Journal articles: 'Urinary infection. eng'

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Raval, Milan, Anna Lam, Carols Cervera, Peter Senior, James Shapiro, and Dima Kabbani. "1093. Infectious Complications after Pancreatic Islet Transplantation." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1279.

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Abstract Background Despite the significant advancement in islet transplantation over the past three decades, our understanding of infectious complications post islet transplant remains limited. Methods This is a single center retrospective review of Islet transplant recipients at the University of Alberta between February 2006 and December 2015. All infectious episodes events occurring after transplant were categorized as opportunistic and non-opportunistic. Results We analyzed 142 patients receiving a median of 2 islet transplants per patient, with 18 patients receiving 1 transplant (13%), 77 (54%) 2, 33 (23%) 3, 13 (9%) 4 and 1(1%) 5 transplants. Median age at first transplant was 50 years and 85 (47%) were male. Lymphocyte depleting agent with thymoglobulin or alemtuzumab was used for induction in 94% in first and 53% in second transplant. CMV serostatus was CMV D+/R- 61 (43%), CMVD+/R+ 52 (37%), CMVD-/R+ 16 (11%) and CMVD-/R- 13 (9%). CMV infection occurred in 21 patients (15%) [CMVD+/R- 6 (9.8%) and CMVR+ 15 (22.1%), p=0.06]. Other opportunistic infections included VZV 7 (4.9%), Nocardia 3(2.1%), and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia 1. Non-opportunistic infections included skin and soft tissue infection 14 (9.9%), urinary tract infection 11 (7.7%), pneumonia 7 (4.9%) clostridium difficile infection (CDI) 4 (2.8%), and non-CDI gastroenteritis 5 (3.5%) (Table 1). Table 1: Infectious Complication post islet transplant Conclusion Although the rate of infections after islet cell transplant is less frequent than other types of transplants, opportunistic infections, especially CMV, are not uncommon and should be considered in this setting. Disclosures Carols Cervera, MD, PHD, Merk (Grant/Research Support, Scientific Research Study Investigator, Advisor or Review Panel member, Other Financial or Material Support, Lecture fees) James Shapiro, MD, PHD FRCS(Eng) FRCSC MSM FRSC, ViaCyte (Consultant) Dima Kabbani, MD, Merck (Research Grant or Support)

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Pérez, S., JL Recio, A. Peña, JL Cabrera, N. Chueca, and F. García. "Aerococcus urinae: a rare pathogen in urinary tract infections, associated with patients with underlying urinary pathology." ACTUALIDAD MEDICA 100, no. 796 (December 31, 2015): 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15568/am.2015.796.or03.

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Harms, Hendrik, Elke Halle, and Andreas Meisel. "Post-stroke Infections - Diagnosis, Prediction, Prevention and Treatment to Improve Patient Outcomes." European Neurological Review 5, no. 1 (2010): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/enr.2010.05.01.39.

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Despite modern stroke treatment in dedicated stroke units and rehabilitation facilities, infection remains the most important medical complication after ischaemic stroke. Pneumonia and urinary tract infections are the most frequent post-stroke infections. Post-stroke infections not only prolong hospitalisation but also constitute a leading cause of early and long-term mortality and morbidity. They are commonly attributed to neurological sequelae such as immobilisation due to motor paralysis or dysphagia as a risk of aspiration. Recently, stroke-induced impairment of immunological competence has been described. This immunodepression syndrome promotes the development of post-stroke infection. Knowledge about risk factors for post-stroke infections, early and proper diagnosis and a deliberate decision for anti-infective treatment are of evident importance, but all of these are considered major challenges for stroke neurologists. In this article we will discuss new insights into diagnostic approaches and risk factors for post-stroke infections. Furthermore, we will focus on preventative approaches and the current treatment options.

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Álvarez Artero, Elisa, Amaia Campo Núñez, Moisés Garcia Bravo, Inmaculada García García, Moncef Belhassen Garcia, and Javier Pardo Lledías. "Utility of the blood culture in infection of the urinary tract with fever in the elderly." Revista Española de Quimioterapia 34, no. 3 (April 15, 2021): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37201/req/156.2020.

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Introduction. Urinary tract infections are one of the most common community infections. The diagnosis of urinary infections in the elderly is complex because of its presentation and clinic. The aim of this article is to evaluate the usefulness of blood cultures in febrile urinary tract infection in elderly patients, risk factors, causes of discordance between urine and blood cultures, usefulness of biomarkers and mortality. Material and methods. Observational study of patients admitted over 65 years old, with urinary infections. Results. A total of 216 episodes with urinary infections and blood cultures performed. 70 (32,4%) cases with bacteremia. The most frequently detected isolates in blood cultures were: Escherichia coli 50 (71,4%) and Proteus spp. 6 (8,5%). Only septic shock was associated with a higher frequency of bacteraemia (OR=2,93, IC 95: 1,0-8,5; p=0,04). In 26 of the blood cultures a different isolation of the urine culture was detected. Overall mortality was 9.1%, with no association with the presence of bacteremia (p>0. 05). Conclusions. One third of elderly people hospitalized by tract urinary infection had bacteremia. Their detection was not associated with overall mortality. Disagree between blood and urine cultures in febrile is frequent, especially in patients with recent antibiotic treatment or recently hospitalized.

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Puri, Randhir. "Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in Women." Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1, no. 1 (2009): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10006-1036.

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Abstract Recurrent lower urinary tract infections (UTIs) are usually defined as two or more episodes of such infection occurring in the preceding 12 months. In most cases, such infections are the result of sexual habits and hygiene (e.g., women who are sexually active, especially those using diaphragms and/or spermatocides). A clean-catch or catheterized specimen for culture typically reveals greater than 100,000 organisms per milliliter of urine. The typical infecting organism is Escherichia coli. The route of infection is ascending from the perianal area and vagina via the urethra and into the bladder. However, in uncomplicated lower UTIs, there is complete clearing of bacteriuria and hematuria with appropriate antimicrobial therapy. In some cases, single-dose antimicrobial therapy after intercourse or at the onset of irritative voiding symptoms is adequate to control frequent recurrences of cystitis. Uncomplicated recurrent lower UTIs in women must be differentiated from “reinfection,” which may indicate causes such as a vesicovaginal or vesicoenteric fistula or a paravesical abscess with fistula to the bladder. Furthermore, “bacterial persistence” is defined as an infection with the same organism, typically from a site within the urinary tract, after the bacteriuria has resolved for at least several days and antimicrobial therapy has ceased. Causes of bacterial persistence include calculi, foreign bodies, urethral or bladder diverticula, infected urachal cyst, and postoperative changes such as a remaining ureteral stump that retains urine and results in stasis. In such patients with frequent recurrences and reinfections with the same bacteria, imaging is indicated to detect a treatable condition and monitor its progress. Compromised immunity needs attention to avoid longstanding morbidity. Vaccine developed will lead more prevention in future.

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Rangel, Marcel, Yáscara Tressa, and Sueli Schadeck Zago. "INFECÇÃO URINÁRIA: DO DIAGNÓSTICO AO TRATAMENTO." Colloquium Vitae 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2013): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5747/cv.2013.v005.n1.v075.

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A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common condition in all ages, from newborns to the elderly, being more frequent in females. This study aims to analyze the main causes of urinary tract infections, assessing its complications, its diagnostic tests and therapeutics. The UTI consists of microbial colonization of the urine that can develop into a tissue invasion of any structure of the urinary tract. Urine analysis is a simple cheap and easy to obtain thesample, yet provides relevant information on renal and urinary tract, as well as some extra-renal diseases, being considered a routine examination. Among the tests performed for confirmation and monitoring of urinary infection are reagent strips ("dipstick"), especially used to screen cases of suspected acute UTI. The downside would be the use of some medications that can alter the outcome of laboratory tests using pharmacological mechanisms, physical, chemical and metabolic, as being a very commonplace infection, people end up self-medicating in order to relieve pain and if there is no improvement in symptoms, only to decide later laboratory examination, thus controlling this interference plays an important role in our laboratory. After completion of the urine culture and getting a positive result, the antibiogram will be made to check the most effective drug. However due to this indiscriminate use, exams can end up suffering changes in the results and sometimes even a negative urine culture.

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Williams, James C., Andrew J. Sacks, Kate Englert, Rachel Deal, Takeisha L. Farmer, Molly E. Jackson, James E. Lingeman, and James A. McAteer. "Stability of the Infection Marker Struvite in Urinary Stone Samples." Journal of Endourology 26, no. 6 (June 2012): 726–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/end.2011.0274.

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Raghubanshi, Birendra Raj, Devendra Shrestha, Mahesh Chaudhary, Bal Man Singh Karki, and Ajaya Kumar Dhakal. "Bacteriology of urinary tract infection in pediatric patients at KIST Medical College Teaching Hospital." Journal of Kathmandu Medical College 3, no. 1 (August 12, 2014): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v3i1.10919.

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Background: Urinary tract infection is common in children and is an important cause of morbidity. Urinary tract infection at young age can lead to renal injury and scarring, and ultimately lead to end stage renal disease in adulthood. Objectives: The purpose of study was to identify the different species of microorganisms, along with their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, causing urinary tract infection in paediatric patients presenting with urinary tract infection at KIST Medical College, Imadol, Lalitpur, Nepal. Methods: This retrospective study examined microbiological and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern for urine samples collected at KIST Medical College, Imadol, Lalitpur from December 2010 to November 2013. A urine sample was included in our dataset if it demonstrated pure growth of a single organism and accompanying antimicrobial susceptibility and subject demographic data were available. Results: Escherichia coli was the most common organism isolated, followed by Klebsiella species, Staphylococcus species and then by Proteus species, Enterococcus species and Citrobacter species being equal in number. Microorganisms were most susceptible to amikacin and nitrofurantoin and most resistant to ampicillin and nalidixic acid. Conclusion: Though various microorganisms are responsible for urinary tract infection in children, Escherichia coli is the most common causative agent. Antimicrobial resistance has already emerged against many antibiotics, making empiric treatment of these infections challenging. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v3i1.10919Journal of Kathmandu Medical CollegeVol. 3, No. 1, Issue 7, Jan.-Mar., 2014, Page: 21-25

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Egilmez, Tulga, I. Atilla Aridogan, Daniel Yachia, and David Hassin. "Comparison of Nitinol Urethral Stent Infections with Indwelling Catheter-Associated Urinary-Tract Infections." Journal of Endourology 20, no. 4 (April 2006): 272–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/end.2006.20.272.

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Kehinde, Elijah O., Vincent O. Rotimi, Adel Al-Hunayan, Hamdy Abdul-Halim, Fareeda Boland, and Khaleel A. Al-Awadi. "Bacteriology of Urinary Tract Infection Associated with Indwelling J Ureteral Stents." Journal of Endourology 18, no. 9 (November 2004): 891–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/end.2004.18.891.

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Howles, Sarah, Heidi Tempest, Gemina Doolub, Richard J. Bryant, Freddie C. Hamdy, Jeremy G. Noble, and Stephane Larré. "Flexible Cystoscopy Findings in Patients Investigated for Profound Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms, Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection, and Pain." Journal of Endourology 26, no. 11 (November 2012): 1468–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/end.2012.0139.

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Vargas, Vina, Emiko Rivera, Teresa Sidhu, Lea Lyn Zaballero, and Yvonne L. Karanas. "592 Prevention of CAUTIs in a Burn ICU." Journal of Burn Care & Research 41, Supplement_1 (March 2020): S138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/iraa024.218.

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Abstract Introduction Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are the most common hospital-associated infection (HAI). Urinary catheter use is associated with urinary tract infections (UTIs) that can lead to complications such as cystitis, pyelonephritis, bacteremia, septic shock, and death. CAUTIs are associated with an excess length of stay of 2–4 days, increase costs of $0.4–0.5 billion per year nationally, and lead to unnecessary antimicrobial use. Through numerous implementations, a Burn ICU was able to drastically decrease their incidence of CAUTIs. Methods A Burn ICU implemented several interventions to reduce CAUTI rates. These interventions included: Results When this project was initiated in September of 2017, there were 9 CAUTIs identified in a Burn ICU, per the hospital’s Infection Prevention Department. By the end of 2017, there were 11, which equated to a rate of 14.67 per 1000 urinary catheter days. In 2018, the Burn ICU had 1 CAUTI, with a rate of 1.92 per 1000 urinary catheter days. In 2019 (through quarter 2), the Burn ICU has not had a CAUTI per the Infection Prevention Department. We believe the interventions made have drastically decreased the incidence of CAUTIs. Conclusions A Burn ICU implemented many new practices in 2017 when the CAUTI rate and SIR were above the hospital’s overall SIR. The Burn ICU staff now practice proper care and maintenance of urinary catheters and continue to provide excellent care. Although we have decreased our incidence of CAUTIs for 2018 and 2019, it is equally important we sustain this improvement. Therefore, we will continue to provide an open forum for discussion with staff so we can all do our part in keeping patients safe. Applicability of Research to Practice A Burn ICU decreased the incidence of CAUTIs by educating staff on proper care and maintenance of urinary catheters, removing catheters as soon as possible, and testing for UTIs upon admission to determine the patient’s baseline. By doing so, CAUTI rates went from 14.67 to 0 per 1000 urinary catheter days.

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Horan, Teresa C., David H. Culver, Robert P. Gaynes, William R. Jarvis, Jonathan R. Edwards, and Casetta R. Reid. "Nosocomial Infections in Surgical Patients in the United States, January 1986-June 1992." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 14, no. 2 (February 1993): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/646686.

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AbstractObjectives:To describe the distribution of nosocomial infections among surgical patients by site of infection for different types of operations, and to show how the risk of certain adverse outcomes associated with nosocomial infection varied by site, type of operation, and exposure to specific medical devices.Design:Surveillance of surgical patients during January 1986-June 1992 using standard definitions and protocols for both comprehensive (all sites, all operations) and targeted (all sites, selected operations) infection detection.Setting and Patients:Acute care US hospitals participating in the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (NNIS) System: 42,509 patients with 52,388 infections from 95 hospitals using comprehensive surveillance protocols and an additional 5,659 patients with 6,963 infections from 11 more hospitals using a targeted protocol.Results:Surgical site infection was the most common nosocomial infection site (37%) when data were reported by hospitals using the comprehensive protocols. When infections reported from both types of protocols were stratified by type of operation, other sites were most frequent following certain operations (e.g., urinary tract infection after joint prosthesis surgery [52%]). Among the infected surgical patients who died, the probability that an infection was related to the patient's death varied significantly with the site of infection, from 22% for urinary tract infection to 89% for organ/space surgical site infection, but was independent of the type of operation performed. The probability of developing a secondary bloodstream infection also varied significantly with the primary site of infection, from 3.1% for incisional surgical site infection to 9.5% for organ/space surgical site infection (p<.001). For all infections except pneumonia, the risk of developing a secondary bloodstream infection also varied significantly with the type of operation performed (p<.00l) and was generally highest for cardiac surgery and lowest for abdominal hysterectomy. Surgical patients who developed ventilator-associated pneumonia were more than twice as likely to develop a secondary bloodstream infection as nonventilated pneumonia patients (8.1% versus 3.3%, p<.001).Conclusions:For surgical patients with nosocomial infection, the distribution of nosocomial infections by site varies by type of operation, the frequency with which nosocomial infections contribute to patient mortality varies by site of infection but not by type of operation, and the risk of developing a secondary bloodstream infection varies by type of primary infection and, except for pneumonia, by type of operation.

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Dahnan, Mohammed, Ali M. Assabri, and Yousef S. Khader. "Risk Factors for End-Stage Renal Failure Among Patients on Hemodialysis in Aljomhory Hospital, Sa’adah Governorate, Yemen: Hospital-Based Case-Control Study." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 5, no. 3 (September 25, 2019): e14215. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/14215.

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Background More than 16% of the world’s population is affected by chronic kidney disease, and these people are at the highest risk of developing end-stage renal failure (ESRF). Objective The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors of ESRF in Sa’adah Governorate in Yemen. Methods A hospital-based case-control study (86 cases and 263 controls) was conducted in the Aljomhory Hemodialysis Center in Sa’adah city, Yemen. Patients with ESRF who attended the hemodialysis center in Aljomhory Hospital in Sa’adah City from January 1 to February 15, 2016, were included. Control participants were healthy persons without end-stage renal disease (ESRD) who attended Aljomhory Hospital as outpatients’ relatives during the study period. Results A total of 86 cases and 263 controls were included in this study. The mean age was 43.3 (SD 17.7) years for cases and 32.3 (SD 13.0) years for controls. In univariate analysis of factors associated with ESRD, patients aged≥40 years were 3.7 times more likely to have ESRD than younger patients. The odds of ESRD was higher among men than women. Illiteracy was significantly associated with higher odds of ESRD. Hypertension (odds ratio [OR]=8.34), diabetes (OR=3.07), cardiovascular diseases (OR=12.71), presence of urinary stones (OR=21.87), recurrent urinary tract infection (OR=9.64), cigarette smoking (OR=2.44), and shammah use (OR=6.65) were significantly associated with higher odds of ESRD. Hypertension (OR=6.68), urinary stones (OR=16.08), and recurrent urinary tract infection (OR=8.75) remained significantly associated with ERD in multivariate analysis. Conclusions Hypertension, presence of urinary stones, and recurrent urinary tract infections were significantly associated with ESRF development. Improving the management of hypertension and designing suitable interventions to control problems of the urinary tract would help reduce ESRD prevalence.

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Klis, Rafal, Ewa Korczak-Kozakiewicz, Andrzej Denys, Marek Sosnowski, and Waldemar Rozanski. "Relationship Between Urinary Tract Infection and Self-Retaining Double-J Catheter Colonization." Journal of Endourology 23, no. 6 (June 2009): 1015–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/end.2008.0518.

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Fouad, Tamer R., Eman Abdelsameea, Maha Elsabaawy, M. Ashraf Eljaky, Soha Zaki El-shenawy, and Nabil Omar. "Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin for diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis." Tropical Doctor 49, no. 3 (February 20, 2019): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049475519830265.

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Cirrhotic patients with ascites are at high risk of developing spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP). After exclusion of patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) or other infections, urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels were compared between two matched groups of Egyptian cirrhotic patients with ascites, mostly secondary to hepatitis C infection (98%). Group 1 had SBP (n = 41) and group 2 did not (n = 45). By univariate analysis, urinary-NGAL, high total bilirubin, serum creatinine, international normalised ratio and the Model of End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score and low platelet count were all significantly correlated with the presence of SBP, but only urinary-NGAL could independently predict development of SBP ( P = 0.001). Urinary-NGAL at a cut-off value of 1225 pg/mL, showed a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 76%, and is therefore a most useful tool.

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Rahman, Md Habibur, Kamrul Laila, and Golam Muinuddin. "Pattern of infection in children presented with obstructive uropathy: A hospital-based study." Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Journal 7, no. 1 (August 5, 2016): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bsmmuj.v7i1.29146.

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Background: Obstructive uropathy refers to the structural impedance to the flow of urine anywhere along the urinary tract which may result from congenital (anatomic) lesions or can be caused by trauma, neoplasia, calculi, inflatnmatory process or surgical procedure. It is responsible for about 4% of end-stage renal disease. Obstructive uropathy is invariably associated with some co-morbid conditions specially infection.Objecctive: This study was conducted in the department of pediatric nephrology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Shahbag, Dhaka, Bangladesh with an objective to identify different pattern of infections in children with obstructive uropathy. Methods: A total of 55 patients of obstructive uropathy were enrolled. Thorough clinical and laboratory evaluation including hematological, biochemical, radiological and radio nucleotide imaging were done along with blood and urine culture. Result: Out of 55 cases, 42.27% of obstructive uropathy was detected between I to 5 years and 89.27% was infected. Among obstructive uropathy cases, majority had posterior urethral valve (PUV) (42.27%). Urinary tract infection was the commonest (60%) type of infections followed by septicemia and respiratory tract infection. Conclusion: Age between 1 to 5 years was the commonest age of children for hospital admission due to obstructive uropathy. Among various manifestations of obstructive uropatby, infections, mostly urinary tract infection was the commonest one.

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Vercruysse, J., J. Fransen, V. R. Southgate, and D. Rollinson. "Pathology of Schistosoma curassoni infection in sheep." Parasitology 91, no. 2 (October 1985): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000057383.

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The gross- and histopathology of natural and experimental Schistosoma curassoni infections in sheep were studied. The data obtained showed that S. curassoni infection in sheep causes only slight clinico-pathological manifestations with preferential involvement of the liver, the lower intestine and the urinary bladder. A variable spectrum of host reaction to the eggs within an individual animal was observed, reflecting the duration of presence of eggs in the organs. In the liver, egg granulomas were most numerous in the perilobular regions, while in the intestine, lesions were most pronounced in the mucosa of the rectum. The presence of eggs in 10% of the urinary bladders examined indicated some bladder involvement.

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Foster, Charles, Kathy Ackerman, Vera Hupertz, Laurie Mustin, Joann Sanders, Sisson Patricia, and Rachel Wenthe. "Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection Reduction in the Solutions for Patient Safety Pediatric Safety Engagement Network." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (October 2020): s152—s153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.672.

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Background: Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are a leading cause of healthcare-associated infection. Catheter insertion and maintenance bundles have been developed to prevent CAUTIs, but they have not been extensively validated for use in pediatric populations. We report the CAUTI prevention efforts of a large network of children’s hospitals. Methods: Children’s hospitals joined the Solution for Patient Safety (SPS) safety engagement network from 2011 through 2017 and elected to participate in CAUTI prevention efforts, with 26 hospitals submitting data initially and 128 participating by the end. CAUTI prevention recommendations were first released in May 2012, and insertion and maintenance bundles were released in May 2014 (Table 1). Hospitals reported on CAUTIs, patient days, urinary catheter line days (CLD), and they tracked reliability to each bundle. For the network, control charts were used to plot CAUTI rates, urinary catheter utilization, and reliability to each bundle component. Results: Following the introduction of the pediatric CAUTI insertion and maintenance bundles, CAUTI rates across the network decreased 61.6%, from 2.55 to 0.98 infections per 1,000 CLD (Fig. 1). Centerline shifts occurred both before and after the 2015 CDC CAUTI definition change, which may also have contributed to a centerline shift. Urinary catheter utilization rates did not decline during the intervention period. Network reliability to the insertion and maintenance bundles increased to 95.4% and 86.9%, respectively. Conclusions: Insertion and maintenance bundles aimed at preventing CAUTIs were introduced across a large network of children’s hospitals. Across the network, the rate of urinary tract infections among hospitalized children with indwelling urinary catheters decreased 61.6%.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

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de Arellano, A. Ramírez, M. Sánchez, R. Vera, S. Jara, M. González, and E. Castro. "Effect of orally-administered Lactobacillus plantarum LPLM-O1 strain in an immunosuppressed mouse model of urinary tract infection." Beneficial Microbes 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2011.0009.

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Urinary tract infections (UTIs) affect both healthy and immunocompromised people, and they are treated with antibiotics. However, the high recurrence of UTIs obliges the use of natural mechanisms to regulate the normal microbiota through the use of e.g. lactic acid bacteria. In order to induce a UTI, 20 µl of the Escherichia coli (Ec-01) strain, in doses of 2.7×107 cfu/ml, was inoculated by way of the urethra in female Balb/c mice, all of them immunosuppressed with dexamethasone (10 mg/kg). Lactobacillus plantarum LPLM-O1 was used as a treatment, in daily doses of 1×107 cfu/ml, which were orally administered for seven days before the infection (preventive) or alongside the infection for seven days (curative). The oral administration of LPLM-O1 did not cause any adverse effects when used in an immunosuppressed animal model. It was observed that, when used as a preventive measure, LPLM-O1 induces a decrease in the infection, in the concentration of urinary leukocytes, and in the bacterial load. This study proposes the use of this lactic bacterium as a probiotic.

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Tailor, Sandra A. N., Elaine M. Bailey, and Michael J. Rybak. "Enterococcus, an Emerging Pathogen." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 27, no. 10 (October 1993): 1231–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809302701014.

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OBJECTIVE: To review the bacterial genus Enterococcus with respect to its epidemiology, specific infections in humans, mechanisms of resistance and tolerance, and antimicrobial treatment. DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE search of English-language journal articles published from 1977 to 1992 was completed. Articles published prior to 1977 were identified through Index Medicus and from references appearing in the bibliographies of other journal articles. Information also was acquired from abstracts, personal communication with infectious disease specialists with active research in the area of enterococcal infection, and conference proceedings. STUDY SELECTION: In vitro data; animal models of enterococcal infection; case reports; and case-controlled, cohort, and randomized controlled trials in humans were evaluated for relevant information. DATA EXTRACTION: Studies were evaluated by their methodologic strength (e.g., randomized controlled trial), reporting of clinically relevant outcomes (e.g., clinical response to antimicrobial therapy), statistical analyses, and accountability of all patients who entered the study. DATA SYNTHESIS: The incidence of enterococcal infections has increased in recent years and enterococci are now the second most frequently reported nosocomial pathogens. Enterococcus faecalis is the pathogen responsible for most enterococcal infections seen today; it has been implicated as an important cause of endocarditis, bacteremia, urinary tract infections, and intraabdominal infections. CONCLUSIONS: Enterococcal infection is of particular concern clinically because of its resistance to several antibiotics. Controlled comparative clinical trials of antimicrobial therapy in humans are lacking for several enterococcal infections. Therefore, the recommendations for antimicrobial therapy presented in this review are guidelines that reflect our current understanding of antibiotics used for enterococcal infection.

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KC, Sudeep Raj, Bhusan Raj Timilsina, Gaurav Devkota, Sulav Pradhan, Sabita Lamsal, and Nirmal Lamichhane. "Resection Urethroplasty for Urethral Stricture: Preliminary Findings from a Tertiary Care Hospital of Central Nepal." Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal 15, no. 1 (March 14, 2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v15i1.22351.

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Background: Urethral stricture is relatively common problem that we encounter in urological practice. As urethral stricture causes progressive narrowing of the urethral lumen, signs and symptoms of urinary obstruction arise. These patients experience obstructive symptoms like poor stream, straining to urinate, incomplete voiding, end dribbling, urinary retention and recurrent urinary tract infections. Methods: A prospective cohort study was carried out in College of Medical Sciences, Chitwan, Nepal. All the patients who were operated with end to end anastomosis for urethral stricture with stricture length not more than 2.5cm from January 2015 to June 2016 was included in this study. These patients were followed up for two year period for recurrence of the stricture and complications. Results: Mean age of patient in this study was 50.55 years, average length of stricture was 1.3 cm. 66.67% (12 patients) had complete success with no recurrence of the stricture. 33.33 % (6 patients) had recurrence of stricture. Out of those 6 patients, 3 had undergone DVIU with no further recurrence of the stricture until the follow up period, one patient was treated with dilatation, two had complete failure and needed re-procedure. Conclusions: End to end anastomosis for short segment stricture had a fairly satisfactory result.

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Topal, Jeffrey, Sandra Conklin, Karen Camp, Victor Morris, Thomas Balcezak, and Peter Herbert. "Republished: Prevention of Nosocomial Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections Through Computerized Feedback to Physicians and a Nurse-Directed Protocol." American Journal of Medical Quality 34, no. 5 (September 2019): 430–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1062860619873170.

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Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) represent the most common nosocomial infection. The authors’ baseline rate of CAUTI for general medical service was elevated at 36 per 1000 catheter-days. The medical literature has consistently linked inappropriate catheter use with the development of CAUTI. The baseline data also revealed a high rate of inappropriate use of indwelling urinary catheters. Using the dual modalities of technology through prompts in the computerized order/entry system and handheld bladder scanners, as well as in combination with staff education and nurse empowerment, the authors were successful in reducing the use and duration of urinary catheters as well as the incidence of CAUTI. In subsequent data collection cycles over the following 2 years, 81% reduction in device use and a 73% reduction in the clinical end point of nosocomial CAUTI (36/1000 catheter-days to 11/1000 catheter-days; P < .001) was demonstrated.

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Sulaiman, A. A., M. S. M. Albayati, and A. A. Rasheed. "Recurrent UTI in Ventriculoperitoneal Shunted Children's." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 5 (May 30, 2021): 1353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211551353.

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Objective: To determine the rate and the type of recurrent UTI in ventriculoperitoneal shunted children's admitted to Azady Teaching Hospital, Kirkuk.. Methods: From mid 2015 to end of 2020; UTI in ventriculoperitoneal shunted children's . Once infection was suspected , CSF (from shunt reservoir or from ventricular tapping), blood, and urine samples, analysis, and culture taken and empirical antibiotics were recommended. Results: 25.9% of patients with VP shunts had infections which represents 29.3% of the procedures. 40% of infected patients had recurrent episodes. 59.1% of infections occurred throughout the first two months following insertion. Single pathogen was isolated in each episode. E.coli represented 50% of isolated pathogens compared with 18.2% with Staphylococcus epidermidis. Conclusions: There is a high incidence of recurrent UTI in ventriculoperitoneal shunted children's in Azady Teaching Hospital, Kirkuk. when compared withother international centres. Gram negative organisms are the most common cause of the infection. Keywords: Urinary tract infection= UTI ,Renal scar.,BBD = Bladder Bowel Dysfunction; DMSA = dimercaptosuccinic acid; IV

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Kara, S. S., B. Volkan, and I. Erten. "Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG can protect malnourished children." Beneficial Microbes 10, no. 3 (April 19, 2019): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2018.0071.

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Malnutrition affects virtually all organ systems, and malnourished children are more prone to infections. These children have dysbiosis, but probiotics can restore the disrupted gut microbiome. We investigated the protective effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in malnourished children in terms of incidence of infection, and anthropometric and metabolic parameters. 50 intervention and 50 control patients, aged 6 months to 5 years, with body weight and height below -2 SD, were randomly and prospectively recruited. The controls received a calorie and protein-appropriate diet for 3 months, while the study group additionally received approximately 109 L. rhamnosus GG for 3 months. Infection episodes and nutritional status were compared between the groups. 38 intervention, 33 control patients completed the study and the two groups were similar at baseline. The study group had fewer upper respiratory tract infections and gastroenteritis episodes at each month and at the end of the study. Children in the study group experienced fewer total upper respiratory infections and urinary tract infections. Hospitalisation was more frequent in the control group during the third month and at the end of the study. Total infection numbers were higher in the control group at each month and at the end of the study (P<0.001 for each). Increments in body mass index (BMI) and BMI Z-scores were more pronounced in the study group (P=0.008 and P=0.02, respectively). Daily prophylactic use of L. rhamnosus GG at 109 bacteria in malnourished children prevents most infections and improves nutritional status when used together with appropriate diet.

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Rondon, Atila Victal, Bruno Leslie, José Murillo Bastos Netto, Ricardo Garcia de Freitas, Valdemar Ortiz, and Antonio Macedo Junior. "The Ochoa urofacial syndrome: recognize the peculiar smile and avoid severe urological and renal complications." Einstein (São Paulo) 13, no. 2 (May 1, 2015): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-45082015rc2990.

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Ochoa syndrome is rare and its major clinical problems frequently unrecognized. We describe facial characteristics of six patients to help health professional recognize the inverted smile that these patients present and refer them to proper treatment. Patients’ medical records were reviewed and patients’ urological status clinically reassessed. At last evaluation patients’ mean age was 15.5 years, and age ranged from 12 to 32 years. Mean follow-up was 35 months (12 to 60). Initial symptoms were urinary tract infections in four patients (67%) associated with enuresis and incontinence in three of them (50%). One patient had only urinary tract infection and two lower urinary tract symptoms without infections. Initial treatment consisted of clean intermittent catheterization with anticholinergics for all patients. Four patients (67%) were submitted to bladder augmentation. Two patients had end-stage renal disease during follow-up, one received kidney transplantation and one patient remained on the waiting list for a renal transplantation. Familial consanguinity was present in only one case. This significant condition is rare, but it must be recognized by pediatricians, nephrologists and urologists in order to institute early aggressive urological treatment.

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Kuzmin, Igor V., Salman Kh Al-Shukri, and Margarita N. Slesarevskaya. "Treatment and prophylaxis of the lower urinary tract recurrent infections in women." Urologicheskie vedomosti 9, no. 2 (July 30, 2019): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/uroved925-10.

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Treatment of 52 women with uncomplicated recurrent lower urinary tract infection aged 19 to 56 years (mean age – 34.4 ± 9.6 years) was performed. All patients were prescribed an antibacterial nitrofuran series drug UrofuraginТМ (Furazidin) at a dose of 100 mg 3 times a day for 7 days. Treatment was started in the period of exacerbation of the disease. After the end of the treatment the postcoital antimicrobial prophylaxis (100 mg Urofuragin single dose) was prescribed. The dynamics of clinical and laboratory parameters were evaluated immediately after treatment, 2 and 12 weeks after its completion. Before treatment the bacteriological study of urine showed the presence of more than 103 CFU/ml in 38 (73.1%) out of 52 patients and in 29 patients Escherichia coli was detected. Positive dynamics of clinical and laboratory parameters were noted after the end of treatment. By 2 weeks after the end of treatment, 47 patients (90.4%) had no leukocyturia, 41 (78.8%) had no bacteriuria and at 12 weeks of follow-up same results were achieved in 45 (86.5%) and 40 (76.9%) out of 52 treated patients respectively. During the follow-up period of 12 weeks after the end of treatment, recurrence of lower urinary tract infection was observed only in 8 (15.4%) patients, which occurred on average 48.4 ± 14.1 days after the end of treatment. Tolerance to Urofuragin was satisfactory. Adverse events associated with the drug were noted in 12 (23.1%) patients but they did not lead to the drug withdrawal. The results of the study showed that Urofuragin is an effective antibacterial drug for treatment and prevention of recurrence of uncomplicated infections of the lower urinary tract.

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Wijnands, José MA, Elaine Kingwell, Feng Zhu, Yinshan Zhao, John D. Fisk, Charity Evans, Ruth Ann Marrie, and Helen Tremlett. "Infection-related health care utilization among people with and without multiple sclerosis." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 23, no. 11 (December 21, 2016): 1506–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458516681198.

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Background: Little is known about infection risk in multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective: We examined infection-related health care utilization in people with and without MS. Methods: Using population-based health administrative data from British Columbia, Canada, people with MS were followed from their first demyelinating claim (1996–2013) until death, emigration, or study end (2013). Infection-related hospital, physician, and prescription data of MS cases were compared with sex-, age-, and geographically matched controls using adjusted regression models. Sex and age differences (18–39, 40–49, 50–59, 60+ years) were explored. Results: Relative to 35,837 controls, 7179 MS cases were over twice as likely to be hospitalized for infection (adjusted odds ratio: 2.39; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.16–2.65), had 41% more physician visits (adjusted rate ratio (aRR): 1.41; 95% CI: 1.36–1.47), and filled 57% more infection-related prescriptions (aRR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.49–1.65). Utilization was disproportionately higher in MS men than women and was elevated across all ages. MS cases had nearly twice as many physician visits and two to three times more hospitalizations for pneumonia, urinary system infections, and skin infections (aRRs ranged from 1.6 to 3.3) and over twice as many hospitalizations for intestinal infections (aRR = 2.6) and sepsis (aRR = 2.2). Conclusion: Infection-related health care utilization was increased in people with MS across all age groups, with a higher burden for men.

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DİNÇEL, ÇETİN, EROL ÖZDİLER, HATİCE ÖZENCİ, NİLGÜN TAZICI, and ALİM KOŞAR. "Incidence of Urinary Tract Infection in Patients Without Bacteriuria Undergoing SWL: Comparison of Stone Types." Journal of Endourology 12, no. 1 (February 1998): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/end.1998.12.1.

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Chew, Ben H., Ryan Flannigan, Michael Kurtz, Boris Gershman, Olga Arsovska, Ryan F. Paterson, Brian H. Eisner, and Dirk Lange. "A Single Dose of Intraoperative Antibiotics Is Sufficient to Prevent Urinary Tract Infection During Ureteroscopy." Journal of Endourology 30, no. 1 (January 2016): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/end.2015.0511.

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Thomsen, H. S., and S. Dorph. "Caliceal Clubbing and Adjacent Parenchymal Scarring (Always Reflux Nephropathy?) as a Cause of End-Stage Renal Failure." Acta Radiologica. Diagnosis 27, no. 6 (November 1986): 705–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418518602700615.

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Various clinical and laboratory aspects in 15 kidney transplanted patients with urographic evidence of caliceal clubbing and adjacent parenchymal scarring in their native kidneys are reported. These lesions were found in 16 per cent of our series of kidney transplantations; below 35 years of age it was the second most frequent disease. In 9 of these patients severe vesicoureteral reflux had been demonstrated. In the remaining 6 patients reflux nephropathy was only a tentative diagnosis based on a striking similarity in the radiographs and in several clinical findings. Nine patients had symptoms (mainly related to urinary tract infection) from 1 to 17 years before diagnosis/urography, in 5 as early as the first year of life. Recurrent urinary tract infection and renal impairment were the most frequent disorders leading to the diagnosis. Replacement therapy was initiated at an average age of 32.7 years. Following renal transplantation urinary tract infection was documented in 37 per cent of patients whether the patient had been bilaterally nephrectomized or not.

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Kassir, Kari, Ofelia Vargas-Shiraishi, Frank Zaldivar, Monique Berman, Jasjit Singh, and Antonio Arrieta. "Cytokine Profiles of Pediatric Patients Treated with Antibiotics for Pyelonephritis: Potential Therapeutic Impact." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 8, no. 6 (November 1, 2001): 1060–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.8.6.1060-1063.2001.

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ABSTRACT Urinary tract infections are common in infants and children. Pyelonephritis may result in serious complications, such as renal scarring, hypertension, and renal failure. Identification of the timing of release of inflammatory cytokines in relation to pyelonephritis and its treatment is essential for designing interventions that would minimize tissue damage. To this end, we measured urinary cytokine concentrations of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-8 in infants and children with pyelonephritis and in healthy children. Children that presented to our institution with presumed urinary tract infection were given the diagnosis of pyelonephritis if they had a positive urine culture, pyuria, and one or more of the following indicators of systemic involvement: fever, elevated peripheral white blood cell count, or elevated C-reactive protein. Urine samples were obtained at the time of presentation prior to the administration of antibiotics, immediately after completion of the first dose of antibiotics, and at follow up 12 to 24 h after presentation. IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Creatinine concentrations were also determined, and cytokine/creatinine ratios were calculated to standardize samples. Differences between preantibiotic and follow-up cytokine/creatinine ratios were significant for IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 (P < 0.01). Differences between preantibiotic and control cytokine/creatinine ratios were also significant for IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 (P < 0.01). Our study revealed that the urinary tract cytokine response to infection is intense but dissipates shortly after the initiation of antibiotic treatment. This suggests that renal damage due to inflammation begins early in infection, underscoring the need for rapid diagnosis and intervention.

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Church, Deirdre, Sameer Elsayed, Owen Reid, Brent Winston, and Robert Lindsay. "Burn Wound Infections." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 19, no. 2 (April 2006): 403–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.19.2.403-434.2006.

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SUMMARYBurns are one of the most common and devastating forms of trauma. Patients with serious thermal injury require immediate specialized care in order to minimize morbidity and mortality. Significant thermal injuries induce a state of immunosuppression that predisposes burn patients to infectious complications. A current summary of the classifications of burn wound infections, including their diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, is given. Early excision of the eschar has substantially decreased the incidence of invasive burn wound infection and secondary sepsis, but most deaths in severely burn-injured patients are still due to burn wound sepsis or complications due to inhalation injury. Burn patients are also at risk for developing sepsis secondary to pneumonia, catheter-related infections, and suppurative thrombophlebitis. The introduction of silver-impregnated devices (e.g., central lines and Foley urinary catheters) may reduce the incidence of nosocomial infections due to prolonged placement of these devices. Improved outcomes for severely burned patients have been attributed to medical advances in fluid resuscitation, nutritional support, pulmonary and burn wound care, and infection control practices.

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Qureshi, Zubair A., Alveena Syed, and Yohei Doi. "Safety and Efficacy of Long-Term Outpatient Ertapenem Therapy." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 58, no. 6 (April 7, 2014): 3437–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.02721-14.

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ABSTRACTErtapenem is increasingly utilized in outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT), but data regarding the efficacy and safety of long-term ertapenem therapy have been limited. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adult patients who received outpatient ertapenem therapy at our center between 2010 and 2013. Among 306 unique patients who were discharged on ertapenem therapy, the most common indications were intra-abdominal infections (38%), followed by pneumonia (12%), bone and joint infections (11%), bloodstream infections (10%), urinary tract infections (10%), surgical site infections (5%), and skin and soft-tissue infections (4%). Of these 306 patients, 68 received regular outpatient follow-up visits at our infectious disease clinic, where the majority of patients (91%) were successfully treated with ertapenem by the end of therapy. Of the 6 patients who experienced clinical failure, 2 had adverse events leading to discontinuation of therapy and 4 required additional source control for clinical success. In addition, 2 patients had recurrent infection at 6 months.

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Sluggett, Janet K., Samanta Lalic, Sarah M. Hosking, Brett Ritchie, Jennifer McLoughlin, Terry Shortt, Leonie Robson, et al. "Root Cause Analysis to Identify Medication and Non-Medication Strategies to Prevent Infection-Related Hospitalizations from Australian Residential Aged Care Services." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9 (May 8, 2020): 3282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093282.

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Infections are leading causes of hospitalizations from residential aged care services (RACS), which provide supported accommodation for people with care needs that can no longer be met at home. Preventing infections and early and effective management are important to avoid unnecessary hospital transfers, particularly in the Australian setting where new quality standards require RACS to minimize infection-related risks. The objective of this study was to examine root causes of infection-related hospitalizations from RACS and identify strategies to limit infections and avoid unnecessary hospitalizations. An aggregate root cause analysis (RCA) was undertaken using a structured local framework. A clinical nurse auditor and clinical pharmacist undertook a comprehensive review of 49 consecutive infection-related hospitalizations from 6 RACS. Data were collected from nursing progress notes, medical records, medication charts, hospital summaries, and incident reports using a purpose-built collection tool. The research team then utilized a structured classification system to guide the identification of root causes of hospital transfers. A multidisciplinary clinical panel assessed the root causes and formulated strategies to limit infections and hospitalizations. Overall, 59.2% of hospitalizations were for respiratory, 28.6% for urinary, and 10.2% for skin infections. Potential root causes of infections included medications that may increase infection risk and resident vaccination status. Potential contributors to hospital transfers included possible suboptimal selection of empirical antimicrobial therapy, inability of RACS staff to establish on-site intravenous access for antimicrobial administration, and the need to access subsidized medical services not provided in the RACS (e.g., radiology and pathology). Strategies identified by the panel included medication review, targeted bundles of care, additional antimicrobial stewardship initiatives, earlier identification of infection, and models of care that facilitate timely access to medical services. The RCA and clinical panel findings provide a roadmap to assist targeting services to prevent infection and limit unnecessary hospital transfers from RACS.

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Takahashi, Shigeo, Fusaichi Machikawa, Atsunari Noda, Tetsuya Oda, and Tetsuya Tachikawa. "Detection of Immunoglobulin G and A Antibodies to Rubella Virus in Urine and Antibody Responses to Vaccine-Induced Infection." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 5, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.5.1.24-27.1998.

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ABSTRACT Urine and serum samples from 89 healthy volunteers and three healthy individuals who underwent rubella vaccination were tested for immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgA, and IgM to rubella virus (RV) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods. Subjects with positive (n = 68) or negative (n = 21) results for serum IgG were exactly the same as those with the corresponding results for urinary IgG. Both urinary and serum IgG levels remained elevated from the 3rd or 4th week after vaccination until the end of the study. Both urinary IgA and serum IgM levels tended to increase rapidly between the 3rd and 5th week and then gradually decrease until the end of the study, but the levels of both remained positive except for one sample each at the end (26th week). On the other hand, the ratio of anti-RV IgA titer to anti-RV IgG titer in urine (urinary anti-RV IgA/IgG ratio) increased rapidly between the 3rd and 4th week after vaccination and then rapidly returned to the ratio levels of the subjects positive for serum IgG from among the healthy volunteers. In summary, detection of urinary anti-RV IgG should be useful for screening for previous RV infection, and measurement of urinary anti-RV IgA/IgG ratio might be useful for diagnosing recent infection.

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Troche, Avelina, and Soraya Araya. "Urinary tract infections in patients with myelomeningocele." Revista del Instituto de Medicina Tropical 11, no. 1 (November 14, 2016): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18004/imt/2016011145-49.

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Troche, Avelina, and Soraya Araya. "Urinary tract infections in patients with myelomeningocele." Revista del Instituto de Medicina Tropical 11, no. 1 (November 14, 2016): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18004/imt/201611145-49.

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Grzesik-Gąsior, Joanna, Agnieszka Bień, and Agnieszka Pieczykolan. "Phyotherapy in gynecological infections as natural support in the treatment process." Pielegniarstwo XXI wieku / Nursing in the 21st Century 17, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pielxxiw-2018-0026.

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Abstract Introduction. Phytotherapy is a part of the science of medicinal plants – it includes the prevention and treatment of various disorders with the help of plants and their parts (including seeds, leaves, roots, flowers and fruits), active substances extracted from them and plant preparations’ the formula of herbal medicines goes back to ancient times. Herbal medicine should complement or strengthen synthetic therapy, not being its alternative. Phytotherapy in obstetrics and gynecology is a far-reaching procedure. The beneficial effects of plant preparations are used, inter alia, in cases of inflammation of the urinary tract, vaginitis and vulva, premenstrual syndrome, menstrual disorders, climacteric syndrome and in the postpartum period (e.g. in the healing of crotch injuries and problems with lactation). Aim. Presentation the action of selected natural products in the treatment of urinary tract infections, bacterial vaginosis, vaginal and vulva candidiasis and human papillomavirus infection (HPV).

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Maki, Adel A., Khalid Hajissa, and Gafar A. Ali. "Prevalence and intensity of urinary schistosomiasis among selected people in Tulus area, South Darfur State, Sudan." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 9 (August 27, 2021): 4221. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20213522.

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Background: Urinary schistosomiasis is a major public health issue in Sudan. The disease is endemic in many rural communities across the country.Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted to determine the prevalence and intensity of urinary schistosomiasis among selected individual in the city of Tulus, South Darfur state, Sudan. One hundred terminal urine samples were collected and examined for Schistosoma haematobium eggs using standard filtration technique.Results: A total of 100 individual were enrolled in the study with a mean (±SD) age of 17.7±0.73 years. Out of them, 62 (62%) were found to be infected with Schistosoma haematobium. The statistical analysis showed significant association with gender (p=0.043) with higher prevalence 70.9 % (39/55) in female than males 51.1 % (23/45). Majority of the S. haematobium infections were classified as intense infection (82%, 51/62) with egg count ≥50 eggs/10 ml urine, while gross haematuria was observed in 10% of urine samples.Conclusions: In conclusion, the prevalence of S. haematobium infection in the study participants was remarkably high. However, further studies, including large sample size will be essential to assess the burden of the disease in the study area.

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Almofarreh, Moatez, Zainab Alowaa, Elaf Junainah, Nourah Alshahrani, Meshal Alharbi, Waleed Alkhalifah, Amer Aldmak, Mohammed Salawi, Abdullah Alaradi, and Ruya Althomali. "Prevalence of urinary tract infection among children." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 5, no. 6 (October 22, 2018): 2356. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20183878.

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Urinary tract infection is the third most common cause of febrile illness among children. UTI carries a considerable morbidity among this vulnerable age group because of its potential complications (e.g. hypertension and renal failure). Because diagnosis of UTI among the pediatric age group is challenging if solely based on clinical setting, knowledge of the actual prevalence rates of UTI among children is essential for pediatricians to determine the cost benefit effect of requesting investigations for suspected cases. Infants and children with UTI often present with fever with or without urinary symptoms. During assessment of a febrile child, pediatricians should be aware of the prevalence and risk factors for UTI in febrile children that necessitate further investigations. Prevalence of UTI among children is highly variable among different studies and the variability is attributed to multiple factors. This article aims at reviewing the prevalence of UTI in children reported among various literature studies and discussing factors influencing this prevalence.

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Awosolu, Oluwaseun B., Yahaya Z. Shariman, Farah Haziqah M. T., and Titus A. Olusi. "Will Nigerians Win the War Against Urinary Schistosomiasis? Prevalence, Intensity, Risk Factors and Knowledge Assessment among Some Rural Communities in Southwestern Nigeria." Pathogens 9, no. 2 (February 17, 2020): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9020128.

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Urinary schistosomiasis is a devastating parasitic disease in Nigeria. This study was carried out to investigate the current prevalence, intensity, risk factors and knowledge assessment among some rural communities in southwestern Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was carried out in which a standard urine filtrations technique was used to determine the prevalence and intensity of infection. A well-designed questionnaire was used to collect subject’s data on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Of the total 620 urine samples examined, overall 346 (55.81%) were positive with a mean egg intensity (S.D) of 65.60 (59.33) egg/10 mL of urine. Significant differences occurred in the analysis. Males had the highest prevalence and intensity of 224 (61.9%) and 69.20 egg/10 mL of urine, respectively. The 10–14 years age group had the highest prevalence of 65.9% while mean intensity of infection among the age group decreases with increasing age, with the highest mean intensity of infection (80.14 egg/10 mL) recorded among the age group ≤ 4 years. Bivariate logistic regression analysis showed that being age group 10–14 (COR 0.27, 95% CI: 0.09–0.79) and dependent on river (COR 0.67, 95% CI: 0.33–1.33) increased the odd of contracting an infection. Similarly, the knowledge of respondents on urinary schistosomiasis was low. Conclusively, urinary schistosomiasis is still persistent at a very high rate in the study area and appropriate control measure should be deployed.

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Tark, Aluem, Leah V. Estrada, Mary E. Tresgallo, Denise D. Quigley, Patricia W. Stone, and Mansi Agarwal. "Palliative care and infection management at end of life in nursing homes: A descriptive survey." Palliative Medicine 34, no. 5 (March 10, 2020): 580–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269216320902672.

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Background: Infections are common occurrences at end of life that are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality among frail elderly individuals. The problem of infections in nursing homes has led to a subsequent overuse and misuse of antibiotics in this already-frail population. Improving palliative care in nursing homes has been proposed as a key strategy to reduce the use of antibiotics. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the current status of how nursing homes integrates palliative care and infection management at end of life across the nation. Design: This is a cross-sectional survey of nationally representative US nursing homes. Setting/participants: Between November 2017 and October 2018, a survey was conducted with a nationally representative random sample of nursing homes and 892 surveys were completed (49% response rate). The weighted study sample represented 15,381 nursing homes across the nation. Results: Most nursing homes engaged in care plan documentation on what is important to residents (90.43%) and discussed spiritual needs of terminally ill residents (89.50%). In the event of aspiration pneumonia in terminally ill residents, 59.43% of nursing homes responded that resident would be transferred to the hospital. In suspected urinary tract infection among terminally ill residents, 66.62% of nursing homes responded that the resident will be treated with antibiotics. Conclusion: The study found wide variations in nursing home palliative care practices, particularly for timing of end-of-life care discussions, and suboptimal care reported for antibiotic usage. Further education for nursing home staff on appropriate antibiotic usage and best practices to integrate infection management in palliative care at the end of life is needed.

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Lorenzo-Gómez, María-Fernanda, María-Carmen Flores-Fraile, Magaly Márquez-Sánchez, Javier Flores-Fraile, Ignacio González-Casado, Bárbara Padilla-Fernández, Sebastián Valverde-Martínez, Teresa Hernández Sánchez, Carlos Muller-Arteaga, and María-Begoña García-Cenador. "Increased urinary markers of kidney damage in the institutionalized frail elderly due to recurrent urinary tract infections." Therapeutic Advances in Urology 12 (January 2020): 175628722097413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1756287220974133.

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Objective: To characterize the impact on kidney injury of recurrent urinary tract infections (RUTI) in the frail elderly. Methods: Prospective observational study in 200 frail elderly subjects for 1 year. Groups: GA ( n = 100): subjects without RUTI, GB ( n = 100): subjects with RUTI. Variables: age, concomitant diseases, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) at the beginning (NGAL-1) and end (NGAL-2) of the study, urine N-acetyl glucosaminidase (NAG) at the beginning (NAG-1) and the end (NAG-2) of the study, urine transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGFβ-1). Descriptive statistics, Mann–Whitney test, Chi-squared test, Fisher’s exact test, and multivariate analysis were used. Results: Mean age was 84.33 (65–99) years old, with no difference between GA and GB. Mean NGAL-1 was 1.29 ng/ml (0.04–8). There was lower in GA than in GB. Mean NGAL-2 was 1.41 ng/ml (0.02–9.22). NGAL-2 was lower in GA than in GB. Mean NAG-1 was 0.38 UU.II/ml (0.01–2.63. NAG-1 in GA was lower than in GB. Mean NAG-2 was 0.44 UU.II/ml (0–3.41). NAG-2 was lower in GA compared with GB. Mean TGFβ-1 was 23.43 pg/ml (0.02–103.76). TGFβ-1 was lower in GA than GB. There were no differences in the presence of secondary diagnoses between GA and GB. NAG-2 and NGAL-1 were the most determining factors of renal function; in GA it was NGAL-2, followed by NAG-1; in GB it was NGAL-1, followed by NAG-2. Conclusion: Frail elderly with RUTI have higher urinary levels of renal injury markers, specifically NGAL, NAG, and TGFβ-1, chronically in periods between urinary tract infection (UTI). Urinary markers of renal injury, specifically NGAL, NAG, and TGFβ-1, identify early deterioration of renal function, compared with serum creatinine, or albuminuria, in frail elderly with recurrent urinary infections.

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Ghildiyal, J. P., Archna Ghildiyal, Sarsij Sharma, Bushra Iqbal, and Shraddha Singh. "Association of perioperative hyperglycemic state with postoperative infection." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 7, no. 6 (October 31, 2016): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v7i6.15336.

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Background: Perioperative hyperglycemia is frequently encountered in clinical practice. Recent evidence suggests that hyperglycemia plays a significant role in the development of postoperative infections (POI). Major focus has been placed on whether hyperglycemia, as an independent risk factor, is associated with increased infection. The optimal targeted blood glucose range to prevent POI remains unclear, especially in the intra-operative period.Aims and Objectives: To study the association between peri-operative hyperglycemia to the subsequent risk of post-operative infections through a prospective observational study.Materials and Methods: A prospective study of 101 patients undergoing different types of general surgery procedures followed up to 30 days post-operatively was done. Random blood Sugar (RBS) was taken (1) Pre-operatively (2) Intra-operatively (3) Postoperatively- after 6, 24 and 48 hours. Primary end points of the study were (1) Surgical wound infection (2) Urinary tract infection (3) Septicemia.Results: Out of 101 patients 57 developed perioperative hyperglycemia (incidence- 56.4%). In normoglycemic group of patients infection rate was 4.5% (2/44) as compared to 26.3% (15/57) in perioperative hyperglycemic group.Conclusion: The present study provides a convincing evidence of an association between perioperative hyperglycemia and post-operative infection apart from giving a possible relationship between preoperative blood sugar levels and postoperative infection.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(6) 2016 32-35

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Kulchavenya, Ekaterina V., and Aleksandr A. Breusoff. "Recurrent cystitis and bacterial vaginosis: how to avoid polypharmacy." Gynecology 22, no. 4 (September 10, 2020): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/20795696.2020.4.200275.

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Background. The structure of lower urinary tract infections has clear sex-based differences. The vaginal microbiota is a key factor in the pathogenesis of lower urinary tract infections: aerobic vaginitis predisposes to infection and increases the incidence of cystitis by 2.9 times. Aim. To determine the effectiveness of Nifuratel as monotherapy in patients with chronic cystitis and concomitant bacterial vaginosis (BV). Materials and methods. Study design: an open-label, non-comparative, pilot, single-center, prospective study, which included 23 patients with recurrent cystitis and BV. All women received monotherapy with Nifuratel (Macmiror manufactured by Doppel Farmaceutici S.r.l., Italy) in tablets of 200 mg 3 times a day for 7 days. Control visits were performed in 7.90 and 180 days. Results. BV was diagnosed in all patients; 19 (82.6%) women also had vaginal candidiasis. At the end of therapy, 17 (73.9%) patients showed an excellent outcome, 4 (17.4%) a significant improvement, 2 (8.7%) no effect. After the end of three-month therapy, 18 (81.8%) out of 22 patients who left in the study had no complaints of urinary disorders or vaginal discharge. Their urinalyses were normal. Molecular genetic analysis of the vaginal biocenosis showed moderate dysbiosis; Candida spp. was revealed only in 3 (13.6%) cases. 18 patients came for the 4th visit. Within six months after the end of monotherapy with Nifuratel, the patients had no complaints. They all achieved the recovery of vaginal normocenosis with a sufficient amount of Lactobacillus spp. Conclusion. Monotherapy in patients with recurrent cystitis and BV is highly effective for both diseases: 73.9% of women achieved stable normalization of urine and vaginal microbiota analyzes, removal of bacteriuria. The bi-directional action of Nifuratel allows to avoid polypharmacy in this category of patients.

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KATTAN, S., I. HUSAIN, S. R. EL-FAQIH, and R. ATASSI. "Incidence of Bacteremia and Bacteriuria in Patients with Non-Infection-Related Urinary Stones Undergoing Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy." Journal of Endourology 7, no. 6 (December 1993): 449–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/end.1993.7.449.

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Aykota, Muhammed Rasid, Tugba Sari, and Sevda Yilmaz. "Successful treatment of extreme drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection following a liver transplant." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 14, no. 04 (April 30, 2020): 408–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.11842.

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Orthotopic liver transplantation is a life-saving procedure for patients with end-stage liver failure. However, Acinetobacter baumannii infections and acute rejection are important causes of morbidity and mortality following transplants. Here we present a case report of a cadaveric donor liver transplantation with infectious complications detected after transplantation. The patient was a 64-year-old female. Because of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis due to hepatic insufficiency (model for end-stage liver disease (MELD): 12; Child-Pugh: 9B), liver transplantation from a cadaveric donor was performed. Following the transplantation, the patient developed a blood stream infection, urinary tract infection (UTI) and postoperative wound infection from biliary leakage. A. baumannii was isolated from blood, urine and wound cultures. Imipenem (4×500 mg), tigecycline (2×50 mg) and phosphomycin (4×4 g) were administered intravenously (IV). On the 14th day of treatment, the bile fistula closed and there was no bacterial growth in blood and urine cultures. The patient was discharged with full recovery. The duration of a transplant patient’s hospital stay, intensive care unit stay, invasive interventions, blood transfusions and immunosuppressive treatments cause an increased risk of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) A. baumannii infections, and a high mortality rate is seen despite antibiotic treatment. Phosphomycin, used in combination therapy, may be an alternative in the treatment of XDR pathogens in organ transplant patients, due to its low side effect profile and lack of interaction with immunosuppressives.

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Bakr, Mohamed, and Khaled M. Abdelhalim. "Safety and Efficacy of Emergency Ureteroscopy with Intracorporeal Lithotripsy in Patients Presented with Urinary Tract Infection with Mild Sepsis." Journal of Endourology 34, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 262–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/end.2019.0550.

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Reji, Reshma, Sherin Alexander, and Meenu Vijayan. "A CASE SERIES ON ANTI NMDAR ENCEPHALITIS." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 9, no. 4 (February 27, 2017): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i4.15264.

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N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is an autoimmune neurological disorder arising from the generation of antibodies which binds to the synaptic proteins. Here we present a case series of 3 cases where the different aspects of treating NMDAR encephalitis are dealt with. The association of ovarian teratoma and the importance of its removal before treating the encephalitis have been discussed in the second case. Apart from the first line and second line agents used in the therapy of NMDAR encephalitis, the importance of managing infections especially urinary tract infection and lower respiratory tract infection with antibiotics have also been discussed. The article also aims to throw light into the treatment of extrapyramidal side effects induced by antipsychotics. At the end, the significance of putting the patient on a ketogenic diet to manage refractory seizures associated with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis has also been discussed based on reviewing literature.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Urinary infection. eng'

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