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1
Saleh, IshraqAbdulrrazaq, Ali Hazim Abdulkareem, and Ziad Hamad Abd. "Chemical Analysis Study of Kidney Stones in Iraqi Community." NeuroQuantology 20, no. 5 (2022): 844–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/nq.2022.20.5.nq22242.
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The urinary tract system is one of the most important system in human body to control many functions and get any wastes out of body, many diseases may affect this function and prevents it to work effectively. One of this disease is nephrolithiasis at which salt forming stone are settled in renal system affecting its work. The qualitative biochemical analysis of compositions of each stone was done for carbonate, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, oxalate, uric acid, and cysteine, using stone powder derived from the stones. These results found that Calcium oxalate stones were more likely to be detected in patients with upper urinary tract stones (p < 0.001). It was observed in 5.3% of cases which was apparently lower than previous data in nationwide urinary stone composition analysis. the most common type of stone was calcium oxalate (84.1%); others were calcium oxalate phosphate (8.0%), ammonia (3.4%), calcium uric acid (2.3%) and calcium carbonate (1.1%). A defect in ammonium excretion would account for the undue urinary acidity; then, increased urine acidity promotes uric acid super saturation. The amount of urinary oxalate excretion is a significant factor in the development of CaOx stones. Aim of study to know how to prevent stone recurrence and formation requiring better knowing mechanisms contributed in this stone formation.
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Panthi, Janardan, and Bishal Pokhrel. "Chemical Analysis of Urinary Stones at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital." International Journal of Current Research in Medical Sciences 10, no. 12 (2024): 21–26. https://doi.org/10.22192/ijcrms.2024.10.12.003.
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Introduction: Urinary Stone (Urolithiasis) is a common problem all over the world, and its prevalence is higher in those who lives in mountains, deserts, tropical and subtropical areas. The notorious nature of its recurrence is a great challenge to the treatment of urinary stone disease. Urinary stone is the third most common problems of urinary tract, exceeded only by urinary tract infection, and pathological conditions of the prostate. Worldwide prevalence of urinary stone disease is increasing day by day. The present study focuses on the demographic distribution and chemical analysis of the urinary stones of the patients undergoing surgical intervention. Methods: A prospective, descriptive study was carried out over a period of one year from July 2006 to July 2007 at department of General Surgery, Urology unit, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital Kathmandu. There was a total of 4124 patients admitted in surgical ward. Among them 153 patients were admitted at Urology unit and stones of 50 patients who underwent surgical intervention were sent for biochemical analysis of stone at National Reference Laboratory Kathmandu. Results: Urinary stones with the male to female ratio was 1.5:1. Urinary stone was found more common in hilly area of Nepal which was 64.0%. The most common urinary stone was Calcium Oxalate, 66.0%. Conclusion: The study revealed that majority of the patients were between 20 to 29 years of age in which 60.0%were male and 40.0%female. 64.0 % of stones were seen in Hilly area of Nepal, and calcium oxalate was the most common types of urinary stone. Keywords: Urinary stone, RAHS.
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Yin, Kexin, Zhikang Yin, Zhenyu Liu, Junjie Yao, Yuzhou Wu, and Shuai Su. "Exploring the association between multiple factors and urolithiasis: A retrospective study and Mendelian randomization analysis." Medicine 103, no. 18 (2024): e37968. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000037968.
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To investigate the relationship between several factors and urinary stone as well as different stone compositions. To guide the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of urinary stone recurrence. We used bidirectional Mendelian randomization to analyze the causal relationship between hypertension and urinary stones, diabetes and urinary stones, and body mass index (BMI) and urinary stones. We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of patients with urinary stones admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Chongqing, China, from July 2015 to October 2022. Patients were included when they were first diagnosed with urinary stones. The odds ratio of calculi on hypertension estimated by inverse variance weighted was 8.46 (95%CI: 4.00–17.90, P = 2.25 × 10−8). The stone composition analysis showed that there were 3101 (67.02%) mixed, 1322 (28.57%) calcium oxalate monohydrate, 148 (3.20%) anhydrous uric acid, 16 (0.35%) magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate, 11 (0.24%) dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, 10 (0.22%) carbonate apatite, 8 (0.17%) L-cystine, 4 ammonium uric acid (0.09%), and 7 other stone types (0.15%). Mendelian randomization studies have proven that urinary stones may be a potential risk factor for hypertension, while there is no causal relationship between diabetes and stones, BMI, and stones. Our retrospective study has shown that urinary stone components are closely associated with sex, age, hypertension, diabetes, and BMI. It is reasonable to suspect that treating a single stone component is ineffective in preventing recurrence. We also found that the peak incidence of urinary stones was at the most active stage of most people’s working lives.
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Sigdel, Ghanshyam, Nirmal Lamichhane, Sudeep Raj K.C., and W. K. Belokar. "Chemical Analysis of Urinary Stones." Journal of Society of Surgeons of Nepal 19, no. 2 (2016): 10–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jssn.v19i2.24543.
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Introduction: Urinary stone disease is a common urological problem. Chemical analysis of the urinary stones is a part of metabolic evaluation of first time or recurrent stone formers. The report of chemical analysis of stones may obviate the need for complete metabolic evaluation or can direct metabolic evaluation. In this study we aim to find out the chemical compositions of urinary stones in our population, so that the result might serve as a baseline for the related research in future.
 Methods: A prospective study was carried out in our institute with the qualitative chemical analysis of urinary stones. All patients operated for different urinary stones by various methods were included in the study. Statistical analysis was done by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Software (SPSS) Program for windows ® version 18.
 Results: A total of 55 patients were included in the study. Male to female ratio was 1.75. Mean age was 41.45 years. Ureteric and renal stones were most common accounting to 49 and 31 percentage respectively. All stones contained calcium. Calcium, phosphate, oxalate and uric acid were the major constituents of the stones representing 100, 94.5, 85.5 and 80 percentage of the stone specimen. Other constituents were amino acids, carbonate, magnesium and cystine.
 Conclusions: Urinary stones are of mixed chemical compositions. Further large scale prospective studies along with other parameters of metabolic work up are recommended to know more about the chemical compositions of urinary stones and its utility in clinical practice.
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Sholan, Rashad, Rufat Aliyev, Ulduz Hashimova, Seymur Karimov, and Elvin Bayramov. "Urinary Stone Composition Analysis of 1465 Patients: The First Series from Azerbaijan." Archives of Iranian Medicine 27, no. 11 (2024): 618–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/aim.32026.
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Background: Urinary stone disease is a prevalent health issue worldwide, with varying incidence influenced by multiple factors. This study aims to provide the first comprehensive analysis of urinary stone composition in Azerbaijan. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 1465 patients, aged 1‒83 years, who underwent biochemical urinary stone analysis at the Department of Renal Diseases and Organ Transplantation, Azerbaijan State Security Service Military Hospital, between April 2015 and December 2023. Stone samples were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Statistical analyses were performed using the IBM® SPSS software version 29.0. Results: The cohort had a median age of 45 years, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.65:1. Calcium oxalate stones were the most common (56.2%), followed by uric acid (33.7%), struvite (5.3%), cystine (2.5%), calcium phosphate (1.9%), and xanthine (0.1%) stones. Men had a higher prevalence of calcium oxalate and uric acid stones, while women had more struvite stones. Mixed stones were common, particularly among uric acid and struvite stones. Significant differences in stone composition were observed between age groups and genders, with uric acid stones found predominantly in older individuals. Conclusion: This study highlights the predominance of calcium oxalate stones and the elevated prevalence of uric acid stones in Azerbaijan, emphasizing the need for tailored diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The high prevalence of mixed stones underscores the complexity of urinary stone disease and the need for comprehensive metabolic evaluation and individualized preventive strategies.
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Khan, Saeed R. "Urinary stone analysis." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 86–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100102511.
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Since crystalline composition of a urinary stone is an expression of urinary chemical conditions prevalent at the time of crystal nucleation and growth, a careful analysis of the stone and identification of constituent crystals is necessary for an understanding of the disease and the initiation of a proper medical regimen for the prevention of stone recurrence. Of the number of methods available, analytical electron microscopic techniques including scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), x-ray microanalysis (XRMA), and electron diffraction (ED) are gaining in popularity.For SEM, the dried stone is fractured through the middle and small pieces representing different areas of the stone are mounted on a carbon planchet or an aluminum stub using a double sticky tape or graphite paint. The specimen is then sputter coated with silver, gold or gold/palladium; or coated with carbon. For morphological examination alone, the specimen can be coated with any of the available conducting substances, but for XRMA the specimen should either be examined uncoated or be coated with carbon, or with a substance whose peaks in the XRMA spectrum do not interfere with the peaks of the elements of interest.
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Hong, Sen-Yuan, Lin-Tao Miao, Jia-Qiao Zhang, and Shao-Gang Wang. "Identification of Two Clusters in Renal Pelvis Urobiome of Unilateral Stone Formers Using 2bRAD-M." Microorganisms 11, no. 9 (2023): 2276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11092276.
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Urolithiasis is a common urological disease with increasing incidence and a high recurrence rate, whose etiology is not fully understood. The application of sequencing and culturomics has revealed that urolithiasis is closely related to the urinary microbiome (urobiome), shedding new light on the pathogenesis of stone formation. In this study, we recruited 30 patients with unilateral stones and collected their renal pelvis urine from both sides. Then, we performed 2bRAD-M, a novel sequencing technique that provides precise microbial identification at the species level, to characterize the renal pelvis urobiome of unilateral stone formers in the both sides. We first found that the urobiome in the stone side could be divided into two clusters (Stone1 and Stone2) based on distance algorithms. Stone2 harbored higher microbial richness and diversity compared to Stone1. The genera Cupriavidus and Sphingomonas were overrepresented in Stone1, whereas Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas were overrepresented in Stone2. Meanwhile, differential species were identified between Stone1 and Stone2. We further constructed a random forest model to discriminate two clusters which achieved a powerful diagnostic potential. Moreover, the urobiome of the non-stone side (Control1/2) was compared with that of the stone side (Stone1/2). Stone1 and Control1 showed different microbial community distributions, while Stone2 was similar to Control2 based on diversity analysis. We also identified differentially abundant species among all groups. We assumed that there might be different mechanisms of how microbiota contribute to stone formation in two clusters. Our findings might assist in the selection of suitable medical treatments for urolithiasis.
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Gervasoni, Jacopo, Aniello Primiano, Pietro Manuel Ferraro, Andrea Urbani, Giovanni Gambaro, and Silvia Persichilli. "Improvement of Urinary Stones Analysis Combining Morphological Analysis and Infrared Spectroscopy." Journal of Chemistry 2018 (2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4621256.
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Daudon et al. have developed a complex morphoconstitutional classification of renal stone in six different morphological types and several subtypes. According to this classification, a precise correspondence exists between causes of renal stones and subtypes with a great clinical relevance and can be considering a sort of shortcut for the metabolic diagnosis in renal stone patients. Now the diagnosis of causes of renal stones generally requires repeated biochemical investigations on urine and blood samples and usually remains presumptive. We analyzed 150 urinary stones both by stereoscopic microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The comparison of 150 stones did not reveal any disagreement. We have only 20 partial agreement, and clinicians agreed that the imprecise information obtained with morphological analysis alone would have missed an important clinical finding only in 3 cases. In conclusion, in our opinion, the analysis of urinary stone must combine two different analytical techniques: morphological analysis by stereomicroscope and biochemical analysis with the FT-IR.
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Feicke, Antje, Katharina M. Rentsch, Daniel Oertle, and Räto T. Strebel. "Same Patient, New Stone Composition: Amprenavir Urinary Stone." Antiviral Therapy 13, no. 5 (2008): 733–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135965350801300514.
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We report here the first case to add amprenavir to the growing list of antiretroviral drugs associated with urinary stones. The first reported case of a nelfinavir urinary stone was reported in 2002 in a 37-year-old HIV-infected woman. In September 2007, the same female patient was referred to our department with recent onset of right flank pain and recurrent urinary tract infections. Abdominal computed tomography revealed three obstructing stones in the distal right ureter, another stone in the right renal pelvis with hydronephrosis and a stone in the left kidney. After stone retrieval, analysis of the stone by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry revealed a stone composition of 95% unmodified amprenavir and 5% ritonavir.
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Saghamanesh, Somayeh, Henning Richter, Antonia Neels, and Robert Zboray. "Multi-Modal X-ray Imaging and Analysis for Characterization of Urinary Stones." Applied Sciences 12, no. 8 (2022): 3798. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12083798.
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Backgound: The composition of stones formed in the urinary tract plays an important role in their management over time. The most common imaging method for the non-invasive evaluation of urinary stones is radiography and computed tomography (CT). However, CT is not very sensitive, and cannot differentiate between all critical stone types. In this study, we propose the application, and evaluate the potential, of a multi-modal (or multi-contrast) X-ray imaging technique called speckle-based imaging (SBI) to differentiate between various types of urinary stones. Methods: Three different stone samples were extracted from animal and human urinary tracts and examined in a laboratory-based speckle tracking setup. The results were discussed based on an X-ray diffraction analysis and a comparison with X-ray microtomography and grating-based interferometry. Results: The stones were classified through compositional analysis by X-ray diffraction. The multi-contrast images obtained using the SBI method provided detailed information about the composition of various urinary stone types, and could differentiate between them. X-ray SBI could provide highly sensitive and high-resolution characterizations of different urinary stones in the radiography mode, comparable to those by grating interferometry. Conclusions: This investigation demonstrated the capability of the SBI technique for the non-invasive classification of urinary stones through radiography in a simple and cost-effective laboratory setting. This opens the possibility for further studies concerning full-field in vivo SBI for the clinical imaging of urinary stones.
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Akin, Yigit, Selcuk Yucel, Ahmet Danisman, Tibet Erdogru, and Mehmet Baykara. "The impact of metabolic risk management on recurrence of urinary stones." Journal of Health Sciences 2, no. 1 (2012): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17532/jhsci.2012.58.
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Introduction: Urinary stone disease is a common urologic problem and recurrence in stone formation is a very familiar issue to urologists. Although recurrence in stone formation has been linked to metabolic abnormalities, it can be accessible by metabolic risk analysis studies.Methods: Herein, we present our experience in metabolic risk management on recurrence of urinary stones for 10 years in Akdeniz University School of Medicine department of Urology. We retrospectively analyzed Akdeniz University Urinary Stone Database between dates of January 2000 and December 2010. We found over 3500 patients who were managed by SWL (shock wave lithotripsy) or PCNL (percutaneus nephrolithotripsy) or URS (Ureterorenoscopic lithotripsy) or open surgery.Results: 525 patients’ metabolic risk analysis was ordered due to recurrent urinary stone disease. Only 134 (25.5 %) current metabolic analysis were returned. Mean patient age was 32.2 years (range: 19-82 years).Patients were 103 male and 31 female. Stone analysis results were CaOx monohydrate in 48 (35.8 %), CaOx dihydrate in 8 (5.9 %), CaOx mono and dihydrate in 70 (52.2 %), uric acid in 3, CaOx monohydrate and uricacid in 2, cystine in 2, and struvite in 1 patient, respectively. The metabolic risk analysis showed some abnormality in 54 (40.2 %) patients.Conclusion: Although compliance to metabolic risk analysis studies is low among recurrent urinary stone formers, some significant metabolic abnormalities could be detected in those who are effectively screened.Recurrence of urinary stones in patients who are started on appropriate metabolic management can be prevented.
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Kodati, Venkata Ramana, Anthony T. Tu, Ravindra Nath, and Jacob L. Turumin. "Analysis of Urinary Calculi of Mixed and Unusual Composition: Raman Spectroscopic Investigation." Applied Spectroscopy 47, no. 3 (1993): 334–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934066604.
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Raman spectroscopic analysis of kidney stones of mixed composition and of unusual stones is presented. Raman spectroscopy was used to analyze the chemical composition of kidney stones without extraction. A kidney stone sample was irradiated by laser light of 514.5 nm, and the scattered light was analyzed by a Raman spectrometer. The first stone was determined to be a mixture of calcium oxalate dihydrate and hydroxyapatite and the second one to be a mixture of calcium oxalate monohydrate, uric acid, and hydroxyapatite. The third and fourth stones were not mixed-composition stones, but rather stones with unusual composition. One was concluded to be carboxyapatite, and the other was mucoprotein-type stone. The present investigation indicates that Raman spectroscopy is a useful tool for direct analysis of kidney stone without going through the usual procedure of crushing, extracting, and carrying out tedious wet chemical analysis.
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Ma, Lin, Yi Qiao, Runqiu Wang, et al. "Machine Learning Models Decoding the Association Between Urinary Stone Diseases and Metabolic Urinary Profiles." Metabolites 14, no. 12 (2024): 674. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14120674.
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Background: Employing advanced machine learning models, we aim to identify biomarkers for urolithiasis from 24-h metabolic urinary abnormalities and study their associations with urinary stone diseases. Methods: We retrospectively recruited 468 patients at Peking Union Medical College Hospital who were diagnosed with urinary stone disease, including renal, ureteral, and multiple location stones, and had undergone a 24-h urine metabolic evaluation. We applied machine learning methods to identify biomarkers of urolithiasis from the urinary metabolite profiles. In total, 148 (34.02%) patients were with kidney stones, 34 (7.82%) with ureter stones, and 163 (34.83%) with multiple location stones, all of whom had detailed urinary metabolite data. Our analyses revealed that the Random Forest algorithm exhibited the highest predictive accuracy, with AUC values of 0.809 for kidney stones, 0.99 for ureter stones, and 0.775 for multiple location stones. The Super Learner Ensemble Method also demonstrated high predictive performance with slightly lower AUC values compared to Random Forest. Further analysis using multivariate logistic regression identified significant features for each stone type based on the Random Forest method. Results: We found that 24-h urinary magnesium was positively associated with both kidney stones and multiple location stones (OR = 1.195 [1.06–1.3525] and 1.3258 [1.1814–1.4949]) due to its high correlation with urinary phosphorus, while 24-h urinary creatinine was a protective factor for kidney stones and ureter stones, with ORs of 0.9533 [0.9117–0.996] and 0.8572 [0.8182–0.8959]. eGFR was a risk factor for ureter stones and multiple location stones, with ORs of 1.0145 [1.0084–1.0209] and 1.0148 [1.0077–1.0223]. Conclusion: Machine learning techniques show promise in revealing the links between urological stone disease and 24-h urinary metabolic data. Enhancing the prediction accuracy of these models leads to improved dietary or pharmacological prevention strategies.
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Bhattacharyya, Shalmoli, Arup Kumar Mandal, and Shrawan Kumar Singh. "Analysis of the Chemical Composition of Urinary Calculi using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy: A Preliminary Study." Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, Education and Research 48, no. 3 (2014): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10028-1117.
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ABSTRACT Background The etiology of primary and recurrent stone formation in the urinary tract remains obscure in spite of intensive research. The formation of renal calculi is a multifactorial disorder resulting from the combined influence of epidemiological, biochemical and genetic risk factors which disturb the lithogenous salt profile in the body. Materials and methods In the present study, 52 stone samples have been analyzed for their stone composition by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The samples were made in a potassium bromide pellet and analyzed to identify the stone components. Results Stone formation was more prevalent in males and the incidence increased with age. Majority of stones were oxalate and mixed stones. The components of mixed stones were identified by spectrum analysis. Conclusion Specific dietary factors can affect the urinary composition and supersaturation, which in turn, can affect the process of crystallization and stone formation. The same chemical components may crystallize in different forms during stone formation. Hence, proper analysis has to identify not only the molecular species present in the calculus, but also the crystalline form. So, quantitative evaluation of all components of the calculi is necessary for effective prevention or reduction of stone recurrences. How to cite this article Bhattacharyya S, Sharma G, Mandal AK, Singh SK. Analysis of the Chemical Composition of Urinary Calculi using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy: A Preliminary Study. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2014;48(3):128-131.
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Laohapan, Akpol, Kanrapee Nuwatkrisin, Supoj Ratchanon, and Manint Usawachintachit Manint Usawachintachit. "Study of urinary stone composition in a university-based hospital." Insight Urology 41, no. 2 (2020): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.52786/a.7.
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Objective: Knowing the composition of a urinary stone is valuable in its treatment, helping to define stone etiology, guide management, and prevent stone recurrence. This study aims to identify the incidence of various stone compositions in a university-based, tertiary care hospital. Material and Method: This retrospective study was conducted at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital. Data of stone composition by infrared spectroscopy were collected from all patients undergoing upper urinary tract stone removal surgery from January 2015 to December 2018. Demographic data including age, gender, comorbidities, and stone characteristics were also collected. Results: A total of 173 stone analyses were included in this study. The main stone composition was calcium oxalate monohydrate (whewellite 49.7%), calcium carbonate apatite (dahllite 34.1%), calcium oxalate dihydrate (weddellite 5.2%), magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite 4%), and ammonium hydrogen urate (2.9%). A small proportion of uric acid (1.7%), cystine (1.7%), and calcium phosphate (brushite 0.6%) was also found. No correlation was found between stone composition and age, gender or occupation. Multivariate analysis revealed that calcium oxalate stones were more common in males than females (odds ratio=2.21, 95%CI: 1.91-4.12; p-value=0.01). Phosphate-containing stones (struvite, dahllite and brushite) were more common in patients with a history of urinary tract infection (odds ratio=3.06, 95%CI: 1.18-7.92; p-value=0.02). Conclusion: Calcium oxalate and calcium carbonate apatite were the most common stone compositions found in this study. Male gender was a risk factor for oxalate stone, and a history of urinary tract infection was a risk factor for phosphate-containing stones.
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Güler, Yavuz. "Effects of body mass index on urinary lithogenic factors in urinary system stone patients." Folia Medica 66, no. 1 (2024): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/folmed.66.e114369.
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Aim: Obesity and metabolic syndrome are becoming more prevalent these days. In addition, we know that urinary stone disease is also on the rise. In this study, we wanted to examine if body mass index (BMI) had a negative effect on the stone disease by evaluating 24-hour urinalysis in stone patients and recurrence rates in our region. Materials and methods: From January 2017 to December 2019, a total of 193 patients were assessed retrospectively in terms of their 24-hour urine analysis results and blood parathyroid hormone (PTH) values. These patients were divided into 3 groups by their BMI &lt;25, 25-30, and ≥30 (group 1, 2, and 3, respectively). Demographic and 24-hour urine analysis data were compared between the groups. Patients with and without recurrent stones were divided into 2 groups and lithogenic factors were analyzed. Possible lithogenic risk factors for recurrent stone formation were examined in a multivariate logistic regression analysis. Pearson and Spearmen correlation analysis was used for correlation. Results: Groups 1, 2, and 3 had 107, 55, and 31 patients, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups in their BMI, diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HT), gout, spontaneous stone passage, and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) factors. While the mean of BMI was similar for groups 2 and 3, the mean of group 1 was statistically significantly lower. Group 3 exhibited statistically significant higher rates of DM, HT, and gout diseases in comparison to the other groups. ESWL and spontaneous stone removal factors were statistically significantly higher in groups 2 and 3 than in group 1. According to the results of the 24-hour urine analysis, the urinary pH, uric acid, calcium, oxalate, and phosphate values were statistically different in group 1 from other groups. Urinary pH was more acidic and uric acid, calcium, oxalate, and phosphate values were higher in groups 2 and 3. Only BMI was statistically different from the lithogenic factors in the patient groups with and without recurrent stones. Also, in the multifactorial logistic regression analysis, BMI factor was found to be significant in duplicate stone formation. There was a weak but statistically significant correlation between the amount of uric acid and stone volume (r=0.307, p=0.04). Conclusion: Increased BMI negatively affects the lithogenic factors in urine and facilitates the formation of recurrent stones.
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Türk, Hakan, and Sıtkı Ün. "Predictive factors for stone disease in patients with renal colic." Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia 89, no. 2 (2017): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/aiua.2017.2.143.
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Introduction: Many patients present to urology and emergency departments for acute renal colic complaints. There are many different imaging studies that can be used in patients with a pre-diagnosis of acute renal colic. In this study, we would like to assess the efficacy of using clinical and laboratory results in patients with flank pain complaint as a predictive factor of urinary system stone disease. Materials and methods: All patients were assessed using spinal non-contrast complete abdominal computerized tomography and urine analysis. Presence of stones and their number and size were recorded. Results: 516 patients who were included in the study were divided into 2 groups according to urinary stone presence. Group 1 (n = 388) consisted of patients with stones meanwhile patients in Group 2 (n = 128) were stone-free. According to these results, male sex, presence of microscopic hematuria, stone history in the family, nausea and emesis in addition to pain and accompanying urinary symptoms were detected as predictive factors in diagnosing urinary stone disease by multivariate analysis. Conclusion: From our study results, we can conclude that uroflowmetry is a very useful tool in monitoring lower urinary system complaints.
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Ahmad, Nisar, Shah Jahan Ur Rehman, Khalid Khan, et al. "Factors Affecting the Outcome of Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy in Urinary Stone Treatment." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 11 (2022): 465–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs20221611465.
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Background and aim: The recurrence of urinary stones occurs in two thirds of patients within a 20-year period, making urinary stones a common pathology. Among urology pathologies, kidney stones rank third behind urinary infections and conditions of the prostate. The present study intended to assess various factors affecting the extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) outcome in urinary stone treatment. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 136 urinary stone patients who underwent extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy in the Department of Urology, Sahiwal Teaching Hospital, Sahiwal for the duration from September 2021 to August 2022. Computed tomography confirmed the presence of stones and measured the size (3-20 mm), distance from skin to stone, location, and density in Hounsfield units. Patient’s characteristics such as estimated rate of glomerular filtration and BMI were measured. A successful ESWL requires at least a 3mm residual renal stone fragment in post-therapy, and at least a complete clearance of ureteric stones at the end of treatment. SPSS version 26 was used for descriptive statistic. Results: Of the total 136 urinary stone patients, there were 108 (79.4%) male and 28 (20.6%) females. The incidence of stones present in proximal ureter, mid, and distal ureter was 72 (52.9%), 7 (5.1%), and 57 (41.9%) respectively. All the patients underwent ESWL 1.5 times (average), and the success rate in first, second, and third session was 67.8% (n=92), 83.8% (n=114), and 91.2% (n=124) respectively. The overall success rate of ESWL was 80.9%. A multivariate analysis revealed that HU [OR=0.89, 95% CI, 0.96-0.98, P=0.001) and stone size [OR=0.79, 95% CI, 0.62-0.98, P=0.051] were significantly affecting the first ESWL session success rate. Third session success rate was significantly affected by stone size [OR=0.76, 95% CI, 0.58-0.95, P=0.015]. Stent associated higher failure rate [OR=6.425, 95% CI, 2.132-18.235, p=0.001] and ESWL failure was three-times higher in females than in male. Conclusion: The present study found that the overall success rate of ESWL in urinary stone treatment was 80.9%. ESWL success rates were affected by stone size and HU. Patients' pain and fragmentation levels should be considered when adjusting the intensity of ESWL. Keywords: Urinary stone treatment, Outcomes, Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy
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Ma, Qi, Li Fang, Rui Su, Liang Ma, Guohai Xie, and Yue Cheng. "Uric acid stones, clinical manifestations and therapeutic considerations." Postgraduate Medical Journal 94, no. 1114 (2018): 458–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2017-135332.
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Uric acid stones account for 10%–15% of all urinary stones. Changes in dietary habits, environment or both can result in the increase of uric acid stones. The formation of uric acid stones is related to hyperuricosuria, low urinary volume and persistently low urinary pH. Diabetes and obesity also significantly increase the risk of stone formation. Dual-energy CT provides a convenient and reliable method for diagnosis. Stone composition analysis and 24-hour urine metabolic evaluations should be considered for further evaluation. Most small uric acid stones (diameter <2 cm) can be treated by pharmacotherapy or extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. However, ureteroscopy and other minimally invasive procedures should be reserved for larger stones (diameter ≥2 cm), or patients with concomitant urinary tract obstruction and/or infections. Additionally, adjustment of potential pathophysiologic defects by pharmacotherapy and dietary modification is strongly recommended for the prevention of uric stone recurrence.
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Mimansa, Anuggya, Sanjay Kumar Jha, and Irfan Ahmad. "Predicting the Chemical Composition of Urinary Calculi In-Vivo Using CT Attenuation Values: An Analytical Study." International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies 8, no. 5 (2024): 139–44. https://doi.org/10.32553/ijmbs.v8i5.3025.
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Background: Urolithiasis, the formation of urinary calculi, is a prevalent condition with significant clinical implications. The composition of urinary stones is vital for determining appropriate treatment and preventive measures. Recent advancements in imaging, particularly computed tomography (CT), have shown promise in non-invasive stone composition analysis based on CT attenuation values. This study aims to predict the chemical composition of urinary calculi in vivo using CT attenuation values, enhancing the diagnostic and therapeutic management of urolithiasis. Methods: Sixty-four patients diagnosed with urinary calculi underwent non-contrast-enhanced CT (NCCT) scans. CT attenuation values of the stones were measured, and stone samples were analyzed post-extraction for chemical composition. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 21.0, including correlation analysis, sensitivity, specificity calculations, and regression modeling. Results: The mean CT attenuation value of the urinary calculi was 825 ± 270 Hounsfield units (HU). Calcium oxalate stones had the highest mean attenuation (1075 ± 150 HU), followed by cystine (750 ± 80 HU), struvite (600 ± 75 HU), and uric acid stones (450 ± 100 HU). CT attenuation values showed strong correlations with stone composition, with Pearson's coefficients ranging from 0.68 to 0.82 (p < 0.01). Sensitivity and specificity for predicting calcium oxalate stones were 90% and 85%, respectively. Regression analysis confirmed the predictive capability of CT values, explaining 78% of the variance in stone composition (p < 0.001). Conclusion: CT attenuation values are a reliable, non-invasive method for predicting the chemical composition of urinary calculi. This approach can improve personalized treatment strategies and clinical outcomes for patients with urolithiasis. Recommendations: Further research should focus on standardizing CT protocols and addressing potential confounding factors to enhance the accuracy of attenuation-based predictions. Additionally, incorporating dual-energy CT (DECT) could provide more detailed compositional data and improve diagnostic precision. Keywords: Urolithiasis, CT attenuation values, stone composition, non-invasive diagnosis, dual-energy CT.
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Saran, Rama Kishan, Pawan Katti, Kiran Mirdha, Sanya Saran, and Rajendra Prasad Takhar. "Spectrum of pediatric urinary stone composition in North Western India: analysis at tertiary care center." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 7, no. 11 (2019): 4102. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20194974.
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Background: Pediatric urolithiasis results in significant morbidity in later life. Incidence as well as site and chemical composition of calculi varies according to the changes in socio-economic conditions over time and the subsequent changes in dietary habits leading to a marked variation in the spectrum of urinary stone composition. To evaluate the spectrum of urinary stone composition in pediatric population from North-western India.Methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted between October 2013 and February 2019 which included pediatric patients with urolithiasis. Demographic and epidemiological characteristics including age, sex, geography, religion, socio-economic status, dietary habits were recorded. The location and sizes of stones were documented. The data was collected, analyzed and presented using summary statistics.Results: A total of 163 patients with urolithiasis were enrolled, of which 86 (53%) aged between 6 and 10 years, 49 (30%) aged between 11 and 14 years and 28 (17%) were aged between 0 and 5 years. The majority of patients were male (n=134; 82.21%). The most common location of the stone was urinary bladder (n=106; 65.03%) followed by kidney (n=33; 20.25%), urethra (n=16; 9.82%) and ureter (n=8; 4.91%). The upper tract (kidney and ureter) to the lower tract (bladder and urethra) stone ratio was 1:4. Stones with mixed composition were more than pure stones (73.62% versus 26.38%). The most common composition was the mixed stone of calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate and uric acid (n=36; 22.09%) followed by mixed stone of calcium oxalate monohydrate and dihydrate with uric acid (n=29; 17.79%), calcium oxalate and uric acid (n=25, 15.34%), calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate (n=20; 12.27%). Calcium oxalate was present in 80% of the stones, followed by uric acid in 7%, struvite in 6%, cystine in 3% and calcium phosphate in 2%.Conclusions: These results suggest that the prevalence of mixed stones with calcium oxalate as the predominant chemical component in the urinary stones of pediatric patients studied.
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Ali, Zulfikar, Fradelino Esau Selanno, I. Putu Gde Fredy Gunawan, Mohammad Sulchan, Ponco Birowo, and Tri Indah Winarni. "Urinary calcium and matrix Gla protein levels in the kidney stones: a case-control study." Medical Journal of Indonesia 34, no. 1 (2025): 58–62. https://doi.org/10.13181/mji.oa.257748.
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BACKGROUND Kidney stones are a global issue with varying prevalence. The most common metabolic risk factor is hypercalciuria, a condition where excess calcium in the urine promotes stone formation. Matrix Gla protein (MGP) inhibits stone formation by preventing crystal growth. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between urinary calcium and MGP levels in kidney stone formation. METHODS A case-control study at Kardinah Hospital, Indonesia, included 64 patients with kidney stone and 64 healthy controls. Exclusion criteria included renal failure, stroke, kidney tumor, heart failure, and hemodialysis. Urinary calcium and MGP were measured using the 5’-nitro-5’-methyl-BAPTA method and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cut-off values were determined via receiver operating characteristic analysis. RESULTS Among 128 participants (mean age: 51.6), the optimal cut-off for urinary MGP was 1,405 ng/l (p = 0.00024) with 62.5% sensitivity and 72% specificity. Urinary calcium cut-off was 72.5 mg/24 hours with 81.3% sensitivity and 62.5% specificity. Higher urinary calcium and MGP levels were linked to kidney stones (OR: 7.22; 95% CI: 3.23–16.18 and OR: 4.26; 95% CI: 2.03–8.96, respectively). A significant association was found between urinary calcium and MGP (OR: 5.11; 95% CI: 2.31–11.29, p = 0.00006) that hypercalciuria and increased MGP levels are predictors of kidney stone formation. CONCLUSIONS Urinary calcium and MGP levels are associated with kidney stones. Elevated urinary calcium (>1,405 ng/l) increases MGP levels more than 5-fold. Depending on their levels, urinary calcium and MGP act as both promoters and inhibitors of stone formation.
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Kim, K. M. "Electron microscopic pathology of urinary stones." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 45 (August 1987): 674–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100127797.
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Urolithiasis occurs commonly. With modern technology, stones can be easily removed. However, the major threat of urolithiasis is in its high recurrence rate. Many recurrences can be medically prevented. For medical prevention, proper knowledge of stone components is essential.Urinary stones have been analyzed mainly by x-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and chemical analysis. Each method suffers from limitations in sensitivity and reliability. Primarily because of their inability to detect minor components of the stones, two or more methods are frequently combined. Recently it has become apparent that scanning electron microscopy (SEM), especially when combined with x-ray analysis (XA), has a sensivity in stone analysis exceeding other conventional methods.SEM of urinary stones did not gain popularity mainly due to the perceived high cost, the difficulty of sectioning stones, and the variability of crystal morphology.
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Jamil, Muhammad Nasir, Muhammad Shahzad, Hamza Ashraf, and Ehsan Ul Islam. "Medical Therapy to Facilitate Urinary Stone Passage." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 17, no. 4 (2023): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs20231746.
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Background: Urinary stones are now a worldwide problem due to a rise in occurrence over the past few decades. All racial and cultural groups have experienced this. Complex metabolic and environmental risk factors are both involved in the pathogenetic pathways of stone production. This disease affects roughly 12% of the world's population. Its recurrence rate is about 70% in men and 47% in women. Urinary stones have significantly increased in prevalence over the past 20 years, becoming a global disease. Aim: This review covers literature on the medical therapy of urolithiasis to facilitate urinary stone passage and their mechanism of action in the light of the new data on the diagnosis and different types of urinary tract stones. Method: A preliminary search of related articles was obtained from three online databases PubMed, Sci.hub and Google scholar whichwere used to conduct a systematic evaluation of the literature. Inclusion and exclusion criteria screened the initial search results, and 67 papers were chosen to be appropriate for this literature review following careful reading, analysis, and evaluation. Results: Different methods of medical therapy (phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, alpha blockers, calcium blockers, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and different types of surgical procedures (extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy,ureteroscopy)were thoroughly reviewed but among all of them the expulsion rate to remove the urinary stone was found to be larger and faster in calcium channel blocker (CI 1.33-1.66) and alpha blockers(CI 1.152–7.45). Practical implications: Medical therapies facilitate the urinary-stone passagebut these therapies are not generally used. The choices for treating urinary stones are expanded by these techniques. Patients with big ureteral stones have had better results with medical expulsive therapy.Removing the urinary stones also decreases the chances of other diseases which happened as a result of urinary stone. There are many benefits of medical expulsive therapy which are diverse in nature andthis therapy minimizes the exposure to anesthesia and radiations. Conclusion: Different surgical procedures are used to remove the stones from the urinary passage. Despite of surgical procedures, medical expulsive therapy are more helpful. Alpha-blockers and calcium channel blockers are the main medical expulsive therapies for primary evacuation of urinary tract stones. Keywords: Urolithiasis, Urinary tract stones, Medical expulsive treatment.
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BENZINE, Malika. "Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis of Kidney Stones: Methodology of Identification." Clinical Trials and Bioavailability Research 2, no. 1 (2023): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.58489/2836-5836/006.
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The urinary stone analysis is the first step in looking for the causes of urolithiasis, in order to avoid the problems of recurrence. This analysis sometimes makes it possible to propose a diagnosis, and most often helps to direct the exploration towards the most appropriate examinations. To be reliable, the identification of the components of urinary stones must be carried out by infrared spectroscopy. This study made it possible to make a profile approach on a case of a 67-year-old male adult patient, hospitalized in the urology department of the Bechar hospital (Algeria). Morpho-constitutional analysis of urinary stones showed that the main component was calcium oxalate monohydrate (whewellite) with a percentage of (70%), weddellite (20%), carbapatite (10%), and trace protein. According to the results obtained we notice that the periphery of the stone is Wheddellite, and the nucleus formed essentially of: Whewellite + CA + trace of Protein. According to the superficial and internal morphological type and the morphological association, we can distinguish the main causes that go into the formation of stones: intermittent hypercalciuria (nutritional or absorptive) + intermittent hyperoxaluria (normal or slightly increased oxaluria), these results allow more specific medical management of lithiasis and better prevention of recurrent problems.
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Milenkovic, Dragica, and Natasa Lalic. "The effect of urinary tract calculosis to levels of low molecular inhibitors of crystallization in the urine." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 134, no. 1-2 (2006): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh0602040m.
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The incidence of urinary tract calculosis continuously progresses. The triggering event in the process of stone formation is decreased urinary level of crystallizing inhibitors. The aim of our study was to investigate whether the existing stone or applied therapeutic procedure - extracorporeal shock waves lithotripsy (ESWL) - has effect to urinary levels of Mg, citrate and pyrophosphate. Study included 128 patients with the upper urinary tract stones. ESWL using the Lithostar (Siemens) device was used as a mode of treatment. Out of all patients, 76 (59%) were free of stone particles before 1 month, while 52 (41%) had residual stone fragments even 3 months after ESWL. Mg, citrate and pyrophosphate were measured in 24hurine specimens: before, between days 2 and 3, as well as 1 and 3 months after ESWL. The analysis of the results revealed that stone itself had no effect on urinary crystallizing inhibitors. Detected increased urinary levels of Mg, citrate and pyrophosphate after ESWL, compared with pre-treatment values, could be attributed to applied therapeutic procedure.
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Yamashita, Shimpei, Yasuo Kohjimoto, Yuya Iwahashi, et al. "Noncontrast Computed Tomography Parameters for Predicting Shock Wave Lithotripsy Outcome in Upper Urinary Tract Stone Cases." BioMed Research International 2018 (December 2, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9253952.
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Kidney stones are a major public health concern with continuously increasing worldwide prevalence. Shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) is the first line treatment choice for upper urinary tract calculi with ureteroscopy and has advantages of safety and noninvasiveness, but the treatment success rate of SWL is lower than that of other therapies. It is therefore important to identify predictive factors for SWL outcome and select a suitable treatment choice for patients with upper urinary tract calculi. In recent years, computed tomography (CT) has become the gold standard for diagnosis of upper urinary tract calculi. Several factors based on CT images, including skin-to-stone distance, mean stone density, stone heterogeneity index, and variation coefficient of stone density, have been reported to be useful for predicting SWL outcome. In addition, a new method of analysis, CT texture analysis, is reportedly useful for predicting SWL outcomes. This review aims to summarize CT parameters for predicting the outcome of shock wave lithotripsy in stone cases in the upper urinary tract.
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Saenko, V. S., A. Z. Vinarov, Yu L. Demidko, R. V. Puchenkin, and P. V. Glybochko. "PREVALENCE OF URINARY STONE TYPES IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS IN RUSSIA." Pediatria. Journal named after G.N. Speransky 101, no. 6 (2022): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24110/0031-403x-2022-101-6-15-22.
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The incidence of urolithiasis among children is rapidly increasing worldwide. Children with nephrolithiasis are at high risk of developing kidney stone recurrence. The prevalence of various types of urinary stones can vary significantly in different regions of the world. The knowledge of the composition of urinary stones is the most important stage in the examination of a patient with urolithiasis to assess changes in metabolism and prescribe effective metaphylactic treatment. The purpose of the study was to assess the prevalence of urinary stone types in Russia among children and adolescents under 25 years old. Research materials and methods: data on the composition of the urinary stones are presented by “INVITRO,” LLC in anonymized form for the period 2018 to 2021. All urinary stone analyzes were performed in different Russia regions using infrared spectroscopy and/or X-ray diffraction. Results: the prevalence of one-, two-, three- and more multicomponent urinary stones among the Russian children's population was assessed. The research studied the chemical composition of 538 urinary stones, of which single-component composition was found in only 28 cases (5.2%), two-component stones - in 298 studies (55.4%), and three- or more-component stones - in 212 (39.4 %) cases. Single-component calcium-containing stones were detected in 50% of girls and 80% of boys (p<0.001). They are predominantly represented by calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) both among girls and boys. Attention is drawn to the high frequency of detection of infectious stones from struvite and ammonium urate in girls (100%). Among the two-component stones, the most common stones were those from COM + COD (n=187), which were detected in approximately equal proportions among boys and girls. Stones from COM + struvite and carbonate apatite + struvite were statistically significantly more common in girls (p<0.001). The most common multicomponent stone is a mixture of COM + COD and carbonate apatite (88.2%, n=187), almost evenly distributed among boys and girls. The second most common were stones from a mixture of COM + COD and struvite, statistically significantly more common in girls - 61.9% versus 38.1% in boys (p<0.001). Conclusion: the urinary stone composition analysis has a significant role in the assessment of metabolic disorders and determination of the mechanism of initiation of stone formation. In accordance with the clinical guidelines of the Russian Society of Urology for urolithiasis, approved by the Russian Healthcare Ministry, the study of urinary stones is mandatory. It is necessary to increase the volume of studies of urinary stone composition in children from all the Russia regions.
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Noviandrini, Endrika, Ponco Birowo, and Nur Rasyid. "Urinary stone characteristics of patients treated with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta, 2008–2014: a gender analysis." Medical Journal of Indonesia 24, no. 4 (2015): 234–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.13181/mji.v24i4.1258.
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Background: The incidence of urinary stone patient in Indonesia has increased every year in both genders. Data showed that urolithiasis was higher in male rather than female. The aimed of this study was to describe the characteristics of urinary stone found in patient who underwent extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta from 2008–2014. Methods: Data obtained from ESWL medical record Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta from 2008–2014. We obtained 5,174 out of 6,020 data due to incompleteness data record. We sorted data records by gender, age, stone location, stone opacity, size of the stone, and history of ESWL, and analyzed by statistic tools (SPSS v 20 for Mac).Results: From 5,174 records, we found that the incidence of urinary stones was two times higher in male rather than female (66.3%:33.64%), occurred mostly in productive age (65.2% male, 65.9% female). Unilateral kidney stone was most common location found for both gender (50.2% male, 57.2% female), and most frequent site located in calyx inferior (24.8% male, 28.9% female). About 72.9% stone was radiopaque (73.7% male and 71.5% female). The mean size of the stone in male and female was 11.34±7.15 mm and 11.90±7.54 mm, respectively. This study also showed that 79.3% patients came for first ESWL.Conclusion: Urinary stone founds two times higher in male than female, and mostly occurs on their productive ages. Unilateral kidney stone in calyx inferior become the most common stone found in both gender. Most of the stone has radiopaque opacity.
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Shah, Pratima, Ratna Baral, C. S. Agrawal, Madhab Lamsal, Dharanidhar Baral, and Basudha Khanal. "Urinary Calculi: A Microbiological and Biochemical Analysis at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Eastern Nepal." International Journal of Microbiology 2020 (September 12, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8880403.
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Background. The occurrence of urinary tract infection in presence of urolithiasis is frequently noted; however, microbial agents of urolithiasis and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns remain underinvestigated. This study aimed to identify the microorganisms isolated from urine and stone matrices to determine their antimicrobial susceptibility, to find the association between the pathogens of urine and stone matrices, and to perform the biochemical analysis of stones. Methods. A total of 88 cases of urolithiasis admitted for elective stone removal at Department of surgery, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS), were enrolled. Preoperative urine culture and postoperative stone culture were performed. Isolation, identification, and AST were done by the standard microbiological technique. Further qualitative biochemical analysis of stones was also attempted. Result. Among 88 stone formers recruited, culture of urine, whole stone, and nidus yielded the growth of bacteria 44, 32, and 30, respectively. Bacteria isolated from urine culture correlated with those from stone matrices with a sensitivity of 90%, specificity of 79.69%, PPV of 63.64%, and NPV of 95.45%. Escherichia coli (46.7%) was the most common bacteria followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (16.7%) and Proteus mirabilis (13.3%) from urine and stone cultures. Almost all the uropathogens isolated were susceptible to commonly used antibiotics. Calcium oxalate (84.1%) was common biochemical constituent found in stone formers followed by calcium oxalate + phosphate (8%). Conclusions. The association of microorganism isolated from urine and nidus culture was significant that can predict the source of infective stone; however, in some cases, microorganisms and the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern from urine and nidus were different. This study emphasizes the use of appropriate antimicrobial agents to prevent the regrowth of residual stones and minimize the risk of infectious complications after surgical removal of stones.
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Greasley, Jaimie, Shivan Goolcharan, and Roger Andrews. "Quantitative phase analysis and microstructural characterization of urinary tract calculi with X-ray diffraction Rietveld analysis on a Caribbean island." Journal of Applied Crystallography 55, no. 1 (2022): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576721011602.
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In the twin-island state of Trinidad and Tobago, urinary stone analysis is not routinely performed. This study investigates, via powder X-ray diffraction, 52 urinary tract calculi collected from hospitals in Trinidad. Of these, 46 stones were analysed with Rietveld refinement for quantitative analysis and materials characterization. Refined unit-cell, microstructural and weight fraction parameters were obtained, with the last being used for stone classification. The results revealed seven distinct mineralogical phases of varying frequency: calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM, 58%), calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD, 23%), carbonated apatite (APA, 48%), brushite (BRU, 6%), struvite (STR, 42%), uric acid (UA, 23%) and ammonium acid urate (AAU, 19%). The average refined crystallite sizes were 1352 ± 90 Å (COM), 1921 ± 285 Å (COD), 83 ± 5 Å (APA), 1172 ± 9 Å (BRU), 1843 ± 138 Å (STR), 981 ± 87 Å (UA) and 292 ± 83 Å (AAU). Subsequently, 36.5% of stones were categorized as phosphates, 34.6% as oxalates, 13.5% as uric acid/urates and 15.4% as mixed compositions. The study findings highlight the importance of stone analysis as a necessary step towards disease management of local patients, and endorse the application of Rietveld refinement as a natural extension to diffraction-based kidney stone investigations.
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Ali, Zulfikar, Ario Baskoro, Muhammad Sulchan, Ponco Birowo, and Tri Indah Winarni. "The association between dietary habits and recurrence of kidney stones: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Bali Medical Journal 12, no. 3 (2023): 3196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/bmj.v12i3.4755.
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Link of Video Abstract: https://youtu.be/0RQPy46hlvY Background: Kidney stone disease is a significant global health issue that imposes a substantial burden on both patients and healthcare systems which affects 5-10% of the general population. There are several factors involved in its pathogenesis including insufficient dietary habits and fluid intake. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare between dietary intake across populations and recurrent urinary tract stones. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to compare the associations between dietary intake across populations and recurrent kidney stones. Methods: Systematic search up to March 2023 were conducted through PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE. The systematic review was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Means and standard deviation of the nutrient intakes were extracted in patients with urinary stone disease group and control group. Results: Seven articles were further assessed with two articles were assessed through meta-analysis. Two studies showed that high sodium intake [SMD = 0.29 95% CI = -0.13, 0,71] was found in patient with urinary stone disease, while high water intake [SMD = -0.40 95% CI = -1.14, 0.34] was found in the control group. Conclusion: Animal protein, processed meat, sodium, and sugary beverages were associated with an increased risk of developing urinary stones, whereas vegetable protein and water intake were associated with a decreased risk.
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Rez, Peter, and Michail Reilly. "Low-voltage SEM of urinary stones." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 416–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100147910.
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Urinary stones are predominantly composed of calcium oxalate and calcium apatite while a minority of stones are formed from uric acid. The oxalate stones occur with greatest frequency, mainly in the form of the monohydrate (whellewite) with some dihydrate (wedellite) present. Despite many years of extensive research, the mechanisms for kidney stone nucleation and growth are still unknown. In particular the urine from recurrent stone formers, and the urine from those who do not form stones, does not show large differences in concentration of either calcium or oxalate ions. Recent work has emphasised the role of possible “inhibitors” or “promoters” in the growth of urinary stones though the quest for these substances remains elusive. Much effort has been devoted to the study of crystallization of calcium oxalates in an attempt to understand nucleation, aggregation and growth as a function of pH and the presence of possible promoters or inhibitors.Many analytical techniques have been applied to urinary stone analysis with X-ray diffraction, wet chemistry and infrared spectroscopy being the most successful for routine characterisation.
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Ashish, Sharma, Patel Ketul, Ṣadasukhi Ṭ.C., L. Gupta H., Gupta Manish, and Malik Sandeep. "The Endourological Management of Renal and Ureteric Matrix Calculi: Soft Stones with Hard Outcome." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 13, no. 1 (2021): 16–25. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14182267.
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<strong>Background:</strong> Matrix calculi are rare calculi accounting for 1-2% of all urinary stones. Due to atypical clinical presentation and imaging characteristics, these constitute diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. <strong>Material and Methods:</strong> We conducted a retrospective review of patients from Jan 2010 to December 2020 at a large tertiary care teaching hospital. The patients of renal/ureteric matrix calculi who were managed at our institute were included for study analysis. Demographic parameters (clinical profile, imaging characteristics), and surgical outcomes were analysed. <strong>Results:</strong> 40 patients (1.14%) were found to have matrix stones. The mean age of presentation was 38.81± 15.34 years (range 7-78). The male: female ratio was 2.33:1. Most common presenting symptoms were flank pain (47.5%) followed by UTI (25%). Recurrent urolithiasis was the most common predisposing factor (22.5%). The mean stone size was 2.52 ±0.83 cm. Most cases were managed with endo-urological procedures (PCNL/URS). The mean age of presentation, stone size, operative time and hospital stay was significantly higher in females (p<0.05). Minor complications (mostly Clavein grade 1 and 2) were observed in 10 patients (25%). The stone free rate in immediate postoperative period and at 3 months were 85% and 87.5%. The mean follow up period was 16.55 + 2.38 months (range 12-20). <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The matrix calculi are rare calculi accounting for 1.14% of upper urinary tract stones. Minimally invasive procedures (PCNL/URSL) are safe and primary treatment modality with acceptable stone-free rates (87.5%). However, overall surgical outcomes are poorer than crystalline stones. In short these “soft stones have hard outcome”.
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Sun, Xin-Yuan, Jian-Ming Ouyang, Feng-Xin Wang, and Yu-Shan Xie. "Formation Mechanism of Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate Stones: A Component Analysis of Urinary Nanocrystallites." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/498932.
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The components of urinary nanocrystallites in patients with magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) stones were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), fast Fourier transformation (FFT), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The main components of the stones were MAP hexahydrate (MAP·6H2O), magnesium hydrogen phosphate trihydrate (MgHPO4·3H2O), and a small amount of calcium phosphate (CaP), while the main components of urinary nanocrystallites were MgHPO4·3H2O, CaP, and MAP monohydrate (MAP·H2O). MAP·H2O induced the formation of MAP stones as seed crystals. MgHPO4·3H2O was accompanied by the appearance of MAP·6H2O. The formation mechanism of MAP stones and influencing factors were discussed on the basis of the components of urine nanocrystallites. A model diagram of MAP stone formation was also put forward based on the results. Formation of MAP stones was closely related to the presence of high amounts of MAP crystallites in urine. Urinary crystallite condition and changes in urine components could indicate the activity of stone diseases.
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Gadzhiev, Nariman, Vitaliy Gelig, Gennadii Rodionov, Vineet Gauhar, and Guohua Zeng. "Metabolic Differences in 24-Hour Urine Parameters Between Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate and Dihydrate Kidney Stones: A Clinical Study." Diagnostics 15, no. 8 (2025): 994. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15080994.
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Background: Different types of kidney stones are associated with distinct changes in urine chemistry. Methods: We assessed urinary parameters of 98 patients with calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones one month following endoscopic stone removal. The 24 h urine analysis encompassed the assessment of various parameters, including volume, sodium, chloride, sulfate, nitrate, fluoride, phosphate, calcium, potassium, magnesium, oxalate, uric acid, citrate, creatinine, and pH levels. Results: Hypocitraturia was the most prevalent urinary abnormality (61.2%, n = 63), followed by low urine volume (53%, n = 52) and hypercalciuria (50%, n = 49). We did not find any statistically significant differences between patients with whewellite (COM) (n = 69) and weddellite (COD) stones (n = 29) (p > 0.05). However, oxalate concentration was the only parameter with a statistically significant intergroup difference (p = 0.0297). Additionally, in univariate linear regression analysis, urinary phosphate levels ≥ 48.0 mmol/d showed a trend towards significance (OR 0.17, 95% CI 0.02–1.15, p = 0.0692), indicating that phosphaturia is associated with a significant increase in the odds ratio of COD stones. To further explore metabolic heterogeneity among stone formers, we conducted cluster analysis, which revealed three distinct metabolic subgroups. Cluster 1 was predominantly associated with COM stones (80.5%) and exhibited significantly higher urinary excretion of sodium, calcium, oxalate, phosphate, and uric acid compared to Cluster 2, which had a more balanced distribution of monohydrate and dihydrate stones. Conclusions: These findings suggest that a specific metabolic phenotype may be linked to COM stone formation, providing a framework for risk stratification and personalized prevention strategies in calcium oxalate stone formers.
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Pramiadi, Pramiadi, Bambang Purwanto Utomo, and Nurhuda Hendra Setyawan. "Dual-Energy Computed Tomography untuk Menentukan Komposisi Batu Urin." Jurnal Radiologi Indonesia 2, no. 2 (2017): 104–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33748/jradidn.v2i2.54.
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Urolithiasis is a common disease with a reported prevalence between 4% and 20% in the worldwide. Determination of urinary calculi composition is a key factor in preoperative evaluation, treatment, and recurrence prevention. Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) is available methods for determining urinary stone composition were only available after stone extraction, and thereby unable to aid in optimized stone management prior to intervention. DECT utilizes the attenuation difference produced by two different x-ray energy spectra to quantify urinary calculi composition while still providing the information attained with a conventional CT. Knowledge of DECT imaging pitfalls and stone mimics is important, as the added benefit of dual-energy analysis is the determination of stone composition, which in turn affects all aspects of stone management.
 This article describes DECT principles, scanner types and acquisition protocols for the evaluation of urinary calculi as they relate to imaging pitfalls (inconsistent characterization of small stones, small DECT field of view, and mischaracterization from surrounding material) and stone mimics (drainage devices) that may adversely impact clinical decisions.
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Galbiati, Sara, Federica Locatelli, Fabio Alexander Storm, Marco Pozzi, and Sandra Strazzer. "Prospective Study of Urinary Stone Formation in Pediatric Patients with Acquired Brain Injury: A Focus on Incidence and Analysis of Risk Factors." Nutrients 17, no. 5 (2025): 883. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050883.
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Background/Objectives: Little is known about the factors linked with nutrition, infections, and physical activity, which may influence urinary stone formation in patients with acquired brain injury. Previous studies have demonstrated that enteral nutrition mixtures rich in sodium and poor in calcium may promote stone formation in pediatric patients, but a confirmation study is lacking. Moreover, the occurrence of urinary stones and heterotopic ossifications has not been studied regarding incidence. We thus conducted a prospective observational study in an unselected pediatric population with acquired brain injury, to estimate the incidence of urinary stones and heterotopic ossifications and analyze the associated factors. Methods: Prospective observational study: We recruited all patients with enteral nutrition consecutively admitted to our brain injury rehabilitation unit during a 5-year time-frame. We collected clinical data regarding nutrition, infections, blood and urine exams performed, neurological examinations, and physical examinations. Results: The prospective design allowed us to observe that no patient developed heterotopic ossifications, while urinary stones were found in 12.5% of patients and gravel in 14.6%. Factors associated with stone formation were having a worse subacute GCS, having done intense physical activity before injury, receiving bladder catheterizations, having a higher urine pH, and having higher blood potassium levels. The composition of the enteral nutrition did not influence stone formation, although the nutrition mixtures contained levels of vitamin C and proteins considerably higher than the recommended reference ranges. Conclusions: We have provided an observation of the incidence of urolithiasis in pediatric patients in rehabilitation, which was lacking from the literature. Enteral nutrition, at the amounts received by the patients studied herein, does not seem to have a role in stone formation. We identified a set of risk factors that can be useful for clinicians to pinpoint patients at an increased risk of developing stones.
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Barannyk, Kostyantyn, Oleksandr Balalaev, Valeriy Ishkov, Robert Molchanov, and Serhiy Barannyk. "COMPLEX DETERMINATION OF THE IDENTIFICATION OF URINARY STONES IN PATIENTS RESIDENTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REGION." Grail of Science, no. 24 (March 1, 2023): 669–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science.17.02.2023.123.
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Physico-chemical, biological and biochemical processes that occur during the formation of urinary stones determine the peculiarities of their composition and structure, as evidenced by modern methods of analysis: spectral, X-ray, polarization, optical, immersion, infrared spectrometry, etc. Modern Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a powerful instrument for identifying organic and inorganic substances by measuring the infrared (IR) absorption spectrum. It provides qualitative information about the molecular composition of the target material. The analysis of the results of the identification of urinary stones of patients, residents of the industrial region by the Mid-FTIR Spectroscopy method showed advantages among similar methods of studying urinary stones and proved the feasibility of its use in the complex examination of patients with urolithiasis. Accurate analysis of the primary and secondary chemical composition and spatial distribution of stone components will lead to an understanding of the physicochemical processes that form the basis of the pathogenesis of stone formation. Spectral monitoring of the chemical composition of urine is important for early diagnosis, effective personalized treatment and prevention of stone recurrence in patients with urolithiasis.
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Quaresima, Luigi, Alessandro Conti, Alexia Vici, et al. "Safety and efficacy of percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the Galdakao - Modified Supine Valdivia position: A prospective analysis." Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia 88, no. 2 (2016): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/aiua.2016.2.93.
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Objective: Aim of the present study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in the Galdakao- Modified Supine Valdivia (GMSV) position in order to predict operative time, stone-free rate and onset of complications taking into account comorbidity, stone-related parameters and anatomic upper urinary tract abnormalities. Material and methods: A prospective evaluation of patients who underwent to PCNL in GMSV position for renal stones &gt; 2 cm, from January 2009 to February 2015 was performed. According to the technique, upper urinary tract abnormalities, stone chemical and morphological characteristics, and patients' history were matched with operative outcome, in terms of stone-free, intervention time and incidence of perioperative complications. Results: Seventy-two cases were collected; mean operative time was 105 minutes (DS 41): staghorn stones and the presence of comorbidity resulted statistically significant variables. The complication-rate resulted in line with data showed in literature: hyperpyrexia and hemorrhage were the more frequently complications found. The overall stone-free was reached in 48 patients (67%), and it was influenced by patients’ anatomic abnormalities. Conclusions: In the treatment of renal stones, PCNL may be a safe and effective choice; nevertheless, patients’ anatomic abnormalities or staghorn-stones may influence the outcomes. Thus, a prospective study with a larger population is needed to verify our outcomes.
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Xue, Jun Fa, Cai Yan Tang, Lan Qing Deng, and Jian Ming Ouyang. "Early Prediction of Urolithiasis Occurrence - An Analyzer Based on Nanotechnology." Advanced Materials Research 988 (July 2014): 430–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.988.430.
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In view of the status and shortages of clinical diagnosis of urinary stone disease, a kind of early diagnostic analyzer of urinary stones based on nanotechnology was put forward in this article. The relationship between the properties of urinary crystallites and formation of urinary stones was studied by detecting the urinary crystallites of less than 1000 nm in more than 300 cases of urinary stone formers and more than 300 cases of healthy controls. The average diameter, particle size distribution and the amount ratio of urine crystallites with different size in the two kinds of urines were significantly different. Base on these data we developed an intelligent diagnosis analyzer of urinary stones, which could help for early prediction of urolithiasis occurrence. The analyzer made no damage to human body for the reason of urine detection. The result analysis is simple, direct, fast and low-cost, and it overcomes some shortages of the existing detection technology on urolithiasis.
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Yang, Yuanyuan, Senyuan Hong, Cong Li, et al. "Proteomic analysis reveals some common proteins in the kidney stone matrix." PeerJ 9 (July 27, 2021): e11872. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11872.
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Background Proteins are the most abundant component of kidney stone matrices and their presence may reflect the process of the stone’s formation. Many studies have explored the proteomics of urinary stones and crystals. We sought to comprehensively identify the proteins found in kidney stones and to identify new, reliable biomolecules for use in nephrolithiasis research. Methods We conducted bioinformatics research in November 2020 on the proteomics of urinary stones and crystals. We used the ClusterProfiler R package to transform proteins into their corresponding genes and Ensembl IDs. In each study we located where proteomic results intersected to determine the 20 most frequently identified stone matrix proteins. We used the Human Protein Atlas to obtain the biological information of the 20 proteins and conducted Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) analysis to explore their biological functions. We also performed immunohistochemistry to detect the expression of the top five stone matrix proteins in renal tissue. Results We included 19 relevant studies for analysis. We then identified 1,409 proteins in the stone matrix after the duplicates were removed. The 20 most-commonly identified stone matrix proteins were: S100A8, S100A9, uromodulin, albumin, osteopontin, lactotransferrin, vitamin K-dependent protein Z, prothrombin, hemoglobin subunit beta, myeloperoxidase, mannan-binding lectin serine protease 2, lysozyme C, complement C3, serum amyloid P-component, cathepsin G, vitronectin, apolipoprotein A-1, eosinophil cationic protein, fibrinogen alpha chain, and apolipoprotein D. GO and KEGG analysis revealed that these proteins were typically engaged in inflammation and immune response.Immunohistochemistry of the top five stone matrix proteins in renal tissue showed that the expression of S100A8, S100A9, and osteopontin increased, while uromodulin decreased in kidney stone patients. Albumin was rarely expressed in the kidney with no significant difference between healthy controls and kidney stone patients. Conclusion Proteomic analysis revealed some common inflammation-related proteins in the kidney stone matrix. The role of these proteins in stone formation should be explored for their potential use as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for urolithiasis.
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Jung, Hae Do, and Joo Yong Lee. "Prevention and management of urinary stone." Journal of the Korean Medical Association 63, no. 11 (2020): 684–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2020.63.11.684.
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The prevalence of urolithiasis is increasing not only in South Korea but also around the world. Urolithiasis has a high recurrence rate, therefore, reducing it is very important in the quality of life for stone formers. For this purpose, dietary modifications and drug therapy can be performed through stone analysis and 24-hour urine collection. Stone analysis is recommended for all stone formers, and the 24-hour urine collection is usually recommended for recurrent stone formers or high-risk groups. A general dietary modification for all stone formers includes a sufficient fluid intake, low levels of sodium, sugar, and animal protein, a normal calcium diet, as well as a high amount of citrate intake. Drug therapy should be performed in cases such as the recurrence of stones or increase of the existing ones, even after the application of preservation therapy, such as dietary modification. The ideal drug therapy should prevent the occurrence of urolithiasis, have no side effects, and have a suitable patientsʼ compliance. Follow-up should be performed periodically, through 24-hour urine collections and imaging studies. For follow-up imaging studies, a lowdose non-enhanced computed tomography is recommended, and it can be performed once a year if the patient is in a stable state. To control various and complex metabolic abnormalities in recurrent stone formers, multiple approaches may be required through diet modifications, drug therapy, treatment of the metabolic syndrome, and lifestyle modifications.
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Zhu, Wen Yu, Meng Xu, Feng Xin Wang, and Jian Ming Ouyang. "Comparative Analysis of Compositions between Calcium Phosphate Calculi and Urinary Crystallites in the Stone-Formers." Advanced Materials Research 881-883 (January 2014): 457–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.881-883.457.
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The chemical composition of urinary crystallites of less than 1000 nm from 10 calcium phosphate (CaP) stone-formers were investigated and compared with that from healthy subjects using X-ray power diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nanoparticle size analyzer. Although there were some calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals in CaP stones, the main components of crystallites in urine of CaP stone formers were uric acid (UA), CaP and COM, while that in healthy urine was mainly UA and a small amount of COM. That is, the CaP content in urinary crystallites of CaP stone-formers was significantly higher than that of controls. The particle size range of crystallites in lithogenic urine was 3~1000 nm and most of these crystallites were aggregated, but it was 30~500 nm in healthy subjects.
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Shpunt, Igal, Hadar Pratt Aloni, Nelli Khanukaeva, et al. "The Impact of Radiographic, Metabolic and Demographic Characteristics on Kidney Stone Recurrence." Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 10 (2022): 1632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12101632.
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Urolithiasis is a frequent disease with cited rates of recurrence after initial diagnosis that vary widely and range between 35% and 50%. We assessed the radiographic recurrence rate in patients with urinary stones and its risk factors. We retrospectively identified patients who were diagnosed with urinary stones on non-contrast computed tomography from 2010 to 2011, and underwent another imaging examination at least six months afterwards. We collected patient demographic, clinical, laboratory and radiologic data and compared patients with and without urinary stone recurrence. Ultimately, 237 patients were included in the study; the mean follow-up was 6.7 years; 88 patients (37.1%) had recurrence based on our recurrence criteria. On univariate analysis, the significant parameters for recurrence were baseline serum calcium and uric acid, stone location in the kidney, surgical intervention and stone burden volume. On multivariate analysis, surgical intervention (OR 3.07, p = 0.001), baseline calcium (OR 2.56, p = 0.011), baseline uric acid (OR 1.30, p = 0.021) and stone location in the kidney (OR 2.16, p = 0.012) were associated with higher risk of recurrence. These findings may guide personalized follow-up protocols for patients with urolithiasis based on their risk factors.
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Valente, Pedro, Hélder Castro, Inês Pereira, et al. "Urinary stone composition: Gender and age variations, and evolution in the last 7 years." Acta Urológica Portuguesa 34, no. 3-4 (2017): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24915/aup.34.3-4.17.
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Objectives: To evaluate urinary stone composition in our institution, its gender and age, including variations and the evolution in the last 7 years.
 Material and Methods: The authors reviewed all urinary stone analysis performed since January 2009 to September 2015 in our hospital – Centro Hospitalar do Tâmega e Sousa, Penafiel, Portugal. Patients were stratified by gender, age and stone composition analyzing the evolution of stone composition in different years. The stone analysis method was infrared spectroscopy.
 Results: From 302 valid stone analysis reports, 55,3% were female and 44,7% were male patients. Mean patient age was 51±14 years old. A total of 7 different mineral components were identified. 51,6% (n=156) of all the stones had Calcium Oxalate, 41% (n=124) had Calcium Phosphate (33% of Apatite form), 37,7% (n=114) had Uric Acid, 22,1% (n=67) had Ammonium Urate, 9,6% (n=29) had Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate, 6,3% (n=19) had Sodium Urate, and 1,3% (n=4) had Cystine in its composition. Only 30,4% of stones had a single chemical compound. Of these 56% were pure stones of Calcium Oxalate, and 31% were pure stone of Uric Acid. The most frequent mixed stone was Calcium Oxalate + Calcium Phosphate (Apatite) followed by Uric Acid + Ammonium Urate comprehending 45% and 27% of all mixed stones respectively.
 Related to the ethology we divided stones into 3 groups, pure non-infection, pure infection, and mixed with component of infection, and the prevalence was 37,7%, 4,3% and 57,9% respectively.
 The distribution between genders was similar and the highest difference was in the Ammonium Urate compound with 28% prevalence in male and 17% in women. (p=0,379) Patients after 50 years old had more prevalence of Uric Acid component accounting for 49% of their stones.(p<0,001) .
 Along the 7 years of study we identified a significant reduction in the prevalence of mixed stones with component of infection, gradually decreasing from 89,6% in 2009 to 27% in 2015.
 Conclusions: Calcium Oxalate calculus were the most prevalent, but this difference was not as important as in other studies worldwide. This study highlights the importance of the development of National and European database to report all regional stone composition variations.
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Jean, SOSSA, and AVAKOUDJO Dedjinnin Josue Georges. "The Chemical Compositon of Urinary Stones at the Military Teaching Hospital of Cotonou." SAS Journal of Surgery 7, no. 10 (2021): 549–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sasjs.2021.v07i10.005.
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The Chemical composition of urinary stones at the Military Teaching Hospital of Cotonou. Objective: To determine the chemical composition of urinary stones in our patients. Patients and method: We collect surgically removed urinary stones from our patients and send them abroad for infrared spectroscopic analysis. Results: The infrared spectroscopic analysis was performed on urinary stones from 26 patients, i.e. 21 males (80.8%) and 5 females (19.2%). Their mean age was 48 years (range: 21-71). The mean proportions of chemical components in the stones were: 40.8% whewellite (0-97), 29.4% weddellite (0-95), 12.7% uric acid (0-90), 5.4% struvite (0-70), 5.2% carbonate apatite (0-20), 1.9% ammonium urate (0-20), 1.7% silicate (0-45), 1.3% protein (0-10), 1.2% whitlockite (0-10) and 0.1% hydroxyapatite (0-2). All stones were a mixture of 2 or 3 of the identified chemical components. Based on the main component, there were 3 groups of stones: the calcium oxalate stones (77%), the uric acid stones (15.4%) and struvite stones (7.7%). One calcium oxalate stone from a female comprised 45% silicate and 5% protein. There was no stone chemical composition difference between males and females. Conclusion: The stones from the 26 patients were mainly non pure calcium oxalate stones (73%), uric acid stones 8%) and struvite stones (4%).
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Laghari, Mubeena, Fouzia Shaikh, and Shazia Murtaza. "PEDIATRIC UROLITHIASIS." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 07 (2018): 1129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2018.25.07.161.
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Objectives: To determine the biochemical composition and biochemical typesof childhood urolithiasis. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration: PediatricSurgery Department, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, and University ofSindh, Jamshoro over one year. Subjects & Methods: 30 pediatric cases urinary bladderurolithiasis were selected. Children of age few of ten years were selected. Any contaminationform bladder stone was removed by washing them in distilled deionized water. Stones weredried for an overnight in an oven at temperature of 100 0C. Dried stones were smashed intopieces. Biochemical analysis was performed by the FTIR spectroscopy (Nicolet Avatar 330FTIR spectrophotometer). Results were analyzed on the software SPSS 22.0 (95% confidenceinterval). Results: Mean age was 4.83 years (SD 2.81 years). Of 30 children, 80% (n=24) weremale and 20% (n=6) were female children. Male to female ratio of 4:1 was noted. 16.6% (n=5)were pure stone and 83.3% (n=25) were mixed stones. (P=0.0001). Biochemical analysisshowed the calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM)-ammonium hydrogen urate (AHU) was themost common urinary bladder stone. Conclusions: The pediatric urolithiasis shows the mostcommon type of urinary bladder stone was the calcium oxalate monohydrate–ammoniumhydrogen urate.
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Berkemeyer, Shoma, Anupam Bhargava, and Usha Bhargava. "Urinary phosphorus rather than urinary calcium possibly increases renal stone formation in a sample of Asian Indian, male stone-formers." British Journal of Nutrition 98, no. 6 (2007): 1224–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114507778686.
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The contribution of dietary Ca and P in renal stone formation is debated. Thus, the main objective was to investigate if there were any differences in the dietary, serum and urine values of Ca and P in stone formers (SF) compared with healthy controls (HC). The secondary aim was to analyse if dietary, serum and urine Ca and P correlated. The study enrolled ten patients with renal stones admitted for stone removal and ten healthy controls. Their dietary macronutrients, Ca and P intakes were calculated from 2-d dietary records. On the second day of dietary record 24-h urine was collected and on the third day morning a 5 ml blood sample was collected. Biochemical analyses were conducted for serum and urine Ca, P and uric acid with qualitative renal stone analysis. All the dietary intakes and urine P were significantly higher (P < 0·05) in SF than in HC. Correlation results showed that in SF dietary Ca correlated to serum and urine Ca. No such correlations were seen for P. Additionally, in SF urine Ca correlated to dietary proteins and fats but not to carbohydrates. None of the biochemical values lay outside the normal range of values. The study suggests urine P rather than urine Ca to be probably at work in the formation of renal stones. Limitation of protein intake with normal Ca intakes could provide a suitable measure to avoid renal stone formation.
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Laghari, Mubeena, Shazia Murtaza, and Rafique Ahmed JalbanI. "URINARY BLADDER STONE." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 11 (2018): 1655–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/18.4836.
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Objective: To analyze the biochemical composition and biochemical types ofurinary bladder stones in children. Study design and setting: Observational study, Departmentof Pediatric Surgery, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro/Hyderabad.Place and Duration: One year duration from January to December 2006. Materials &Methods: A sample of 30 children was selected according to criteria of inclusion of age <10years of urinary bladder stones without any anomaly. Urinary bladder stones were washed indistilled H2O deionized to remove contaminations. Urinary bladder stones were dried at 1000C for overnight in an oven. The urinary bladder stones cut into pieces were used for the FTIRspectroscopy analysis, carried out on “Nicolet Avatar 330 FTIR spectrophotometer”. Data wasanalyzed on SPSS 22.0 at 95% confidence interval. Results: Of 30, 6 (20%) were female and24 (80%) were male. The male dominancy was noted with male to female ratio of 4:1. Mean±SD age was noted as 4.839 + 2.819 years. Urinary stones of pure and mixed biochemistrywere noted in 5 (16.6%) and 25 (83.3%) respectively (P=0.0001). Most frequent urinary bladderstone found was the calcium oxalate monohydrate - ammonium hydrogen urate. Conclusions:Most frequent type of urinary bladder stones was the calcium oxalate monohydrate–ammoniumhydrogen urate type in the children.