Relevant bibliographies by topics / Urnfield culture

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Urnfield culture'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Urnfield culture"

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Cavazzuti, Claudio, Alberta Arena, Andrea Cardarelli, Michaela Fritzl, Mario Gavranović, Tamás Hajdu, Viktória Kiss, et al. "The First ‘Urnfields’ in the Plains of the Danube and the Po." Journal of World Prehistory 35, no. 1 (March 2022): 45–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10963-022-09164-0.

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AbstractArchaeological research is currently redefining how large-scale changes occurred in prehistoric times. In addition to the long-standing theoretical dichotomy between ‘cultural transmission’ and ‘demic diffusion’, many alternative models borrowed from sociology can be used to explain the spread of innovations. The emergence of urnfields in Middle and Late Bronze Age Europe is certainly one of these large-scale phenomena; its wide distribution has been traditionally emphasized by the use of the general term Urnenfelderkultur/zeit (starting around 1300 BC). Thanks to new evidence, we are now able to draw a more comprehensive picture, which shows a variety of regional responses to the introduction of the new funerary custom. The earliest ‘urnfields’ can be identified in central Hungary, among the tell communities of the late Nagyrév/Vatya Culture, around 2000 BC. From the nineteenth century BC onwards, the urnfield model is documented among communities in northeastern Serbia, south of the Iron Gates. During the subsequent collapse of the tell system, around 1500 BC, the urnfield model spread into some of the neighbouring regions. The adoption, however, appears more radical in the southern Po plain, as well as in the Sava/Drava/Lower Tisza plains, while in Lower Austria, Transdanubia and in the northern Po plain it seems more gradual and appears to have been subject to processes of syncretism/hybridization with traditional rites. Other areas seem to reject the novelty, at least until the latest phases of the Bronze Age. We argue that a possible explanation for these varied responses relates to the degree of interconnectedness and homophily among communities in the previous phases.
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Fokkens, Harry. "The genesis of urnfields: economic crisis or ideological change?" Antiquity 71, no. 272 (June 1997): 360–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00084970.

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CC intro: The genesis of urnfield cemeteries and of Late Bronze Age culture change is often related to an economic and environmental crisis. In the Lower Rhine Basin, changes in burial rites, settlement structure and hoarding practices show a transformation of ideology, consistent with the dissolution of a society into smaller, more autonomous social units.
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Kaczmarek, Maciej. "Ze studiów nad początkami kultury łużyckiej w zachodniej Wielkopolsce." Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia 10 (November 1, 2018): 91–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/fpp.2003.10.05.

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The article is an attempt to explain the origin of the Lusatian culture in western Wielkopolska on the basis of available archaeological evidence. The author inscribes the major role in the formation of the early Lusatian groups in western Wielkopolska to communities from Lower Silesia. From this territory culture impulses radiated along the Odra river, which led to the emergence of the early assemblages of the Urnfield culture in western Wielkopolska and the Lubusz Lands at the beginning of phase III of the Bronze Age.
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Ilon, Gábor. "A bronze “pendant” from the outskirts of Ménfőcsanak (North-West Hungary)." Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae 2022 (September 21, 2023): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.54640/cah.2022.97.

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The paper presents a stray find, part of the archaeological record of the Late Bronze Age settlement and cemetery discovered in Győr-Ménfőcsanak-Széles-földek-dűlő. The cast “wheel-shaped pendant” has three close analogies: one from an unknown site in Hungary, another from a depot in Slovakia, and the third from a lakeside settlement in Switzerland. The “pendant” could be assigned to the late Urnfield Culture (Ha B1).
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Girotto, Chiara G. M. "Are We Creating Our Past?" Documenta Praehistorica 47 (December 3, 2020): 508–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.47.29.

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Urnfield Culture hilltop settlements are often associated with a predominant function in the settlement pattern. This study challenged the idea of centrality by means of density estimates and spatial inhomogeneous explanatory statistics. Reflecting on the differences in spatial trends and material culture, no conclusive evidence for a consolidation of power, economic, or cultic dominance was observed. The dataset strongly points towards the inapplicability of commonly used parametric and/or homogenous spatial algorithms in archaeology. Tracer variables as well as the methodological and theoretical limitations are critically reviewed and a methodological framework to increase the reproducibility and reusability of archaeological research is proposed.
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Kováčik, Peter, Jan Pavelka, and Andrea Hořínková. "Rádla z pozdní doby bronzové z Opavy / Late Bronze Age ards from Opava, Czech Silesia." Archeologické rozhledy 74, no. 2 (September 30, 2022): 155–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.35686/ar.2022.7.

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The subject of the article is the discovery of two oak ards from the Late Bronze Age in Opava belonging to the Silesian phase of the Lusatian Urnfield culture. Not only is this the first find of its kind in the Czech Republic, it is also the oldest side by side finds of ards in Europe. The find fully falls into the context of the development of prehistoric ploughs and highlights the dominance of the occurrence of crook­ards in the Bronze Age. The ards were models for the experimental production of their replicas and several subsequent experimental ploughings, which produced a range of additional information.
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Váczi, Gábor. "The cultural position of a Late Bronze Age community in the interaction network of the early Urnfield period." Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae 2020 (March 3, 2022): 81–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.54640/cah.2020.81.

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The material culture of the communities living in the Middle Tisza Region during the 14th–13th centuries BC was formed by multiple cultural effects of diverse origin. The archaeological record of the settlement in Tiszabura, dated to the pre-Gáva period, is marked by an influence of the early Urnfield culture, maintaining strong connections with Transdanubia and the Eastern Alpine region, as well as by the local ceramic style having Belegiš II-type elements of Bánság origin blended in.The thousands of ceramic sherds yielded by a large-scale excavation of the site made it possible for one to create a network based on ceramic styles and surface treatment. The topology and resource distribution model of the constructed graph describe the direction and intensity of the Tiszabura community’s strongest connections and define its position in the interaction network of contemporary communities.
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Cavazzuti, Claudio, Tamás Hajdu, Federico Lugli, Alessandra Sperduti, Magdolna Vicze, Aniko Horváth, István Major, Mihály Molnár, László Palcsu, and Viktória Kiss. "Human mobility in a Bronze Age Vatya ‘urnfield’ and the life history of a high-status woman." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 28, 2021): e0254360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254360.

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In this study, we present osteological and strontium isotope data of 29 individuals (26 cremations and 3 inhumations) from Szigetszentmiklós-Ürgehegy, one of the largest Middle Bronze Age cemeteries in Hungary. The site is located in the northern part of the Csepel Island (a few kilometres south of Budapest) and was in use between c. 2150 and 1500 BC, a period that saw the rise, the apogee, and, ultimately, the collapse of the Vatya culture in the plains of Central Hungary. The main aim of our study was to identify variation in mobility patterns among individuals of different sex/age/social status and among individuals treated with different burial rites using strontium isotope analysis. Changes in funerary rituals in Hungary have traditionally been associated with the crises of the tell cultures and the introgression of newcomers from the area of the Tumulus Culture in Central Europe around 1500 BC. Our results show only slight discrepancies between inhumations and cremations, as well as differences between adult males and females. The case of the richly furnished grave n. 241 is of particular interest. The urn contains the cremated bones of an adult woman and two 7 to 8-month-old foetuses, as well as remarkably prestigious goods. Using 87Sr/86Sr analysis of different dental and skeletal remains, which form in different life stages, we were able to reconstruct the potential movements of this high-status woman over almost her entire lifetime, from birth to her final days. Our study confirms the informative potential of strontium isotopes analyses performed on different cremated tissues. From a more general, historical perspective, our results reinforce the idea that exogamic practices were common in Bronze Age Central Europe and that kinship ties among high-rank individuals were probably functional in establishing or strengthening interconnections, alliances, and economic partnerships.
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Kaczmarek, Maciej. "Urnfields in the middle Oder basin – a perspective of a Lubusz-Greater Polish territorial community." Praehistorische Zeitschrift 94, no. 2 (January 28, 2020): 379–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pz-2019-0017.

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SummaryLusatian Urnfield communities inhabiting Lubusz Land and western Greater Poland (Wielkopolska) in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages occupy a unique position on the settlement map of the middle Oder basin. For nearly a thousand years, they acted as a kind of buffer between the buoyant Silesian centre, which had achieved its culture-making role thanks to direct exchange contacts with the Transcarpathian and Danubian-Alpine centres of the south, and West Pomeranian groups inspired from the west and northwest by the Nordic circle. The importance of Lubusz-Greater Poland (Wielkopolska) populations to the overall cultural picture of the territories on the banks of the Oder River can hardly be overestimated, so it is worth analysing this phenomenon in more detail. One of the significant cultural elements is the ceramic style. It can be a means of manifesting outside the identity of a group, the identity consolidated by a tradition functioning within this group. It is hard to imagine a relative standardisation of patterns in pottery produced over a certain area to be only the result of more or less random movement of female potters or small groups of people. The standardisation of material culture, resulting from the existence of a style, no doubt enhances homogeneity and stability in everyday life, and therefore can be regarded as a factor integrating neighbouring communities in territorial communities within a supra-local scale. In the Late Bronze Age, in Lubusz Land and western Greater Poland (Wielkopolska), one can notice the same stylistic tendencies in pottery manufacture (bossed style, Urad style, Late Bronze Age style) and in figural art in clay, and a similar repertoire of bronze objects, produced in local metallurgical workshops on the Oder.The formation of Urnfield communities in Lubusz Land and western Greater Poland (Wielkopolska) was no doubt part of a broader process of cultural integration, of supra-local character, which was taking place throughout the upper and middle Oder basin at the transition of the Middle and Late Bronze Ages. This was a process of acculturation, based on the reception of the influx of new cultural contents along the River Oder from Lower Silesia and perhaps, although to a much smaller extent, from Lusatia and Saxony. The result was the cultural unification, for the first time to such an extent, of the western part of what is now Poland. The archaeological indicator of the discussed process was the appearance of large cremation cemeteries, with burials furnished with bossed pottery of the Silesia-Greater Polish type, representing a style typical of most of the middle Oder basin. Similar tendencies can be seen in bronze metallurgy, where a nearly complete unification of the repertoire of produced objects can be observed from the beginning of the Late Bronze Age. Here, however, the distributions of particular forms are much broader and encompass almost the entire western part of the Lusatian Urnfields. In Lubusz Land and western Greater Poland (Wielkopolska) the Late Bronze Age saw a very dynamic development of local bronze production, performed primarily within the Oder metallurgical centre. The result was a relatively high percentage of bronze artefacts in the cultural inventory of Urnfield populations inhabiting the region, most of them ultimately deposited in the many hoards buried during that period. A broad spectrum of manufactured designs, their notable standardisation, and the finds of durable casting moulds all seem to confirm that bronze metallurgy, along with pot-making, belonged to the most important areas of production performed by the population inhabiting the middle Oder basin at the conclusion of the 2nd and beginning of the 1st millennium BC, despite it having been carried out by a limited group of initiated specialists. The process of formation of Lusatian Urnfields in the middle Oder basin was most likely not complete before HaA2, and from the subsequent phase onwards one can notice a steady expansion of settled areas, resulting from intensive internal colonisation and the processes of acculturation. The dynamics of this phenomenon are best illustrated by newly established, vast cremation cemeteries, most of which were then continuously used at least until the close of the Bronze Age, with some persisting into the Early Iron Age. With the onset of the Early Iron Age, the Lubusz-Greater Polish territorial community of Lusatian Urnfields started to slowly disintegrate, a phenomenon explained by the adoption of a different model of Hallstatisation by these communities. In Lubusz Land, pottery of the Górzyce style (Göritzer Stil) appears, inspired more by Białowice (Billendorf) than Silesian patterns, while in western Greater Poland (Wielkopolska) ceramic workshops still maintained a close connection with the tendencies set by their Silesian neighbours, who at that time closely followed the East Hallstatt trends. The Lubusz-Greater Polish territorial community, which crystallised and developed throughout the entirety of the Late Bronze Age largely thanks to the unique role of the Oder River as a route of long-distance exchange and at the same time a culturally unifying element of the landscape, ceased to exist with the onset of the Early Iron Age, never to be reborn.
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Skoglund, Peter. "Diet, Cooking and Cosmology - Interpreting the Evidence from Bronze Age Plant Macro fossils." Current Swedish Archaeology 7, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.1999.10.

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The aim of the article is to discuss how the composition of Bronze Age macrofossil samples reflects different aspects of daily life like diet and cooking. The article argues that the increasing weed content in the Late Bronze Age macrofossil samples should partly be regarded as a new resource that was used in the cooking process. The contemporaneous increase in hulled barley at the expense of naked barley and wheat, might reflect a diminished interest in baking leavened bread and a stronger preference for cooked cereal-based dishes. These changes in the domestic sphere should be regarded as intimately connected with changes in the Late Bronze Age cosmology, in particular with the development of the Urnfield culture.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Urnfield culture"

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ŠITNER, Marek. "Zdice - výsledky záchranného archeologického výzkumu knovízské kultury." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-188382.

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The thesis presents results of the excavation of an early bronze aged settlement on the cadaster of Zdice in Beroun region. The detailed analysis of its pottery complex provides a base for chronological determination of the settlement and defines its components. Special attention is also paid to the issue of settlement burials of Urnfield culture.
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Books on the topic "Urnfield culture"

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Sperber, Lothar. Untersuchungen zur Chronologie der Urnenfelderkultur im nördlichen Alpenvorland von der Schweiz bis Oberösterreich. Bonn: R. Habelt, 1987.

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Marek, Gedl, ed. Die Anfänge der Urnenfelderkulturen in Europa =: Początki kultur pól popielnicowych w Europie. Warszawa: Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, 1991.

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Deutsches Archäologisches Institut. Römisch-Germanische Kommission, Thüringisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie, Museum für Ur- und Frühgeschichte Thüringens, and Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena. Bereich Ur- und Frühgeschichte, eds. Das elbgermanische Gräberfeld Grossromstedt in Thüringen: Eine Bestandsaufnahme : Text und Tafeln. Darmstadt: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 2017.

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zu, Erbach Monika, ed. Beiträge zur Urnenfelderzeit nördlich und südlich der Alpen: Ergebnisse eines Kolloquiums. Bonn: Habelt, 1995.

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Patrice, Brun, and Mordant Claude, eds. Le Groupe Rhin-Suisse-France orientale et la notion de civilisation des Champs d'Urnes: Actes du colloque international de Nemours 1986. Nemours: Association pour la promotion de la recherche archéologique en Ile-de-France, 1988.

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Grimmer-Dehn, Beate. Die Urnenfelderkultur im südöstlichen Oberrheingraben. Stuttgart: K. Theiss, 1991.

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Stolarczyk, Tomasz. Osada kultury pól popielnicowych w Grzybianach koło Legnicy. Legnica: Muzeum Miedzi w Legnicy, 2014.

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Vránová, Vendula. Struktura osídlení v období popelnicových polí na střední Moravě. Olomouc: Archeologické centrum Olomouc, 2013.

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H, Blänkle Peter, ed. Das urnenfelderzeitliche Gräberfeld "Beim Rödlingsweg" von Dietzenbach. Marxzell: Schallmayer, 1993.

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Kern, Daniela. Thunau am Kamp, eine befestigte Höhensiedlung (Grabung 1965-1990): Urnenfelderzeitliche Siedlungsfunde der unteren Holzwiese. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Urnfield culture"

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Mackiewicz, Maksym, Paweł Madera, Dagmara Łaciak, and Agata Hałuszko. "The unique settlement microregion of the Lusatian Urnfield culture in Łazy (SW Poland): fieldwalking and geophysical survey results." In Advances in On- and Offshore Archaeological Prospection, 361–70. Kiel: Universitätsverlag Kiel | Kiel University Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.38072/978-3-928794-83-1/p37.

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Cremated cemetery and three settlement sites were surveyed. Magnetics and electrical resistivity provided a suggestive location for the cemetery. Magnetic prospection of the surrounding settlements provided a less clear picture. Surface material indicated the presence of previously unregistered episodes of settlement.
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"A Brief History of Urns, Urnfields, and Burial in the Urnfield Culture." In Death and the Body in Bronze Age Europe, 15–35. Cambridge University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781009247429.002.

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Leeming, David. "Celtic Mythology." In From Olympus to Camelot, 73–100. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195143614.003.0005.

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Abstract The origin of the Celts, today the smallest group of IndoEuropean speakers, is unclear. Some archeologists have perhaps somewhat dubiously suggested the existence of a proto-Celtic Indo-European people in the so-called Beaker and Battle-Ax cultures of the third millennium b.c.e. Still others see Celtic beginnings in the urnfield and tumulus cultures of the second millennium. Claims with more basis are those made for the central European Hallstatt culture of the ninth century b.c.e., marked by the extensive use of iron, and especially the fifth century b.c.e. La Tène culture, an Indo-European aristocratic-warrior culture that existed in the European lands we generally think of as Celtic.
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Dizdar, Marko, and Daria Ložnjak Dizdar. "Prehistoric Settlement at Virje–Volarski Breg/Sušine." In Interdisciplinary Research into Iron Metallurgy along the Drava River in Croatia, 122–45. Archaeopress Archaeology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/9781803271026-7.

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Several years of excavations at the site of Virje–Volarski Breg/Sušine uncovered the remains of a settlement from the Late Bronze and Late Iron Ages. The finds of a bronze pin and potsherds from the Late Bronze Age enabled the dating of the settlement to the early and late phases of the Urnfield culture, with the settlement at Volarski Breg being older than the one at Sušine. The excavations revealed parts of La Tène settlement infrastructure, which indicated that it was a prominent lowland settlement from the Middle and Late La Tène. They included the exceptional discovery of a pit with the remains of a loom. Both for the organization of the La Tène culture settlement and for its pottery finds, there are parallels in the known settlements from the middle Drava valley and the neighbouring areas of north-eastern Slovenia and south-western Hungary. These settlements are considered to have a rural character and to be the result of the life needs of small agricultural communities integrated in the landscape. The explored parts of the infrastructure of these settlements show that they were organized around single households. The intensive habitation of the middle Drava valley in the Late Bronze and Late Iron Ages is not at all surprising, since the area was crossed by an important communication route between the south-eastern Alpine region and the Danube region.
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Michnik, Monika, Karol Dzięgielewski, and Mirosław Furmanek. "Zagadnienia wstępne / Introductory remarks." In Cmentarzysko w wczesnej epoki żelaza w Świbiu na Górnym Śląsku. Tom 2, 8–23. Wydawnictwo Profil-Archeo, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33547/swibie2022.2.1.

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The cemetery at Świbie (site 16), in the district of Gliwice, Upper Silesia (southern Poland), is a large biritual necropolis associated with communities collectively known as the Upper Silesia-Lesser Poland group (Pl.: grupa górnośląsko-małopolska) of the Lusatian culture, which developed in this area and in western Lesser Poland from the Late Bronze Age. This regional grouping stands out among other Central European groups of the Urnfield culture by the prevalence of the inhumation rite. The site itself is located about 2 km north of the buildings of the village of Świbie, on the eastern side of a dirt road, on the top and southern slope of a small sandy dune. While the site was discovered in 1936 and the initial excavations were carried out at that time, the main archaeological research was carried out by archaeologists from the Museum in Gliwice, Anna Stankiewicz-Węgrzykowa and Halina Wojciechowska, from 1961 to 1992. As a result, an extensive cemetery was uncovered, occupying an area of approximately 55 acres, in which, following a reinterpretation of the sources, 548 archaeological features were identified, including 420 inhumation graves, 28 biritual graves (inhumation graves with cremation burials) and 100 cremation graves (including 49 urned cremations, 50 cremations in pits and one urn-pit grave). Prior to the establishment of the large early Iron Age biritual cemetery at Świbie, the area had been used repeatedly by Stone Age and aarly Bronze Age communities. The few ceramic remains discovered in the southern zone of the necropolis have been classified as Nemun culture (Neolithic of the forest zone), Corded Ware culture, and Mierzanowice culture. The late Stone Age and early Bronze Age materials discovered at Świbie, although few in number and poorly preserved, document a trend in the development of communities living in the forest zone that is quite rare in Silesia. These groupings were largely an ‚alternative’ world to the ‚classical’ Neolithic societies. They grew out of traditions different from those of communities sharing the Anatolian-Balkan model of the Neolithic, and formed primarily on the basis of early Holocene Mesolithic traditions.
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Rebay-Salisbury, Katharina. "Rediscovering the Body: Cremation and Inhumation in Early Iron Age Central Europe." In Cremation and the Archaeology of Death. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798118.003.0010.

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The Late Bronze Age Urnfield Period in Central Europe (BA D, Ha A/B, c.1300 to 800 BC) is characterized by the dominance of cremation as a burial rite. The simple appearance of urn burials give an impression of simplicity, but they are the endpoint of a chain of actions and practices that constitute the funerary ritual, many of which may not be simple at all, but include a large number of people and resources. The washing, dressing, and furnishing of the body as it is laid out prior to cremation leave no traces. The funerary pyre, as spectacular as it may have looked, smelled, and felt during the cremation, preserves only under exceptional circumstances. The rituals and feasts associated with selecting the cremated remains from the funerary pyre and placing them in a suitable organic container or a ceramic urn prior to their deposition do not leave much evidence. The large-scale spread of cremation during the Late Bronze Age has traditionally been explained by the movements of peoples (e.g. Kraft 1926; Childe 1950), or a change in religious beliefs (e.g. Alexander 1979). More recently, a change in how the human body is ontologically understood and how it has to be transformed after death is seen as the more likely underlying cause (Harris et al. 2013; Robb and Harris 2013; Sørensen and Rebay-Salisbury in prep.), although a simple and single reason is rarely the driver of such pan-European developments. This chapter will be concerned with another transition, the change from cremation back to inhumation, several hundred years later during the Early Iron Age, and investigates its background and causes. In Central Europe, cremation is given up as the solitary funerary rite, and a range of different options, including inhumations in burial mounds, bi-ritual cemeteries, and new forms of cremation graves emerge. This change happens at a different pace in the various areas of the Hallstatt Culture and adjacent areas, which will be surveyed here. Despite doubts about the validity of the term ‘Hallstatt Culture’ as a cultural entity (e.g. Müller-Scheeßel 2000), it remains a convenient shorthand to the Early Iron Age in Central Europe, c.800–450 BC, in eastern France, southern Germany, Switzerland, Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, and parts of northern Italy.
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Harding, Dennis. "Chronology." In Iron Age Hillforts in Britain and Beyond. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199695249.003.0010.

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Hillforts are conventionally regarded as a phenomenon of the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age of temperate Europe, with some sites being constructed or reoccupied in the post-Roman Iron Age or Early Medieval period. In broad chronological terms, 1000 BC to AD 1000 covers the two millennia of the ‘long Iron Age’ in which hillforts are a major field monument. The concept of enclosure nevertheless has a much longer ancestry, from at least the earliest Neolithic. Some enclosed sites of the Neolithic and earlier Bronze Age in central Europe may be located on elevated ground or on promontories and may involve palisades or earthworks around their perimeter, just like Iron Age hillforts, so that the question arises whether these should not qualify as hillforts. To argue that their topographic location, or the scale or layout of enclosure, is not indicative of a primarily defensive purpose will not do, because some Iron Age hillforts seem to be compromised on these criteria. Nevertheless, by not entirely rational convention, hillforts as a regular class of field monuments are generally recognized from the Late Bronze Age, when their appearance in central and western Europe coincides with an intensification in the quantity and number of types of weaponry and defensive armour associated especially with the Urnfield culture. There are a number of hillfort sites in Britain where there is underlying evidence of Neolithic occupation, including occupation that was originally defined by enclosing works of earth or stone. There is no question of claiming continuity of occupation from Neolithic to Iron Age, but since the earlier earthworks would almost certainly still have been visible—at Maiden Castle, for instance, where the earliest Iron Age hillfort follows almost exactly the extent of the Neolithic enclosure—there is every reason to suppose that the existence of earthworks that would have been recognized as ancient, even if they were not formally venerated as places of ancestors, may have encouraged choice of these sites. An alternative interpretation would be simply to assume that the same advantages of location that commended themselves to Neolithic communities coincidentally satisfied equally the requirements of their Iron Age successors. But in that event the earlier monuments, like the Hambledon Hill long barrow or the Foel Trigarn cairns (Plate 14b), would hardly have been accorded the respect by later occupants that their condition indicates they were.
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Reports on the topic "Urnfield culture"

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Horejs, Barbara, and Ulrike Schuh, eds. PREHISTORY & WEST ASIAN/NORTHEAST AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2021–2023. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/oeai.pwana2021-2023.

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The long-established research of Prehistory and West Asian/Northeast African archaeology (the former Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology, OREA) at the Austrian Academy of Sciences was transformed into a department of the »new« Austrian Archaeological Institute (OeAI) at the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 2021. This merging of several institutes into the new OeAI offers a wide range of new opportunities for basic and interdisciplinary research, which support the traditional research focus as well as the development of new projects in world archaeology. The research areas of the Department of Prehistory and West Asian/Northeast African Archaeology include Quaternary archaeology, Prehistory, Near Eastern archaeology and Egyptology. The groups cover an essential cultural area of prehistoric and early historical developments in Europe, Northeast Africa and West Asia. Prehistory is embedded in the world archaeology concept without geographical borders, including projects beyond this core zone, as well as a scientific and interdisciplinary approach. The focus lies in the time horizon from the Pleistocene about 2.6 million years ago to the transformation of societies into historical epochs in the 1st millennium BC. The chronological expertise of the groups covers the periods Palaeolithic, Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. The archaeology of West Asia and Northeast Africa is linked to the Mediterranean and Europe, which enables large-scale and chronologically broad basic research on human history. The department consists of the following seven groups: »Quaternary Archaeology«, »Prehistoric Phenomena«, »Prehistoric Identities«, »Archaeology in Egypt and Sudan«, »Archaeology of the Levant«, »Mediterranean Economies« and »Urnfield Culture Networks«. The groups conduct fieldwork and material analyses in Austria, Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Italy, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Greece, Cyprus, Türkiye, Iran, the United Arab Emirates, Lebanon, Israel, Egypt, Sudan and South Africa.
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