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Journal articles on the topic 'Urine Analysis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 June 2025

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1

Starcher, Barry, and Marti Scott. "Fractionation of Urine to Allow Desmosine Analysis by Radioimmunoassay." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 29, no. 1 (January 1992): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000456329202900111.

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The present study was designed to re-evaluate the radioimmunoassay for desmosine in urine, which is currently used as a measure of elastin metabolism. Using ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration and affinity chromatography it was shown that at least five other compounds in hydrolysates of human urine competed for desmosine in the RIA. Fractionating the urine prior to hydrolysis with acetone removed one of the major contaminants. The other contaminants could subsequently be removed by extracting the urine hydrolysate with a mixture of chloroform/ethanol (60:40). Samples from nine normal adult urines showed that an average of 45% of the RIA competing material in unfractionated urine was not desmosine. The final extracted residue retained all of the desmosine and only 16% of the original solids. The average adult urine contains approximately 50 pmol desmosine/mg creatinine, reflecting a daily turnover of between 3 and 4 mg of elastin per day.

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2

Örd, Lenna, Toomas Marandi, Marit Märk, Leonid Raidjuk, Jelena Kostjuk, Valdas Banys, Karit Krause, and Marika Pikta. "Evaluation of DOAC Dipstick Test for Detecting Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Urine Compared with a Clinically Relevant Plasma Threshold Concentration." Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis 28 (January 2022): 107602962210843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10760296221084307.

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Measuring direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) concentrations might be necessary in certain clinical situations but is not routinely performed. The DOAC Dipstick is a new rapid test for detecting DOACs in urine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible uses and limitations of the DOAC Dipstick and to compare visual analysis and DOASENSE Reader analysis of DOAC Dipstick pads. Plasma and urine samples were collected from 23 patients taking DOACs. DOAC concentrations in plasma and urine were measured by chromogenic substrate assays and in urine also by the DOAC Dipstick. Plasma concentrations were dichotomized at a threshold of ≥30 ng/mL. Patient samples were compared with samples from control individuals not using anticoagulants (n = 10) and with DOASENSE control urines. The Combur-10 test was used to measure parameters that may affect urine color and hence the interpretation of the DOAC Dipstick result. DOAC Dipstick test results were positive in 21/23 patient urine samples at a plasma DOAC concentration of ≥30 ng/mL and in 2/23 patient urine samples at a plasma DOAC concentration of <30 ng/mL. Inter-observer agreement was above 90% for visual analysis of patient urine samples and was 100% for DOASENSE Reader analysis of patient urines and for analysis of control group urines and DOASENSE control urines. Abnormalities in urine color detected by the Combur-10 test did not affect the DOAC Dipstick results. DOAC Dipstick detects DOACs in urine at a plasma threshold of ≥30 ng/mL. Positive DOAC Dipstick results should be confirmed by measuring DOAC plasma concentration.

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3

Clark, D. R., and T. M. Hajar. "Detection and confirmation of cocaine use by chromatographic analysis for methylecgonine in urine." Clinical Chemistry 33, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 118–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/33.1.118.

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Abstract Methylecgonine is a common metabolite of cocaine in man. We prepared methylecgonine and developed thin-layer chromatographic and gas-chromatographic methods for its detection in urine. Seventy urine specimens from our drug screening laboratory were tested by our method and by EMIT. Both methods were positive for 26 urines, and both were negative for 42 urines. The other two urines were shown to contain cocaine by GC/MS, and no detectable metabolites. We thus demonstrated that detection of methylecgonine and cocaine is as sensitive a test for cocaine use as EMIT.

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4

Peelen, G. O., J. G. de Jong, and R. A. Wevers. "HPLC analysis of oligosaccharides in urine from oligosaccharidosis patients." Clinical Chemistry 40, no. 6 (June 1, 1994): 914–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/40.6.914.

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Abstract Analysis of urinary oligosaccharides by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is used as screening procedure for 10 different lysosomal diseases. We tested the usefulness of HPLC in screening, using a CarboPac PA1 column (Dionex), pulsed amperometric detection (PAD), and post-column derivatization (PCD). Patterns from six types of oligosaccharidoses were compared with normal urinary patterns and with the TLC patterns. PAD appeared to be nonspecific and therefore is applicable only to desalted urine samples. PCD was more specific and applicable to nondesalted urine samples, albeit with a lower resolving power. Peaks in urines from oligosaccharidoses patients were identified on the basis of retention times of commercially available oligosaccharides or TLC bands after isolation and HPLC of the corresponding oligosaccharides. Abnormal oligosaccharide peaks were seen in urines from patients with alpha-mannosidosis, GM1-gangliosidosis (juvenile), GM2-gangliosidosis (Sandhoff disease), Pompe disease, and beta-mannosidosis. HPLC detected no abnormal oligosaccharides in urine from patients with fucosidosis. Although TLC is a simple and reliable screening procedure for detecting classical lysosomal diseases with oligosaccharide excretion, HPLC, by its higher resolution and possibility of quantification, can more generally be used for recognition of abnormal oligosaccharides or detection of increased excretion or content for known oligosaccharides in urine, other body fluids, and cells.

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5

van Kuilenburg, André B. P., Henk van Lenthe, Monika Löffler, and Albert H. van Gennip. "Analysis of Pyrimidine Synthesis “de Novo” Intermediates in Urine and Dried Urine Filter- Paper Strips with HPLC–Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry." Clinical Chemistry 50, no. 11 (November 1, 2004): 2117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2004.038869.

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Abstract Background: The concentrations of the pyrimidine “de novo” metabolites and their degradation products in urine are useful indicators for the diagnosis of an inborn error of the pyrimidine de novo pathway or a urea-cycle defect. Until now, no procedure was available that allowed the analysis of all of these metabolites in a single analytical run. We describe a rapid, specific method to measure these metabolites by HPLC–tandem mass spectrometry. Methods: Urine or urine-soaked filter-paper strips were used to measure N-carbamyl-aspartate, dihydroorotate, orotate, orotidine, uridine, and uracil. Reversed-phase HPLC was combined with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, and detection was performed by multiple-reaction monitoring. Stable-isotope-labeled reference compounds were used as internal standards. Results: All pyrimidine de novo metabolites and their degradation products were measured within a single analytical run of 14 min with lower limits of detection of 0.4–3 μmol/L. The intra- and interassay variation for urine with added compounds was 1.2–5% for urines and 2–9% for filter-paper extracts of the urines. Recoveries of the added metabolites were 97–106% for urine samples and 97–115% for filter-paper extracts of the urines. Analysis of urine samples from patients with a urea-cycle defect or pyrimidine degradation defect showed an aberrant metabolic profile when compared with controls. Conclusion: HPLC with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry allows rapid testing for disorders affecting the pyrimidine de novo pathway. The use of filter-paper strips could facilitate collection, transport, and storage of urine samples.

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6

Monferdini, Donna, Margaret Joinville, and William Grove. "Improving Urine Sediment Analysis." Laboratory Medicine 26, no. 10 (October 1, 1995): 660–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/labmed/26.10.660.

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7

Hamid Saad Mohmoud1, Marai. "Dipstick urine analysis screening among asymptomatic dogs of k9 units." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 42, no. 1 (2018): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/011.

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8

Abeje, Abebayehu. "Urine test strip analysis, concentration range and its interpretations of the parameters." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 22, no. 2 (February 28, 2023): 001–13. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7919313.

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Urinalysis is a simple urine analysis performed in many healthcare settings and at home that reveals important diagnostic information. Diabetes mellitus, kidney failure, renal, liver diseases, hydration, urinary tract infection, and metabolic abnormalities are among the diseases studied. Urinalysis is simple to perform using a urine test strip, but the results must be correctly interpreted. Urinalysis is a noninvasive, widely available, and reasonably priced method. A urine test strip is a paper or plastic dipstick with a chemically impregnated pad that is one of the simplest, cheapest, and most effective in vitro diagnostic devices for screening urine. The reference ranges, detection limits, and chemical analysis of common urine constituents such as occult blood, glucose, protein, ketones, leukocytes, nitrite, urobilinogen, bilirubin, pH, specific gravity, ascorbic acid, microalbumin, and creatinine are discussed in this article.

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9

SERA, K., Y. MIURA, and S. FUTATSUGAWA. "APPLICATION OF A STANDARD-FREE METHOD TO QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF URINE SAMPLES." International Journal of PIXE 11, no. 03n04 (January 2001): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083501000207.

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A standard-free method of quantitative analysis, which is based on the fact that the total yield of continuous x-rays from the sample approximately corresponds to effective weight of the sample, was developed and has been applied to some typical bio-samples such as serum, whole blood, hair and untreated bone. In this work, the standard-free method was applied to untreated urine samples. This method allows us to perform sample preparation only by dropping 5 μl of urine sample onto a backing film. It requires neither a large amount of urine nor the internal standard. As the results, values of concentration of potassium for 4 samples agree well with the value obtained by the internal standard method within an error of 10%. The present method was also applied to 21 urine samples containing excess amount of urinary protein and / or sugar, and it is found that the present method is applicable to such abnormal urines. Owing to this method, target preparation can be performed at the place and time of sampling. It is quite convenient to environmental studies.

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10

Al Ayoubi, Manar, Mohammad Salman, Lucia Gambacorta, Nada El Darra, and Michele Solfrizzo. "Assessment of Dietary Exposure to Ochratoxin A in Lebanese Students and Its Urinary Biomarker Analysis." Toxins 13, no. 11 (November 10, 2021): 795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13110795.

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The present study investigated the dietary and urinary OTA occurrence among 44 Lebanese children. Relying on HPLC-FLD analysis, OTA was found in all the urine samples and in 46.5% and 25% of the 24 h duplicate diet and dinner samples, respectively. The means of OTA levels in positive samples were 0.32 ± 0.1 ng/g in 24 h diet, 0.32 ± 0.18 ng/g in dinner and 0.022 ± 0.012 ng/mL in urines. These values corresponded to margin of exposure (MOE) means of 7907 ± 5922 (neoplastic) and 2579 ± 1932 (non-neoplastic) calculated from positive 24 h diet, while 961 ± 599 (neoplastic) and 313 ± 195 (non-neoplastic) calculated from the urine. Since the MOE levels for the neoplastic effect were below the limit (10,000), a major health threat was detected and must be addressed as a health institutions’ priority. Besides, the wide difference between PDIs and MOEs calculated from food and urine suggests conducting further OTA’s toxicokinetics studies before using urine to measure OTA exposure.

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11

Nowrousian, M. R., D. Brandhorst, C. Sammet, M. Kellert, R. Daniels, P. Schuett, M. Poser, et al. "Relationship between Serum Concentrations and Urinary Excretions of Monoclonal Free Light Chains (mFLC) Detectable as Bence Jones Proteins (BJP) by Immunofixation Electrophoresis (IFE) in Patients with Multiple Myeloma (MM)." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 5060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.5060.5060.

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Abstract Introduction. mFLC are important markers for the diagnosis and monitoring of MM. This study for the first time determines serum concentrations of mFLC which are required to produce renal overflow and BJP in urine detectable by IFE and evaluates the relationship between urinary excretions of mFLC and renal function. Patients and methods. 378 paired samples of serum and 24-h-urine from 82 patients were evaluated during the course of their disease. Serum FLC concentrations were measured nephelometrically using an automated immunoassay. Urine samples were tested for clonal bands using agarose gel electrophoresis, scanning densitometry and visual checking of electrophoretic gels. BJP were identified by urine IFE. Results. Among the 378 serum samples, 173 (46%) were normal and 205 (54%) were abnormal for FLC k/l ratios, indicating the presence of mFLC, 98 of kappa and 107 of lambda type. In 98 serum samples with mFLC kappa, 48 (49%) were associated with negative urine IFE analysis and 50 (51%) had positive urine tests. The median serum kappa concentrations were 40 mg/L (range 6–710) for negative urines and 113 mg/L (range 7–39500) for positive urines (p=0.001), indicating an almost threefold greater median value which was approximately six times the upper limit of the reference range (3.3.–19.4 mg/L) for samples with positive urine IFE analysis. In 107 serum samples with mFLC lambda, 70 (65%) were negative in urine and 37 (35%) were positive. The median serum concentrations associated with negative urine IFE tests were 44 mg/L (range 3–561) and were 278 mg/L (range 5–7060) for positive urines (p=0.0001), indicating an almost sixfold difference. This was approximately 2.5-fold greater than for kappa, and approximately 11 times the upper limit of the reference range (5.7–26.3 mg/L) for samples with positive urine IFE analysis. Renal excretions of mFLC, in addition, were determined primarily by serum concentrations for lambda, but by serum concentrations, renal function and, probably, molecular changes for kappa. For both, renal excretions significantly decreased at high serum concentrations combined with renal dysfunction. Conclusion. Based on these results, relatively high serum concentrations of mFLC are required to produce renal overflow and positive urine IFE tests for BJP. Furthermore, urine excretions of mFLC are determined primarily by serum concentrations, but also by renal function, particularly for kappa.

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12

Bauer, H., M. Jarvis, E. Hoffberg, A. Hijaz, and D. Sheyn. "Urine Gene Analysis Compared to Urine Culture for Pathogen Detection." Obstetrics & Gynecology 145, no. 5S (May 2025): 52S. https://doi.org/10.1097/aog.0000000000005851.85.

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13

Degen, Gisela H., Jörg Reinders, Martin Kraft, Wolfgang Völkel, Felicia Gerull, Rafael Burghardt, Silvia Sievering, et al. "Citrinin Exposure in Germany: Urine Biomarker Analysis in Children and Adults." Toxins 15, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15010026.

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Citrinin (CIT), a mycotoxin known to exert nephrotoxicity, is a contaminant in food and feed. Since CIT contamination is not regularly analyzed, data on its occurrence and especially levels in food commodities are insufficient for conducting a conventional exposure assessment. Yet, human biomonitoring, i.e., an analysis of CIT and its metabolite dihydrocitrinone (DH-CIT) in urine samples allows to estimate exposure. This study investigated CIT exposure in young (2–14 years) and adult (24–61 years) residents of three federal states in Germany. A total of 179 urine samples from children and 142 from adults were collected and analyzed by a targeted LC-MS/MS based method for presence of CIT and DH-CIT. At least one of the biomarkers was detected and quantified in all urines, which indicated a widespread dietary exposure to the mycotoxin in Germany. Interestingly, the biomarker concentrations of CITtotal (sum of CIT and DH-CIT) were higher in children’s urine (range 0.05–7.62 ng/mL; median of 0.54 ng/mL) than in urines from adults (range 0.04–3.5 ng/mL; median 0.3 ng/mL). The biomarker levels (CITtotal) of individual urines served to calculate the probable daily CIT intake, for comparison to a value of 0.2 µg/kg bw/day defined as ‘level of no concern for nephrotoxicity’ by the European Food Safety Authority. The median exposure of German adults was 0.013 µg/kg b.w., with only one urine donor exceeding this provisional tolerable daily intake (pTDI) for CIT. The median exposure of children was 0.05 µg/kg bw per day (i.e., 25% of the pTDI); however, CIT exposure in 12 individuals (6.3% of our study group) exceeded the limit value, with a maximum intake of 0.46 µg/kg b.w. per day. In conclusion, these results show evidence for non-negligible exposure to CIT in some individuals in Germany, mainly in children. Therefore, further biomonitoring studies and investigations aimed to identify the major sources of CIT exposure in food commodities are required.

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14

Dr, Mahmood Ahmad Zahid Dr Muhammad Ufeen Akram Dr Muzzamal Hussain. "ANALYSIS OF SPOT URINE PROTEIN TO CREATININE RATIO AS AN INDICATOR OF 24-HOUR URINARY PROTEIN EXCRETION IN NEPHROTIC SYNDROME." INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES o6, no. 04 (April 11, 2019): 7432–38. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2636654.

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<strong><em>Introduction: </em></strong><em>Analysis of urine protein plays an important role in the evaluation of patients with suffering from renal disease. Analysis of 24h urine gathering was for quite a while the strategy for decision for measuring proteinuria however is never again suggested on the grounds of burden and imprecision because of human blunder in accumulation. </em> <strong><em>Aims and objectives: </em></strong><em>The basic aim of the study is to analyze spot urine protein vs creatinine ratio as a predictor of 24hr urinary protein excretion in nephrotic syndrome. </em> <strong><em>Material and methods: </em></strong><em>This cross sectional study was conducted at Mayo Hospital, Lahore during October 2018 to December 2018. The data was collected from 150 patients of both genders. Early morning urine examples were gathered as spot urine and estimated for urinary protein, creatinine and protein to creatinine ratios. That day, 24-hour urines were gathered from 8 am to 8 am. Blood tests were drawn for serum creatinine (mg/dL). </em> <strong><em>Results: </em></strong><em>The data were collected from 150 patients from which 90 were male and 60 were female. The mean age was 25.6 ± 11.7 years. The mean value of serum creatinine was 85.8 ± 19.6 (umol/L) and urine creatinine was 6.2 ± 1.6 (mmol/L) in selected patients. The Pakistani children and grown-up patients who were discharging in excess of 150 mg urinary protein for every day; uncovered protein: creatinine record and ratio 141 and 0.18 individually in irregular urine tests. The concentration of protein in the urine is influenced by urine volume just as protein discharge rate. </em> <strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong><em>It is concluded that Urine prot vs Urine creatinine ratios in random urine sample are best indicators of 24h urinary total protein excretion in patients with and without renal insufficiency.</em> <strong>Key words:</strong> <em>Urinary, Protein, Creatinine, Ratio, Analysis.</em>

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15

Moreno, Ana María Jiménez, and María José Navas Sánchez. "Luminol Chemiluminescence in Urine Analysis." Applied Spectroscopy Reviews 41, no. 6 (December 2006): 549–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/05704920600899980.

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16

Lin, Chun-Che, Chin-Chung Tseng, Tsung-Kai Chuang, Der-Seang Lee, and Gwo-Bin Lee. "Urine analysis in microfluidic devices." Analyst 136, no. 13 (2011): 2669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1an15029d.

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17

Jandke, Joachim, and Gerhard Spiteller. "Dipeptide analysis in human urine." Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 382 (January 1986): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4347(00)83502-1.

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18

Carey, John L. "Urine protein analysis: An overview." Clinical Immunology Newsletter 10, no. 7 (July 1990): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-1859(90)90039-b.

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19

Naik, S., A. Mathew, and P. Chauhan. "Sigma metrics and urine analysis." Clinica Chimica Acta 558 (May 2024): 118709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2024.118709.

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20

Ann Pereira, Loretta, Hilda Fernandes, and Amritha Chidambaram. "Implementing the Paris System into Reclassifying Urine Cytology: A Descriptive Analysis." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 10, no. 11 (November 27, 2021): 399–403. https://doi.org/10.21275/art20193124.

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21

Mancarella, Daniela, Julia Rutsch, Lisa Erkelenz, Moritz Meyer, Laura Sofie Witthaus, Moritz Rath, and Thorsten Voss. "Abstract 5039: Preanalytical workflow enabling cfDNA analysis from urine samples." Cancer Research 84, no. 6_Supplement (March 22, 2024): 5039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2024-5039.

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Abstract Introduction: Urine has become an important source of information in the liquid biopsy field. In contrast to blood, specifications for the collection, storage, transport and processing of urine intended for molecular examination are not widely established. Preanalytical specifications were published for urine cell-free DNA (cfDNA) only recently (CEN/TS 17811:2022). In this study, we investigated post-collection changes to cfDNA profiles in urine samples and present the performance of an optimized preanalytical workflow for cfDNA analysis. Methods: Urine from apparently healthy, consented female individuals was spiked with processed cell-free male urine or with a cfDNA standard containing PIK3CA mutations (SensID). The urine was stabilized with a urine collection/stabilization solution under development at PreAnalytiX or was left unstabilized. Urine samples were stored for varying durations at different temperatures in a time course experiment to simulate different urine storage conditions. After storage, urine samples were centrifuged to remove cells and cfDNA was isolated from the supernatant via the QIAsymphony® platform (QIAGEN). Autosomal and male-specific targets were quantified using the Rotor-Gene® Q instrument and the therascreen® PIK3CA qPCR Kit (both QIAGEN) or the QIAcuity® Digital PCR System and a dPCR LNA PIK3CA Mutation Assay (both QIAGEN). Fragment size distribution was determined by TapeStation® Cell-free DNA ScreenTape® (Agilent Technologies). Results: Analysis of cfDNA profiles in unstabilized urine stored for varying durations and temperatures highlighted changes which create artificial cfDNA profiles. The yield of cfDNA drastically decreased over time. Furthermore, the size distribution of cfDNA isolated from unstabilized urine was impacted by release of gDNA as well as DNA degradation. Urine stabilization minimized cfDNA degradation and gDNA release and allowed isolation of cfDNA that was analyzed with qPCR and dPCR even after urine storage. Analysis of isolated cfDNA revealed positive detection of PIK3CA mutations in spiked urine samples. Conclusions: Changes in post-collection cfDNA profile can hinder downstream analysis, resulting in artificial or failed outcomes. Urine stabilization with a collection/stabilization solution under development at PreAnalytiX minimized DNA degradation and gDNA release. It enabled urine storage, allowed analysis of urine cfDNA and target detection by qPCR and dPCR. Citation Format: Daniela Mancarella, Julia Rutsch, Lisa Erkelenz, Moritz Meyer, Laura Sofie Witthaus, Moritz Rath, Thorsten Voss. Preanalytical workflow enabling cfDNA analysis from urine samples [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 5039.

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Čabarkapa, Velibor, Mirjana Đerić, and Zoran Stošić. "Testing of IQ™ 200 Automated Urine Analyzer Analytical Performances in Comparison with Manual Techniques." Journal of Medical Biochemistry 28, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10011-009-0001-3.

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Testing of IQ™ 200 Automated Urine Analyzer Analytical Performances in Comparison with Manual Techniques Automation is necessary in laboratory systems. It enables reduction of time required for sample analysis, as well as standardization of methods. However, automation of urine control in laboratories is much less common than in hematological analyses. Not long ago, the necessary automated systems for urine analysis have also been developed. The objective of this study is a comparison of the IQ™ 200 automated system for urine analyzing with standardized manual urine analyzing techniques. Comparative analysis of 300 samples was performed by the IQ™ 200 system and by the standardized methods of manual microscopy and chemical urine analysis. The results acquired point to very high compatibility between urine analyses by manual techniques and by the automated system IQ™ 200, and in some analyses IQ™ 200 showed higher sensitivity. It can be concluded, with the aim of standardization and shortening of time required for urine analysis, that utilization of automated urine analyzing systems is recommendable, especially in institutions with a large number of daily analyses. This is also supported by the fact that operation procedure on automated systems is much more simple in comparison to manual techniques.

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Ali, Nurshad, Ahsan Habib, Firoz Mahmud, Humaira Rashid Tuba, and Gisela H. Degen. "Aflatoxin M1 Analysis in Urine of Mill Workers in Bangladesh: A Pilot Study." Toxins 16, no. 1 (January 14, 2024): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins16010045.

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Presence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in food and feed is a serious problem, especially in developing countries. Human exposure to this carcinogenic mycotoxin can occur through dietary intake, but also through inhalation or dermal contact when handling and processing AFB1-contaminated crops. A suitable biomarker of AFB1 exposure by all routes is the occurrence of its hydroxylated metabolite aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in urine. To assess mycotoxin exposure in mill workers in Bangladesh, we analyzed AFM1 levels in urine samples of this population group who may encounter both dietary and occupational AFB1 exposure. In this pilot study, a total of 76 participants (51 mill workers and 25 controls) were enrolled from the Sylhet region of Bangladesh. Urine samples were collected from people who worked in rice, wheat, maize and spice mills and from controls with no occupational contact to these materials. A questionnaire was used to collect information on basic characteristics and normal food habits of all participants. Levels of AFM1 in the urine samples were determined by a competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. AFM1 was detected in 96.1% of mill workers’ urine samples with a range of LOD (40) of 217.7 pg/mL and also in 92% of control subject’s urine samples with a range of LOD of 307.0 pg/mL). The mean level of AFM1 in mill workers’ urine (106.5 ± 35.0 pg/mL) was slightly lower than that of the control group (123.3 ± 52.4 pg/mL), whilst the mean AFM1 urinary level adjusted for creatinine was higher in mill workers (142.1 ± 126.1 pg/mg crea) than in the control group (98.5 ± 71.2 pg/mg crea). Yet, these differences in biomarker levels were not statistically significant. Slightly different mean urinary AFM1 levels were observed between maize mill, spice mill, rice mill, and wheat mill workers, yet biomarker values are based on a small number of individuals in these subgroups. No significant correlations were found between the study subjects’ urine AFM1 levels and their consumption of some staple food items, except for a significant correlation observed between urinary biomarker levels and consumption of groundnuts. In conclusion, this pilot study revealed the frequent presence of AFM1 in the urine of mill workers in Bangladesh and those of concurrent controls with dietary AFB1 exposure only. The absence of a statistical difference in mean biomarker levels for workers and controls suggests that in the specific setting, no extra occupational exposure occurred. Yet, the high prevalence of non-negligible AFM1 levels in the collected urines encourage further studies in Bangladesh regarding aflatoxin exposure.

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Sreedharan, Shilpa, John A. Petros, Viraj A. Master, Kenneth Ogan, John G. Pattaras, David L. Roberts, Fei Lian, and Rebecca S. Arnold. "Aquaporin-1 Protein Levels Elevated in Fresh Urine of Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients: Potential Use for Screening and Classification of Incidental Renal Lesions." Disease Markers 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/135649.

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Introduction and Objectives. There are over 65,000 new cases of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) each year, yet there is no effective clinical screening test for RCC. A single report claimed no overlap between urine levels of aquaporin-1 (AQP1) in patients with and without RCC (Mayo Clin Proc. 85:413, 2010). Here, we used archived and fresh RCC patient urine to validate this report.Methods. Archived RCC, fresh prenephrectomy RCC, and non-RCC negative control urines were processed for Western blot analysis. Urinary creatinine concentrations were quantified by the Jaffe reaction (Nephron 16:31, 1976). Precipitated protein was dissolved in 1x SDS for a final concentration of 2 μg/µL creatinine.Results. Negative control and archived RCC patient urine failed to show any AQP1 protein by Western blot analysis. Fresh RCC patient urine is robustly positive for AQP1. There was no signal overlap between fresh RCC and negative control, making differentiation straightforward.Conclusions. Our data confirms that fresh urine of patients with RCC contains easily detectable AQP1 protein. However, archival specimens showed an absence of detectable AQP1 indistinguishable from negative control. These findings suggest that a clinically applicable diagnostic test for AQP1 in fresh urine may be useful for detecting RCC.

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25

McGrotty, Yvonne. "Getting the most from urine and sediment analysis." Companion Animal 29, no. 10 (October 2, 2024): 2–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/coan.2023.0052.

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Urine sediment examination is an integral part of urinalysis which is frequently overlooked as it can be time consuming and requires a functional microscope, a centrifuge and staff with both the time and expertise to perform the exam. Sediment examination allows the operator to identify crystals, casts, cells and bacteria in a urine sample. Failure to perform sediment examination promptly can lead to ageing artefacts which may negatively affect case management. Examination of the urine sediment should ideally be performed within 1–2 hours of urine collection.

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McGrotty, Yvonne. "Getting the most from urine and sediment analysis." Veterinary Nurse 15, no. 8 (October 2, 2024): 326–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/vetn.2024.0051.

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Urine sediment examination is an integral part of urinalysis which is frequently overlooked as it can be time consuming and requires a functional microscope, a centrifuge and staff with both the time and expertise to perform the exam. Sediment examination allows the operator to identify crystals, casts, cells and bacteria in a urine sample. Failure to perform sediment examination promptly can lead to ageing artefacts which may negatively affect case management. Examination of the urine sediment should ideally be performed within 1–2 hours of urine collection.

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Young, David C., Sandra Craft, Mary-Clare Day, Barbara Davis, Elizabeth Hartwell, and Song Tong. "Comparison of Abbott LCxChlamydia trachomatisAssay With Gen-Probe PACE2 and Culture." Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 8, no. 2 (2000): 112–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1064744900000119.

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In this study the LCx assay (a nucleic acid amplification assay) forChlamydia trachomatisin endocervical samples was compared with the Gen-Probe PACE2 assay (a nucleic acid probe assay) for endocervical samples, and with endocervical culture. In addition, the efficacy of the LCx assay was determined for midstream clean-catch urine samples because it is often necessary to obtain such a sample for routine urine culture and it is simpler to collect only a single sample without also collecting a first-void urine for LCx. Endocervical specimens from 205 patients were tested forC. trachomatisvia LCx and PACE2. Of these patients, 203 were tested by culture. Midstream cleancatch urine samples from 75 of these patients were tested by LCx. The sensitivities and specificities for these assays, after discrepant analysis, were 100 and 98.9% for LCx of endocervical samples, 52.4 and 100% for PACE2; and 71.4 and 100% for culture. The sensitivity/specificity of LCx for midstream clean-catch urines was 66.7/98.5%. The apparent prevalence ofC. trachomatisin our population was 10.2%. These data indicate that among the methods tested, LCx of endocervical samples had the highest sensitivity forC. trachomatisin this population. The senstivity of the urine LCx assay using midstream clean-catch collected urines was considerably less than that reported in other studies that used first-void urines but was higher than that of PACE2. Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol. 8:112–115, 2000.

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Naik, Dr Preeta. "A Study of Dipstick and Microscopic Analysis of Formed Elements in Urine." Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research 05, no. 04 (April 18, 2017): 20485–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v5i4.122.

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x, Sonu, Ruby Rani Agarwal, and Shashi Kant Tiwari. "Correlation of Urine Analysis with Mutrakriccha Types: A Modern and Ayurvedic Approach." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 13, no. 10 (October 5, 2024): 539–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr241006205629.

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Perkins, S. L., and P. M. Johnson. "Loss of porphyrins from solution during analysis: effect of sample pH and matrix on porphyrin quantification in urine by "high-performance" liquid chromatography." Clinical Chemistry 35, no. 7 (July 1, 1989): 1508–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/35.7.1508.

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Abstract We report the effect of sample matrix and pH on quantification of porphyrins by HPLC with fluorimetric detection. For aqueous solutions of pH less than 2.5, HPLC peak heights of the porphyrins increased with decreasing pH, reaching a plateau at pH less than 1.0. This loss of porphyrins from solutions with pH greater than 1.0 appeared to be due to a combination of microprecipitation and aggregation effects. No such "pH effect" was observed for urine samples supplemented with mixed-porphyrin standards. Addition of trace amounts of albumin to aqueous solutions also decreased these pH-related losses. These findings suggest a porphyrin-protein interaction that prevents microprecipitation and aggregation processes. We conclude that standard solutions of porphyrins for HPLC analysis should be prepared in a urine matrix. If aqueous solutions are used, then the pH must be adjusted to less than 1.0. Urine samples from normal individuals require only adjustment of pH to less than 2 before analysis; however, porphyric urines requiring dilution should be prepared with porphyrin-free urine diluent.

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ZORBOZAN, Nergiz, İlker AKARKEN, and Orçun ZORBOZAN. "The performance of the urine strip test for predicting microscopic urine analysis." Turkish Bulletin of Hygiene and Experimental Biology 78, no. 1 (2021): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5505/turkhijyen.2020.98105.

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Uwamino, Yoshifumi, Mika Nagata, Wataru Aoki, Ai Kato, Miho Daigo, Osamu Ishihara, Hirotaka Igari, Rika Inose, Naoki Hasegawa, and Mitsuru Murata. "Efficient automated semi-quantitative urine culture analysis via BD Urine Culture App." Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 102, no. 1 (January 2022): 115567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2021.115567.

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Shapiro, Rochel, and Eileen Yaney. "Analysis of Urinalysis and Urine Culture Methods: Preventing False Positive Urine Specimens." American Journal of Infection Control 43, no. 6 (June 2015): S32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2015.04.080.

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Medintz, I., L. Chiriboga, L. McCurdy, and L. Kobilinsky. "DNA Analysis of Urine Stained Material." Analytical Letters 28, no. 11 (August 1995): 1937–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00032719508000015.

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35

Chard, J., M. Richardson, and S. Murphy. "Inclusion of urine analysis not justified." BMJ 347, jul10 2 (July 10, 2013): f2331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f2331.

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Barakat, M. Z., and M. M. El-Guindi. "Biochemical Analysis of Normal Goat Urine." Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin Reihe A 15, no. 1 (May 13, 2010): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0442.1968.tb00416.x.

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Debrabandere, Lode, Maurits Van Boven, and Paul Daenens. "Analysis of Buprenorphine in Urine Specimens." Journal of Forensic Sciences 37, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 13214J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs13214j.

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Lepowsky, Eric, Fariba Ghaderinezhad, Stephanie Knowlton, and Savas Tasoglu. "Paper-based assays for urine analysis." Biomicrofluidics 11, no. 5 (September 2017): 051501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4996768.

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Soriano, C., J. Muñoz-Guerra, D. Carreras, C. Rodríguez, A. F. Rodríguez, and R. Cortés. "Automated analysis of drugs in urine." Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 687, no. 1 (December 1996): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4347(96)00147-8.

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Wiwanitkit, Viroj, and Prapawadee Ekawong. "Urine Sample Stability for Pregnancy Analysis." Sexuality and Disability 25, no. 1 (January 18, 2007): 37–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11195-006-9031-7.

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Miyata, Hiroshi, Takashi Yamamoto, Ryogo Murata, Tomohiro Kinoshita, and Sunao Maki. "Analysis of Proteins in Unconcentrated Urine." Pediatrics International 29, no. 5 (October 1987): 727–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200x.1987.tb00369.x.

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Bolann, B. J. "Urine analysis: Old and new algorithms." Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 65, no. 3 (April 2005): 177–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00365510510025737.

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Morgan, A. "Urine analysis for glucose and protein." BMJ 300, no. 6736 (May 26, 1990): 1401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.300.6736.1401-a.

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Yudkin, J. S., R. D. Forrest, and C. Jackson. "Urine analysis for glucose and protein." BMJ 300, no. 6737 (June 2, 1990): 1463–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.300.6737.1463-b.

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Toren, Peter C. "Fake Urine Samples for Drug Analysis." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 259, no. 23 (June 17, 1988): 3408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1988.03720230020016.

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Friedberg, Michael A., and Zakariya K. Shihabi. "Urine protein analysis by capillary electrophoresis." Electrophoresis 18, no. 10 (1997): 1836–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150181019.

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Premasiri, W. Ranjith, Richard H. Clarke, and M. Edward Womble. "Urine analysis by laser Raman spectroscopy." Lasers in Surgery and Medicine 28, no. 4 (2001): 330–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lsm.1058.

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Olszowy, Pawel, and Boguslaw Buszewski. "Urine sample preparation for proteomic analysis." Journal of Separation Science 37, no. 20 (September 4, 2014): 2920–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201400331.

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Reddy, Kalyani Raman, and Archana M. Joshi. "Accuracy of Automated Urine Analysis versus Manual Microscopic Examination for Routine Urine Analysis – A Cross-sectional Study." Journal of the Scientific Society 52, no. 1 (January 2025): 38–42. https://doi.org/10.4103/jss.jss_93_24.

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Introduction: Urinary tract diseases are a global health concern. The gold standard for urinary tract infection diagnosis is pathogen detection in urine alongside symptoms. Manual microscopic examination of centrifuged urine is time-consuming and labor-intensive, requiring skilled interpretation. Automated urine analyzers provide better standardization, improve the certainty of measurement, and save staff time. Hence, there is a need to evaluate the concordance between automated and microscopic urine analysis in urinary tract diseases. Methodology: Five hundred urine samples received at the central pathology laboratory of the tertiary care center were studied and analyzed on automated urine analyzer (FUS1000) and light microscopy. Results: Out of 500 samples received, the red blood cell (RBC) count of more than 5 was detected with 20.6% in automated and manual was 16.0%. The RBC cell presence in the sample was seen at 43.0% in automated and 40.6% in manual method and this finding was comparable. The white blood cells (WBCs) count of more than 5 was detected with 14.2% in automated and manual was 11.6%. The abnormal WBC cell presence in the sample was seen at 26.8% in automated and 25.4% in manual methods and this finding. The epithelial cells (ECs) detected by automated and manual methods were comparable between the groups, with no significant difference noted. However, the epithelial count of more than 5 was detected with 1.2% in automated and manual was 0.4%. The abnormal EC presence in the sample was seen at 4.6% in the automated and 1.4% in the manual method and this finding was considerably greater in the automated compared to the manual method. The detection of casts and crystals in the urine sample by both methods was comparable with no significant difference noted. The detection of other findings in the urine sample by both methods was equivalent with no significant difference noted. Conclusion: The outcomes of our study indicate that the FUS 1000 demonstrates heightened sensitivity for detecting RBCs and WBCs when compared to traditional manual techniques. While the FUS 1000 can identify casts and crystals, it falls short in categorizing them accurately. Consequently, manual microscopy remains essential to enhance diagnostic accuracy during urine analysis.

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Blijdorp, Charles J., Omar A. Z. Tutakhel, Thomas A. Hartjes, Thierry P. P. van den Bosch, Martijn H. van Heugten, Juan Pablo Rigalli, Rob Willemsen, et al. "Comparing Approaches to Normalize, Quantify, and Characterize Urinary Extracellular Vesicles." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 32, no. 5 (March 29, 2021): 1210–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.2020081142.

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BackgroundUrinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) are a promising source for biomarker discovery, but optimal approaches for normalization, quantification, and characterization in spot urines are unclear.MethodsUrine samples were analyzed in a water-loading study, from healthy subjects and patients with kidney disease. Urine particles were quantified in whole urine using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay (TR-FIA), and EVQuant, a novel method quantifying particles via gel immobilization.ResultsUrine particle and creatinine concentrations were highly correlated in the water-loading study (R2 0.96) and in random spot urines from healthy subjects (R2 0.47–0.95) and patients (R2 0.41–0.81). Water loading reduced aquaporin-2 but increased Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) and particle detection by NTA. This finding was attributed to hypotonicity increasing uEV size (more EVs reach the NTA size detection limit) and reducing THP polymerization. Adding THP to urine also significantly increased particle count by NTA. In both fluorescence NTA and EVQuant, adding 0.01% SDS maintained uEV integrity and increased aquaporin-2 detection. Comparison of intracellular- and extracellular-epitope antibodies suggested the presence of reverse topology uEVs. The exosome markers CD9 and CD63 colocalized and immunoprecipitated selectively with distal nephron markers.Conclusions uEV concentration is highly correlated with urine creatinine, potentially replacing the need for uEV quantification to normalize spot urines. Additional findings relevant for future uEV studies in whole urine include the interference of THP with NTA, excretion of larger uEVs in dilute urine, the ability to use detergent to increase intracellular-epitope recognition in uEVs, and CD9 or CD63 capture of nephron segment–specific EVs.

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