Journal articles: 'Urolithias'

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Manu, M. A., B. Parliteanu, R. Manu, and I. Sinescu. "Consider the hyperparathyroidism in recurrent calcium urolithias." European Urology Supplements 14, no. 6 (October 2015): e1302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1569-9056(15)30339-0.

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Alzahrani, Abdulaziz Musa, Mohammed Razeeth Shait Mohammed, Raed Ahmed Alghamdi, Abrar Ahmad, Mazin A. Zamzami, Hani Choudhry, and Mohammad Imran Khan. "Urolithin A and B Alter Cellular Metabolism and Induce Metabolites Associated with Apoptosis in Leukemic Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11 (May 22, 2021): 5465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115465.

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Leukemia is persistently a significant cause of illness and mortality worldwide. Urolithins, metabolites of ellagic acid and ellagitannins produced by gut microbiota, showed better bioactive compounds liable for the health benefits exerted by ellagic acid and ellagitannins containing pomegranate and walnuts. Here, we assessed the potential antileukemic activities of both urolithin A and urolithin B. Results showed that both urolithin A and B significantly inhibited the proliferation of leukemic cell lines Jurkat and K562, among which urolithin A showed the more prominent antiproliferative capability. Further, urolithin treatment alters leukemic cell metabolism, as evidenced by increased metabolic rate and notable changes in glutamine metabolism, one-carbon metabolism, and lipid metabolism. Next, we evidenced that both urolithins equally promoted apoptosis in leukemic cell lines. Based on these observations, we concluded that both urolithin A and B alter leukemic cell metabolome, resulting in a halt of proliferation, followed by apoptosis. The data can be used for designing new combinational therapies to eradicate leukemic cells.

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Mendoza-López, Claudia I., Javier Del-Angel-Caraza, María A. Aké-Chiñas, Israel A. Quijano-Hernández, and Marco A. Barbosa-Mireles. "Epidemiology of feline urolithiasis in Mexico (2006–2017)." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Open Reports 5, no. 2 (July 2019): 205511691988569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2055116919885699.

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Objectives The objectives of this study were to identify the proportions of different types of uroliths, characterize the population of cats that present with urolithiasis and determine possible predisposing factors in a population of Mexican cats. Methods This study analyzed clinical specimens of feline urolithiasis submitted to our laboratory in the period from 2006 to 2017. The mineral composition of the uroliths was determined by qualitative and quantitative mineral analyses, performed by stereoscopic microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. Results In the population studied, 54.3% of all uroliths were calcium oxalate, followed by 32.1% struvite and 7.4% purine (urate and xanthine) uroliths, with other types accounting for 6.2% of submissions. The male:female ratio was 1.2:1. Calcium oxalate submissions were predominantly from males and struvite submissions were predominantly from females. The age of the cats with stone submissions ranged from 6 months to 17 years. In cats with calcium oxalate uroliths, 52.3% were aged 7 years or older. Cats with struvite uroliths were younger, with 65.4% younger than 6 years of age. Almost 90% of all submitted uroliths were from domestic shorthair cats. Conclusions and relevance This is the first epidemiologic study of urolithiasis in cats in Mexico. Age and sex predispositions to common uroliths were identified, as males aged ≥7 years primarily presented with calcium oxalate uroliths and females aged <6 years primarily presented struvite uroliths. Cases of urolithiasis of genetic origin, including xanthinuria and cystinuria, were also detected, in addition to silicate uroliths.

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Cisneros-Zevallos, Luis, Woo Young Bang, and Claudia Delgadillo-Puga. "Ellagic Acid and Urolithins A and B Differentially Regulate Fat Accumulation and Inflammation in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes While Not Affecting Adipogenesis and Insulin Sensitivity." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 6 (March 18, 2020): 2086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21062086.

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Ellagic acid (EA) is a component of ellagitannins, present in crops such as pecans, walnuts, and many berries, which metabolized by the gut microbiota forms urolithins A, B, C, or D. In this study, ellagic acid, as well as urolithins A and B, were tested on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes for differentiation and lipid accumulation. In addition, inflammation was studied in mature adipocytes challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Results indicated that EA and urolithins A and B did not affect differentiation (adipogenesis) and only EA and urolithin A attenuated lipid accumulation (lipogenesis), which seemed to be through gene regulation of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) and adiponectin. On the other hand, gene expression of cytokines and proteins associated with the inflammation process indicate that urolithins and EA differentially inhibit tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Urolithins A and B were found to reduce nuclear levels of phosphorylated nuclear factor κB (p-NF-κB), whereas all treatments showed expression of nuclear phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-AKT) in challenged LPS cells when treated with insulin, indicating the fact that adipocytes remained insulin sensitive. In general, urolithin A is a compound able to reduce lipid accumulation, without affecting the protein expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α (c/EBPα), and PPARα, whereas EA and urolithin B were found to enhance PPARγ and c/EBPα protein expressions as well as fatty acid (FA) oxidation, and differentially affected lipid accumulation.

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Mendoza-López, Claudia Iveth, Javier Del-Angel-Caraza, María Alejandra Aké-Chiñas, Israel Alejandro Quijano-Hernández, and Marco Antonio Barbosa-Mireles. "Canine Silica Urolithiasis in Mexico (2005–2018)." Veterinary Medicine International 2020 (October 21, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8883487.

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A higher frequency of canine silica urolithiasis is found in Mexico, unlike <1–8% in other countries. The causes and risk factors for this pathology are unknown. However, we consider the consumption of high amounts of silica from the solid diet or dissolved in water as the only hypothesis. This study aimed to identify the risk factors for silica urolithiasis in dogs from Mexico. A total of 1383 clinical cases of canine urolithiasis were included in this study; the uroliths were analyzed to determine their mineral composition by stereoscopic microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. Of these cases, 12.94% were considered pure silica uroliths; however, considering the mixed and compound uroliths, the frequency increased to 17.42%. Male dogs aged >6 years and large breeds, especially Labradors and Golden retrievers, were at significant risk for this disease. 98.88 % of the clinical cases studied were found in the central axis of the country, considering this finding as a possible geographical risk factor to be analyzed in another study.

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Cortés-Martín, Adrián, María Romo-Vaquero, Izaskun García-Mantrana, Ana Rodríguez-Varela, María Carmen Collado, Juan Carlos Espín, and María Victoria Selma. "Urolithin Metabotypes can Anticipate the Different Restoration of the Gut Microbiota and Anthropometric Profiles during the First Year Postpartum." Nutrients 11, no. 9 (September 3, 2019): 2079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11092079.

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The metabolism of dietary polyphenols ellagitannins by the gut-microbiota allows the human stratification in urolithin metabotypes depending on the final urolithins produced. Metabotype-A only produces urolithin-A, metabotype-B yields urolithin-B and isourolithin-A in addition to urolithin-A, and metabotype 0 does not produce urolithins. Metabotype-A has been suggested to be ‘protective’, and metabotype-B dysbiotic-prone to cardiometabolic impairments. We analyzed the gut-microbiome of 40 healthy women and determined their metabotypes and enterotypes, and their associations with anthropometric and gut-microbial changes after 3 weeks, 4, 6, and 12 months postpartum. Metabotype-A was predominant in mothers who lost weight (≥2 kg) (75%) versus metabotype-B (54%). After delivery, the microbiota of metabotype-A mothers changed, unlike metabotype-B, which barely changed over 1 year. The metabotype-A discriminating bacteria correlated to the decrease of the women’s waist while some metabotype-B bacteria were inversely associated with a reduction of body mass index (BMI), waist, and waist-to-hip ratio. Metabotype-B was associated with a more robust and less modulating microbial and anthropometric profiles versus metabotype-A, in which these profiles were normalized through the 1-year follow-up postpartum. Consequently, urolithin metabotypes assessment could be a tool to anticipate the predisposition of women to normalize their anthropometric values and gut-microbiota, significantly altered during pregnancy and after childbirth.

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Nazarov, T. Kh, I. V. Rychkov, D. G. Lebedev, and K. E. Trubnikova. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DATA FROM A DUAL-ENERGY COMPUTER TOMOGRAPH AND THE RESULTS OF A MINERALOGICAL RESEARCH OF URINARY STONES." Diagnostic radiology and radiotherapy, no. 2 (July 18, 2018): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22328/2079-5343-2018-9-2-54-58.

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Introduction. The idea of using dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) originated in the early development of computed tomography (CT). However, only recently, advances in radiation diagnosis have made it possible to use dual-energy CT for routine clinical use. We describes the characteristic features of dual-energy CT scanners, as well as the results of a study of 245 patients with urolithiasis, the identification of urinary stones in vivo and the subsequent comparative characteristics with mineralogical studies of uroliths. Purpose. Evaluate the possibility of using DECT in the diagnosis of urolithiasis with the determination of the chemical composition of urinary stones in vivo. Materials and methods. A group of patients (n=245) aged 18 to 84 years was examined. All patients with the established diagnosis-urolithiasis-were treated with DECT (Somatom Definition, Siemens, Forchheim, Germany) with data processing, then in-vitro infrared spectrometry (IR-Alpha-P spectrometer) to determine the true composition of the calcu lus. Results. After conducting the DECT and then ROC analysis and comparing the results with the IR-spectrometry data, it was established that stones with an average density of less than 500 HU according to DECT can be attributed to urate, with a uric acid content of more than 50% with a sensitivity of 91,1% (34 stones of 35) and specificity of 100% — the content of uric acid is also determined in polymineral calculi with a content of less than 50%. The knowledge gained on the composition and structure of the stone in vivo can subsequently be used in pathogenetic treatment and prevention of complications in patients with urolithiasis, and influence the choice of the tactics of removing the uroliths. Conclusions. The obtained results give the right to apply DECT in the diagnosis of urolithiasis, and with high sensitivity to identify urate stones in vivo, thereby influencing the choice of the tactics of removal of uroliths and pathogenetic treatment, as well as the prevention of complications in patients with urolithiasis.

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Pancini, Hadrian. "A DIETA COMO UM FATOR DE PREVENÇÃO E TRATAMENTO DE UROLITÍASE EM CÃES E GATOS." Multi-Science Research 03, no. 01 (August 1, 2020): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.47621/m-sr.2020.v.3.n.1.78-036.

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The urolithiasis is one of the most motives of dogs and cats complaints attended with urinary affections. Objective of the work was to show the importance of the diet with a factor of prevention and treatment of urolithiasis in dogs and cats. The research technique used was bibliographic research. The formation of kidney crystals and stones with causes as decreased urination associated with urine supersaturation, being able to be related to dietary factors. Amoung the main existings uroliths, stand out those made of struvite and calcium oxalate. The nutrition can be related to the formation, prevention and treatment of urolithiasis, mainly in relation to the pH control and acid/basic balance present in industrialized rations. Given the above, the research presents information that shows the interference of nutrition in dogs and cats with urolithiasis. Keywords: Urolithiasis. Struvite. Calcium oxalate. Diet.

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Singh, Rajbir, Sandeep Chandrashekharappa, Praveen Kumar Vemula, Bodduluri Haribabu, and Venkatakrishna Rao Jala. "Microbial Metabolite Urolithin B Inhibits Recombinant Human Monoamine Oxidase A Enzyme." Metabolites 10, no. 6 (June 19, 2020): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo10060258.

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Urolithins are gut microbial metabolites derived from ellagitannins (ET) and ellagic acid (EA), and shown to exhibit anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-glycative and anti-oxidant activities. Similarly, the parent molecules, ET and EA are reported for their neuroprotection and antidepressant activities. Due to the poor bioavailability of ET and EA, the in vivo functional activities cannot be attributed exclusively to these compounds. Elevated monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities are responsible for the inactivation of monoamine neurotransmitters in neurological disorders, such as depression and Parkinson’s disease. In this study, we examined the inhibitory effects of urolithins (A, B and C) and EA on MAO activity using recombinant human MAO-A and MAO-B enzymes. Urolithin B was found to be a better MAO-A enzyme inhibitor among the tested urolithins and EA with an IC50 value of 0.88 µM, and displaying a mixed mode of inhibition. However, all tested compounds exhibited higher IC50 (>100 µM) for MAO-B enzyme.

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Serakides, R., A. F. C. Ribeiro, C. M. Silva, R. L. Santos, V. A. Nunes, and E. F. Nascimento. "Proliferative and inflammatory changes in the urinary bladder of female rats naturally infected with Trichosomoides crassicauda: report of 48 cases." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 53, no. 2 (April 2001): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352001000200012.

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The objective of this report was to describe the pathological changes in the urinary bladder of female rats naturally infected with Trichosomoides crassicauda. Forty eight 5 to 8 months of age female Wistar rats were studied. At necropsy uroliths were detected in seven animals (14.6%). Among the bladders that contained the parasite only three (6.3%) did not show any significant histological change and were considered normal, but on the contrary, three (6.3%) did contain papillomas and uroliths, four (8.3%) had uroliths associated with epithelial hyperplasia ranging from moderate to severe, and the remaining (79.2%) showed variable degrees of epithelial hyperplasia and inflammation without urolithiasis. It cannot be concluded whether irritation of the epithelium by the parasite itself plays a role in the formation of papillomas. However, the absence of papillomas in animals without uroliths suggests a positive relationship between uroliths and papillomas.

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Needleman, Abigail, and Ricardo Videla. "Urolithiasis in a female miniature potbellied pig." Veterinary Record Case Reports 7, no. 3 (July 2019): e000809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vetreccr-2018-000809.

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A five-year-old female spayed Vietnamese potbellied pig was evaluated due to a chronic history of dysuria and pollakiuria as well as lack of faecal output for one week. Physical examination revealed vitals within normal parameters and to facilitate further workup evaluation, the patient was anaesthetized. Complete blood count and chemistry panel values were unremarkable. Ultrasonography of the bladder indicated the presence of uroliths, and this was confirmed with abdominal radiographs. A cystotomy was performed to remove the uroliths, and an enaema was administered to relieve the constipation. The patient recovered from anaesthesia uneventfully and was discharged after four days of hospitalisation. Analysis revealed that the stones were composed of calcium phosphate carbonate; husbandry and medical management changes were implemented to prevent reoccurrence. Urolithiasis is an uncommon finding in female pigs; this case report describes a comprehensive clinical workup and treatment of a female adult pig with urolithiasis.

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Bende, Balázs, Krisztina Borbála Kovács, Norbert Solymosi, and Tibor Németh. "Characteristics of urolithiasis in the dog population of Hungary from 2001 to 2012." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 63, no. 3 (September 2015): 323–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/004.2015.030.

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The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiology of canine urolithiasis in Hungary in order to determine the annual incidence of urolithiasis and to identify breeds at risk for different types of urolithiasis. Data of a total of 2,543 canine uroliths analysed in the laboratory of the Budapest Urolith Centre were evaluated retrospectively from 2001 to 2012. Logistic regression was used to assess odds ratios for the proportion of each affected breed compared to those of crossbreeds. The annual incidence of urolithiasis was evaluated by the number of submissions compared to the estimated number of dogs in the population from which the samples originated. Epidemiologic data revealed a relatively high and increasing proportion of struvite urolithiasis. Statistical analysis of breed predispositions resulted in the detection of breeds not having been reported at risk (e.g. Bernese Mountain dog — struvite, Bichon Frise, Bolognese, Tibetan Terrier — purine, French Bulldog — cystine). Conflicting results were revealed for some other breeds previously described as being affected by certain types of urolithiasis (Chihuahua, Pekingese, Shih Tzu, English Cocker Spaniel). Regardless of the type of urolithiasis, its average cumulative incidence in the dog population of Hungary was found to be 1.76/10,000/year.

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García-Mantrana, Izaskun, Marta Calatayud, María Romo-Vaquero, Juan Carlos Espín, María V. Selma, and María Carmen Collado. "Urolithin Metabotypes Can Determine the Modulation of Gut Microbiota in Healthy Individuals by Tracking Walnuts Consumption over Three Days." Nutrients 11, no. 10 (October 16, 2019): 2483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11102483.

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Walnuts are rich in polyphenols ellagitannins, modulate gut microbiota (GM), and exert health benefits after long-term consumption. The metabolism of ellagitannins to urolithins via GM depends on urolithin metabotypes (UM-A, -B, or -0), which have been reported to predict host responsiveness to a polyphenol-rich intervention. This study aims to assess whether UMs were associated with differential GM modulation after short-term walnut consumption. In this study, 27 healthy individuals consumed 33 g of peeled raw walnuts over three days. GM profiling was determined using 16S rRNA illumina sequencing and specific real-time quantitative polymerase chain reactions (qPCRs), as well as microbial activity using short-chain fatty acids analysis in stool samples. UMs stratification of volunteers was assessed using ultra performance liquid chromatography–electro spray ionization–quadrupole time of flight–mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS) analysis of urolithins in urine samples. The gut microbiota associated with UM-B was more sensitive to the walnut intervention. Blautia, Bifidobacterium, and members of the Coriobacteriaceae family, including Gordonibacter, increased exclusively in UM-B subjects, while some members of the Lachnospiraceae family decreased in UM-A individuals. Coprococcus and Collinsella increased in both UMs and higher acetate and propionate production resulted after walnuts intake. Our results show that walnuts consumption after only three days modulates GM in a urolithin metabotype-depending manner and increases the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA).

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Lorenzett, Marina P., Raquel A. S. Cruz, Bianca S. Cecco, Claiton I. Schwertz, Márcia E. Hammerschmitt, Daniela T. Schu, David Driemeier, and Saulo P. Pavarini. "Obstructive urolithiasis in growing-finishing pigs." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 39, no. 6 (June 2019): 382–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6229.

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ABSTRACT: Obstructive urolithiasis is a disease characterized by the presence of uroliths in the urinary tract, with consequent obstruction of excretion pathways. This paper described the epidemiological and clinical-pathological findings of 22 outbreaks of urolithiasis in growing-finishing pigs in Southern Brazil. All affected pigs were male and clinical presentation consisted of lethargy, dysuria, rectal prolapse, abdominal distention, peripheral cyanosis and reluctance to move. Clinical progression course ranged from 12 hours to one week, and the lethality rate was 100%. Gross changes were characterized by urinary bladder rupture associated with marked amount of yellowish liquid with ammoniacal odor (urine) in the abdominal cavity (uroperitoneum), as well as mild fibrin deposition on the surface of abdominal organs and hydronephrosis. Urinary uroliths ranging from 0.3 to 1cm in diameter were often observed obstructing the lumen of the penile urethra and sometimes those were free in the abdominal cavity. Histopathological findings included diffuse and marked urinary bladder edema and hemorrhage associated with inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages. Diffuse and marked necrosis of the mucosal epithelium was observed in the penile urethra. Intense fibrin deposition and inflammatory infiltrate of neutrophils were noted in the peritoneum, as well as in the serosa of the organs in the abdominal cavity. Uroliths were submitted to the method of qualitative determination of the mineral components, and were compatible with calcium carbonate and magnesium ammonium phosphate. Growing pigs ration analysis revealed low levels of calcium in relation to phosphorus, resulting in a Ca:P ratio of approximately 0.35:1. Histological findings and mineral analysis suggest that outbreaks of urolithiasis were related to a nutritional imbalance in the proportions of dietary calcium and phosphorus. The main cause of mortality was related to dehydration and uroperitoneum.

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Lulich, Jody P., Carl A. Osborne, Chalermpol Lekcharoensuk, Claudia A. Kirk, and Joseph W. Bartges. "Effects of Diet on Urine Composition of Cats With Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 40, no. 3 (May 1, 2004): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/0400185.

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Ten client-owned cats with calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis were evaluated to determine the effect of diet on urine CaOx saturation. Two dietary treatments were evaluated in each cat: the diet consumed just prior to urolith detection and a canned diet formulated to prevent CaOx uroliths. This study revealed that hypercalciuria is a consistent abnormality in cats with CaOx urolith formation. When urolith-forming cats consumed a diet formulated to prevent urolith formation, activity product ratios for CaOx (which estimate the degree to which urine is saturated with CaOx) were significantly lower. These results suggest that consumption of an appropriately formulated urolith-prevention diet will reduce recurrence of CaOx urolithiasis.

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Cooper, R. A., Suzanne Evans, and J. A. Kirk. "Effects of water additives on water consumption, urine output and urine mineral levels in angora goats." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1991 (March 1991): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600021127.

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Urolithiasis is the formation of stones (or calculi) within the urinary system. Such ‘stones’ may result in urethral or ureteral obstruction. Most uroliths found in goats are composed of magnesium ammonium phospate or calcium magnesium phosphate and, while the chemistry of urolith formation is not fully understood, high concentrate diets, inadequate water intake and alkaline urine are all thought to be conducive to their development. Urolithiasis is normally only a problem in castrate males and Angora goats appear to be particularly susceptible.It has been reported (Bell, 1959) that goats are sensitive to ‘sweet’ and ‘sour’ tastes and that their consumption of flavoured water is higher than that of plain water. This trial investigated the effects of water additives on water consumption, and on urine production and composition, to determine whether such additives might offer a means of reducing some of the factors predisposing towards urolithiasis.

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Liang, Qiang, Xiaoran Li, Wangning Zhou, Yu Su, Shenbao He, Shuanglei Cheng, Jianzhong Lu, et al. "An Explanation of the Underlying Mechanisms for the In Vitro and In Vivo Antiurolithic Activity of Glechoma longituba." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3134919.

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Purpose. To use in vitro and in vivo models to evaluate Glechoma longituba extract to provide scientific evidence for this extract’s antiurolithic activity. Materials and Methods. Potassium citrate was used as a positive control group. Oxidative stress (OS) markers and the expression of osteopontin (OPN) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) were measured to assess the protective effects of Glechoma longituba. Multiple urolithiasis-related biochemical parameters were evaluated in urine and serum. Kidneys were harvested for histological examination and the assessment of crystal deposits. Results. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that treatment with Glechoma longituba extract significantly decreased calcium oxalate- (CaOx-) induced OPN expression, KIM-1 expression, and OS compared with the positive control group (P<0.05). Additionally, in vivo rats that received Glechoma longituba extract exhibited significantly decreased CaOx deposits and pathological alterations (P<0.05) compared with urolithic rats. Significantly lower levels of oxalate, creatinine, and urea and increased citrate levels were observed among rats that received Glechoma longituba (P<0.05) compared with urolithic rats. Conclusion. Glechoma longituba has antiurolithic effects due to its possible combined effects of increasing antioxidant levels, decreasing urinary stone-forming constituents and urolithiasis-related protein expression, and elevating urinary citrate levels.

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Djedjibegovic, Jasmina, Aleksandra Marjanovic, Emiliano Panieri, and Luciano Saso. "Ellagic Acid-Derived Urolithins as Modulators of Oxidative Stress." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2020 (July 28, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5194508.

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Oxidative stress is a state of excess of prooxidative species relative to the antioxidant defenses (enzymatic and nonenzymatic) in a living organism. The consequence of this imbalance is damage of the major cellular macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and DNA), which further leads to a gradual loss of tissue and organ function. It has been shown that oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many chronic diseases (cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases and cancer) and in the process of aging. Thus, many strategies to combat oxidative stress have been proposed and tested. In this context, food rich in antioxidants has received great attention. Pomegranate, berries, and walnuts have been recognized as “superfood” particularly for their cardioprotective effects. The common characteristic of these foods is the high content of ellagitannins. Since tannins are not bioavailable, they have been neglected in nutrition science and even considered antinutrients for a long time. However, this view has changed dramatically once it was recognized that ellagic acid, released from ellagitannins in the gastrointestinal system, is further metabolized by colonic microbiota to bioavailable compounds—known as urolithins. Thus, urolithins (3,4-benzocoumarin derivatives) have emerged as novel natural bioactive compounds and are now the focus of extensive investigations. So far, urolithins were shown to be powerful modulators of oxidative stress and agents with potential anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and antiaging properties. Furthermore, a few synthetic derivatives of urolithins were recognized as lead compounds for new drug development. Available data on urolithin synthesis, physicochemical and pharmacokinetic characteristics, biological activity, and safety will be presented in this review.

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Remichi, Hayet, Fatma Amira Hani, Myriem Rebouh, Chabha Benmohand, Wahiba Zenad, and Sofiane Boudjellaba. "Lower urinary tract lithiasis of cats in Algeria: Clinical and epidemiologic features." Veterinary World 13, no. 3 (2020): 563–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.563-569.

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Aim: This study aims to describe the clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of urolithiasis of the lower urinary tract and to determine the main risk factors involved in the occurrence of urinary lithiasis in cats in Algeria from 2016 to 2018. Materials and Methods: During the study period, 465 cats were examined and 32 cases of urolithiases were selected and investigated by conducting physical examinations, blood analyses, urinalysis, X-ray radiography, and ultrasonography. Parameters such as breed, age, or sex were studied and reported in a farm return to analyze risk factors involved in the formation of lower urinary urolithiasis. Results: The most clinically relevant symptoms of urolithiasis observed in cats were dysuria, pollakiuria, hematuria, and stranguria. Urinalysis and blood analysis revealed a significant presence of urinary crystals and acute kidney failure in nine cats. The ultrasonography and radiography confirmed the diagnosis of urolithiasis with the incidence of 43.75% and 31.25%, respectively. The lower urinary tract urolithiasis appeared to be more frequent in European and Siamese cats. In addition, cats aged between 4 and 8 years old were the most affected. Male cats (87.50%) were more affected than female cats. Finally, the lower urinary tract urolithiasis was more frequent in cats consuming the commercial pet food, previously castrated, and confined inside the house. Conclusion: Complete clinical assessments, in addition to complementary examinations, are necessary and beneficial in treating the animal and preventing possible complications. Whether the choice of therapy is surgical or treatment with drugs, it is crucial to understand that the elimination of the stone is not an end, but the beginning of a series of investigations. Because of their impact on both the formation and elimination of metabolites, it has been found that factors, such as race, gender, age, diet, and lifestyle, should be considered as potential risk factors for urolithiasis.

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Simatupang, Grace Tabitha Tenggi Olihta, I. Gusti Ngurah Sudisma, and I. Putu Gede Yudhi Arjentinia. "Sonogram Ginjal dan Kantung Kemih Berdasarkan Variasi Bentukan Urolit pada Anjing (SONOGRAM OF KIDNEY AND URINARY BLADDER BASED ON SHAPE VARIATION OF UROLITH IN DOG)." Jurnal Veteriner 20, no. 1 (May 27, 2019): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2019.20.1.109.

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Urolithiasis is a condition of the presence of urine stones (urolite), crystals, or sediments in the urinary tract system. The urinary tract system that is prone to urolithiasis includes the kidney, ureter, can be found in the bladder (bladder), and in the urethra in excessive amounts. This study aims to analyze the relationship between urolite formation that occurs in the bladder and urolite formation that occurs in the kidneys through ultrasound examination. This study used 15 dogs indicated by urolithiasis. Ultrasonography shows urolites, crystals and sediments in the bladder sonogram and in the kidneys. Kidney sonograms and bladder sacs refer to the occurrence of urolithiasis in the bladder which will always be followed by the occurrence of urolithiasis in the kidneys. Generally urolites are in the mucosa and bladder lumen while the kidneys are in the medulla and renal pelvis. There are several sonograms showing the buildup only occurs in one part both in the bladder and also in the kidneys. The presence of urolite in the mucous portion of the bladder is due to the gravitational force. Whereas clumps of cloud in the form of debris cells found in the lumen occur due to agitation and contraction of the bladder therefore that urolites are mixed with urine. The renal medulla and pelvis in the kidneys are channels of filtration in the kidney urinary tract. This results in a large urolithic buildup due to filtration when the urine is delivered to the bladder.

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Sáenz-Medina, Javier, María Martinez, Silvia Rosado, Manuel Durán, Dolores Prieto, and Joaquín Carballido. "Urolithiasis Develops Endothelial Dysfunction as a Clinical Feature." Antioxidants 10, no. 5 (May 4, 2021): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050722.

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An increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity has been reported in lithiasic patients. In this context, endothelial dysfunction (ED), an earlier status of atherogenesis, has been identified in hyperoxaluria rat models of urolithiasis. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the endothelial vascular function in patients with urolithiasis in relation to systemic inflammatory, oxidative stress, and vascular function serum markers. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed between 27 urolithiasic patients, matched for age and sex, with 27 healthy patients. Endothelial function was assessed by measuring flow-mediated dilation (Celermajer method). Fasting blood was collected to determine metabolic parameters (glucose and lipid profile), along with serum CRP, IL-6, MDA, ADMA, and VCAM-1. Results: Both the control and urolithiasis groups were homogenous in anthropometric, exploration, and general laboratory measures. Flow-mediated dilation (%FMD) was 11.85% (SE: 2.78) lower in the lithiasis group (p < 0.001). No significant differences were achieved between groups when CRP, IL-6, MDA, ADMA, and VCAM-1 were compared, although slightly higher values of CRP, ADMA, and VCAM-1 were detected in the lithiasic group. A correlation was not reached in any of the serum markers when they were related to flow-mediated values, although a slight negative correlation trend was observed in MDA, VCAM-1, and IL-6 values. Conclusions: Endothelial dysfunction constitutes an important disorder related to urolithiasis patients. It must be considered as an early feature responsible for future cardiovascular events. Our study did not find a significant association between inflammatory, oxidative stress, endothelial serum markers, and flow-mediated dilation.

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Dijcker, J. C., E. A. Plantinga, J. van Baal, and W. H. Hendriks. "Influence of nutrition on feline calcium oxalate urolithiasis with emphasis on endogenous oxalate synthesis." Nutrition Research Reviews 24, no. 1 (February 22, 2011): 96–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954422410000351.

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The prevalence of calcium oxalate (CaOx) uroliths detected in cats with lower urinary tract disease has shown a sharp increase over the last decades with a concomitant reciprocal decrease in the occurrence of struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) uroliths. CaOx stone-preventative diets are available nowadays, but seem to be marginally effective, as CaOx urolith recurrence occurs in patients fed these diets. In order to improve the preventative measures against CaOx urolithiasis, it is important to understand its aetiopathogenesis. The main research focus in CaOx formation in cats has been on the role of Ca, whereas little research effort has been directed towards the role and origin of urinary oxalates. As in man, the exogenous origin of urinary oxalates in cats is thought to be of minor importance, although the precise contribution of dietary oxalates remains unclear. The generally accepted dietary risk factors for CaOx urolithiasis in cats are discussed and a model for the biosynthetic pathways of oxalate in feline liver is provided. Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase 1 (AGT1) in endogenous oxalate metabolism is a liver-specific enzyme targeted in the mitochondria in cats, and allows for efficient conversion of glyoxylate to glycine when fed a carnivorous diet. The low peroxisomal activity of AGT1 in cat liver is compatible with the view that felids utilised a low-carbohydrate diet throughout evolution. Future research should focus on understanding de novo biosynthesis of oxalate in cats and their adaptation(s) in oxalate metabolism, and on dietary oxalate intake and absorption by cats.

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Calabrò, Serena, Raffaella Tudisco, Sergio Bianchi, Micaela Grossi, Antonio De Bonis, and Monica Isabella Cutrignelli. "Management of struvite uroliths in dogs." British Journal of Nutrition 106, S1 (October 12, 2011): S191—S193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511000882.

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Urolithiasis is a common clinical problem in dogs. Struvite and calcium oxalate are the predominant mineral types in dog urolithiasis. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of two commercial dry foods formulated for the management of struvite urolithiasis with different anion–cation balance on urinary pH. For the trial, twelve privately owned adult dogs showing struvite urolithiasis were studied. The dogs were randomly divided into two groups (A and B) and fed two dissolving diets for 3 months. The analyses of urine were repeated six times. In both diets, the anion–cation balance was negative ( − 203 and − 192 for diets A and B, respectively). At the first urine analysis, pH values of all the dogs were close to 8·0, and bacteria were present in about 70 % of the samples and thus an antimicrobial was administered for 1 week. Both groups showed a progressive decrease in pH values, and after 2 months, in both cases, the recommended pH values for stone dissolution were achieved. From the sampling at 30 d, group A showed pH values significantly (P < 0·05) lower than group B, probably due to the lower anion–cation balance of diet A. The combination of antimicrobial and dietary therapy allowed the dissolution of struvite uroliths in both groups, even if the utilisation of the diet characterised by the lower anion–cation balance seems to decrease the urinary pH more rapidly. In this case, it seems necessary to interrupt the dietary treatment in order to avoid the risk of other diseases.

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Kujawska, Małgorzata, Michael Jourdes, Monika Kurpik, Michał Szulc, Hanna Szaefer, Piotr Chmielarz, Grzegorz Kreiner, et al. "Neuroprotective Effects of Pomegranate Juice against Parkinson’s Disease and Presence of Ellagitannins-Derived Metabolite—Urolithin A—In the Brain." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 1 (December 27, 2019): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21010202.

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Pomegranate juice is a rich source of ellagitannins (ETs) believed to contribute to a wide range of pomegranate’s health benefits. While a lot of experimental studies have been devoted to Alzheimer disease and hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, our knowledge of pomegranate’s effects against Parkinson’s disease (PD) is very limited. It is suggested that its neuroprotective effects are mediated by ETs-derived metabolites—urolithins. In this study, we examined the capability of pomegranate juice for protection against PD in a rat model of parkinsonism induced by rotenone. To evaluate its efficiency, assessment of postural instability, visualization of neurodegeneration, determination of oxidative damage to lipids and α-synuclein level, as well as markers of antioxidant defense status, inflammation, and apoptosis, were performed in the midbrain. We also check the presence of plausible active pomegranate ETs-derived metabolite, urolithin A, in the plasma and brain. Our results indicated that pomegranate juice treatment provided neuroprotection as evidenced by the postural stability improvement, enhancement of neuronal survival, its protection against oxidative damage and α-synuclein aggregation, the increase in mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, and maintenance of antiapoptotic Bcl-xL protein at the control level. In addition, we have provided evidence for the distribution of urolithin A to the brain.

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Lunegov, A. M., I. R. Selivanova, and I. V. Lunegova. "Analysis and evaluation of the industrial veterinary diet "brit veterinary diet cat grain free struvite" in the complex treat-ment of struvite urolitiaisis." International bulletin of Veterinary Medicine 1 (2020): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17238/issn2072-2419.2020.1.57.

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Intensive consumption of dry feed of low quality, a sedentary lifestyle in animals, chronic infectious diseases of the urinary tract of cats lead to an increase of urolithia-sis. We have conducted analysis and evalua-tion of the veterinary diets "Brit Veterinary Diet Cat Struvite Grain Free" in cats with a stated diagnosis of struvite urolithiasis. The study was conducted in veterinary clin-ic LLC «Nikavet» in Saint-Petersburg and at the Department of pharmacology and toxicology of SPbGAVM in the autumn-winter period in 2019. The object of clinical and laboratory research were ten domestic cats of different sex, age and breed groups. During the clinical analysis of urine in most patients, urine pH was at the upper limits of the norm or exceeded it at an average of 0.5 units. The urine of all studied animals was muddy with a high density of 0.06 g/l, max-imum protein content was in the range of 3.0 g/l, at a rate of 0-0. 04. Such indicators in the urine as leukocytes, urobilinogen, ascorbic acid, epithelium, red blood cells exceeded the permissible limits. Duing urine sediment microscopy in three studied animals, crystals (struvites) occupied the entire field of view. Ultrasound examination of the bladder in animals showed a large and a moderate amount of hyperechoic suspension in the cavity, thickening of the mucous layer and clear differentiation of the layers of the bladder wall. After complex treatment with the use of veterinary diets at 15th day, the results of the analysis of urine from seven of the ten animals showed a good positive trend for the evaluated criteria (pH, protein, leukocyte count, uroliths and microflo-ra). At the end of 30 days from the begin-ning of the therapy performed in conjunc-tion with diet therapy, no deviations from physiological norms were detected during ultrasound diagnostics or according to the results of clinical analysis of urine.

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ISHKOV, V. V., Ye S. KOZII, and M. O. TRUFANOVA. "Some Peculiarities of Urolith Ontogeny of the Inhabitants of Dnipropetrovsk Region." Mineralogical Journal 42, no. 4 (2020): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mineraljournal.42.04.050.

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According to the data of World Health Organization, the incidence of a disease of inhabitants with urolithiasis is constantly growing; moreover the number of recurrences of this disease is stable at 70%. The purpose of the work is to identify some features of the ontogenesis of uroliths from the kidneys of the inhabitants of Dnipropetrovsk region, primarily related to the structure and morphology of these formations. Based on comparative analyzes of morphological observations of more than 300 kidney stones investigated in inhabitants of Dnipropetrovsk region, it was found that spherulites and druse-like aggregates as well as their combinations are the most common among them. Moreover areas of attachment to renal papillae are usually observed on the surface of spherulitic formations and, as a rule, druse-like aggregates are formed in free space of a renal pelvis. Therefore, the specific features of the morphology of urinary stones allow to establish the most favorable areas of the urinary system for their predominant formation in each patient. Urolites of spherical shape differ in zonal structure, while the zonal structure is formed by the alternation of both essentially mineral and mainly organic layers, and mineral layers of different composition as well. Mineralogical and petrographic studies of urinary stones revealed the presence of 15 mineral species, mainly urate and oxalate compounds, with monomineral formations occurring in less than 1%. Multiscale microblocking and the presence of organic matter inclusions are characteristic features of the crystals of all established minerals. The central part of the uroliths is usually represented by accumulations of organic matter containing a highly dispersed mineral component. It is proved that such characteristics as color, size, shape and character of the surface of uroliths of the inhabitants of Dnipropetrovsk region are not very informative for the establishment of their predominant mineral composition. The accumulation of analytical material on the ontogenesis of urinary stones, their structure and mineral composition and its generalization, taking into account the medical and biological characteristics of each patient and the geoecological state of the region, could contribute to solution of an important social task — prevention and effective treatment of urolithiasis.

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Jones, M. L., P. M. Gibbons, A. J. Roussel, and B. J. Dominguez. "Mineral Composition of Uroliths Obtained from Sheep and Goats with Obstructive Urolithiasis." Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 31, no. 4 (May 29, 2017): 1202–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14743.

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Ghosh, Chhotan Kumar, Subhasis Roy, Pradip Sarkar, and Anil Singh. "Surgical Management of Urolithiasis in a Male Labrador: A Case Report." INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 16, no. 01 (August 16, 2020): 77–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21887/ijvsbt.16.1.20.

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Urinary stones (urolithiasis) are a common condition responsible for lower urinary tract disease in dogs. The formation of calculi is associated with precipitation and crystal formation of a variety of minerals. Urinary calculi can damage the lining of the urinary tract, causing inflammation, which may predispose to bacterial infection. If calculi become lodged in the ureter, causing an obstruction, it may result in serious kidney damage. Unilateral ureteral obstruction may result in hydronephrosis with loss of function of the kidney. Urine retention may rupture the bladder with distension of the renal capsule (Tion et al., 2015 and Mudasir et al., 2018). So, an urgent cystotomy for removal of uroliths is the most commonly performed surgical procedure to save the life of the pets.

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Kovaříková, Simona, Petr Maršálek, and Kateřina Vrbová. "Cystinuria in Dogs and Cats: What Do We Know after Almost 200 Years?" Animals 11, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): 2437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082437.

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The purpose of this review is to summarize current knowledge on canine and feline cystinuria from available scientific reports. Cystinuria is an inherited metabolic defect characterized by abnormal intestinal and renal amino acid transport in which cystine and the dibasic amino acids ornithine, lysine, and arginine are involved (COLA). At a normal urine pH, ornithine, lysine, and arginine are soluble, but cysteine forms a dimer, cystine, which is relatively insoluble, resulting in crystal precipitation. Mutations in genes coding COLA transporter and the mode of inheritance were identified only in some canine breeds. Cystinuric dogs may form uroliths (mostly in lower urinary tract) which are associated with typical clinical symptoms. The prevalence of cystine urolithiasis is much higher in European countries (up to 14% according to the recent reports) when compared to North America (United States and Canada) where it is approximately 1–3%. Cystinuria may be diagnosed by the detection of cystine urolithiasis, cystine crystalluria, assessment of amino aciduria, or using genetic tests. The management of cystinuria is aimed at urolith removal or dissolution which may be reached by dietary changes or medical treatment. In dogs with androgen-dependent cystinuria, castration will help. In cats, cystinuria occurs less frequently in comparison with dogs.

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Motolová, Michaela. "Bladder exstrophy - late complication after urinary tract reconstruction." Urologie pro praxi 19, no. 1 (March 15, 2018): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36290/uro.2018.051.

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Lee, Sanggwon, Heejeong Choi, Yujin Park, Hee Jin Jung, Sultan Ullah, Inkyu Choi, Dongwan Kang, et al. "Urolithin and Reduced Urolithin Derivatives as Potent Inhibitors of Tyrosinase and Melanogenesis: Importance of the 4-Substituted Resorcinol Moiety." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11 (May 25, 2021): 5616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115616.

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We previously reported (E)-β-phenyl-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl scaffold ((E)-PUSC) played an important role in showing high tyrosinase inhibitory activity and that derivatives with a 4-substituted resorcinol moiety as the β-phenyl group of the scaffold resulted in the greatest tyrosinase inhibitory activity. To examine whether the 4-substituted resorcinol moiety could impart tyrosinase inhibitory activity in the absence of the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl moiety of the (E)-PUSC scaffold, 10 urolithin derivatives were synthesized. To obtain more candidate samples, the lactone ring in synthesized urolithins was reduced to produce nine reduced urolithins. Compounds 1c (IC50 = 18.09 ± 0.25 μM), 1h (IC50 = 4.14 ± 0.10 μM), and 2a (IC50 = 15.69 ± 0.40 μM) had greater mushroom tyrosinase-inhibitory activities than kojic acid (KA) (IC50 = 48.62 ± 3.38 μM). The SAR results suggest that the 4-substituted resorcinol motif makes an important contribution to tyrosinase inhibition. To investigate whether these compounds bind to human tyrosinase, a human tyrosinase homology model was developed. Docking simulations with mushroom and human tyrosinases showed that 1c, 1h, and 2a bind to the active site of both tyrosinases with higher binding affinities than KA. Pharmacophore analyses showed that two hydroxyl groups of the 4-substituted resorcinol entity act as hydrogen bond donors in both mushroom and human tyrosinases. Kinetic analyses indicated that these compounds were all competitive inhibitors. Compound 2a inhibited cellular tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis in α-MSH plus IBMX-stimulated B16F10 melanoma cells more strongly than KA. These results suggest that 2a is a promising candidate for the treatment of skin pigment disorders, and show the 4-substituted resorcinol entity importantly contributes to tyrosinase inhibition.

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Esselun, Carsten, Ellen Theyssen, and Gunter P. Eckert. "Effects of Urolithin A on Mitochondrial Parameters in a Cellular Model of Early Alzheimer Disease." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 15 (August 3, 2021): 8333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22158333.

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(1) Background: Ellagitannins are natural products occurring in pomegranate and walnuts. They are hydrolyzed in the gut to release ellagic acid, which is further metabolized by the microflora into urolithins, such as urolithin A (UA). Accumulation of damaged mitochondria is a hallmark of aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective activity of the metabolite UA against mitochondrial dysfunction in a cellular model of early Alzheimer disease (AD). (2) Methods: In the present study we used SH-SY5Y-APP695 cells and its corresponding controls (SH-SY5Ymock) to assess UA’s effect on mitochondrial function. Using these cells we investigated mitochondrial respiration (OXPHOS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, autophagy and levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells treated with UA. Furthermore, we assessed UA’s effect on the expression of genes related to mitochondrial bioenergetics, mitochondrial biogenesis, and autophagy via quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). (3) Results: Treatment of SH-SY5Y-APP695 cells suggests changes to autophagy corresponding with qRT-PCR results. However, LC3B-I, LC3B-II, and p62 levels were unchanged. UA (10 µM) reduced MMP, and ATP-levels. Treatment of cells with UA (1 µM) for 24 h did not affect ROS production or levels of Aβ, but significantly increased expression of genes for mitochondrial biogenesis and OXPHOS. Mitochondrial Transcription Factor A (TFAM) expression was specifically increased in SH-SY5Y-APP695. Both cell lines showed unaltered levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α), which is commonly associated with mitochondrial biogenesis. Results imply that biogenesis might be facilitated by estrogen-related receptor (ESRR) genes. (4) Conclusion: Urolithin A shows no effect on autophagy in SH-SY5Y-APP695 cells and its effect on mitochondrial function is limited. Instead, data suggests that UA treatment induces hormetic effects as it induces transcription of several genes related to mitochondrial biogenesis.

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Mat Shaari, Nurul Elyni, Deny Susanti, and Shafida Abd Hamid. "Essential Oils from the Leaves of Ocimum Basilicum L., Persicaria Odorata and Coriandrum Sativum L. In Malaysia: Antiurolithic Activity Study Based On Calcium Oxalate Crystallisation." Science Letters 15, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/sl.v15i2.13809.

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Calcium oxalate is one of the most common components in urolithiasis. Its treatment includes the use of synthetic drugs, ultrasound and surgery. However, cheaper alternative treatment using herbal medicine with less adverse side effect is preferred. Essential oils from Thai basil (Ocimum bacilicum L.), Vietnamese coriander (Persicaria odorata) and Chinese parsley (Coriandum sativum L.) were extracted and investigated for antiurolithic activity based on calcium oxalate crystallisation. Most of the crystals formed in control sample were hexagonal calcium oxalate monohydrate with sizes ranging between 3 to 4 m. The size of the crystals was found to be slightly reduced in O. bacilicum oil (2-4 m) at high concentration with less aggregation of crystals. Samples with P. odorata oil gave smaller crystal size (3 m) mainly in dehydrate form and the oil was also found to inhibit the aggregation of the crystals at high concentration. C. sativum oil enhanced crystallisation (5-6 m) with increased concentration and showed high aggregation of the crystals. This preliminary study shows the therapeutic potential of these medicinal plants to be used in traditional anti-urolithic therapy.

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Espín, Juan Carlos, Mar Larrosa, María Teresa García-Conesa, and Francisco Tomás-Barberán. "Biological Significance of Urolithins, the Gut Microbial Ellagic Acid-Derived Metabolites: The Evidence So Far." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/270418.

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The health benefits attributed to pomegranate have been associated with its high content in polyphenols, particularly ellagitannins. This is also the case for other ellagitannin-containing fruits and nuts including strawberry, raspberry, blackberry, walnuts, and muscadine grapes. The bioavailability of ellagitannins and ellagic acid is however very low. These molecules suffer extensive metabolism by the gut microbiota to produce urolithins that are much better absorbed. Urolithins circulate in plasma as glucuronide and sulfate conjugates at concentrations in the range of 0.2–20 μM. It is therefore conceivable that the health effects of ellagitannin-containing products can be associated with these gut-produced urolithins, and thus the evaluation of the biological effects of these metabolites is essential. Recent research, mostly based onin vitrotesting, has shown preliminary evidence of the anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antiglycative, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects of urolithins, supporting their potential contribution to the health effects attributed to pomegranate and ellagitannin-rich foods. The number ofin vivostudies is still limited, but they show preventive effects of urolithins on gut and systemic inflammation that encourage further research. Bothin vivoand mechanistic studies are necessary to clarify the health effects of these metabolites. Attention should be paid when designing these mechanistic studies in order to use the physiologically relevant metabolites (urolithins in gut models and their conjugated derivatives in systemic models) at concentrations that can be reachedin vivo.

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Laghari, Mubeena, Fouzia Shaikh, and Shazia Murtaza. "PEDIATRIC UROLITHIASIS;." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 07 (July 11, 2018): 1129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/18.4374.

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Ng, Derry Minyao, Maria Haleem, Anny Mamuchashvili, Kai-yun Wang, Jin-Feng Pan, Yue Cheng, and Qi Ma. "Medical evaluation and pharmacotherapeutical strategies in management of urolithiasis." Therapeutic Advances in Urology 13 (January 2021): 175628722199330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1756287221993300.

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Treatment of urolithiasis depends on several important factors which include stone location, size, composition, and patient symptoms. Although significant advancements have been made in the surgical management of urolithiasis in the last decade, pharmacotherapy which can prevent the formation of new stones and decrease the recurrence of urolithiasis has not experienced the same level of success. Currently, urolithiasis is regarded as a complicated syndrome that is determined by numerous factors, and any treatment plan for urolithiasis should be individualized while considering any potential damage arising from stone-forming factors. This review introduces the most popular methods currently used to evaluate urolithiasis and the pharmacotherapy of urolithiasis based on patient-specific factors.

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Hatano, Takashi, and Katsuhisa Endo. "The characteristics and optimal treatment of urolithiasis associated with tuberous sclerosis complex." International Urology and Nephrology 53, no. 9 (April 25, 2021): 1785–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11255-021-02871-1.

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Abstract Purpose The most common renal symptoms of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) are angiomyolipomas (AMLs) and renal cysts; however, some patients with TSC also develop urolithiasis. We retrospectively investigated the characteristics and treatment of urolithiasis associated with TSC. Methods We analyzed 142 patients who met the diagnostic criteria for TSC, of whom 20 (14.1%) had urolithiasis. We compared the patients’ characteristics, urinary specific gravity, urine pH, serum calcium and intact parathyroid hormone in the urolithiasis and non-urolithiasis groups. In the urolithiasis group, the stone characteristics and various treatments were analyzed. Results The antiepileptic drugs topiramate and zonisamide were more frequently administered to the urolithiasis group than the non-urolithiasis group (P = 0.013, P = 0.048, respectively). The urine specific gravity and urine pH levels were higher in the urolithiasis group than in the non-urolithiasis group (P = 0.005, P = 0.042, respectively). A multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that urine-specific gravity (P = 0.018; odds ratio 1.471; 95% confidence interval 1.098–1.872) was a significant predictor of TSC-associated urolithiasis. Four patients could not receive extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy due to the risk of bleeding from the AML. Conclusion Patients with TSC who have an increased urine specific gravity, alkaline urine, and a longer administration of topiramate and zonisamide tend to demonstrate an increased risk of developing urolithiasis and therefore such cases require adequate care. If urolithiasis is comorbid with TSC-associated AML, the treatment options are more limited in cases with multiple AMLs around the stone due to an increased risk of hemorrhage.

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Gupta, Asheesh Kumar, and Preeti Kothiyal. "In-vitro Antiurolithic activity of Kigelia africana fruit extracts." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research 3, no. 01 (March 31, 2015): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.30750/ijpbr.3.1.12.

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Objectives: The plant Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. Family: Bignoniaceae is used in traditional medical practices of Africa and India to treat various diseases including renal disorders. The present study is designed to evaluate the effect of K. africana fruit extract (KAFE) for in-vitro anti-urolithic activity on generated calcium-oxalate crystals. Method: The aqueous and alcoholic (ethanolic) extracts of fruits were tested for anti-urolithiatic potential on generated calcium-oxalate crystals by homogenous precipitation method and simultaneously a supporting two step vice-versa reactions were assessed (New method). The activity was assessed by studying the crystal dissolution by microscopy and quantitative alimental ions analysis for calcium and oxalates. Result: They exhibited significant activity when compared to standard drug Cystone- a poly herbal formulation. The aqueous and alcoholic extracts significantly decreased (p 0.001) crystal size and increased calcium and oxalate concentration in reaction setup of all tested groups as compared to normal control. Simultaneously a supporting two step vice-versa reaction was assessed that have shown significant inhibition of crystal formation. Conclusion: All the interpretations of various result outcomes direct the use of this drug for urolithiasis prophylaxis and treatments.

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Baltă, Mihaela Daniela. "Urolithiasis." Medic.ro 133 (1) (2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26416/med.133.1.2020.2998.

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Knoll, T., M. Schönthaler, and A. Neisius. "Urolithiasis." Der Urologe 58, no. 11 (November 2019): 1271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00120-019-01047-1.

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Chaussy, C., and D. M. Wilbert. "Urolithiasis." Der Urologe A 36, no. 3 (May 23, 1997): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001200050088.

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Maxwell, Oli, and Jo Oultram. "Urolithiasis." Livestock 16, no. 5 (September 2011): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-3870.2011.00054.x.

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Patel, Anup. "Urolithiasis." Current Opinion in Urology 21, no. 2 (March 2011): 127–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mou.0b013e3283435e36.

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Desai, Mahesh R. "Urolithiasis." Current Opinion in Urology 22, no. 2 (March 2012): 127–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mou.0b013e3283502fcc.

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Desai, Mahesh. "Urolithiasis." Current Opinion in Urology 23, no. 2 (March 2013): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mou.0b013e32835d8cf3.

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Yakupoglu, Haci Yakup, Kemal Budak, and Patrice M. Ambühl. "Urolithiasis." Praxis 102, no. 13 (June 1, 2013): 767–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1661-8157/a001358.

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Yakupoglu, Haci Yakup, Kemal Budak, and Patrice M. Ambühl. "Urolithiasis." Praxis 102, no. 16 (August 1, 2013): 961–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1661-8157/a001398.

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Thomas, Ben, and James Hall. "Urolithiasis." Surgery (Oxford) 23, no. 4 (April 2005): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1383/surg.23.4.129.65330.

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Videla, Ricardo, and Sarel van Amstel. "Urolithiasis." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 32, no. 3 (November 2016): 687–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2016.05.010.

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Bartges, Joseph W., and Amanda J. Callens. "Urolithiasis." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 45, no. 4 (July 2015): 747–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.03.001.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Urolithias'

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