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Journal articles on the topic 'Urgonien'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 June 2024

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1

Monier, P., and S. Ferry. "Mise en evidence d'un haut-fond pre-urgonien dans le Barremien du mont Ventoux ; role sedimentaire de la faille de Nimes." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France III, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 191–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.iii.1.191.

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2

Yavarmanesh, Hoda, Seyed Hamid Vaziri, Ali Asghar Aryaei, Davood Jahani, Mohsen Pourkermani, and Ebrahim Khademi Bouriabadi. "Benthic Foraminiferal and Calcareous Algae Assemblages in the Tirgan Formation (Urgonien Facies Type) in South Flank of Ghorogh Syncline (North of Chenaran), NE Iran." Open Journal of Geology 07, no. 06 (2017): 796–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2017.76054.

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3

Serratrice, Jean François. "Suivi des déformations du massif rocheux sous la fondation de la pile VII du Pont du Gard." Revue Française de Géotechnique, no. 164 (2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/geotech/2020023.

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Le Pont du Gard est un pont-aqueduc romain construit vers 50 après JC pour assurer le franchissement des gorges du Gardon par un aqueduc d’alimentation de la ville de Nîmes (France). Le pont-aqueduc et le pont routier attenant sont édifiés sur un entablement calcaire urgonien, karstifié et fracturé. Les ouvrages enjambent le lit mineur du Gardon par une voûte qui relie les piles VII et VIII. D’un point de vue géologique, ce chenal profond constitue une incision fracturée majeure dans ce paysage rocheux. Depuis près d’un siècle, les craintes d’une déstabilisation des flancs subverticaux de ce chenal ont motivé la mise en place de protections et de dispositifs de renforcement du massif rocheux. Un appareillage constitué par deux boulons instrumentés au moyen de capteurs extensométriques et une sonde de température a été mis en place dans l’appui rocheux de la pile VII et a fait l’objet d’un suivi pendant plusieurs années. Cette auscultation révèle des déformations de la roche qui évoluent avec le régime saisonnier des températures atmosphériques. Parmi les fluctuations journalières, des petits évènements semblent pouvoir être attribués à la variation de la température de l’eau pendant certaines crues du Gardon. Un calcul approximatif de ces variations saisonnières et momentanées a été effectué au moyen d’une formulation analytique. Un premier paragraphe présente une revue bibliographique des effets thermiques dans les massifs rocheux sous l’influence des conditions climatiques. Le paragraphe suivant est consacré à la présentation du site, de ses conditions environnementales et des travaux de renforcement. Les principales caractéristiques du dispositif d’auscultation sont présentées ensuite, puis les données recueillies. Une simulation des effets de la température est proposée enfin. Les résultats permettent d’expliquer effectivement l’ordre de grandeur des déformations observées dans la roche.

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4

Sudar, Milan, Divna Jovanovic, Aleksandra Maran, and Svetlana Polavder. "Late Barremian-Early Aptian Urgonian Limestones from the south-eastern Kucaj Mountains (Carpatho-Balkanides, Eastern Serbia)." Annales g?ologiques de la Peninsule balkanique, no. 69 (2008): 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gabp0869013s.

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The newest results of sedimentological and paleontological investigations of part of the Urgonian Limestones studied in the surrounding of Boljevac on the SE slopes of the Kucaj Mts. (Carpatho-Balkanides, eastern Serbia) are presented. On two localities, near the village Faca Vajali, four types of microfacies and one subtype within the bioclastic limestones were separated. The characteristics of the depositional environments of the investigated Urgonian Limestones were studied and are discussed. At the base of the established rich microassociations of foraminifera and algae, the vertical distribution of foraminiferal species was precisely defined which enabled the determination the the age of this part of the Urgonian Limestones as Late Barremian-Early Aptian.

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5

Frau, Camille, Anthony J. B. Tendil, and Cyprien Lanteaume. "New Insights into the Platform-to-basin Anatomy of the Urgonian Bas-Vivarais Domain (Lower Cretaceous; SE France)." Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International 27, no. 9 (July 26, 2023): 19–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jgeesi/2023/v27i9703.

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This paper offers a new contribution to our ongoing harmonization efforts concerning the chronostratigraphic model of the southern France Urgonian-type carbonate platforms, which surrounded the Vocontian Basin during the Early Cretaceous. A multi-stratigraphic approach on the classical sections of the Ardèche River gorges and the Saint-Remèze Plateau have been used for reconstructing the evolution of the Bas-Vivarais Urgonian domain along an inner-to-outer platform profile; the latter being nearly perpendicular to the eastern Vocontian platform margin. In our transect, the installation and first developments of the Urgonian platform domain occured during the early Barremian Taveraidiscus hugii and Kotetishvilia nicklesi ammonite zones. This first platform stage was interrupted at a brief emersion episode that lasted through the Nicklesia pulchella ammonite zone, and resulted in the deposition of a sedimentary wedge with limited gradual downward, basinward shift in inner platform facies. This was followed by the regional deposition of shallow-water communities dominated by corals, echinoids, and orbitolinids, which passes basinward into open-marine, ammonite-bearing marly deposits in the Saint-Remèze Plateau outcrops. This change in facies was previously referred to as the Serre de Tourre Beds (STB), and dated to the Kotetishvilia compressissima and Moutoniceras moutonianum ammonite zones. The STB are further identified to as the local sedimentary expression of the Mid-Barremian Event recording a brief warming climate pulse testified by the presence of Offneria simplex, a caprinid rudist of Caribbean origin. Above, there is a regional recovery of inner platform Urgonian facies during the early late Barremian showing a striking progradational basinward trend. The latter, and its subsequent developments are in need of investigations. Taken together, the general evolution of the Urgonian Bas-Vivarais domain shows strong similarities with the sedimentary context of the nearby Subalpine Urgonian platform during the early Barremian. The finding of common sedimentary signals is more difficult with the Provence platform domain at that time.

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6

Nikolov, Todor, Nikolina Ruskova, and Khrischo Khrischev. "Principles of the Lower Cretaceous lithostratigraphy in Bulgaria." Geologica Balcanica 21, no. 6 (December 30, 1991): 3–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.21.6.3.

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The Lower Cretaceous deposits are widespread in North Bulgaria: in the Fore-Balkan, the Transitional Zone, and the Moesian Platform. The scheme of the formal lithostratigraphic units includes 37 Formations and has been elaborated for all this territory on the basis of outcrops and numerous boreholes. Four Groups (West-Balkan Carbonatic Group, Central-Balkan Flysch Group, Vraca Urgonian Group and Loveč Urgonian Group) consist of 19 Formations, and the other 18 Formations are independent. A total of 15 Members has been introduced within 9 of the Formations. The composition and interrelations of tbe lithostratigraphic units reflect the inhomogeneities and the different tendencies of the development of tile Early Cretaceous basin. The most expressive facies boundary in the west-east direction is the so-called Jablanica Line. West of it, carbonatic and marly deposits predominate in the Fore-Balkan. The carbonatic Formations belong to the West-Balkan Carbonatic Group and the Vraca Urgonian Group. The Salaš Formation is built up of clayey limestones and marls, and is widespread in the West Fore-Balkan, as well as in the western part of .the Moesian Platform. The asymmetry of the basin with a dry land as source region to the south of it, is clearly outlined to the east of the Jablanica Line, within: the Central and East Fore-Balkan and the adjacent Transitional Zone. This character of the basin controlled a facies differentiation with development of predominantly terrigeneous units in the south, and of carbonatic and marly units, to the north. This difference is expressed at its best at the lower levels of the Lower Cretaceous where units of the Central-Balkan Flysch Group are interfingering with units of the West-Balkan Carbonatic Group. The lateral transition takes place within the Transitional Zone. At higher stratigrapic levels (Hauterivian - Aptian) the asymmetry is expressed into a horizontal transition of terrigenous non-flysch deposits (Kamchija Formation and Roman Formation) with predominantly marly deposits (Gorna-Orjahovica and Trâmbeš Formations) to the north. A specific feature is the presence of Urgonian deposits in the Transitional Zone (Loveč Urgonian Group). At both sides of its development area, fans of the terrigeneous deposits of the Roman Formation are traced towards north. They are bounded to the Iskar (at the west) and Etar (to the east) depressions. Urgonian limestones occur also within the Moesian Platform in the area of Ruse (Ruse Formation). The highest (Albian) levels of the Lower Cretaceous section have been observed only in northwest Bulgaria. They are represented by the marls of the Sumer Formation, the glauconitic predominantly sandy deposits of Malo Peštene Formation, and the marls of Rabiša Formation.

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7

Staneva, Krasimira. "PALEONTOLOGICAL HERITAGE RESOURCES FOR TOURISM IN BULGARIA." Knowledge International Journal 28, no. 7 (December 10, 2018): 2475–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij28072475k.

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A specific approach is needed based on a comprehensive study of both tourist resources and habitats / natural findings of fossils for develop a successful tourist product targeting customers who have interests in paleontology. The aim of the study is to evaluate the possibilities of modeling paleontological destinations in the country using leaf imprints and fossils. Fossils have their unique origins. They are formed at a certain point in geological development and in a specific geographic location. In this respect, by their genesis and common character, they are non-renewable resources of high scientific, educational, commercial and amateur value, which can be considered as a tourist resource. Two different paleontological outcrops have been studied: the Lovech Urgonian Group in Northern Bulgaria and the Smolyan Palaeogene Basin in the Western Rhodopes. Destination Lovech Urgonian Group: sampling rocks with finds of Orbitolina, Foraminifera, Algae, coral, Gastropoda, Bivalvia associated with coral reefs in the sedimentary rocks of the Lovech Urgonian Group are situated in the region of Veliko Tarnovo and Lovech. They are connected to a Urgonian paleo Sea, whose age is Low Cretaceous.Destination Smolyan Paleogene basin: different leaf imprints are found in the sedimentary rocks, representatives of the families Platanacea, Fagacaea, Lauraceae, Pinaceae, Podocarpaceae and others with different ecological characteristics. The paleo-floristic diversity shows a dynamic climatic situation through the Paleogene period in this region. The tourists accessibility to the natural revelations of paleo-reefs in North Bulgaria and of the palaeoflora outcrops in the Smolyan region is assessed. An assessment of the tourist infrastructure, the existence of geological landscapes, panoramic views and paleontological museum expositions has been made. The specialized paleontological museums in the country are limited in number. And the offering of paleontological tourist destinations is the opportunity for tourists with interests in the natural history and the live evolution to find a suitable form for satisfying their special interests.

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8

Staneva, Krasimira. "PALEONTOLOGICAL HERITAGE RESOURCES FOR TOURISM IN BULGARIA." Knowledge International Journal 28, no. 7 (December 10, 2018): 2475–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij29082475k.

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A specific approach is needed based on a comprehensive study of both tourist resources and habitats / natural findings of fossils for develop a successful tourist product targeting customers who have interests in paleontology. The aim of the study is to evaluate the possibilities of modeling paleontological destinations in the country using leaf imprints and fossils. Fossils have their unique origins. They are formed at a certain point in geological development and in a specific geographic location. In this respect, by their genesis and common character, they are non-renewable resources of high scientific, educational, commercial and amateur value, which can be considered as a tourist resource. Two different paleontological outcrops have been studied: the Lovech Urgonian Group in Northern Bulgaria and the Smolyan Palaeogene Basin in the Western Rhodopes. Destination Lovech Urgonian Group: sampling rocks with finds of Orbitolina, Foraminifera, Algae, coral, Gastropoda, Bivalvia associated with coral reefs in the sedimentary rocks of the Lovech Urgonian Group are situated in the region of Veliko Tarnovo and Lovech. They are connected to a Urgonian paleo Sea, whose age is Low Cretaceous.Destination Smolyan Paleogene basin: different leaf imprints are found in the sedimentary rocks, representatives of the families Platanacea, Fagacaea, Lauraceae, Pinaceae, Podocarpaceae and others with different ecological characteristics. The paleo-floristic diversity shows a dynamic climatic situation through the Paleogene period in this region. The tourists accessibility to the natural revelations of paleo-reefs in North Bulgaria and of the palaeoflora outcrops in the Smolyan region is assessed. An assessment of the tourist infrastructure, the existence of geological landscapes, panoramic views and paleontological museum expositions has been made. The specialized paleontological museums in the country are limited in number. And the offering of paleontological tourist destinations is the opportunity for tourists with interests in the natural history and the live evolution to find a suitable form for satisfying their special interests.

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9

Schlagintweit, Felix. "The late Berriasian early evolutionary burst of the Orbitolinidae: New insights into taxonomy, origin, diversification and phylogeny of the family based on data from eastern Serbia." Carnets de géologie (Notebooks on geology) 21, no. 15 (August 17, 2021): 343–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/carnets.2021.2115.

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New data from the Carpatho-Balkanides of eastern Serbia evidence the more or less near-simultaneous "explosive" first appearances of several genera of the Orbitolinidae in the late Berriasian. Most of the observed taxa were previously recorded from strata not older than the Late Hauterivian (= classical Urgonian of southeastern France), evidence that these ages refer to local first appearance data. The diversified assemblage from Serbia includes representatives of the subfamilies Dictyoconinae: genera Cribellopsis ARNAUD-VANNEAU, Montseciella CHERCHI & SCHROEDER, Orbitolinopsis HENSON, Urgonina FOURY & MOULLADE, Valserina SCHROEDER & CONRAD, Vanneauina SCHLAGINTWEIT, and Dictyorbitolininae: genus Paracoskinolina MOULLADE. Representatives of the Orbitolininae (with complex embryo) have not been observed. They appeared later in the fossil record seemingly during the Late Hauterivian-early Barremian. All together 17 taxa are reported, of which three in open nomenclature. A new species is described as Cribellopsis sudari n. sp. The majority of the observed species display medium- to high-conical tests and a rather simple exoskeleton lacking horizontal partitions (rafters). The new data contradict a phylogenetic evolution of distinct genera displaying different internal test structures one after the other in time (= ancestor-descendant relationships) as postulated by some authors. The explosive radiation ("early burst") of the Orbitolinidae in the late Berriasian is accompanied by the first appearance date of several other large benthic foraminifera including mostly agglutinating (e.g., Ammocycloloculina, Choffatella, Drevennia, Eclusia, Moulladella, Pfenderina, Pseudotextulariella) but also complex porcelaneous taxa (Pavlovcevina) providing evidence for a bioevent in this time period that exceeds the number of taxa originating in the previous (Tithonian) and the following stage (Valanginian). The early evolutionary history of the Orbitolinidae can be considered a classical example of adaptive radiation within the clade's history.

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10

Prosorovsky, V. A. "The Urgonian facies of Central Asia." Cretaceous Research 11, no. 3 (September 1990): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0195-6671(05)80010-2.

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11

Nikolov, Todor, Bernard Peybernès, Iskra Lakova, Richard Ciszak, Michel Durand-Delga, and Marin Ivanov. "Sur l’âge Tithonien-Berriasien du lithostratotype de la Formation Magura (anticlinal de Belogradchik, Prébalkan Occidental) : implications paléogéographiques." Geologica Balcanica 31, no. 3-4 (December 30, 2001): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.31.3-4.37.

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In the Western Fore-Balkan, micropaleontologic assemblages (Calpionellids, benthic Foraminifera, Algae) observed within the lithostratotype ofthe Magura Formation (Magura cave - Rabisha hill, Northern limb of the Belogradchik anticline) evidence its Late Tithonian and Berriasian (Early to Middle) age. This formation can be regarded as a lateral tongue (more or less reefal) of the lower part of the Makresh Fonnation, described in the well R-l, situated more the North, close to the village of Makresh on the Moesian Platfonn. Magura Formation is also older than the "urgonian"-type massive limestones, Barremian in age, from the Oreshets-Rouzhintsi area (SE), previously included in the same formation, which must be rather correlated to the Simeonovo Formation, more the North, and the Banitsa tongue, first unit of the Vratsa Urgonian Group cropping out to the South-East.

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12

Carevic, Ivana, Darivojka Ljubovic-Obradovic, Monika Bozinovic, and Velimir Jovanovic. "Upper Barremian-Lower Aptian Urgonian limestone's in the Rakova bara section (Carpatho-balkanides, NE Serbia): Analysis and comparison with adjacent areas." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 90, no. 1 (2010): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd1001001c.

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The Upper Barremian-Lower Aptian succession is recorded from a limestone sequence that crops out in the surrounding of Rakova Bara in the Carpatho-Balkanides range in northeastern Serbia. The micropalaeontological and sedimentological studies lead to recognition of the two types of microfacies. The benthic foraminiferal association consists of Vercorsella laurentii, Rumanoloculina robusta, Praechrysalidina infracretaceae, Dictyoconus gr. arabicus, Debarina hahounerensis, Charentia cuvilieri and Pseudocyclammina lituus that confirm the stratigraphical and palaeoenvironmental connection of the microfossil assemblages with the classical Urgonian-type, shallow-water carbonate sedimentation. The association documented for the first time in the study area is considered typical of the Tethyan Realm. The stratigraphical position of the benthic foraminifera species within the Upper Barremian-Lower Aptian interval is discussed. The Urgonian Limestone's of the studied section are comparable with adjacent areas of eastern Serbia and Romanian South Carpathians. .

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13

Ferry, Serge, and Danièle Grosheny. "Growth faults affecting depositional geometry, facies and sequence stratigraphy record on a carbonate platform edge (South Vercors Urgonian platform, SE France)." BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin 190 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2018017.

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The first two calcarenite units at the base of the Urgonian limestones on the southern edge of the platform bear different depositional geometries depending on place (Cirque d’Archiane to Montagnette and Rocher de Combau). The lower calcarenite unit (Bi5 of Arnaud H. 1981. De la plate-forme urgonienne au bassin vocontien. Le Barrémo-Bédoulien des Alpes occidentales entre Isère et Buëch (Vercors méridional, Diois oriental et Dévoluy). Géologie Alpine, Grenoble, Mémoire 12: 3. Disponible sur https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00662966/document), is up to 200 m thick and shows three different patterns, in terms of accommodation space, from the western Archiane Cirque to the Montagnette to the east. On the western side of the Cirque, the unit begins on slope fine-grained limestone with thin sigmoïdal offlap geometry, suggesting little available space after a relative sea level fall. It is overlain by thick progradational/aggradational, then purely aggradational calcarenite capped by a coral and rudist-bearing bed. This bed is, therefore, interpreted as a maximum (although moderate) flooding facies. The depositional geometry is different on the eastern side of the Cirque, where a progradational pattern in the lower part of the unit is interrupted by a rotational movement affecting the depositional profile. The deformation promoted aggradation updip and retrogradation downdip as a result of starvation. The inferred growth fault updip (thought to be responsible for the change) began to function earlier at the Montagnette, explaining the huge calcarenite clinoforms found there, filling a deeper saddle created in the depositional profile. The same fault probably was reactivated later during the deposition of the overlying, thinner Bi6-1 unit, which appears at Rocher de Combau with an uncommon tidal facies at the base. A rotational bulge, created by the inferred growth fault, would have protected a small area behind it to spare the local calcarenite deposition from the waves for a while. These two examples show that sequence stratigraphic interpretation may differ from one place to the other, and even show opposite trends due to this kind of disturbance.

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14

CHINZEI, K. "Urgonian Limestone in the Type Area, Southern France." Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) 94, no. 1 (1985): plate1—plate2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5026/jgeography/94.1_plate1.

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15

Lobacheva, Svetlana V. "The Urgonian brachiopods of Kopetdag (Trans-Caspian Region)." Cretaceous Research 11, no. 3 (September 1990): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0195-6671(05)80004-7.

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16

Nikolov, Todor, and Petar Parashkevanov. "Some fossil cephalopods from the Loveč Urgonian Group at the village of Puševo, Veliko Târnovo District (Lower Cretaceous, Central Fore-Balkan)." Geologica Balcanica 25, no. 1 (February 28, 1995): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.25.1.61.

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The sediments of the Loveč Urgonian Group are very rich in bivalves, gastropods, echinoderms, brachiopods, corals, chaetetids, sponges, algae, but quite rare in cephalopods. For that reason, the outcrops of some cephalopods in Magâra Tongue in the Bâlgarene Formation and the Debelcovo-Mladen Tongue of the Emen Formation at the village of Puševo, Veliko Târnovo District are interesting. They all date the Barremian Age.

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17

Granier, Bruno. "Heteroporella ? paucicalcarea (CONRAD, 1970), an Urgonian Dasycladalean alga revisited." Carnets de géologie (Notebooks on geology), Articles (February 2013): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4267/2042/48737.

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18

Kowal-Kasprzyk, Justyna, Anna Waśkowska, Jan Golonka, Michał Krobicki, Petr Skupien, and Tadeusz Słomka. "The Late Jurassic–Palaeogene Carbonate Platforms in the Outer Western Carpathian Tethys—A Regional Overview." Minerals 11, no. 7 (July 9, 2021): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11070747.

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The present work focuses on palaeogeographic reconstruction of shallow-water carbonate deposition in the Outer Western Carpathian Tethys. Platform deposits are preserved only as a component of turbidites and olistostromes, and reconstructions of these platforms are based on clastic material redistributed into slopes and deep basins and occurring among the Outer Carpathian nappes. Similar platforms were also present on the Tethys margins. These reconstructions were performed using the global models of plate tectonics. Several ridges covered by carbonate platforms developed in that area during the latest Jurassic–Palaeogene times. Three main shallow-water facies associations—Štramberk, Urgonian, and Lithothamnion–bryozoan—could be distinguished. The Tithonian–lowermost Cretaceous Štramberk facies is related to early, synrift–postrift stage of the development of the Silesian Domain. Facies that are diversified, narrow, shallow-water platforms, rich in corals, sponges, green algae, echinoderms, foraminifera, microencrusters, and microbes are typical of this stage. The Urgonian facies developed mainly on the south margin of the Outer Carpathian basins and is characterised by organodetritic limestones built of bivalves (including rudists), larger benthic foraminifera, crinoids, echinoids, and corals. Since the Paleocene, in all the Western Outer Carpathian sedimentary areas, Lithothamnion–bryozoan facies developed and adapted to unstable conditions. Algae–bryozoan covers originating on the siliciclastic substrate are typical of these facies. This type of deposition was preserved practically until the final stage in the evolution of the Outer Carpathian basins.

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19

GRANIER, Bruno, Bernard CLAVEL, Michel MOULLADE, Robert BUSNARDO, Jean CHAROLLAIS, Guy TRONCHETTI, and Pierre DESJACQUES. "L'Estellon (Baronnies, France), a "Rosetta Stone" for the Urgonian biostratigraphy." Carnets de géologie (Notebooks on geology), Articles (July 2013): 163–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.4267/2042/51213.

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20

Preobrazhensky, Mikhael B. "Urgonian lithofacies and fauna of the Kopetdag Basin, southern USSR." Cretaceous Research 11, no. 3 (September 1990): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0195-6671(05)80009-6.

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21

Moutier, Lionel, and Jean-Pierre Masse. "Urgonian "chalks" from Provence (S.E. France) : A sedimentologic and diagenetic approach." Géologie Méditerranéenne 21, no. 3 (1994): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/geolm.1994.1546.

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22

Wagner, H. P., and P. Chevaldonné. "Tethysbaena ledoyeri n. sp., a new thermosbaenacean species (Thermosbaenacea) from the Port-Miou karstic aquifer in southern France." Crustaceana 93, no. 7 (September 4, 2020): 819–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685403-bja10068.

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Abstract A new species of the thermosbaenacean genus Tethysbaena Wagner,1994 is described as T. ledoyeri n. sp. Together with an as yet undescribed amphipod (Niphargus sp.) it is an inhabitant of the brackish water of an aquifer that flows through the Basse-Provence Urgonian karstic system and reaches the Mediterranean Sea, 15 km east of Marseille, in the “Calanques” coast. The new taxon, being part of the T. argentarii-group, is compared with its closest allies in this group. Preliminary DNA data obtained from two specimens of the new species provide confirmation of its close ties to T. argentarii but also to T. scabra, the two geographically closest described species.

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23

MASSE, J., M. FENERCI, and E. PERNARCIC. "Palaeobathymetric reconstruction of peritidal carbonatesLate Barremian, Urgonian, sequences of Provence (SE France)." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 200, no. 1-4 (November 1, 2003): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-0182(03)00445-0.

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24

Minkovska, Vyara. "Microfacies of the Emen Formation (Lovetch Urgonian Group, Lower Cretaceous, Fore-Balkan)." Geologica Balcanica 26, no. 3 (September 30, 1996): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.26.3.21.

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Detailed microfacial analysis of three sections of the Emen Formation (Lovech Urgonian Group, Central Fore-Balkan) revealed thirteen different facies types corresponding to distinct sedimentary environments on the carbonate platform, such as basin, external and internal platform. Among these, facies types of the internal platform seem to be the most common. The section near the "Al. Stamboliyski" dam differs from the one near Emen village and from a drillhole section ("Preobrazhenski manastir") because of the diverse compositional structures of the limestones and the large number of shaly-terrigeneous intercalations. The upper part of the "Al. Stamboliyski" section is composed of mixed muddy-terrigeneous facies types. These characteristics are interpreted as the result of different settings on the carbonate platform in terms of paleogeography, reflecting also changing of the depositional conditions through time. This study, based on the quantified curves of vertical evolution of microfacies associations, provides a key to the temporal and spatial evolution of sedimentation during the deposition of the Emen Formation. The facies types described in this study can be directly compared to those recently defined in the Lower Cretaceous carbonate platform of Southern France.

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Clavel, Bernard, Jean Charollais, Marc Conrad, Roger Jan du Chêne, Robert Busnardo, Silvia Gardin, Elisabetta Erba, et al. "Dating and progradation of the Urgonian limestone from the Swiss Jura to South-East France." Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften 158, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 1025–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/1860-1804/2007/0158-1025.

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Suciu, Traian, George Pleş, Tudor Tămaş, Ioan I. Bucur, Emanoil Săsăran, and Ioan Cociuba. "New insights into the depositional environment and stratigraphic position of the Gugu Breccia (Pădurea Craiului Mountains, Romania)." Carnets de géologie (Notebooks on geology) 21, no. 11 (June 24, 2021): 215–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/carnets.2021.2111.

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The study of the carbonate clasts and matrix of a problematic sedimentary formation (the Gugu Breccia) from the Pădurea Craiului Mountains reveals new information concerning its depositional environment and stratigraphic position. The identified microfacies and micropaleontological assemblages demonstrate that all the sampled limestone clasts from the Gugu Breccia represent remnants of a fragmented Urgonian-type carbonate platform. The Barremian age of the clasts suggests that the stratigraphic position of the Gugu Breccia at its type locality could be uppermost Barremian-lowermost Aptian, a fact demonstrated also by the absence of elements from Lower Cretaceous carbonate platforms higher in the stratigraphic column (e.g., Aptian or Albian) of the Bihor Unit. The sedimentological observations together with the matrix mineralogy bring new arguments for the recognition of terrigenous input during the formation of the Gugu Breccia.

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Plašienka, Dušan, Viera Šimonová, and Jana Bučová. "Nucleation and amplification of doubly-plunging anticlines: the Butkov pericline case study (Manín Unit, Western Carpathians)." Geologica Carpathica 69, no. 4 (August 1, 2018): 365–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geoca-2018-0022.

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Abstract The Manín Unit represents a transitional tectonic element between the Central Western Carpathians and the Pieniny Klippen Belt. The overall map-view structure of the Manín Unit is dominated by elliptical antiforms composed of comparatively competent Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous strata, surrounded by soft Upper Cretaceous shales, marls and sandstones. During layer-parallel shortening, the Manín sedimentary succession behaved as a multilayer reinforced by a variously thick rigid layer of massive Urgonian limestone. The multilayer deformed by flexural slip folding, but the fold wavelength was controlled by the rigid layer undergoing buckling. It is inferred that, besides the lateral thickness differences in the rigid layer, development of brachyfolds and particularly periclines such as the Butkov fold also resulted from the interference of two perpendicular macroscopic fold systems.

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Frau, Camille, Anthony J. B. Tendil, Jean-Pierre Masse, Rémy Richet, Jean R. Borgomano, Cyprien Lanteaume, and Emmanuel Robert. "Revised biostratigraphy and regional correlations of the Urgonian southern Vercors carbonate platform, southeast France." Cretaceous Research 124 (August 2021): 104773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104773.

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Fekete, Kamil, Ján Soták, Daniela Boorová, Otília Lintnerová, Jozef Michalík, and Jacek Grabowski. "An Albian demise of the carbonate platform in the Manín Unit (Western Carpathians, Slovakia)." Geologica Carpathica 68, no. 5 (October 26, 2017): 385–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geoca-2017-0026.

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Abstract The production of platform carbonates of the Manín Unit (Manín Straits, Central Western Carpathians) belonging to the Podhorie and Manín formations and formed by remains of rudists and benthic foraminifers (Urgonian-type carbonates), was previously assumed to terminate during the Aptian. First, we show that these deposits were primarily formed on the upper slope (Podhorie Formation) and in a fore-reef environment (Manín Formation). Second, biostratigraphic data indicate that the shallow-water production persisted up to the Albian, just as it did in another succession of the Manín Unit. The Podhorie Fm contains colomiellids (Colomiella recta, C. mexicana) and calcareous dinoflagellates (Calcisphaerula innominata) that indicate the Albian age. It also contains planktonic foraminifers (Ticinella roberti, Ticinella cf. primula, Ticinella cf. madecassiana, Ticinella cf. praeticinensis) of the Albian Ticinella primula Zone. The Podhorie Formation passes upwards into peri-reefal facies of the Manín Fm where we designate the Malý Manín Member on the basis of rudists shell fragments and redeposited orbitolinids. Microfacies associations share similarities with the Urgonian-type microfacies from Mediterranean Tethys and allow us to restrict the growth and the demise of the carbonate platform. δ13C and δ18O isotopes change over a broad range of both formations: δ13C is in the range +1.03 to +4.20 ‰ V-PDB and δ18O is in the range −0.14 to −5.55 ‰ V-PDB. Although a close correlation between δ13C and δ18O indicates diagenetic overprint, a long-term increase of δ13C can indicate a gradual increase in the aragonite production and/or increasing effects of oceanic water masses in the course of the Albian, prior to the final platform drowning. Carbonate platform evolution was connected with submarine slumps and debris flows leading to redeposition and accumulation of carbonate lithoclasts and bioclastic debris on the slope. Our study confirms that the growth of carbonate platforms in the Central Western Carpathians was stopped and the platform collapsed during the Albian, in contrast to the westernmost Tethys. A hardground formed during the Late Albian is overlain by Albian - Cenomanian marls of the Butkov Formation with calcisphaerulid limestones characterized by planktonic foraminifers of the Parathalmanninella appenninica Zone and calcareous dinoflagellates of the Innominata Acme Zone.

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Fournier, François, Philippe Léonide, Luuk Kleipool, Renault Toullec, John J. G. Reijmer, Jean Borgomano, Thomas Klootwijk, and Jeroen Van Der Molen. "Pore space evolution and elastic properties of platform carbonates (Urgonian limestone, Barremian–Aptian, SE France)." Sedimentary Geology 308 (July 2014): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2014.04.008.

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Frau, Camille, Anthony J. B. Tendil, Alexandre Pohl, and Cyprien Lanteaume. "Revising the timing and causes of the Urgonian rudistid-platform demise in the Mediterranean Tethys." Global and Planetary Change 187 (April 2020): 103124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2020.103124.

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Solak, Cemile, Kemal Taslı, and Hayati Koç. "Benthic foraminifera from the Albian shallow-marine limestones in the Geyik Dağı area (Central Taurides), southern Turkey." Journal of Paleontology 95, no. 4 (March 12, 2021): 673–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2021.17.

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AbstractCretaceous carbonates in the Geyik Dağı area (Central Taurides, southern Turkey) are represented by two successions with different paleoenvironmental settings: open shelf to slope succession of Cenomanian to Danian age and inner platform succession of Albian to Maastrichtian age, which is interrupted by a post-Cenomanian disconformity. Outcropped lowermost part of the platform-type one is composed of rudistid limestones corresponding to the Urgonian-type carbonates and belongs to the Geyik Dağı Unit (=Anamas-Akseki Carbonate Platform). It contains a rich assemblage of larger benthic foraminifera including orbitolinid, chrysalidinid, cuneolinid, nezzazatid, and miliolid taxa, which has been illustrated and documented here for the first time from the upper Albian of the Tauride Carbonate Platform. The occurrence of such a diversified foraminiferal fauna indicates a prominent high diversity that took place in the Tauride Carbonate Platform during the late Albian time, which corresponds to a major emersion period in some parts of the platform.

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33

Föllmi, K. B., M. Bôle, N. Jammet, P. Froidevaux, A. Godet, S. Bodin, T. Adatte, V. Matera, D. Fleitmann, and J. E. Spangenberg. "Bridging the Faraoni and Selli oceanic anoxic events: late Hauterivian to early Aptian dysaerobic to anaerobic phases in the Tethys." Climate of the Past 8, no. 1 (January 30, 2012): 171–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-171-2012.

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Abstract. A detailed geochemical analysis was performed on the upper part of the Maiolica Formation in the Breggia (southern Switzerland) and Capriolo sections (northern Italy). The analysed sediments consist of well-bedded, partly siliceous, pelagic carbonate, which lodges numerous thin, dark and organic-rich layers. Stable-isotope, phosphorus, organic-carbon and a suite of redox-sensitive trace-element contents (RSTE: Mo, U, Co, V and As) were measured. The RSTE pattern and Corg:Ptot ratios indicate that most organic-rich layers were deposited under dysaerobic rather than anaerobic conditions and that latter conditions were likely restricted to short intervals in the latest Hauterivian, the early Barremian and the pre-Selli early Aptian. Correlations are both possible with organic-rich intervals in central Italy (the Gorgo a Cerbara section) and the Boreal Lower Saxony Basin, as well as with the facies and drowning pattern in the Helvetic segment of the northern Tethyan carbonate platform. Our data and correlations suggest that the latest Hauterivian witnessed the progressive installation of dysaerobic conditions in the Tethys, which went along with the onset in sediment condensation, phosphogenesis and platform drowning on the northern Tethyan margin, and which culminated in the Faraoni anoxic episode. This episode is followed by further episodes of dysaerobic conditions in the Tethys and the Lower Saxony Basin, which became more frequent and progressively stronger in the late early Barremian. Platform drowning persisted and did not halt before the latest early Barremian. The late Barremian witnessed diminishing frequencies and intensities in dysaerobic conditions, which went along with the progressive installation of the Urgonian carbonate platform. Near the Barremian-Aptian boundary, the increasing density in dysaerobic episodes in the Tethyan and Lower Saxony Basins is paralleled by a change towards heterozoan carbonate production on the northern Tethyan shelf. The following return to more oxygenated conditions is correlated with the second phase of Urgonian platform growth and the period immediately preceding and corresponding to the Selli anoxic episode is characterised by renewed platform drowning and the change to heterozoan carbonate production. Changes towards more humid climate conditions were the likely cause for the repetitive installation of dys- to anaerobic conditions in the Tethyan and Boreal basins and the accompanying changes in the evolution of the carbonate platform towards heterozoan carbonate-producing ecosystems and platform drowning.

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34

Aubert, Irène, Philippe Léonide, Juliette Lamarche, and Roland Salardon. "Diagenetic evolution of fault zones in Urgonian microporous carbonates, impact on reservoir properties (Provence – southeast France)." Solid Earth 11, no. 4 (July 5, 2020): 1163–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1163-2020.

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Abstract. Microporous carbonate rocks form important reservoirs with permeability variability depending on sedimentary, structural, and diagenetic factors. Carbonates are very sensitive to fluid–rock interactions that lead to secondary diagenetic processes like cementation and dissolution capable of modifying the reservoir properties. Focusing on fault-related diagenesis, the aim of this study is to identify the impact of the fault zone on reservoir quality. This contribution focuses on two fault zones east of La Fare anticline (SE France) crosscutting Urgonian microporous carbonates. Overall, 122 collected samples along four transects orthogonal to fault strike were analyzed. Porosity values have been measured on 92 dry plugs. Diagenetic elements were determined through the observation of 92 thin sections using polarized light microscopy, cathodoluminescence, carbonate staining, SEM, and stable isotopic measurements (δ13C and δ18O). Eight different calcite cementation stages and two micrite micro-fabrics were identified. As a main result, this study highlights that the two fault zones acted as drains canalizing low-temperature fluids at their onset and induced calcite cementation, which strongly altered and modified the local reservoir properties.

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Cochard, J., P. Léonide, J. Borgomano, Y. Guglielmi, G. Massonnat, J‐P Rolando, L. Marie, and A. Pasquier. "RESERVOIR PROPERTIES OF BARREMIAN–APTIAN URGONIAN LIMESTONES, SE FRANCE, PART 2: INFLUENCE OF DIAGENESIS AND FRACTURING." Journal of Petroleum Geology 44, no. 1 (December 20, 2020): 97–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpg.12780.

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36

Masse, Jean-Pierre, and Mukerrem Fenerci-Masse. "Bioevents and palaeoenvironmental changes in carbonate platforms: The record of Barremian “Urgonian” limestones of SE France." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 386 (September 2013): 637–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.06.029.

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37

Schlagintweit, F. "Allochthonous Urgonian limestones of the Northern Calcareous Alps: facies and palaeogeographic framework within the Alpine orogeny." Cretaceous Research 11, no. 3 (September 1990): 261–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0195-6671(05)80011-4.

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38

Föllmi, K. B., M. Bôle, N. Jammet, P. Froidevaux, A. Godet, S. Bodin, T. Adatte, V. Matera, D. Fleitmann, and J. E. Spangenberg. "Bridging the Faraoni and Selli oceanic anoxic events: short and repetitive dys- and anaerobic episodes during the late Hauterivian to early Aptian in the central Tethys." Climate of the Past Discussions 7, no. 3 (June 22, 2011): 2021–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-7-2021-2011.

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Abstract. A detailed stratigraphical and geochemical analysis was performed on the upper part of the Maiolica Formation outcropping in the Breggia (southern Switzerland) and Capriolo sections (northern Italy). In these localities, the Maiolica Formation consists of well-bedded, partly siliceous, pelagic, micritic carbonate, which lodges numerous thin, dark and organic-rich layers. Stable-isotope, phosphorus, organic-carbon and a suite of redox-sensitive trace-metal contents (RSTE: Mo, U, Co, V and As) were measured. Higher densities of organic-rich layers were identified in the uppermost Hauterivian, lower Barremian and the Barremian-Aptian boundary intervals, whereas the upper Barremian interval and the interval immediately following the Barremian-Aptian boundary interval are characterized by lower densities of organic-rich layers. TOC contents, RSTE pattern and Corg:Ptot ratios indicate that most layers were deposited under dysaerobic rather than anaerobic conditions and that latter conditions were likely restricted to short intervals in the latest Hauterivian, the early Barremian and the pre-Selli early Aptian. Correlations are possible with organic-rich intervals in central Italy (the Gorgo a Cerbara section) and the Boreal northwest German Basin, and with the facies and drowning pattern in the evolution of the Helvetic segment of the northern Tethyan carbonate platform. Our data and correlations suggest that the latest Hauterivian witnessed the progressive installation of dysaerobic conditions in the Tethys, which went along with the onset in sediment condensation, phosphogenesis and platform drowning on the northern Tethyan margin, and which culminated in the Faraoni anoxic episode. This brief episode is followed by further episodes of dysaerobic conditions in the Tethys and the northwest German Basin, which became more frequent and progressively stronger in the late early Barremian. Platform drowning persisted and did not halt before the latest early Barremian. The late Barremian witnessed diminishing frequencies and intensities in dysaerobic conditions, which went along with the progressive installation of the Urgonian carbonate platform. Near the Barremian-Aptian boundary, the increasing density in dysaerobic episodes in the Tethyan and northwest German Basins is paralleled by a change towards heterozoan carbonate production on the northern Tethyan shelf. The following return to more oxygenated conditions is correlated with the second phase of Urgonian platform growth and the period immediately preceding and corresponding to the Selli anoxic episode is characterized by renewed platform drowning and the change to heterozoan carbonate production. Changes towards more humid climate conditions were likely the cause for the repetitive installation of dys- to anaerobic conditions in the Tethyan and Boreal basins and the accompanying changes in the evolution of the carbonate platform towards heterozoan carbonate-producing ecosystems and platform drowning.

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39

Granier, Bruno, Bernard Clavel, Robert Busnardo, Jean Charollais, Pierre Desjacques, and Didier Bert. "Biostratigraphic distribution of orbitolinids in the ammonite biozones (Urgonian platform of southeastern France). Part 2: Barremian p.p." Carnets de géologie (Notebooks on geology) 21, no. 18 (October 24, 2021): 399–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/carnets.2021.2118.

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The biostratigraphic distribution of orbitolinids for the Barremian of SE France proposed hereafter is calibrated on the ammonite biozonation. This work is based on the study of eleven sections with orbitolinids associated to macrofossils (ammonites and/or echinids) significant in terms of biostratigraphy or overlain with levels bearing the above macrofossils.

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40

Charollais, Jean, B. Clavel, and Robert Busnardo. "Biostratigraphy and Evolution of the Urgonian Platform from the Jura to the Northern Subalpine Chains (SE France)." Géologie Méditerranéenne 21, no. 3 (1994): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/geolm.1994.1520.

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41

GRANIER, Bruno. "Dissocladella hauteriviana MASSE in MASSE et al., 1999 (non MASSE, 1976), another lower Urgonian Dasycladalean alga revisited." Carnets de géologie (Notebooks on geology), Lettres (December 25, 2013): 347–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4267/2042/53035.

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42

GODET, ALEXIS, KARL B. FÖLLMI, STÉPHANE BODIN, ERIC De KAENEL, VIRGINIE MATERA, and THIERRY ADATTE. "Stratigraphic, sedimentological and palaeoenvironmental constraints on the rise of the Urgonian platform in the western Swiss Jura." Sedimentology 57, no. 4 (March 4, 2010): 1088–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2009.01137.x.

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43

Richard, J., J. P. Sizun, and L. Machhour. "Development and compartmentalization of chalky carbonate reservoirs: The Urgonian Jura-Bas Dauphiné platform model (Génissiat, southeastern France)." Sedimentary Geology 198, no. 3-4 (June 2007): 195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2006.12.003.

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44

Bonvallet, Lucie, Annie Arnaud-Vanneau, Hubert Arnaud, Thierry Adatte, Jorge E. Spangenberg, Melody Stein, Alexis Godet, and Karl B. Föllmi. "Evolution of the Urgonian shallow-water carbonate platform on the Helvetic shelf during the late Early Cretaceous." Sedimentary Geology 387 (June 2019): 18–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2019.04.005.

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45

Millán, M. I., H. J. Weissert, H. Owen, P. A. Fernández-Mendiola, and J. García-Mondéjar. "The Madotz Urgonian platform (Aralar, northern Spain): Paleoecological changes in response to Early Aptian global environmental events." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 312, no. 1-2 (December 2011): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.10.005.

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46

Tomasso, Antonin, Didier Binder, Paul Fernandes, Jean Milot, and Vanessa Léa. "The Urgonian chert from Provence (France): the intra-formation variability and its exploitation in petro-archeological investigations." Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11, no. 1 (September 26, 2017): 253–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12520-017-0541-2.

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47

Hu, M. A., J. R. Disnar, L. Barbanson, and I. Suarez-Ruiz. "Processus d'altération thermique, physico-chimique et biologique de constituants organiques et genèse d'une minéralisation sulfurée : le gîte Zn-Pb de La Florida (Cantabria, Espagne)." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 35, no. 8 (August 1, 1998): 936–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e98-041.

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The La Florida lead-zinc deposit (Cantabria, Spain), which is hosted by Urgonian carbonates, is located on the border of the Basco-cantabric Lower Cretaceous basin. The stratiform orebody, which is composed of sphalerite, galena, and barite in iron-dolostones, occurs in an envelope of dolostone. Organic matter studies have been carried out on samples from this deposit to understand its genesis and later evolution. The results of this work reveal the immatury of the autochthonous organic matter despite a slight paleothermal anomaly centred on the deposit. Various alteration processes have affected the hydrocarbons associated with autochthonous organic matter and (or) allochthonous bitumens, namely geochromatographic fractionation, water-washing, and biodegradation. Together with previous geological work, the results of this study are consistent with epigenetic and (or) diagenetic emplacement of the mineralization. The proposed genetic scheme involves hydrothermal fluids that would have acquired at least some of their characteristics during their upward migration through the Mesozoic cover. These solutions probably brought in the metals, the sulphates, and the organics all necessary for in situ hydrogen sulphide production and ore genesis. Sulphate reduction probably proceeded mostly at the expense of allochthonous organics by bacteria introduced by meteoric water infiltrations.

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48

SCHLAGINTWEIT, FELIX, and MICHEL SEPTFONTAINE. "SIPHOPFENDERINA GEN. NOV. (TYPE-SPECIES ARENOBULIMINA GEYIKENSIS SOLAK, 2022), A PRIMITIVE PFENDERINID FORAMINIFERA FROM THE CRETACEOUS OF NEOTETHYS." Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae, no. 19 (1) (October 27, 2022): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.35463/j.apr.2023.01.06.

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The presence of a pseudokeriothecal wall structure is traditionally given a generic or even higher taxonomic status (in association with other features). A new trochospirally coiled taxon displaying a thick wall with pseudokeriotheca and a central siphon (hollow columella) is herein described as Siphopfenderina gen. nov. Such a taxonomic reappraisal is based on original figures and description of Arenobulimina geyikensis Solak. It is herein included within the Pseudopfenderininae due to its primitive “pfenderinid”-like morphology. Siphopfenderina geyikensis (Solak) comb. nov. was described from Aptian neritic Urgonian-type carbonates of the Taurides (Turkey) and said to be the only species of the genus Arenobulimina Cushman (family Ataxophragmiidae) especially due to such a type of wall structure. Arenobulimina is a typical (outer) shelf taxon, smaller in size, and with a thin and typically coarsely agglutinated wall. Other occurrences of Siphopfenderina gen. nov. are described in open nomenclature from the Aptian of Spain and Central Iran, as well as the Upper Cretaceous of Serbia, Croatia and Iran. Arenobulimina cochleata Arnaud-Vanneau from the Lower Cretaceous of France is assigned to Siphopfenderina herein. The taxonomic discrimination of these other species might be related to size and morphology criteria that requires further research.

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Conrad, Marc A., and Bernard Clavel. "Lithocodium and Bacinella signature of a late Hauterivian, local microbial event: the Urgonian limestone in South-East France." Geologia Croatica 61, no. 2-3 (December 25, 2008): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4154/gc.2008.19.

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Sediment binding crusts of Lithocodium aggregatum and associated Bacinella irregularis abound in a shallow water limestone layer, in South-East France. The sudden appearance of these crusts denotes a local, conspicuous change in the otherwise balanced, open marine depositional environment. Based on regional correlations, the layer is Lower Hauterivian, Ligatus Zone, directly dated by an assemblage of orbitolinids, and indirectly by a specimen of ammonite. It is older than the Faraoni OAE (latest Hauterivian, Angulicostata auct. Zone), and presumably not linked with a global climate change. Two facies are recognized: (1) Lithocodium bindstone, with Bacinella, other microencrusters, and fluorescent automicrite of microbial origin; (2) floatstones containing numerous fragments of Lithocodium and accompanying biota. Coarse rhomboedral dolomite is locally present. Two modern analogues of microbial mediation are put forward to explain the Lithocodium event: (a) Lagoa Vermelha, in Brazil, along with anoxic, marginal marine conditions; (b) Highborne Cay, in the Bahamas, along with oxic, open marine conditions. A stack of four, Upper Hauterivian parasequences is described: Parasequence 1 ends with oolitic deposits; the somewhat deeper water Parasequence 2 occurs only in the south-eastern part of the study area, towards the direction of the Subalpine depotcenter; Parasequence 3 matches the layer with Lithocodium and Bacinella, with wide thickness variations (0.8 m - 11 m), resulting from a syn-sedimentary tectonic activity in the area of a major feature, the Vuache fault system. Parasequence 4 finally corresponds to the resumption of the normal, Urgonian carbonate factory.

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GODET, ALEXIS, KARL B. FÖLLMI, STEPHANE BODIN, ERIC DE KAENEL, VIRGINIE MATERA, THIERRY ADATTE, ANNIE ARNAUD-VANNEAU, HUBERT ARNAUD, and JEAN VERMEULEN. "A Late Barremian age for the onset of Urgonian-type facies in the Swiss Jura Mountains Reply to the discussion by Conrad et al. on “Stratigraphic, sedimentological and palaeoenvironmental constraints on the rise of the Urgonian Platform in the western Swi." Sedimentology 59, no. 3 (August 8, 2011): 1126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2011.01276.x.

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