urease inhibitor in dairy livestock systems / Anna Barbara Bobrowski ; Gutachter: Thomas Amon ; Betreuer: Eberhard Hartung." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1223925307/34.
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Moreira, Lílian Angélica. "Ureia estabilizada na adubação nitrogenada de cana-de-açúcar." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-03082017-111836/.
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A adubação nitrogenada de soqueira de cana-de-açúcar no Brasil normalmente é feita no período seco do ano e a principal fonte de N é o nitrato de amônio, apesar de a ureia ser o principal fertilizante nitrogenado consumido no Brasil e no mundo. Para viabilizar o uso de ureia em áreas de cana-de-açúcar colhida sem queima, com grande quantidade de palha recobrindo o solo, devem ser adotadas estratégias que reduzam as perdas de amônia por volatilização, como uso de ureia estabilizada com inibidores de urease. Trabalhos prévios indicaram a necessidade de aumentar a concentração do inibidor de urease NBPT na ureia para reduzir perdas de amônia por volatilização em áreas de cana-crua, porém os efeitos na produtividade da cultura ainda não foram estudados. A hipótese deste trabalho é de que o aumento da concentração do inibidor de urease NBPT na ureia irá proporcionar ganhos de produtividade comparado à ureia convencional, demonstrando a viabilidade do uso de ureia estabilizada para adubação de soqueira de cana-crua. O presente trabalho foi executado em dois locais (Experimento 1, Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico de textura muito argilosa e Experimento 2, Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo eutrófico de textura média) para avaliar o comportamento produtivo de soqueiras de cana-de-açúcar em função de doses de N nas formas de nitrato de amônio, ureia e ureia estabilizada com diferentes concentrações de NBPT. O delineamento experiemental foi de blocos inteiramente casualizados no esquema fatorial 6 x 2 + 1, sendo seis fontes de N (nitrato de amônio, ureia e ureia estabilizada com quatro doses de NBPT variando de 530 a 2000 mg kg-1), duas doses de N (50 e 100 kg ha-1 de N) e um tratamento adicional (Controle, sem adubação nitrogenada). Foram avaliados o perfilhamento, teor foliar de N, índice SPAD, produtividade de colmos, acúmulo de N na parte aérea e os atributos tecnológicos. Também foi avaliada a atividade enzimática da glutamina sintetase (GS) e nitrato redutase (NR) no Experimento 2. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância ao nível de 10 % de significância pelo teste F, e os fatores significativos foram comparados pelo teste Tukey a 10 % de significância. Os teores foliares de N não foram alterados pela interação dos fatores, sendo mais importante o aumento da dose de N, o que também ocorreu para atividade das enzimas GS e NR e para o índice SPAD. A produtividade de colmos foi influenciada distintamente entre as áreas. No Experimento 1, houve resposta significativa para as doses de N, independente da fonte de N . No Experimento 2 não houve diferença significativa na produtividade de colmos entre as doses e fontes de N. Os resultados deste trabalho indicam que não é necessário aumentar a concentração de NBPT na ureia e que, tanto a ureia convencional quanto a ureia estabilizada podem ser utilizadas para adubação nitrogenada de soqueira de cana-de- açúcar como fontes opcionais ao nitrato de amônio.Nitrogen fertilization of sugarcane ratoon in Brazil is usually performed in the dry period of the year and the main source of N is ammonium nitrate, although urea is the main nitrogen fertilizer consumed in Brazil and in the world. In order to allow urea usage in green cane trash blanketing (GCTB) systems, with high amount of straw left on soil surface, strategies that reduce ammonia losses are required, such as the use of urea stabilized with urease inhibitors. Previous research indicated the need to increase the concentration of the urease inhibitor NBPT in urea to reduce ammonia losses in GCTB systems, but the effects on such increase on yield performance is unclear. This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that increasing the concentration of NBPT in urea will provide yield gains when compared to untreated urea, demonstrating the feasibility of using stabilized urea in GCTB areas. Two field trials (Experiment 1, Oxisols of very clayey texture and Experiment 2, medium-texture Oxisols) were set up to evaluate the yield performance of sugarcane fertilized with N rates as ammonium nitrate, urea and urea stabilized with different concentrations of NBPT. The experimental design was a complete randomized blocks on factorial scheme 6 x 2 + 1, with six N sources (ammonium nitrate, urea and urea stabilized with NBPT concentration ranging from 530 to 2000 mg kg-1), two doses of N (50 and 100 kg ha-1 of N) and an additional control (no N fertilization). It was evaluated the tillering, foliar N content, SPAD index, crop yield, shoot N accumulation and the technological attributes. The enzymatic activity of glutamine synthetase (GS) and nitrate reductase (NR) was also evaluated in Experiment 2. Data were submitted to analysis of variance at the 10 % level of significance by the F test, and the significant factors were compared by the Tukey test at 10 % significance. Leaf N contents weren\'t affected by the interaction of the factors, being more important the increase of the dose of N, which also occurred for the activity of GS, NR and for the SPAD index. Sugarcane response to N fertilization varied among sites. In Experiment 1, there was a significant response to N rates, independently of N sources evaluted. In Experiment 2 there was no significant effect of N sources or rates on sugarcane yield. The results of this study indicate that increasing NBPT concentration in urea will not improve sugarcane yield. However, both urea and stabilized urea resulted in similar yield performance when compared to ammonium nitrate for fertilization of GCTB systems.
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Marcondes, Angela Lemos Prestes. "Volatilização de amônia de adubos nitrogenados sob diversas condições ambientais na cultura do milho." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2007. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1276.
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Experiments in laboratory and house of vegetation with two ground, one of arenaceous texture (PVAd) and another argillaceous one had been developed (NVdf), beyond a study the field, having for objective to evaluate the agronomic effectiveness of the nitrogen fertilization, evaluating losses of N for volatilization of different nitrogen seasonings: urea; urea + oil; urea + inhibiting of urease; urea + sulphate of ammonium and ammonium sulphate, applied in covering and superficially, the culture of the maize. In the study in laboratory, the determination of the volatilized N was carried through hermetically closed cylindrical bottles with use of collectors in two periods of evaluations, (3 and 7 days), two ground (arenaceous and argillaceous) and five nitrogen sources. In the study in vegetation house, two ground (arenaceous and argillaceous), six periods of evaluations (1, 2, 3, 4, 7 and 8 days) and five nitrogen sources had been used. One evaluated height of plant, diameter of colm, production of dry biomass and text of total N. In the study the field, had been evaluated the following sources of N in covering: urea, urea absorbed in oil, urea with inhibitor of urease and mixtures of 100 kg of N as urea with increasing doses of ammonium sulphate (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 kg ha-1 of N). The volatilized amount of N-NH3 was measured by means of ammonia collectors installed in the two lines central offices of each parcel in 3? and 7? day after fertilization. Total N in the fabric foliar and the grains, mass of 1000 grains and productivity was determined. In the study in laboratory and house of vegetation, the texture of the ground was verified that, as well as its CTC and amount of organic substance, had influenced the losses for volatilization of N-NH3, being bigger in the ground arenaceous (PVAd) of that in the ground argillaceous (NVdf) and with urea application in both the places, while that the imbibitions of the urea in oil did not imply in reduction of the loss of NNH3. The mixture urea (100 kg ha-1 of N) + ammonium sulphate (40 kg ha-1 of N) contributed for reduction of the losses of N-NH3, in average, of 8% in the evaluation lead in laboratory and 5% in the experiment in house of vegetation in comparison with the urea in the average of ground. The urea fertilization with inhibitor of urease presented minors losses and provided to one better exploitation of the N. In the study the field, the volatilization of ammonia occurred until 7? day after application of the treatments, being the total losses of the source urea of 13% and 4% in the urea with inhibitor of urease. The dose of ammonium sulphate in mixture with urea that implied in lesser loss of N-NH3 was of 9 kg ha-1 of N. Divide to low the rain availability, did not have significant difference of seasonings nitrogen in the maize productivity, but the urea fertilization with inhibitor of urease more provided to an increment of 377 kg in comparison the urea
Foram desenvolvidos experimentos em laboratório e em casa de vegetação com dois solos, um de textura arenosa (PVAd) e outro argiloso (NVdf), além de um estudo a campo, tendo por objetivo avaliar a eficácia agronômica da adubação nitrogenada, valiando perdas de N por volatilização de diferentes adubos nitrogenados: uréia; uréia + óleo; uréia + inibidor de urease; uréia + sulfato de amônio e sulfato de amônio, aplicados em cobertura e superficialmente, na cultura do milho. No estudo em laboratório, a determinação do N volatilizado foi realizada com o uso de frascos cilíndricos hermeticamente fechados com uso de coletores em dois períodos de avaliações, (3 e 7 dias), dois solos (arenoso e argiloso) e cinco fontes de nitrogênio. No estudo em casa de vegetação, foram utilizados dois solos (arenoso e argiloso), seis períodos de avaliações (1, 2, 3, 4, 7 e 8 dias) e cinco fontes de nitrogênio. Avaliou-se altura de planta, diâmetro do colmo, produção de biomassa seca e teor de N total. No estudo a campo, foram avaliadas as seguintes fontes de N em cobertura: uréia, uréia embebida em óleo, uréia com inibidor de urease e misturas de 100 kg de N como uréia com doses crescentes de sulfato de amônio (0, 10, 20, 30 e 40 kg ha-1 de N). A quantidade de N-NH3 volatilizada foi medida por meio de coletores de amônia instalados nas duas linhas centrais de cada parcela no 3º e 7º dia após adubação. Determinou-se N total no tecido foliar e nos grãos, massa de 1000 grãos e produtividade. No estudo em laboratório e em casa de vegetação, verificou-se que a textura do solo, bem como sua CTC e quantidade de matéria orgânica, influenciaram as perdas por volatilização de N-NH3, sendo maiores no solo arenoso (PVAd) do que no solo argiloso (NVdf) e com aplicação de uréia em ambos os locais, enquanto que a embebição da uréia em óleo não implicou em redução da perda de N-NH3. A mistura uréia (100 kg ha-1 de N) + sulfato de amônio (40 kg ha-1 de N) contribuiu para redução das perdas de N-NH3, em média, de 8% na avaliação conduzida em laboratório e em 5% no experimento em casa de vegetação em comparação com a uréia na média dos solos. A adubação de uréia com inibidor de urease apresentou menores perdas e proporcionou um melhor aproveitamento do N. No estudo a campo, a volatilização de amônia ocorreu até o 7º dia após aplicação dos tratamentos, sendo as perdas totais da fonte uréia de 13% e de 4% na uréia com inibidor de urease. A dose de sulfato de amônio em mistura com uréia que implicou em menor perda de N-NH3 foi de 9 kg ha-1 de N. Devida à baixa disponibilidade de chuva, não houve diferença significativa dos adubos nitrogenados na produtividade de milho, mas a adubação de uréia com inibidor de urease proporcionou um incremento de 377 kg a mais em comparação a uréia
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Mira, Acácio Bezerra de. "Increasing NBPT rates to reduce ammonia volatilization losses from urea applied over sugarcane straw." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-09082016-152120/.
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Urea is the main nitrogen (N) fertilizer used worldwide, but N losses in the form of ammonia (NH3) is a major problem when this fertilizer is topdressed over crop residues. The treatment of urea with N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) decreases the activity of urease enzyme and volatilization losses in many crops. However, the amount of straw over the soil in green cane trash blanketing (GCTB) systems affect the effectiveness of NBPT-treated urea in reducing NH3 losses. The hypothesis of this study is that an increase of NBPT concentration in NBPT-treated urea above the commercial concentration adopted nowadays (530 mg kg-1) is necessary to reduce volatilization losses and improve the efficiency of this fertilizer in GCTB systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate, under field conditions, NH3 losses from urea amended with four NBPT concentrations and applied over sugarcane straw. Six field trials were carried out across the State of São Paulo, the main sugarcane-cropped area in Brazil. It was adopted the randomized block experimental design with four replications. The treatments consisted of urea amended with the NBPT concentrations 0, 530, 850, 1500 and 2000 mg kg-1, ammonium nitrate and a control treatment (without N fertilizer). The NH3 volatilization was measured through an enclosure semi-static collector system containing two polyethylene foam discs treated with orthophosphoric acid and glycerol. The foam discs were collected and replaced at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25 and 30 days after the fertilizer application (DAF). The N trapped into the foams was extracted using deionized water and the N concentration determined by Flow Injection Analysis (FIA). Boltzmann sigmoidal models were fitted to cumulative losses of NH3 along the days. Cumulative losses between locals were compared by Tukey HSD and the effect of NBPT concentrations were tested by regression analyses (P<0.05). There was a significant effect of local and environmental conditions on amount of NH3 losses. NBPT was less effective in reducing NH3 losses under high temperatures and thick straw layer, probably because of the high urease activity and the early inhibitor degradation. The increase on NBPT concentration on urea above 530 mg kg-1 not only delayed the time of maximum rate of loss (Tmax), but also reduced cumulative NH3 losses. The two higher NBPT concentrations promoted an average delay of six days from untreated urea Tmax. Linear reduction of NH3 emissions occurred up to the NBPT concentration of 1000 mg kg-1 that reduced 43% of NH3 losses as compared to urea. Any increment in NBPT concentration above this range did not reflect in substantial reduction of NH3 losses. Increase NBPT concentration showed potential in reducing NH3 volatilization losses under GCTB sugarcane, however, further research is necessary to evaluate the impact of NH3 savings on sugarcane yield and the economic feasibility of this technology.A ureia é o principal fertilizante nitrogenado utilizado em todo o mundo, porém, perdas de nitrogênio (N) na forma de amônia (NH3) são um importante problema associado ao uso desse fertilizante. O tratamento da ureia com N-(n-butil) tiofosfórico triamida (NBPT) reduz a atividade da enzima urease e a volatilização de NH3 em muitos cultivos. Entretanto, a quantidade de palha sobre o solo em sistemas de cultivo da cana-de-açúcar colhida sem queima (CCSQ) afeta a eficiência do tratamento da ureia com NBPT em reduzir as perdas de NH3. A hipótese deste estudo é que é necessário aumentar a concentração de NBPT na ureia acima da atual concentração comercial (530 mg kg-1) para reduzir as perdas por volatilização, de modo a viabilizar o uso de ureia tratada com NBPT em sistemas de CCSQ. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar, em condições de campo, as perdas de NH3 de ureia tratada com quatro concentrações de NBPT e aplicada sobre a palhada de cana-de-açúcar. Seis experimentos de campo foram conduzidos no Estado de São Paulo, principal área cultivada com cana-de-açúcar no Brasil. Foi utilizado delineamento aleatorizado em blocos com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram em ureia tratada com NBPT nas concentrações 0, 530, 850, 1500 e 2000 mg kg-1, nitrato de amônio e um tratamento controle (sem adubação nitrogenada). A volatilização e NH3 foi mensurada através de sistema coletor semiestático fechado, contendo dois discos de espuma de polietileno embebidos com solução de ácido ortofosfórico e glicerina. Os discos de espuma foram coletados e substituídos aos 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25 e 30 dias após a aplicação dos fertilizantes (DAF). O N retido nas espumas foi extraído usando água deionizada e a concentração de N determinada por Análise por Injeção em Fluxo (FIA). Modelos sigmoides de Boltzmann foram ajustados para as perdas cumulativas de NH3 ao longo dos dias. As médias das perdas acumuladas entre locais foram comparadas usando teste de Tukey e o efeito das concentrações de NBPT foi testado por análise de regressão (P<0,05). Houve forte influência do local e das condições ambientais nas perdas de NH3. O NBPT foi menos eficiente reduzir as perdas de NH3 em condições de alta temperatura e grossa camada de palha, provavelmente devido à alta atividade de urease e à degradação prematura do inibidor. O aumento na concentração de NBPT na ureia acima de 530 mg kg-1 não apenas retardou o pico de máxima taxa de perda diária (Tmax), mas também reduziu as perdas acumuladas de NH3. As duas maiores concentrações de NBPT promoveram um retardamento médio de seis dias em relação ao Tmax da ureia. Uma redução linear nas emissões de NH3 foi verificada até a dose de 1000 mg kg-1 de NBPT, que levou a uma redução de 43% nas perdas em comparação à ureia não tratada. Incrementos na concentração de NBPT acima desse valor não se refletiram em redução substancial das perdas de NH3. Aumentar a concentração de NBPT na ureia demonstrou potencial em reduzir as perdas e NH3 por volatilização em sistemas de CCSQ, entretanto são necessárias mais pesquisas avaliando o impacto do N preservado no sistema sobre a produtividade da cana-de-açúcar e a viabilidade econômica dessa tecnologia.
Books on the topic "Urease inhibitor"
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Kiss, S., and M. Simihăian. Improving Efficiency of Urea Fertilizers by Inhibition of Soil Urease Activity. Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1843-1.
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M, Simihǎian, ed. Improving efficiency of urea fertilizers by inhibition of soil urease activity. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.
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Herlihy, Kara M. Conformational and biomimetic studies on hydroxamic acids and their metal complexes. University College Dublin, 1997.
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Saxena, S. C. Investigation on new chitin synthesis inhibitors with special reference to their mode of action and effect on insect reproduction. Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Rajastan, 1989.
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J, Radel R., ed. Degradation of urease inhibitors in soils. Tennessee Valley Authority National Fertilizer Development Center, 1988.
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Kiss, S., and M. Simihaian. Improving Efficiency of Urea Fertilizers by Inhibition of Soil Urease Activity. Springer, 2002.
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Kiss, S., and M. Simihaian. Improving Efficiency of Urea Fertilizers by Inhibition of Soil Urease Activity. Springer, 2013.
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Kiss, S., and M. Simihaian. Improving Efficiency of Urea Fertilizers by Inhibition of Soil Urease Activity. Springer London, Limited, 2013.
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Kiss, S. Improving Efficiency of Urea Fertilizers by Inhibition of Soil Urease Activity. Springer, 2010.
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Watson, Catherine J. Urease Activity and Inhibition - Principles and Practice (Proceedings of the International Fertiliser Society S.). International Fertiliser Society, 2000.
Book chapters on the topic "Urease inhibitor"
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Wang, Y., A. Edin-Liljegren, L. Grenabo, H. Hedelin, and S. Pettersson. "Citrate — A Strong Inhibitor of Urease-Induced Crystallization in Urine." In Urolithiasis 2. Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2556-1_87.
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Kiss, S., and M. Simihăian. "Urease Inhibitors Used with Another Purpose than Inhibition of Soil Urease Activity." In Improving Efficiency of Urea Fertilizers by Inhibition of Soil Urease Activity. Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1843-1_11.
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Kiss, S., and M. Simihăian. "Soil Urease Inhibitors Used in Combination with Nitrification and/or Algal Inhibitors." In Improving Efficiency of Urea Fertilizers by Inhibition of Soil Urease Activity. Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1843-1_7.
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Kiss, S., and M. Simihăian. "Combined Use of Inhibitors of Soil Urease Activity." In Improving Efficiency of Urea Fertilizers by Inhibition of Soil Urease Activity. Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1843-1_4.
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Voss, Regis D. "Potential for Use of Urease Inhibitors." In Nitrogen in Crop Production. American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/1990.nitrogenincropproduction.c38.
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Kiss, S., and M. Simihăian. "Comparative Studies on the Efficiency of Different Inhibitors of Soil Urease Activity." In Improving Efficiency of Urea Fertilizers by Inhibition of Soil Urease Activity. Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1843-1_5.
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Kiss, S., and M. Simihăian. "Effect of Soil Urease Inhibitors on Germination, Growth, and Yield of Plants." In Improving Efficiency of Urea Fertilizers by Inhibition of Soil Urease Activity. Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1843-1_8.
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Kiss, S., and M. Simihăian. "Introduction." In Improving Efficiency of Urea Fertilizers by Inhibition of Soil Urease Activity. Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1843-1_1.
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Kiss, S., and M. Simihăian. "Use of Urease Inhibitors in the Analysis of Urea and/or Ammonium from Urea-treated Soils." In Improving Efficiency of Urea Fertilizers by Inhibition of Soil Urease Activity. Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1843-1_10.
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Kiss, S., and M. Simihăian. "Conclusions." In Improving Efficiency of Urea Fertilizers by Inhibition of Soil Urease Activity. Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1843-1_12.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Urease inhibitor"
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Hefley, Chalone, Marty Rhoades, Brock Blaser, and David Parker. "Nutrient Content of Wheat and Corn in Response to the Application of Urea and the Urease Inhibitor NPBT." In 2017 Spokane, Washington July 16 - July 19, 2017. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.201701426.
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Motamedi, Saeed, Robert Nelson, Val Edwards-Jones, and Shaun Greer. "P096 The potent urease inhibitor flurofamide effectively suppresses ammonia production by the colonic microflora." In Abstracts of the British Association for the Study of the Liver Annual Meeting, 22–24 November 2021. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Society of Gastroenterology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2021-basl.104.
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David B. Parker, Syam Pandrangi, L. Wayne Greene, et al. "Application Rate and Timing Effects on Urease Inhibitor Performance for Minimizing Ammonia Emissions From Beef Cattle Feedyards." In 2004, Ottawa, Canada August 1 - 4, 2004. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.16787.
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Lambers, J. W. J., M. Cammenga, B. Konig, H. Pannekoek, and J. A. van Mourik. "ACTIVATION OF HUMAN ENDOTHELIAL TYPE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR (PAI-1) BY NEGATIVELY CHARGED PHOSPHOLIPIDS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1642807.
Full textAbstract:
The endothelial cell type plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) may exist in an active, latent form that can be converted into an active form upon exposure to denaturants such as sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), guanidine-HCl or urea. Here we show that latent PAI-1 can be activated with lipid vesicles, consisting of the negatively charged phospholipids phosphatidylserine (PS) or phosphatidylinositol (PI). The presence of a net negative charge on the phospholipid headgroup is essential for activation. Incubation with lipid vesicles, consisting of the zwitterionic phospholipids phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanol-amine (PE), does not result in activation of the inhibitor. In the presence of PS vesicles, the capacity of PAI-1 to inhibit tissue type plasminogen activator (t-PA) is 50-fold higher than that of the untreated protein. For comparison, the activity of PAI-1 was enhanced 25-fold by treatment of the protein with SDS. PS induces activation of the inhibitor at much lower concentrations than SDS. For example, to achieve 50% inhibition of t-PA with a more than 100-fold excess of PAI-1, 0.25 nmoles of PS are required, whereas L.60 nmoles of SDS are necessary to reach half maximal inactivation of t-PA. Activation of PAI-1 by PS can be reversed by the addition of Ca2+-ions, suggesting that Ca2+-ions interfere with the interaction of PAI-1 with the negatively charged lipid surface, thus preventing its activation. The lipid-induced activation of PAI-1 points to a possibly important role of phospholipids in fibrinolysis; regulation of the fibrinolytic activity in blood plasma may ultimately be determined by the extent to which these phospholipids activate the inhibitor of t-PA.This study was supported by the Netherlands Thrombosis Foundation.
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Deviney, Alison V., J. Mark Rice, and John J. Classen. "<i>Urease Inhibition in Solutions and Urine</i>." In 2017 Spokane, Washington July 16 - July 19, 2017. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.201701273.
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Pireddu, Roberta, Kara Forinash, Nan N. Sun, et al. "Abstract 3904: Pyridylthiazole-based ureas as inhibitors of Rho-associated protein kinases." In Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-3904.
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Chmielewska, J., and B. Wiman. "ON THE KINETICS OF THE INHIBITION OF PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATORS BY THE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR PAI-1." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1642808.
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The kinetics of the inhibition of the following plasminogen activators: one- and two-chain tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and low and high molecular weight urokinase (UK) by PAI-1 was studied. For this purpose direct systems were employed and the reactions were studied in the presence of different concentrations of plasminogen activator chromogenic substrates. The second-order rate constant of the association reaction was estimated from the initial decline in plasminogen activator activity. Determination of the rate constants in the absence of substrates was performed by plotting the rate constants versus the substrate concentrations and extrapolation to zero concentration. The rate constants with all plasminogen activators were very similar and estimated as 2 - 4 x 107 M-1 x s-1. The reactions were also studied in the presence of 6-aminohexanoic acid, lysine, arginine, guanidinium chloride (final concentrations for all substances about 1 mmol/L) and heparin (10 mg/L), without any significant effect on the rate constants. The effect of soluble fibrin (bathroxobin-digested fibrinogen in urea) at 10 - 300 nmol/L was also studied. With one-chain t-PA the rate constant was decreased about 10-fold with the highest fibrin concentration and about 2-fold at 30 nmol/L. In contrast, the reactions with urokinase or two-chain t-PA were not influenced by fibrin at these concentrations. These findings may have a physiological significance: the one-chain t-PA adsorbed to the fibrin surface and actively involved in fibrinolysis would be protected against inactivation by PAI. This phenomenon adds further to the physiological fibrin specificity of one-chain t-PA.
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Mathialagan, R., N. Mansor, and M. R. Shamsuddin. "Kinetic properties of soil urease inhibited by allicin and NBPT (N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide)." In 6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT (ICENV2018): Empowering Environment and Sustainable Engineering Nexus Through Green Technology. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5117097.
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Khan, Momin. "Bis-1,3,4-Oxadiazole Derivatives As Novel And Potential Urease Inhibitors; Synthesis, In Vitro, And In Silico Studies." In International Conference on Biological Research and Applied Science. Jinnah University for Women, Karachi,Pakistan, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37962/ibras/2022/82.
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Weber, A., A. Engelmaier, M. Zimmermann, G. Prodinger, and E. Minibeck. "Long-Term Stability of Alpha1-Proteinase Inhibitor and Urea in Biological Sample Matrices." In American Thoracic Society 2020 International Conference, May 15-20, 2020 - Philadelphia, PA. American Thoracic Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a4740.
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