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Journal articles on the topic 'Uremic encephalopathy'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Rosner, Mitchell H., Faeq Husain-Syed, Thiago Reis, Claudio Ronco, and Raymond Vanholder. "Uremic encephalopathy." Kidney International 101, no. 2 (2022): 227–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2021.09.025.

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2

Pravin, Sachdev Shobha, Ashwin Kumar Azhagarasan, Murugan Gopalakrishnan, and Vishal Ramnath Chanan. "A Rare Presentation Of Sepsis Associated Metabolic Encephalopathy With Superadded Uremic Encephalopathy – A Case Report." Journal of Neonatal Surgery 14, no. 14S (2025): 870–72. https://doi.org/10.63682/jns.v14i14s.4377.

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Background: Sepsis-associated metabolic encephalopathy is seen in critically ill patients. Uremia worsens sepsis, causing significant cognitive and mental status changes. Objective: To highlight the imaging patterns of septic and uremic encephalopathy. Methods: The patient was brought to the emergency with decreased responsiveness for 2 days. Comprehensive lab evaluations and imaging studies were conducted. Results: Imaging diagnosis was made based on the characteristic brain parenchymal changes in correlation with clinical and lab parameters. On follow up post treatment changes revealed resol

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3

Millichap, J. Gordon. "Hemolytic-Uremic Encephalopathy." Pediatric Neurology Briefs 6, no. 11 (1992): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-6-11-2.

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4

Manorenj, Sandhya, S. Sravan Kumar, and Chillapuram Shashanka. "Cytotoxic Edema of Bilateral Semicentrum Ovale in Uremic Encephalopathy: A Rare Radiological Entity." SVOA Neurology 6, no. 2 (2025): 47–49. https://doi.org/10.58624/svoane.2025.06.009.

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Uremic encephalopathy can mimic clinically and radiologically like a stroke. The presence of cytotoxic edema in bilateral semicentrum ovale without involvement of basal ganglion is uncommon in uremic encephalopathy in a diabetic patient. Here we demonstrate the rare white matter radiological subtype of uremic encephalopathy in a 48-year-old woman with chronic kidney disease.

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5

Park, Jong-Ho, Han-Joon Kim, and Seong-Min Kim. "Acute Chorea with Bilateral Basal Ganglia Lesions in Diabetic Uremia." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 34, no. 2 (2007): 248–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100006144.

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Uremia is a syndrome of clinical and metabolic abnormalities, which develops in parallel with the deterioration of renal function. Uremic encephalopathy is one of many manifestations of acute or chronic renal failure. It is usually applied to patients with cortical involvement, such as confusion, seizure, tremor, myoclonus, or asterixis. Some cases of acute extrapyramidal movement disorders associated with bilateral basal ganglia lesions, especially parkinsonism have been reported in uremic patients. Here, we report a diabetic uremic patient who developed acute chorea associated with bilateral

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6

Xu, Liangshi, and Ruyi Zhang. "Nobiletin alleviates brain injury in uremic mice and inhibits indoxyl sulfate-induced neurotoxicity in HT22 cells through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway." Cytojournal 22 (March 3, 2025): 27. https://doi.org/10.25259/cytojournal_233_2024.

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Objective Uremic encephalopathy presents as central nervous system symptoms in acute and chronic renal failure. Nobiletin (NOB), an extract from chenpi, has demonstrated anti-inflammatory bioactivity and potential neuroprotective effects without remarkable toxicity. This study aims to evaluate the pharmacological effects of NOB on treating uremic brain injury and elucidate its underlying mechanisms. Material and Methods A uremic encephalopathy mouse model was established by inducing renal failure with cisplatin (DDP). The therapeutic effects of NOB were investigated by assessing its effect on

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7

Becky, Maria Biju, Mathew Anitha, and Joseph Biji. "Uremic Encephalopathy in End Stage Renal Disease A Case Report." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 3, no. 4 (2019): 816–17. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd23945.

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UREMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY is an acute or sub acute organic brain syndrome that occurs in patients with advanced renal failure and is frequently associated with GFR less than 10ml min 1.73m2. Under conditions of renal failure where the blood level of urea is high. The common symptoms include sluggishness, fatigue, day time drowsiness, insomnia, slurring of speech, anorexia, myoclonus, asterixis, aphasic episode, coma and convulsion. In this case a 69 year old male patient with history of ESRD, was presented with certain neurological symptoms associated with uremic encephalopathy. This case report a

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8

Bouchard, P. R., A. D. Weldon, R. M. Lewis, and B. A. Summers. "Uremic Encephalopathy in a Horse." Veterinary Pathology 31, no. 1 (1994): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098589403100116.

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9

Ishizaki, Yuri, Ryuzoh Nishizono, Masao Kikuchi, Hiroko Inagaki, Yuji Sato, and Shouichi Fujimoto. "Case Report: A Case of Encephalopathy Presenting the Lentiform Fork Sign on MRI in a Diabetic Dialysis Patient." F1000Research 9 (October 20, 2021): 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.25597.2.

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Basal ganglia lesions showing an expansile high signal intensity on T2-weighted MRI are termed the lentiform fork sign. This specific finding is mainly observed in diabetic patients with uremic encephalopathy with metabolic acidosis, although there are also reports in patients with ketoacidosis, dialysis disequilibrium syndrome, intoxication, and following drug treatment (e.g., metformin). A 57-year-old Japanese man on chronic hemodialysis for 4 years because of diabetic nephropathy was admitted to our hospital for relatively rapid-onset gait disturbance, severe dysarthria, and consciousness d

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10

Ishizaki, Yuri, Ryuzoh Nishizono, Masao Kikuchi, Hiroko Inagaki, Yuji Sato, and Shouichi Fujimoto. "Case Report: A Case of Encephalopathy Presenting the Lentiform Fork Sign on MRI in a Diabetic Dialysis Patient." F1000Research 9 (December 2, 2021): 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.25597.3.

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Basal ganglia lesions showing an expansile high signal intensity on T2-weighted MRI are termed the lentiform fork sign. This specific finding is mainly observed in diabetic patients with uremic encephalopathy with metabolic acidosis, although there are also reports in patients with ketoacidosis, dialysis disequilibrium syndrome, intoxication, and following drug treatment (e.g., metformin). A 57-year-old Japanese man on chronic hemodialysis for 4 years because of diabetic nephropathy was admitted to our hospital for relatively rapid-onset gait disturbance, severe dysarthria, and consciousness d

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11

Ishizaki, Yuri, Ryuzoh Nishizono, Masao Kikuchi, Hiroko Inagaki, Yuji Sato, and Shouichi Fujimoto. "Case Report: A case of encephalopathy presenting the lentiform fork sign on MRI in a diabetic dialysis patient - diabetic uremic syndrome or metformin-related encephalopathy?" F1000Research 9 (August 11, 2020): 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.25597.1.

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Basal ganglia lesions showing an expansile high signal intensity on T2-weighted MRI are termed the lentiform fork sign. This specific finding is mainly observed in diabetic patients with uremic encephalopathy with metabolic acidosis, although there are also reports in patients with ketoacidosis, dialysis disequilibrium syndrome, intoxication, and following drug treatment (e.g., metformin). A 57-year-old Japanese man on chronic hemodialysis for four years because of diabetic nephropathy was admitted to our hospital for relatively rapid-onset gait disturbance, severe dysarthria, and consciousnes

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12

Putri, Pratiwi Hendro, Dea Rahma Kustiwa, Wina Carolina, et al. "Encefalopati uremikum pada pasien gagal ginjal: Laporan kasus." JOURNAL OF Medical Surgical Concerns 4, no. 1 (2024): 17–25. https://doi.org/10.56922/msc.v2i1.385.

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Background: Patients with kidney failure often experience clinical symptoms related to fluid and electrolyte imbalance, anemia, malnutrition, and gastrointestinal disorders. One of the complications of kidney failure is Uremic Encephalopathy (UE). Uremic encephalopathy is an organic brain disorder that occurs in patients with acute or chronic kidney failure. Usually the creatinine clearance level decreases and remains below 15 mL/minute. Purpose: To discuss aspects of definition, epidemiology, etiology and risk factors, classification, pathophysiology, diagnosis, management, complications and

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13

Ortiz, A., N. Martin-Llonch, M. P. Garron, M. L. Alberola, C. Caramelo, and A. Ortiz-Gonzalez. "Cefazolin-Induced Encephalopathy in Uremic Patients." Clinical Infectious Diseases 13, no. 4 (1991): 772–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/13.4.772.

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14

Geyer, J., D. Höffler, H. G. Demers, and R. Niemeyer. "Cephalosporin-Induced Encephalopathy in Uremic Patients." Nephron 48, no. 3 (1988): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000184921.

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15

Radi, Z. A., B. V. Thomsen, and B. A. Summers. "Renal (Uremic) Encephalopathy in a Goat." Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A 52, no. 8 (2005): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0442.2005.00752.x.

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16

Akman, Canan, Dilek Ülker Çakır, Serkan Bakırdöğen, and Serdal Balcı. "The Effect of Serum Calcium Levels on Uremic Encephalopathy in Patients with Acute Kidney Injury in the Emergency Department." Medicina 55, no. 5 (2019): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina55050204.

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Background and objectives: Uremic encephalopathy is the most important complication of renal failure and urgent dialysis treatment is required. Parathormone (PTH) contributes to the etiopathogenesis of uremic encephalopathy. PTH is a hormone that acts in the calcium balance in the organism. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of serum adjusted and ionized calcium on the development of uremic encephalopathy in patients with acute renal injury (acute kidney injury network (AKIN) stage 3). Materials and Methods: Our study was supported by Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University Scientifi

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17

Biju, Becky Maria, Anitha Mathew, and Biji Joseph. "Uremic Encephalopathy in End Stage Renal Disease: A Case Report." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-4 (2019): 816–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd23945.

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18

Greco, Federico, Andrea Buoso, Laura Cea, et al. "Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Uremic Encephalopathy: Identifying Key Imaging Patterns and Clinical Correlations." Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 14 (2024): 4092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm13144092.

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Background/Objectives: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is essential in diagnosing neurological conditions, offering detailed insights into brain pathology. Uremic encephalopathy (UE) is a severe neurological disorder resulting from renal failure, characterized by cognitive impairments and brain abnormalities due to the accumulation of uremic toxins (UTs). Despite extensive research on UTs, there is a significant gap in the detailed characterization of MRI findings in UE patients. This study aims to bridge this gap by conducting a comprehensive literature review of cerebral MRI findings in UE.

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19

Campistol, J. M., A. Cases, A. Botey, and A. Revert. "Acute Aluminum Encephalopathy in an Uremic Patient." Nephron 51, no. 1 (1989): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000185252.

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20

Pascual, Julio, Fernando Liaño, and Joaquin Ortuño. "Cefotaxime-Induced Encephalopathy in an Uremic Patient." Nephron 54, no. 1 (1990): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000185817.

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21

Ando, Takashi, Amane Araki, Shinichi Terao, and Yosuke Saka. "Bilateral internal capsule lesions in uremic encephalopathy." Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience 4, no. 6 (2016): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ncn3.12089.

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22

Kothare, SanjeevV, RobinT Varughese, YashD Shah, and AlanA Johnson. "Atypical Imaging Presentation of Neonatal Uremic Encephalopathy." Neurology India 70, no. 5 (2022): 2315. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0028-3886.359192.

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23

Jonkman, Joost, Alle W. de Weerd, Dick C. J. Poortvliet, et al. "Neurometrics in cerebral ischemia and uremic encephalopathy." Brain Topography 4, no. 4 (1992): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01135565.

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24

Schwankhaus, John D., Elmo F. Masucci, and John F. Kurtzke. "Cefazolin-induced encephalopathy in a uremic patient." Annals of Neurology 17, no. 2 (1985): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.410170221.

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25

Wills, M. R. "Uremic toxins, and their effect on intermediary metabolism." Clinical Chemistry 31, no. 1 (1985): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/31.1.5.

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Abstract In the late stages of chronic renal damage the functional mass of the kidney is reduced and there is progression to renal insufficiency, usually called uremia, in which all aspects of renal function are affected. The complexity of the biochemical aspects of the syndrome of uremia is a manifestation of the wide variety and nature of the individual disorders that contribute to the pathogenesis of the final clinical syndrome. One major feature is the retention of metabolic end products and their effects, as toxins, on intermediary metabolism. The retained end products, working singly or

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26

Niwa, Toshlmitsu, Hldeo Yoshizumi, Yutaka Emoto, et al. "Accumulation of quinolinic acid in uremic serum and its removal by hemodialysis." Clinical Chemistry 37, no. 2 (1991): 159–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/37.2.159.

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Abstract Quinolinic acid was first identified in uremic serum by use of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Quantification by selected ion monitoring revealed that the serum concentration of quinolinic acid was markedly increased in chronic hemodialysis patients, and that the acid could be removed by conventional hemodialysis. The serum concentration of quinolinic acid was weakly but significantly correlated with the serum uric acid concentration. Accumulation of quinolinic acid in uremic blood may be involved in the pathogenesis of anemia, suppressed immune system, and uremic encephalopathy

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27

Nathaniel Mbaba, Awajimijan, Khalid Mohamed Abdalla, and Hamza Mustapha Ahmed. "Lentiform fork sign: A distinctive neuroradiologic manifestation of uremic encephalopathy—A case report." International Journal of Case Reports and Images 15, no. 2 (2024): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5348/101476z01am2024cr.

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Introduction: The lentiform fork sign is a unique magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearance of the basal ganglia believed to be due to acute metabolic acidosis and seen in several conditions that result in metabolic acidosis such as uremic encephalopathy. Case Report: We present the case of a 76-year-old hypertensive and diabetic male patient with end-stage renal failure on dialysis, whose brain MRI revealed bilateral symmetrical T2W and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery hyperintensities in the basal ganglia, surrounded by a hyperintense rim delineating the lentiform nuclei, giving rise to

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28

Lahel, Ranjit Singh, Gaurav Vohra, Amit Chail, and Anju Kumari. "Relevance of ‘Lentiform fork sign’ on MRI in definitive early diagnosis of uremic encephalopathy." Journal of Dr. YSR University of Health Sciences 13, no. 4 (2024): 353–56. https://doi.org/10.4103/jdrysruhs.jdrysruhs_135_23.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Uremic encephalopathy (UE) is a metabolic and neurological disorder related to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and is frequently associated with metabolic acidosis. Typical imaging findings in the form of Lentiform fork sign under the gamut of ‘Central posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome’ have been considered specific in early diagnosis of UE. Methods: This descriptive hospital-based cross-sectional study was done including 23 patients with ESRD who were diagnosed as having UE over a period of 2 years, with a review of their clinical presentation, biochemical pro

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29

Kim, D. M., I. H. Lee, and C. J. Song. "Uremic Encephalopathy: MR Imaging Findings and Clinical Correlation." American Journal of Neuroradiology 37, no. 9 (2016): 1604–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.a4776.

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30

Okada, J., K. Yoshikawa, H. Matsuo, K. Kanno, and M. Oouchi. "Reversible MRI and CT findings in uremic encephalopathy." Neuroradiology 33, no. 6 (1991): 524–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00588046.

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31

Nogae, Syoji, Mitsunobu Matsubara, Masami Ogawa, and Keitaro Saito. "MRI findings in uremic encephalopathy. A case report." Journal of Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy 25, no. 7 (1992): 709–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4009/jsdt1985.25.709.

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32

Kola, E., I. Bakalli, R. Lluka, et al. "Fulminating Shigella Encephalopathy (ekiri syndrome)." Paediatria Croatica 56, no. 3 (2012): 261–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.13112/pc.738.

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Complications of shigella infection include both intestinal and extraintestinal manifestations. Hemolytic uremic syndrome and central nervous system complications are among the most common extraintestinal manifestations of shigellosis. Neurological manifestation, particularly seizures and encephalopathy, are not common in childhood shigellosis. Brain edema is a common finding in patients presenting with severe shigella encephalopathy. Shiga toxin production is not essential for development of shigella associated neurological symptoms. Early recognition and proper management of cases of severe

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33

He, Yueyue. "To Analyze the Effect of Hemodialysis, Hemoperfusion, and Oral Olanzapine on Uremic Encephalopathy." Clinical Neuroscience Research 3, no. 1 (2025): 8–12. https://doi.org/10.26689/cnr.v3i1.10140.

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Objective: To analyze the effects of hemodialysis, hemoperfusion, and oral olanzapine in patients with uremic encephalopathy. Methods: 70 patients with uremic encephalopathy admitted to the hospital from January 2023 to August 2024 were selected and divided into groups according to a random drawing method, with 35 cases in each group. The control group was treated with hemodialysis and olanzapine orally, and the observation group was treated with hemoperfusion. PANSS scores, biochemical indexes, and inflammatory factors were compared between the two groups. Results: PANSS score, biochemical in

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34

Mahale, Rohan R., Kiran Buddaraju, M. S. Gireesh, Purushottam Acharya, and Rangasetty Srinivasa. "Acute Generalized Chorea as Presenting Manifestation of Uremic Encephalopathy." Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice 08, S 01 (2017): S156—S158. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jnrp.jnrp_158_17.

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35

Das, N., X. Wu, and A. Malhotra. "Regarding “Uremic Encephalopathy: MR Imaging Findings and Clinical Correlation”." American Journal of Neuroradiology 38, no. 3 (2017): E23—E24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.a5058.

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36

Hosaka, Takashi, Kiyotaka Nakamagoe, and Akira Tamaoka. "Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome-associated Encephalopathy Successfully Treated with Corticosteroids." Internal Medicine 56, no. 21 (2017): 2937–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.8341-16.

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37

OOMRIGAR, SHIVAAN, JOSE C. FERNANDEZ, CRISTOFFER RIVERA, MICHAEL ASHLEY, DANIEL I. ZAPATA, and SABRINA ARSHED. "LENTIFORM FORK SIGN IN UREMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY: A RARE PHENOMENON." CHEST 166, no. 4 (2024): A2456—A2457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2024.06.1499.

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38

Nair, Rahul, Chandrabhushan Sharma, and Sulakshana Sekhar. "Pancreatitis associated uremic encephalopathy presenting with lentiform fork sign." Journal of Applied Sciences and Clinical Practice 4, no. 2 (2023): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jascp.jascp_45_22.

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39

Windpessl, Martin, Yanbo Wang, Elisabeth Lassnig, and Manfred Wallner. "Rhabdomyolysis due to severe hypothyroidism culminating in uremic encephalopathy." Renal Failure 36, no. 5 (2014): 829–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/0886022x.2014.890057.

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40

Frye, Melinda A., Jeremy S. Johnson, Josie L. Traub-Dargatz, Catherine J. Savage, Martin J. Fettman, and Daniel H. Gould. "Putative uremic encephalopathy in horses: five cases (1978-1998)." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 218, no. 4 (2001): 560–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2001.218.560.

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41

Hosur, Bharat, Pradeep Lather, and Satyendra Raghuvanshi. "Disappearing Lentiform Fork: A Marker of Treatable Uremic Encephalopathy." Neurology India 71, no. 5 (2023): 1096. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0028-3886.388062.

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42

Sleem, M., T. Afroze, A. Yusuf, M. Abdelsalam, and J. Walker. "Hemolytic uremic syndrome complicated by posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome." American Journal of the Medical Sciences 367 (February 2024): S365—S366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9629(24)00652-9.

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43

Dr., Jale Venkat, and Anwar. H. Mujawar Dr. "A Case Report of Acute Leukoencephalopathy as an Initial Neurological Presentation of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology (IJISRT) 10, no. 2 (2025): 1921–23. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14979741.

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Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) is a common hereditary disorder characterized by progressive renal cyst formation and extrarenal manifestations. While neurological complications such as intracranial aneurysms and hypertensive encephalopathy are recognized, acute leukoencephalopathy remains an extremely rare presentation. This case report discusses a 38-year-old male presenting with acute neurological symptoms, including hemiparesis, dysarthria, and encephalopathy, ultimately diagnosed as ADPKD with uremic leukoencephalopathy. Neuroimaging revealed bilateral white matter ab

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44

Maddock, A. L., and C. Westenfelder. "Urea induces the heat shock response in human neuroblastoma cells." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 7, no. 2 (1996): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v72275.

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Uremic encephalopathy is a complication of renal failure that reflects stresses exerted by as yet poorly defined uremic toxins. All cells respond to stresses by undergoing the "heat shock" response. Although urea kinetics and creatinine concentration are routinely used to assess dialysis adequacy, the roles of urea and creatinine as uremic toxins remain controversial. To investigate their potential roles in uremic encephalopathy, cultured human neuroblastoma cells (SK-N-SH) were exposed to 0.5 to 14 mg/dL creatinine, or to 20 to 200 mg/dL urea, or to mannitol, NaCl, or glycerol at equivalent o

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45

Seifter, Julian, and Martin Samuels. "Uremic Encephalopathy and Other Brain Disorders Associated with Renal Failure." Seminars in Neurology 31, no. 02 (2011): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1277984.

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46

Arık, Nurol, Nilgün Cengiz, and Ahmet Bilge. "Metronidazole-Induced Encephalopathy in a Uremic Patient: A Case Report." Nephron 89, no. 1 (2001): 108–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000046052.

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47

Camara-Lemarroy, Carlos R., Hazael Flores-Cantu, Camilo D. Gonzalez-Velazquez, Hector J. Calderon-Hernandez, Alejandra G. Mendoza-Garcia, and Hector J. Villareal-Velazquez. "Bilateral cytotoxic edema of the centrum semiovale in uremic encephalopathy." Journal of the Neurological Sciences 345, no. 1-2 (2014): 260–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2014.07.019.

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48

Yanagisawa, Atsuhiro, Takehiko Inui, Yoshiyuki Namai, et al. "Hemolytic uremic syndrome complicated by acute necrotizing encephalopathy of childhood." Nihon Shoni Jinzobyo Gakkai Zasshi 22, no. 2 (2009): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3165/jjpn.22.161.

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49

Prüss, Harald, Eberhard Siebert, and Florian Masuhr. "Reversible cytotoxic brain edema and facial weakness in uremic encephalopathy." Journal of Neurology 256, no. 8 (2009): 1372–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00415-009-5125-3.

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50

Marthadinata, Felicity P., I. Dewa Gede Amara Putra Wibawa, and I. Wayan Sunaka. "Successful treatment of an urgent dialysis patient with uremic encephalopathy." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 10, no. 8 (2023): 626–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20232211.

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Diabetes has become a global pandemic and is believed to be one of the most common risk factors for chronic kidney disease, which leads to end-stage renal disease, of which a significant number will develop, requiring renal replacement therapy. Uremic encephalopathy is the most frequent complication of untreated chronic kidney disease, is defined as cerebral dysfunction due to toxin accumulation. If this occurs, renal replacement therapy, which is urgent dialysis, is essential for lowering the patient's mortality. We report a 48-year-old female patient with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes who pre

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