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Journal articles on the topic 'Urnfield culture'
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1
Cavazzuti, Claudio, Alberta Arena, Andrea Cardarelli, Michaela Fritzl, Mario Gavranović, Tamás Hajdu, Viktória Kiss, et al. "The First ‘Urnfields’ in the Plains of the Danube and the Po." Journal of World Prehistory 35, no. 1 (March 2022): 45–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10963-022-09164-0.
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AbstractArchaeological research is currently redefining how large-scale changes occurred in prehistoric times. In addition to the long-standing theoretical dichotomy between ‘cultural transmission’ and ‘demic diffusion’, many alternative models borrowed from sociology can be used to explain the spread of innovations. The emergence of urnfields in Middle and Late Bronze Age Europe is certainly one of these large-scale phenomena; its wide distribution has been traditionally emphasized by the use of the general term Urnenfelderkultur/zeit (starting around 1300 BC). Thanks to new evidence, we are now able to draw a more comprehensive picture, which shows a variety of regional responses to the introduction of the new funerary custom. The earliest ‘urnfields’ can be identified in central Hungary, among the tell communities of the late Nagyrév/Vatya Culture, around 2000 BC. From the nineteenth century BC onwards, the urnfield model is documented among communities in northeastern Serbia, south of the Iron Gates. During the subsequent collapse of the tell system, around 1500 BC, the urnfield model spread into some of the neighbouring regions. The adoption, however, appears more radical in the southern Po plain, as well as in the Sava/Drava/Lower Tisza plains, while in Lower Austria, Transdanubia and in the northern Po plain it seems more gradual and appears to have been subject to processes of syncretism/hybridization with traditional rites. Other areas seem to reject the novelty, at least until the latest phases of the Bronze Age. We argue that a possible explanation for these varied responses relates to the degree of interconnectedness and homophily among communities in the previous phases.
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Fokkens, Harry. "The genesis of urnfields: economic crisis or ideological change?" Antiquity 71, no. 272 (June 1997): 360–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00084970.
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CC intro: The genesis of urnfield cemeteries and of Late Bronze Age culture change is often related to an economic and environmental crisis. In the Lower Rhine Basin, changes in burial rites, settlement structure and hoarding practices show a transformation of ideology, consistent with the dissolution of a society into smaller, more autonomous social units.
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Kaczmarek, Maciej. "Ze studiów nad początkami kultury łużyckiej w zachodniej Wielkopolsce." Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia 10 (November 1, 2018): 91–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/fpp.2003.10.05.
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The article is an attempt to explain the origin of the Lusatian culture in western Wielkopolska on the basis of available archaeological evidence. The author inscribes the major role in the formation of the early Lusatian groups in western Wielkopolska to communities from Lower Silesia. From this territory culture impulses radiated along the Odra river, which led to the emergence of the early assemblages of the Urnfield culture in western Wielkopolska and the Lubusz Lands at the beginning of phase III of the Bronze Age.
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Ilon, Gábor. "A bronze “pendant” from the outskirts of Ménfőcsanak (North-West Hungary)." Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae 2022 (September 21, 2023): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.54640/cah.2022.97.
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The paper presents a stray find, part of the archaeological record of the Late Bronze Age settlement and cemetery discovered in Győr-Ménfőcsanak-Széles-földek-dűlő. The cast “wheel-shaped pendant” has three close analogies: one from an unknown site in Hungary, another from a depot in Slovakia, and the third from a lakeside settlement in Switzerland. The “pendant” could be assigned to the late Urnfield Culture (Ha B1).
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Girotto, Chiara G. M. "Are We Creating Our Past?" Documenta Praehistorica 47 (December 3, 2020): 508–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.47.29.
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Urnfield Culture hilltop settlements are often associated with a predominant function in the settlement pattern. This study challenged the idea of centrality by means of density estimates and spatial inhomogeneous explanatory statistics. Reflecting on the differences in spatial trends and material culture, no conclusive evidence for a consolidation of power, economic, or cultic dominance was observed. The dataset strongly points towards the inapplicability of commonly used parametric and/or homogenous spatial algorithms in archaeology. Tracer variables as well as the methodological and theoretical limitations are critically reviewed and a methodological framework to increase the reproducibility and reusability of archaeological research is proposed.
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Kováčik, Peter, Jan Pavelka, and Andrea Hořínková. "Rádla z pozdní doby bronzové z Opavy / Late Bronze Age ards from Opava, Czech Silesia." Archeologické rozhledy 74, no. 2 (September 30, 2022): 155–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.35686/ar.2022.7.
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The subject of the article is the discovery of two oak ards from the Late Bronze Age in Opava belonging to the Silesian phase of the Lusatian Urnfield culture. Not only is this the first find of its kind in the Czech Republic, it is also the oldest side by side finds of ards in Europe. The find fully falls into the context of the development of prehistoric ploughs and highlights the dominance of the occurrence of crookards in the Bronze Age. The ards were models for the experimental production of their replicas and several subsequent experimental ploughings, which produced a range of additional information.
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Váczi, Gábor. "The cultural position of a Late Bronze Age community in the interaction network of the early Urnfield period." Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae 2020 (March 3, 2022): 81–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.54640/cah.2020.81.
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The material culture of the communities living in the Middle Tisza Region during the 14th–13th centuries BC was formed by multiple cultural effects of diverse origin. The archaeological record of the settlement in Tiszabura, dated to the pre-Gáva period, is marked by an influence of the early Urnfield culture, maintaining strong connections with Transdanubia and the Eastern Alpine region, as well as by the local ceramic style having Belegiš II-type elements of Bánság origin blended in.The thousands of ceramic sherds yielded by a large-scale excavation of the site made it possible for one to create a network based on ceramic styles and surface treatment. The topology and resource distribution model of the constructed graph describe the direction and intensity of the Tiszabura community’s strongest connections and define its position in the interaction network of contemporary communities.
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Cavazzuti, Claudio, Tamás Hajdu, Federico Lugli, Alessandra Sperduti, Magdolna Vicze, Aniko Horváth, István Major, Mihály Molnár, László Palcsu, and Viktória Kiss. "Human mobility in a Bronze Age Vatya ‘urnfield’ and the life history of a high-status woman." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 28, 2021): e0254360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254360.
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In this study, we present osteological and strontium isotope data of 29 individuals (26 cremations and 3 inhumations) from Szigetszentmiklós-Ürgehegy, one of the largest Middle Bronze Age cemeteries in Hungary. The site is located in the northern part of the Csepel Island (a few kilometres south of Budapest) and was in use between c. 2150 and 1500 BC, a period that saw the rise, the apogee, and, ultimately, the collapse of the Vatya culture in the plains of Central Hungary. The main aim of our study was to identify variation in mobility patterns among individuals of different sex/age/social status and among individuals treated with different burial rites using strontium isotope analysis. Changes in funerary rituals in Hungary have traditionally been associated with the crises of the tell cultures and the introgression of newcomers from the area of the Tumulus Culture in Central Europe around 1500 BC. Our results show only slight discrepancies between inhumations and cremations, as well as differences between adult males and females. The case of the richly furnished grave n. 241 is of particular interest. The urn contains the cremated bones of an adult woman and two 7 to 8-month-old foetuses, as well as remarkably prestigious goods. Using 87Sr/86Sr analysis of different dental and skeletal remains, which form in different life stages, we were able to reconstruct the potential movements of this high-status woman over almost her entire lifetime, from birth to her final days. Our study confirms the informative potential of strontium isotopes analyses performed on different cremated tissues. From a more general, historical perspective, our results reinforce the idea that exogamic practices were common in Bronze Age Central Europe and that kinship ties among high-rank individuals were probably functional in establishing or strengthening interconnections, alliances, and economic partnerships.
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Kaczmarek, Maciej. "Urnfields in the middle Oder basin – a perspective of a Lubusz-Greater Polish territorial community." Praehistorische Zeitschrift 94, no. 2 (January 28, 2020): 379–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pz-2019-0017.
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SummaryLusatian Urnfield communities inhabiting Lubusz Land and western Greater Poland (Wielkopolska) in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages occupy a unique position on the settlement map of the middle Oder basin. For nearly a thousand years, they acted as a kind of buffer between the buoyant Silesian centre, which had achieved its culture-making role thanks to direct exchange contacts with the Transcarpathian and Danubian-Alpine centres of the south, and West Pomeranian groups inspired from the west and northwest by the Nordic circle. The importance of Lubusz-Greater Poland (Wielkopolska) populations to the overall cultural picture of the territories on the banks of the Oder River can hardly be overestimated, so it is worth analysing this phenomenon in more detail. One of the significant cultural elements is the ceramic style. It can be a means of manifesting outside the identity of a group, the identity consolidated by a tradition functioning within this group. It is hard to imagine a relative standardisation of patterns in pottery produced over a certain area to be only the result of more or less random movement of female potters or small groups of people. The standardisation of material culture, resulting from the existence of a style, no doubt enhances homogeneity and stability in everyday life, and therefore can be regarded as a factor integrating neighbouring communities in territorial communities within a supra-local scale. In the Late Bronze Age, in Lubusz Land and western Greater Poland (Wielkopolska), one can notice the same stylistic tendencies in pottery manufacture (bossed style, Urad style, Late Bronze Age style) and in figural art in clay, and a similar repertoire of bronze objects, produced in local metallurgical workshops on the Oder.The formation of Urnfield communities in Lubusz Land and western Greater Poland (Wielkopolska) was no doubt part of a broader process of cultural integration, of supra-local character, which was taking place throughout the upper and middle Oder basin at the transition of the Middle and Late Bronze Ages. This was a process of acculturation, based on the reception of the influx of new cultural contents along the River Oder from Lower Silesia and perhaps, although to a much smaller extent, from Lusatia and Saxony. The result was the cultural unification, for the first time to such an extent, of the western part of what is now Poland. The archaeological indicator of the discussed process was the appearance of large cremation cemeteries, with burials furnished with bossed pottery of the Silesia-Greater Polish type, representing a style typical of most of the middle Oder basin. Similar tendencies can be seen in bronze metallurgy, where a nearly complete unification of the repertoire of produced objects can be observed from the beginning of the Late Bronze Age. Here, however, the distributions of particular forms are much broader and encompass almost the entire western part of the Lusatian Urnfields. In Lubusz Land and western Greater Poland (Wielkopolska) the Late Bronze Age saw a very dynamic development of local bronze production, performed primarily within the Oder metallurgical centre. The result was a relatively high percentage of bronze artefacts in the cultural inventory of Urnfield populations inhabiting the region, most of them ultimately deposited in the many hoards buried during that period. A broad spectrum of manufactured designs, their notable standardisation, and the finds of durable casting moulds all seem to confirm that bronze metallurgy, along with pot-making, belonged to the most important areas of production performed by the population inhabiting the middle Oder basin at the conclusion of the 2nd and beginning of the 1st millennium BC, despite it having been carried out by a limited group of initiated specialists. The process of formation of Lusatian Urnfields in the middle Oder basin was most likely not complete before HaA2, and from the subsequent phase onwards one can notice a steady expansion of settled areas, resulting from intensive internal colonisation and the processes of acculturation. The dynamics of this phenomenon are best illustrated by newly established, vast cremation cemeteries, most of which were then continuously used at least until the close of the Bronze Age, with some persisting into the Early Iron Age. With the onset of the Early Iron Age, the Lubusz-Greater Polish territorial community of Lusatian Urnfields started to slowly disintegrate, a phenomenon explained by the adoption of a different model of Hallstatisation by these communities. In Lubusz Land, pottery of the Górzyce style (Göritzer Stil) appears, inspired more by Białowice (Billendorf) than Silesian patterns, while in western Greater Poland (Wielkopolska) ceramic workshops still maintained a close connection with the tendencies set by their Silesian neighbours, who at that time closely followed the East Hallstatt trends. The Lubusz-Greater Polish territorial community, which crystallised and developed throughout the entirety of the Late Bronze Age largely thanks to the unique role of the Oder River as a route of long-distance exchange and at the same time a culturally unifying element of the landscape, ceased to exist with the onset of the Early Iron Age, never to be reborn.
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Skoglund, Peter. "Diet, Cooking and Cosmology - Interpreting the Evidence from Bronze Age Plant Macro fossils." Current Swedish Archaeology 7, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.1999.10.
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The aim of the article is to discuss how the composition of Bronze Age macrofossil samples reflects different aspects of daily life like diet and cooking. The article argues that the increasing weed content in the Late Bronze Age macrofossil samples should partly be regarded as a new resource that was used in the cooking process. The contemporaneous increase in hulled barley at the expense of naked barley and wheat, might reflect a diminished interest in baking leavened bread and a stronger preference for cooked cereal-based dishes. These changes in the domestic sphere should be regarded as intimately connected with changes in the Late Bronze Age cosmology, in particular with the development of the Urnfield culture.
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Needham, Stuart, and Sheridan Bowman. "Flesh-hooks, technological complexity and the Atlantic Bronze Age feasting complex." European Journal of Archaeology 8, no. 2 (2005): 93–136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461957105066936.
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Thirty-six Atlantic flesh-hooks are documented, classified and discussed after critical evaluation of previously identified examples and the addition of new ones. A chronological progression is shown from the more simple classes to the more complex from 1300 to 800 cal BC, but even the latter examples begin as early as c.1100 cal BC. Although highly distinctive, the Atlantic series derives ultimately from similar hooked instruments to the east and newly recognized Sicilian examples introduce an alternative path of dissemination from the more usually accepted intermediary route of the Urnfield culture. The rarity of flesh-hooks is striking and understanding of their social role needs to take into account not only their marked individuality in terms of technological construction or iconographic features, but also their relationship to other contemporary prestige feasting gear. The distributions of flesh-hooks and rotary spits are mutually exclusive over most of Atlantic Europe; thus, not only did they function differently at a practical level, but also at an ideological one. On the other hand, flesh-hooks and cauldrons have very similar distributions but they have a paucity of direct associations. Rather than implying a limited functional relationship, this is interpreted as resulting from their different symbolic meanings and thus different depositional practices. The zoomorphic imagery encountered on Atlantic spits and occasionally on flesh-hooks is found to be unique to each instrument and thus seen to contrast with that of the Urnfield world, suggesting the signalling of tribal or clan identity rather than an over-arching symbolism.
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Honti, Szilvia, Ádám Dávid Hajdú, László Költő, István Molnár, Péter Gergely Németh, and Carmen Sipos. "Régészeti feltárások Somogy megyében 2007–2011 között." Kaposvári Rippl-Rónai Múzeum Közleményei, no. 1 (2013): 107–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26080/krrmkozl.2013.1.107.
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Linearbandkeramik and Lengyel Culture: Barcs-Som-ogytarnóca-Aszalói dűlő, Barcs-Somogytarnóca-Sertésteleptől ÉNy-ra, Hollád, Komlósd-Mogyorós (settlements); Balaton-Las-inja Culture: Gyékényes, Lulla-Büdösalja (settlements); „Furch-enstich” ceramic Culture: Barcs-Somogytarnóca-Aszalói dűlő, Istvándi-Csontai-dűlő (settlements); Baden Culture: Kaposvár-Kisgát, Lulla-Jabapuszta (settlements); Somogyvár-Vinkovci Culture: Hollád, Lulla-Büdösalja, Lulla-Jabapuszta (settlements), Zamárdi-Réti földek (grave), Kaposvár-Kaposfüred 67/13 (set-tlement); Kisapostag Culture: Barcs-Somogytarnóca-Aszalói dűlő, Kaposvár-Kisgát (settlements); Urnfield Culture (earlier and elder period): Vörs-Battyáni disznólegelő (cemetery), Bar-cs-Somogytarnóca-Aszalói dűlő, Gyékényes, Hollád, Siófok (settlements); Hallstatt Culture: Kaposvár-Kaposfüred 67/13, Siófok (settlements); Celtic age: Barcs-Somogytarnóca-Aszalói dűlő, Gyékényes, Lulla-Büdösalja (settlements), Kaposvár-Ka-posfüred 67/13 (graves); Roman age: Barcs-Somogytarnóca-Aszalói dűlő, Balatonszentgyörgy (Vörs-B), Gyékényes-Fehér-dűlő, Kaposvár-Kisgát, Lulla-Büdösalja, Sávoly (settlements), Somogyvár-Bréza-erdő (barrow grave), Lulla-Jabapuszta (settlement, first-third centuries); Avar period: Vörs-Battyáni disznólegelő, Kaposvár-Kertészet, Zamárdi-Réti földek (cem-eteries), Siófok (settlement); 10-11th centuries: Hollád (settle-ment), Kaposvár-Kertészet (cemetery); Arpadian-age: Barcs-Somogytarnóca-Aszalói dűlő, Hollád-Körforgalom, Kaposvár-Kaposfüred 67/12, Komlósd-Mogyorós, Lulla-Büdösalja (set-tlements), Iharos-temető, Kisberény-Helai-dűlő, Szőkedencs-temető (churchs, cemeteries); Late medieval period: Iharos-temető, Kisberény-Helai-dűlő, Szőkedencs-temető (churchs, cemeteries), Lulla-Büdösalja (settlement); Early new ages: Kaposvár-Kisgát (cemetery), Őrtilos-Új Zrinyi vár (fortress)
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Ložnjak Dizdar, Daria, and Mario Gavranović. "Across the River. The Cemetery in Dolina and New Aspects of the Late Urnfield Culture in Croatian Posavina and Northern Bosnia." Archaeologia Austriaca 1 (2015): 13–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/archaeologia97-98s13.
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Krausse, Dirk, Leif Hansen, and Nicole Ebinger. "REICHE FRAUENGRÄBER DES 1. JAHRTAUSENDS V. CHR. IN SÜDWESTDEUTSCHLAND." Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Granada 32 (December 26, 2022): 253–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.30827/cpag.v32i0.24047.
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Rich female graves in southwestern Germany are only recognisable archaeologically from about 600 B.C. onwards. During the Urnfield Culture and the Hallstatt C phase, male burials predominate among the rich graves. The earliest known female graves from the Western Hallstatt Culture to contain gold artefacts come from burial mounds 4 and 2 of the Bettelbühl cemetery near the Heuneburg. Furthermore, the discovery of tumulus 4, which contained a "princess grave" and the burial of a small girl, indicates that social rank and status at the Heuneburg were hereditary by at least the early 6th century BC.
The female graves of the Bettelbühl necropolis represent the start of an early Celtic tradition which last for more than 250 years. One of the last examples of this tradition being the grave from Waldalgesheim, which dates to the decades around 300 BC. From the middle of the 2nd century BC onwards rich female graves are only sporadically attested in southwestern Germany.
The rich female graves of Southwest Germany may be interpreted as representing members of an emerging aristocratic ruling class. The social importance and power of some women, which is attested archaeologically, was probably based on a matrilineal kinship or inheritance system. The archaeological sources indicate that these prominent women also held political and religious offices, and exercised power in their own right.
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Gašpar, Adam. "Research Assessment of Urnfield Culture in the North-East Part of White Carpathian Mountains in the Context of Landscape and Its Utilisation." Acta musealia 15, no. 1-2 (June 15, 2017): 8–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.62317/amu.2017.001.
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Pavliv, Dmytro. "«Sacrificial» cups in burials of Bronze Age and Early Iron Age." Materials and studies on archaeology of Sub-Carpathian and Volhynian area 26 (October 25, 2022): 57–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/mdapv.2022-26-57-83.
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It was established that in exploring the spiritual culture of ancient societies, an important place is occupied by the study of funeral rites, in particular special funeral ceramics, its functions in funeral rituals, and its symbolic meaning. It was found that in the ceramic complexes of several cultures of the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age in Europe (Urnfield culture of the North Alpine and Middle Danube regions, Lusatian culture, culture of the Hallstatt period of the Northeast Alpine and Middle Danube regions, Villanova, Golasecca and Este in the Central and North Apennines, Bilozerska culture of the North-Western Black Sea region, Ulvivok-Rovantsi group) there was such a form of tableware as a cup (bowl, vase) on a leg. Cups on legs were discovered mainly in cemeteries, inhumation, and cremation burials. Taking into account the context in the burial objects and their unusual shape, they are interpreted as a special kind of funerary ceramics. It was observed that in many cases the bowls were placed in the burials of little girls or young women, less often – in the pair burials of an adult person and a child or a man and a woman. This feature was found in almost all the cultures mentioned in this work, which existed from the XII century BC till VII century BC, and therefore we can talk about stable religious traditions and social rules common to these cultures, which existed in a large area of Europe for about six centuries. It was established that the bowls in burials served as symbolic sacrificial gifts, connected possibly with the cult of «sacred fire». The sacral meaning of such a shape of a vessel as a cup on a leg is also traced in later times, for example, a chalice, which is the main attribute of the Eucharistic liturgical Christian service and a symbol of the Eucharist – an acceptance of the divine sacrifice. It is noted that protrusions on the rims of cups, which occur most often in the burials of women, may be related to astronomy. It is assumed that the cup from the Rovantsi cemetery, where the protrusions on the rims schematically, but quite accurately reflect the directions of the sunrise and sunset during the summer and winter solstices and the autumn equinox and the north-south direction, could serve as a primitive miniature observatory and be the subject of the paraphernalia of the solar cult. Key words: Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age, funeral vessels, cup on the leg, sacrificial gift, Rovantsi cemetery.
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Bettelli, Marco. "La cronologia della prima eta del ferro laziale attraverso i dati delle sepolture." Papers of the British School at Rome 62 (November 1994): 1–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068246200010035.
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THE CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY IRON AGE IN LATIUM AS REVEALED BY BURIAL DATAIn this paper the problem of the chronology of early Iron Age (ninth-eighth century BC) burials in Latium is considered. Since the beginning of the sixties many scholars have considered this problem from different points of view. Müller-Karpe suggested a relative chronology which, in general terms, is still in use. In recent years a considerable increase in the amount of archaeological evidence has made it necessary to revise the chronological sequence. It has been possible to design a table which associates graves with metal and pottery types. In this table Müller-Karpe's phases are divided into two subphases which are related to different stages in the development of the early Iron Age in the Italian peninsula. On the basis of this chronology it seems that use of the necropolis of the Forum ceased at the end of phase IIA1, with an early moving of burials of the Esquiline area.A short account is also given of the questions which relate to absolute chronology, and an attempt is made to relate the phases of the early Iron Age in Latium, and in the Italian peninsula in general, to recent dates proposed for the late Urnfield culture in central Europe.
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Ondrkál, Filip. "The Nitrica I: Funeral deposit of proto-Lusatian warrior from Western Slovakia." Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 73, no. 2 (October 27, 2022): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/072.2022.00011.
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Abstract The genesis of Lusatian culture is not sufficiently understood due to the demanding nature of its funeral ideology, which suddenly makes the highest social group invisible in the eyes of archaeologists. The elite proto-Lusatian burial of Nitrica I (Bz C2/D – ca. 1350–1300 BC) points to a persisting warrior-chief component of the Middle Bronze Age origin, which survived here from the previous period and probably contributed to the spread of Lusatian-style pottery. It reveals the diachronic acculturation of ending Tumulus facies, which has retained the habits of depositing votive wealth in graves, while the community of the Urnfield facies have decided (or been forced) to drastically reduce the importance and investment in funeral deposits. Typologically, this is the richest burial of Lusatian cultural zone with a significant continental importance, and offers an excellent case for the integration of multidisciplinary approaches in chronology, sociology, cultural development, and others. Selection of the location of the central burial and its position in the landscape was not accidental, and later began to function as a ritual centre/territorial marker with a high occurrence of metal hoards – which raises several implications in social archaeology and points to a sophisticated spiritual thinking of the Lusatian communities.
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Żurek, Krzysztof, Adam Wawrusiewicz, Tomasz Kalicki, Jakub Niebieszczański, Aleksander Piasecki, and Cezary Bahyrycz. "„Fortece na bagnach”. Pierwsze interdyscyplinarne badania stanowiska z późnej epoki brązu w Jatwiezi Dużej (Polska północno-wschodnia)." Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia 27 (December 29, 2022): 201–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/fpp.2022.27.10.
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The phenomenon of functioning of fortified settlements of late Bronze Age and early Iron Age in northern Podlasie (North-Eastern Poland) is a relatively new research problem, on which the knowledge is a result of research conducted in the last several years. The aim of the paper is to present the preliminary results of the interdisciplinary research of the Jatwieź Duża site (district of Suchowola, Sokółka County, Podlaskie voivodeship). The research area is located in the Podlaskie voivodeship in the Brzozówka valley (left tributary of Biebrza River), in the Biebrza Basin. The described site is characterized by an oval form of anthropogenic origin, which indicates a permanent or temporary settlement in the prehistory. This object is one of many similar forms currently being discovered in Podlasie region.This form is build by two distinct trench rings separated by earth embankment and a central flat elevation with a diameter of about 60 m. A geophysical survey (geomagnetic and GPR) was carried out. They registered a series of anomalies, forming two rings which relate to the relief of the site. Archaeological excavation was made in the north-west direction. It was 25 m long and 2 m wide, crossing the embankment and both trenches.. In the course of archaeological excavations, ten objects were discovered with fragments of ceramics and a few flint tools. Preliminary results of archaeological research indicate that this structure was use by the communities of Urnfield culture in the Bronze Age.
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Garbacz-Klempka, A., Z. Kwak, P. L. Żak, M. Szucki, D. Ścibior, T. Stolarczyk, and K. Nowak. "Reconstruction of the Casting Technology in the Bronze Age on the Basis of Investigations and Visualisation of Casting Moulds." Archives of Foundry Engineering 17, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2017-0113.
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AbstractDuring excavation of the cremation cemetery of urnfield culture in Legnica at Spokojna Street (Lower Silesia, Poland), dated to 1100-700 BC, the largest - so far in Poland – a collection of casting moulds from the Bronze Age was discovered: three moulds for axes casting made out of stone and five moulds for casting sickles, razors, spearhead and chisels, made out of clay. This archaeological find constituted fittings of foundrymen’s graves. In order to perform the complete analysis of moulds in respect of their application in the Bronze Age casting technology analytical methods, as well as, computer aided methods of technological processes were used. Macroscopic investigations were performed and the X-ray fluorescence spectrometry method was used to analyse the chemical composition and metal elements content in mould cavities. Moulds were subjected to three-dimensional scanning and due to the reverse engineering the geometry of castings produced in these moulds were obtained.The gathered data was used to perform design and research works by means of the MAGMA5software. Various variants of the pouring process and alloys solidification in these archaeological moulds were simulated. The obtained results were utilised in the interpretation of the Bronze Age casting production in stone and clay moulds, with regard to their quality and possibility of casting defects occurrence being the result of these moulds construction.The reverse engineering, modelling and computer simulation allowed the analysis of moulds and castings. Investigations of casting moulds together with their digitalisation and reconstruction of casting technology, confirm the high advancement degree of production processes in the Bronze Age.
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Nowak, Kamil, János Gábor Tarbay, Zofia A. Stos-Gale, Paweł Derkowski, and Katarzyna Sielicka. "A complex case of trade in metals: The origin of copper used for artefacts found in one hoard from a Late Bronze Age Lusatian Urnfield Culture in Poland." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 49 (June 2023): 103970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2023.103970.
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Heiss, Andreas G., Thorsten Jakobitsch, Silvia Wiesinger, and Peter Trebsche. "Dig out, Dig in! Plant-based diet at the Late Bronze Age copper production site of Prigglitz-Gasteil (Lower Austria) and the relevance of processed foodstuffs for the supply of Alpine Bronze Age miners." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 24, 2021): e0248287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248287.
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This paper starts from theoretical and methodical considerations about the role of archaeobotanical finds in culinary archaeology, emphasizing the importance of processed cereal preparations as the “missing link” between crop and consumption. These considerations are exemplified by the discussion of abundant new archaeobotanical data from the Late Bronze Age copper mining site of Prigglitz-Gasteil, situated at the easternmost fringe of the Alps. At this site, copper ore mining in opencast mines took place from the 11th until the 9th century BCE (late Urnfield Culture), as well as copper processing (beneficiation, smelting, refining, casting) on artificial terrain terraces. During archaeological excavations from 2010 to 2014, two areas of the site were investigated and sampled for archaeobotanical finds and micro-debris in a high-resolution approach. This paper aims at 1) analysing the food plant spectrum at the mining settlement of Prigglitz-Gasteil basing on charred plant macroremains, 2) investigating producer/consumer aspects of Prigglitz-Gasteil in comparison to the Bronze Age metallurgical sites of Kiechlberg, Klinglberg, and Mauken, and 3) reconstructing the miners’ and metallurgists’ diets. Our analyses demonstrate that the plant-based diet of the investigated mining communities reflects the general regional and chronological trends rather than particular preferences of the miners or metallurgists. The lack of chaff, combined with a high occurrence of processed food, suggests that the miners at Prigglitz-Gasteil were supplied from outside with ready-to-cook and processed grain, either from adjacent communities or from a larger distance. This consumer character is in accordance with observation from previously analysed metallurgical sites. Interestingly, the components observed in charred cereal products (barley, Hordeum vulgare, and foxtail millet, Setaria italica) contrast with the dominant crop taxa (broomcorn millet, Panicum miliaceum, foxtail millet, and lentil, Lens culinaris). Foraging of fruits and nuts also significantly contributed to the daily diet.
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Blečić Kavur, Martina, Wayne Powell, and Aleksandar Jašarević. "Cvrtkovci hoard in the context of the potential of the Late Bronze Age hoards from Bosnia." Godišnjak Centra za balkanološka ispitivanja, no. 48 (January 6, 2022): 103–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5644/godisnjak.cbi.anubih-48.120.
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The hoards from northern Bosnia, especially those along the wider stream area of river Bosna, are culturally and technologically interpreted in close connection with the emanating pattern of their manifestation in the wider area of south-western Pannonia and the extremely rich Posavina region within it. Data on 11 hoards in the region currently exists, with around 570 items and fragments recorded within these. Most hoards are considered to be representative of the cultural circumstances of the time and place in which they were deposited. Among them are included several exceptionally interesting recently published hoards from Majdan/Ridžal, Paležnica and Srebrenik, each with their own idiosyncrasies. These are now complemented by a hoard from Cvrtkovci, which is presented here in greater detail. All of these hoards, through typological-stylistic analysis and chronological attribution, have been attributed to the earlier period of the Urnfield culture, i.e., defined as falling within the range of phase II hoards of Bosnia and Herzegovina. As a result, they are deemed to be characteristic of an integral part of the enigmatic Pan-European phenomenon of the Late Bronze Age, synchronized with the Ha A1 phase of Central European periodization of the 13th and 12th centuries BC.In the analyses of Bosnian hoards undertaken to date, an emphasis has been placed on the interpretation of objects as a valuable resource for typological and chronological evaluation, an approach that also forms the basis of this research. However, questions as to the spatial arrangement of the hoards within the landscape, interpersonal connections and origins have only recently been raised, and here, for the first time, an archaeo-metallurgical analysis of isotopes of representative objects from the Cvrtkovci hoard is presented.
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Roymans, Nico. "The cultural biography of urnfields and the long-term history of a mythical landscape." Archaeological Dialogues 2, no. 1 (January 1995): 2–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s138020380000026x.
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In modern Western culture, thinking and attitudes related to the landscape are dominated by a rational-economic and profane perception of space. We are so familiar with this that we tend to attach a universal, absolute character to this way of thinking. However, research undertaken within various social disciplines in the last decennia increasingly emphasises the specific cultural character of this Western line of thought. The profanisation, rationalisation and commodification of space appear to be processes belonging to the general development of Western culture since the Renaissance, and in particular since the Enlightenment. If we wish to gain insight into the ordering and meaning given to space in other cultures, we have to distance ourselves from these specific Western values. The landscape is not a simple objective fact; each culture has its own specific pair of glasses, through which the surrounding physical space is named, ordered and interpreted. The classification of space and the attachment of meanings to it are therefore pre-eminently cultural constructs. According to Lemaire (1970, 14), space and the perception of space in a culture are not a feature of minor importance, but they express the identity of that culture in a privileged way; if one wants to grasp a culture in its real dimension, one should look to identify the perception and organisation of its space.
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Rose, Helene Agerskov, and John Meadows. "Dividing time—An absolute chronological study of material culture from Early Iron Age urnfields in Denmark." PLOS ONE 19, no. 5 (May 28, 2024): e0300649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300649.
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Chronological frameworks based on artefact typologies are essential for interpreting the archaeological record, but they inadvertently treat transitions between phases as abrupt events and disregard the temporality of transformation processes within and between individual phases. This study presents an absolute chronological investigation of a dynamic material culture from Early Iron Age urnfields in Denmark. The chronological framework of Early Iron Age in Southern Scandinavia is largely unconstrained by absolute dating, primarily due to it coinciding with the so-called ‘Hallstatt calibration plateau’ (c.750 to 400 cal BC), and it is difficult to correlate it with Central European chronologies due to a lack of imported artefacts. This study applies recent methodological advances in radiocarbon dating and Bayesian chronological modelling, specifically a statistical model for wood-age offsets in cremated bone and presents the first large-scale radiocarbon investigation of regional material culture from Early Iron Age in Southern Jutland, Denmark. Dated material is primarily cremated bone from 111 cremation burials from three urnfields. The study presents absolute date ranges for 16 types of pottery and 15 types of metalwork, which include most of the recognised metalwork types from the period. This provides new insights into gradual change in material culture, when certain artefact types were in production and primary use, how quickly types were taken up and later abandoned, and distinguishing periods of faster and slower change. The study also provides the first absolute chronology for the period, enabling correlation with chronologies from other regions. Urnfields were introduced at the Bronze-Iron Age transformation, which is often assumed to have occurred c.530-500 BC. We demonstrate that this transformation took place in the 7th century BC, however, which revives the discussion of whether the final Bronze Age period VI should be interpreted as a transitional phase to the Iron Age.
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Mazač, Zdeněk. "Měsícovité podstavce pozdní doby bronzové a starší doby železné v Čechách a jejich postavení v evropském kontextu." PRAEHISTORICA 35, no. 2 (September 15, 2022): 5–142. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/25707213.2022.1.
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Moon-shaped idols comprise a very specific and variable category of ceramic, rarely even stone, artefacts. The beginnings of their occurrence and spread in Central Europe can be connected with the cultures of Urnfields, especially the Upper Danube and Middle Danube groups. Their development subsequently continued in the Early Iron Age, when they spread beyond Central Europe to northeast Spain and north Italy. The total number of finds currently exceeds the estimate from 2004, which was around two thousand individual items. The find environment of these products is relatively variable. They usually appear in settlements, but also in situations that can be considered manifestations of cult behaviour. In southeast France and south Germany, some of the moon-shaped idols are found in the context of graves from the Late Bronze Age. Graves equipped in this way can be recorded at the burial grounds of the Bylany and Kalenderberg cultures and in the environment of the Lusatian Urnfields of the Early Iron Age mainly in East Bohemia and Polish Silesia.
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Fejér, Eszter. "Neue und wiederentdeckte Griffzungendolche mit Ringabschluss. Die Verbreitung einer spätbronzezeitlichen Innovation in Mitteleuropa / New and rediscovered tanged daggers with ring-shaped handle tip. The spread of a Late Bronze Age innovation in Central Europe." Archeologické rozhledy 73, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 48–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.35686/ar.2021.2.
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The paper presents a Late Bronze Age bronze tanged dagger with a ring-shaped handle tip, which was discovered during an excavation in Süttő-Sáncföldek (Hungary) in 2018. The intact object was found inside a large feature of unknown function together with some other bronze items and hundreds of ceramic, stone and bone fragments. The material can be dated to the period of the Late Tumulus and Early Urnfield cultures. Similar daggers from Europe have been collected and their typology has been revisited in the article. They are known mainly from Moravia and the Carpathian Basin. In particular, the innovation of adding a ring at the end of the daggers has been investigated, together with the distribution of other artifacts sharing the same feature. It has been pointed out that although the tanged daggers with ring were produced in separate workshops, they reflect on an intensive cultural interaction between the Eastern Alps, Moravia and the inner territories of the Carpathian Basin during the Br D and Ha A1 periods.
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Czopek, Sylwester. "Koniec „łużyckiego świata”." Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego 43 (2022): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/misroa.2022.43.9.
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The article is devoted to the disappearance of the Lusatian cultural circle, also traditionally called the Lusatian culture or, in more recent literature, the Lusatian urnfields. At the beginning, terminological issues are clarified and views on the disappearance of this cultural unit, which played an important role in Central Europe in the middle of the 2nd and 1st millennium BC, are presented. The main analytical part focuses on four regions within today’s borders of Poland – north-western, north-eastern, south-western and south-eastern. This is due to the sharply outlined foreign cultural features that are particularly sharp in these regions. This applies to the infiltration of the Jastorf culture (and earlier Nordic influences), the Baltic circle, the Hallstatt cultural complex and the Eastern European nomadic world. They are the aftermath of migration movements of varying intensity and chronology, but always within the early Iron Age (9th/8th–5th centuries BC). Signs of the structural crisis of the local Lusatian communities, which are very fragmented and do not constitute a cultural monolith, are also important for the considerations undertaken. The issue of changes in the natural environment on the border of the subboreal and subatlantic periods is also considered.
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Lemaire, Ton. "Of ‘Little People’ and Ancient Monuments." Archaeological Dialogues 2, no. 1 (January 1995): 30–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203800000295.
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Roymans' article is an original and valuable contribution to an interpretation of the ‘cultural biography’ of the landscape of a specific area by combining archaeological and folkloric evidence. His study concentrates on the sacred places of this landscape, especially the urnfields and barrows, because ‘these are focal points from which local communities order and interpret the surrounding landscape’. The author rightly stresses that funerary monuments not only had a certain significance in the societies that constructed and used them, but that they also had a prominent place in the landscape of later societies up until pre-modern times. He suggests that, in the Meuse-Demer-Scheldt region, there has been ‘a long-term incorporation of prehistorical burial monuments in the mythical landscape of later inhabitants’. Archaeology itself, for that matter, should be understood in the perspective of the (dis)continuing biography of the landscape because it presupposes the destruction of the ancient mythical geography, including the Christian one. Archaeology is the product of the ‘modernisation’ of space: it is presupposing and reflecting (upon) the coming of the modem world with its rationalisation and Entzauberung (disenchantment) of the landscape. In a similar way the study of folklore (Volkskunde in both Dutch and German) has been made possible and interesting by the waning of rural popular culture as a consequence of both the Enlightenment and the industrial revolution. Thus, it is no accident that modernity produced the conditions of becoming aware of the mythical meaning of the landscape exactly at the time that its traces are disappearing in the physical landscape as well as in the memory of the rural population.
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Ondrkál, Filip, and Jaroslav Peška. "Horné Srnie: Emulation of Carpathian insignia during the Urnfield inflation." Archaeometry, September 11, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12917.
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AbstractDouble‐armed insigniae of the Carpathian type are mysterious ceremonial symbols of the Urnfields representing the connection between ideological principles in the Western Carpathians. The Horné Srnie metal hoard shows that early‐Lusatian mountain communities developed an emulation strategy around 1325 BC, that shifts the origins of Lusatian metallurgy roughly by one century, using the elite style of the technologically advanced Piliny culture to represent their social status. The reproduction was motivated by the effort of Lusatian warrior‐priests to maintain their authority during the period of Urnfield societal reorganization and grew into the „homemade“production of low‐quality cast specimens from recycled materials or metallurgical residues.
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Ginter, A., P. Moska, G. Poręba, K. Tudyka, A. Szymak, and G. Szczurek. "ABSOLUTE DATES OF ARTIFACTS FROM LUSATIAN URNFIELD CEMETERY AT BRZEZIE, GREATER POLAND." Radiocarbon, November 10, 2022, 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2022.70.
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ABSTRACT Brzezie in the Pleszew region was first mentioned in archaeological literature, as the location where a treasure of gold artifacts dating back to the 3rd period of the Bronze Age was discovered in 1876. Archaeological research has been conducted there almost continuously since 1985. The result of many years of fieldwork is the discovery of 363 late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age graves, as well as 50 burials of the Przeworsk culture from the era of Roman influence. In the last few years, further research has been conducted by archeologist Grzegorz Szczurek. After comprehensive geophysical prospecting, the extent of the necropolis was established, and more graves were excavated. For the first time, materials for radiocarbon and luminescence dating were also collected to determine the absolute chronology for this archaeological site. Four samples were dated in the Poznań radiocarbon laboratory, and five luminescence tests were conducted in the Gliwice luminescence laboratory. Due to the complete thermo-destruction of collagen in human bones, age determination was based on carbonate fractionation. In one case, a piece of charcoal was selected for dating purposes. Considering uncertainties and the fact that both methods date different events, the results reveal concurrence, giving a 1000–500 BC range.
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Bartík, Jaroslav, and Tomáš Chrástek. "Pravěké osídlení v okolí velkomoravského kostela ve Starém Městě – „Špitálkách“." Přehled výzkumů, June 29, 2021, 47–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.47382/pv0621-05.
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A rescue excavation was carried out in the Staré Město – “Špitálky” location in 1949–1950 by J. Poulík who examined an enclosed sacral area with the remnants of a Great Moravian church and a smaller inhumation cemetery containing more than 40 graves. The church and the immediate surroundings later became part of a national cultural monument. A new evaluation excavation took place there in 2020 in connection with its complex revitalisation and focused on the area north of the church’s foundations. The survey proved that although neither the ecclesiastical area nor the cemetery continued in this direction, it did document intensive prehistoric occupation. Besides the settlement features (Moravian Painted Ware culture – MPWC, Urnfield culture – UFC), two graves were also discovered. Based on the inventory and funeral rite, one grave can be dated to the final phase of the Corded Ware culture while the other is represented probably by a UFC pit cremation burial. The study assesses the newly uncovered archaeological situations set in the context of the settlement structure in the Staré Město area in the individual prehistoric periods.
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Janiak, Radosław, Bartłomiej Januszewicz, Bogusław Pisarek, Jerzy Sikora, and Jacek Ziętek. "Bronze bracelets deposit from Niewierszyn by the Pilica River." Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 73, no. 2 (April 17, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.23858/sa/73.2021.2.1717.
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In the autumn of 2017 in Niewierszyn in the Aleksandrów commune, a deposit of two bronze bracelets was discovered. The discovery site was on the edge of the Pilica floodplain terrace.The bracelets were almost identical in size and ornamentation. Also, the chemical composition of the bronze from which they were made was very similar. It may be hypothesised that the ornaments were made by the same manufacturer, probably at a similar time. Based on the analysis of the form and ornamentation, the bracelets in question can be dated to HA1. This dating corresponds to the settling of the areas in the Pilica river basin by communities associated with the Konstantynów Łódzki group, characterized by features of the early Urnfield culture. Virtual modelling of casting and an experimental cast were used to elucidate the manufacturing technique. Apart from a chronological and cultural analysis, the text attempts to show the hoard against a wider (micro-regional) settlement background, including through potential visibility analysis.
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Slavíček, Karel, Jan Petřík, Petr Žaža, Vladimír Mitáš, and Václav Furmánek. "Technological and provenance analyses of the South-eastern Urnfield cultures pottery from the sites of Cinobaňa and Málinec (Poltár region, Slovakia)." Praehistorische Zeitschrift 92, no. 1 (January 1, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pz-2017-0007.
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Zusammenfassung:Im Rahmen einer Pilotstudie zur Untersuchung von Keramik der Kyjatice- und Pilinyer-Kultur, wurden aus der Gegend von Cinobaňa eine Reihe von Proben ausgewählt. Diese stammen aus dem Gräberfeld von Jarčanisko I, der Siedlung von Jarčanisko II und der Burganlage von Strieborná. Als Vergleichsmaterial dienten Scherben aus der Hügelfestung von Málinec-Zámok. Die Proben wurden in sechs mikropetrographische Gruppen aufgeteilt und auf ihre chemische Zusammensetzung mittels XRF getestet. Dabei ergab sich, dass die Elementgruppen aus dem Gräberfeld und der Siedlung mit Ausnahme einer Gruppe nicht übereinstimmen. In der Mehrzahl der ausgewählten Proben konnte Schamottmagerung nachgewiesen werden. Der Nachweis von Schamott in der Töpferei mag dabei spezifische technologische oder symbolische Praktiken der mittel- und spätbronzezeitlichen Gemeinschaften reflektieren. Die vielfältige Zusammensetzung der Keramik des Gräberfeldes ist ferner als Beleg heterogener Töpfereitraditionen lokaler Gruppen zu verstehen. Ähnlichkeiten der mikropetrographischen und chemischen Zusammensetzung der Proben aus der Siedlung belegen zwischen den untersuchten Fundplätze außerdem eine ökonomische oder soziale Verknüpfung.
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Garbacz-Klempka, A., K. Dzięgielewski, and M. Wardas-Lasoń. "A Glimpse into Raw Material Management in the Early Iron Age: Bronze Ingots from a Production Settlement in Wicina (Western Poland) in Archaeometallurgical Research." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, April 11, 2020, 163–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24425/amm.2024.147806.
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Assessing the level of metallurgical and foundry technology in prehistoric times requires the examination of raw material finds, including elongated ingots, which served as semi-finished products ready for further processing. It is rare to find such raw material directly at production settlements, but Wicina in western Poland is an exception. During the Hallstatt period (800-450 BC), this area, situated along the middle Oder River, benefited from its favorable location in the heart of the Central European Urnfield cultures and developed networks for raw material exchange and bronze foundry production. Numerous remnants of casting activities, such as clay casting molds, casting systems, and raw materials, have been discovered at the Wicina settlement. This article aims to provide an archaeometallurgical interpretation of raw material management and utilization by prehistoric communities during the Early Iron Age. To achieve this, a collection of 31 ingots from the defensive settlement in Wicina, along with two contemporary deposits from Bieszków and Kumiałtowice, both found within a 20 km radius of the stronghold, were studied. Investigations were conducted using a range of methods, including optical microscopy(OM), scanning electron microscopy (SE M), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SE M-EDS), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (ED-XRF), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), AAS and ICP-OES spectrometer. The significance of ingots is examined in the context of increasing social complexity and the rising popularity of bronze products, which necessitated diversified production and a demand for raw materials with different properties and, consequently, different chemical compositions.