Academic literature on the topic 'Uruguyan'

El objetivo es analizar la creación de las primeras escuelas al aire libre en Uruguay y la posición asumida por el médico Américo Mola en la circulación nacional e internacional de saberes sobre estas instituciones médico-educativas. Las fuentes empleadas abarcan principalmente el periodo entre los años de 1909 y 1936. La primera escuela al aire libre fue inaugurada en Montevideo en 1913 por iniciativa de la Liga Uruguaya contra la Tuberculosis. Su funcionamiento contaba con la colaboración del Cuerpo Médico Escolar y de la Dirección General de Instrucción Primaria del Uruguay. A principios de la década de 1920, el gobierno uruguayo creó otras dos escuelas al aire libre en los alrededores de la capital uruguaya. Mola fue una figura central para la divulgación internacional de las tres escuelas al aire libre uruguayas. En 1922 asumió la presidencia del Comité Internacional de Escuelas al Aire Libre y en 1936 presidió la tercera edición del Congreso Internacional de Escuelas al Aire Libre (Bielefeld/Alemania). A lo largo de su carrera estableció una fructífera red de interlocución con profesionales sudamericanos y europeos por medio del Instituto Internacional Americano de Protección a la Infancia para la divulgación internacional de las escuelas al aire libre uruguayas.

Estudamos a participação do jornalismo brasileiro na articulação de representações sociais e de identidades culturais na fronteira Brasil-Uruguai, a partir das apropriações e usos que brasileiros e uruguaios fronteiriços fizeram de narrativas noticiosas sobre o Uruguai e que eles consideraram relevantes em seu cotidiano. Realizamos o estudo de caso sob a perspectiva dos Estudos Culturais Britânicos e Latino-Americanos, com entrevistas semiestruturadas junto a uma amostra de 12 fronteiriços. O Uruguai foi caracterizado no discurso jornalístico como uma proposta de consumo, como destino turístico ou em função de seus produtos e recursos naturais. As narrativas noticiosas colaboraram para reforçar a identificação entre uruguaios e brasileiros com respeito ao pertencimento regional e ao estilo de vida.
 
 PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Comunicação; Consumo; Fronteiras; Uruguai; Brasil.
 
 
 ABSTRACT 
 We studied the participation of Brazilian journalism in the articulation of social representations and of cultural identities on the Brazilian and Uruguayan border based on the news narratives about Uruguay that frontier Brazilians and Uruguayans appropriated, made use of and considered relevant in their everyday lives. We conducted the study case from the perspective of British and Latin American social studies, using semi-structured interviews for questioning 12 frontier people. Uruguay was featured in newspaper discourse as a consumption proposal, a tourist destination, or a stand for its products and natural resources. The narrative news helped to reinforce the mutual identification of Uruguayans and Brazilians with respect to their belonging to the region and their life style.
 
 KEYWORDS: Communication; Consumption; Frontiers; Uruguay; Brazil.
 
 
 RESUMEN
 Estudiamos la participación del periodismo brasileño en la articulación de representaciones sociales y de identidades culturales en la frontera Brasil-Uruguay, a partir de las apropiaciones y de los usos que hicieron los brasileños y los uruguayos fronterizos de narraciones noticiosas sobre Uruguay, que consideraban que eran relevantes en su rutina. Realizamos el estudio de caso desde la perspectiva de los Estudios Culturales Británicos y Latinoamericanos, con entrevistas semiestructuradas en una muestra de 12 fronterizos. Uruguay se caracterizó en el discurso periodístico como una propuesta de consumo, como destino turístico o en función de sus productos y recursos naturales. Las narraciones noticiosas colaboraron para reforzar la identificación entre uruguayos y brasileños con respecto al sentido de pertenencia regional y al estilo de vida.
 
 PALABRAS CLAVE: Comunicación; Consumo; Fronteras; Uruguay; Brasil

Propomos analisar a atuação político - cultural do periódico La Revista Literaria, fundado por vários intelectuais uruguaios em 1865, buscando compreendê -lo tanto como um espaço de formação intelectual, quanto cidadã, a partir das indicações de Hilda Sabato (2008). Objetivamos, também, entender como suas publicações propuseram uma identidade para o Uruguai daquele período, visando à “civilização” de caráter nacional para a população daquele país. A atuação do referido periódico se centrou nas críticas dirigidas à Igreja Católica uruguaia e ao passado monárquico espanhol que ainda parecia se mostrar presente em meio às tentativas internas de consolidação do Estado Nacional pós-independência. No entanto, esse projeto se deu olhando-se “para fora”, por meio de referenciais externos, consistindo, assim, em uma forma de percepção de um “movimento” temporal – conforme os dizeres de Reinhart Koselleck (2006) - em direção à “modernidade” político - cultural nacional uruguaia. Palavras-chave: Uruguai. Civilização. La Revista Literária. NATIONAL CIVILIZATION FROM THE OUTSIDE:politics and culture in La Revista Literaria in Uruguay (1865) Abstract: We propose to analyze the political-cultural performance of the periodical La Revista Literaria, founded by several intellectuals in 1865, seeking to understand it both as a space for intellectual and citizen formation, based on the indications of Hilda Sabato (2008). We also aimed to understand how his publications proposed an identity for Uruguay of that period, aiming at the "civilization" of national character for the population of that country. The journal's work focused on criticism of the Uruguayan Catholic Church and the Spanish monarchist past that still seemed to be present amid the internal attempts to consolidate the post-independence National State. However, this project took place by looking "outwardly" through external references, thus constituting a form of perception of a temporal "movement" - in Reinhart Koselleck's (2006) words -towards "modernity" political-cultural Uruguayan national. Keywords: Uruguay. Civilization. La Revista Literaria. CIVILIZACIÓN NACIONAL A PARTIR DE FUERA: política y cultura en La Revista Literaria en el Uruguay (1865) Resumen: Proponemos analizar el desempeño político-cultural de la revista La Revista Literaria, fundada por varios intelectuales en 1865, buscando entenderlo como un espacio para la formación intelectual y ciudadana, basado en las indicaciones de Hilda Sabato (2008). También intentamos entender cómo sus publicaciones propusieron una identidad para Uruguay de ese período, con el objetivo de la "civilización" de carácter nacional para la población de ese país. El trabajo de la revista se centró en las críticas a la Iglesia Católica Uruguaya y al pasado monárquico español que todavía parecía estar presente en medio de los intentos internos para consolidar el Estado Nacional posterior a la independencia. Sin embargo, este proyecto se llevó a cabo mirando "hacia afuera" a través de referencias externas, constituyendo así una forma de percepción de un "movimiento" temporal, como lo expresa Reinhart Koselleck (2006), hacia la "modernidad" político-cultural uruguaya. Palabras-clave: Uruguay. Civilización.La Revista Literaria.

This paper examines Uruguayan society, which, despite its multiethnic origins, has developed a homogeneous culture. The main objective is to define the main cultural elements and describe the attributes of the Uruguayan ethnicity. Based on the analysis of socio-cultural specificities, the thesis provides practical recommendations to facilitate good relations with the Uruguayan nation. These may be particularly useful for business people, potential international students, travelers or other visitors to Uruguay, and others interested in learning about the local people and their culture. The theoretical section explains basic concepts related to identity, ethnicity and nation, and also introduces theoretical concepts and approaches to these ambiguous phenomena. The practical part contains interpreted data from field research conducted by the author in Uruguay in 2018. The research is based on qualitative research methods and consists of two focus group interviews with Uruguayans, four semi-structured interviews with recent immigrants, and long-term observation. The significance of the research is all the more valuable because the findings presented are unique in the field of this previously uncovered topic.

In 1859, Cándido Xavier Azambuja appeared before officials in Salto, Uruguay demanding the return of an alleged fugitive slave, Pedro, pursuant to the terms of the 1851 Extradition Treaty between Brazil and Uruguay. According to Cándido's testimony, Pedro had fled from his brother Geronimo's estancia located near the Brazilian town of Bagé close to the Uruguayan border. Upon questioning, Cándido admitted that Pedro and Geronimo had been in the Estado Oriental briefly in 1851 in order to drive several herds of cattle back into Brazil, but argued that Pedro returned with his master and had never been to the Uruguayan Republic before or since. In response, Pedro argued that he was not a fugitive Brazilian slave, but rather a “natural of this republic.” Pedro claimed that he was born in Tacuarembó, Uruguay, and promptly produced the baptismal records to prove it. Pedro went on to note that his entire family consisted of free Uruguayans like himself. He then claimed that Cándido had repeatedly attempted “to make him a slave,” going so far as to remove him forcibly from his home and carry him across the border into Brazil. He requested protection from these continued threats to his and his family's basic rights under Uruguayan law.

Los yacimientos arqueológicos registran que el consumo de ñandú era habitual entre las poblaciones originarias del actual territorio uruguayo. Tras la introducción del ganado vacuno en la primera mitad del siglo xvii, cuando se asentaron también los primeros colonos europeos, el consumo de carne de ñandú comenzó a perder importancia en la dieta local, aunque en el área rural se mantuvo el consumo de sus huevos y el ave se siguió cazando para extraerle las plumas. Hacia el año 2000, con impulso estatal, se instalaron varios criaderos con el objetivo de exportar carne de ñandú a Europa y de abastecer a restaurantes y consumidores gourmets locales. Pese a ser una especie nativa, su carne se clasifica dentro de las carnes exóticas, actitud que a su vez revela la centralidad de la carne vacuna en la dieta uruguaya, que se percibe como autóctona. 
 Palabras clave: ñandú, consumo, carne, huevos, Uruguay
 Abstract
 Archaeological sites have shown that ñandú meat was common among the food consumed by the natives in what is now the current Uruguayan territory. Since the arrival of cattle, during the first half of the 17th Century —also the time of the first European settlers— ñandú meat became increasingly rare in the local diet, even though the rural population continued to eat the eggs and hunt the ñandú because of its feathers.In the year 2000, and with Public funding, several breeding centers were initiated. The goal was to export ñandú meat to Europe, and to supply local restaurants and connoiseurs. Despite the fact that the ñandú is a native species, its meat is cataloged as “exotic”, a fact that reflects the centrality of beef in the Uruguayan diet, as beef is perceived as indigenous.
 Key words: ñandú, consumption, meat, eggs, Uruguay

Creative locations become a key element of public regeneration strategies and develop innovative services based on intellectual proper ty. Some communities that have chosen to develop their tourism potential through the use of murals have improved their local development in a sustainable way, thus meeting a need expressed by tourists to create a more active experience with an opportunity for the destination to embed experiences in the locality. In this study, which was carried out as part of an international cooperation research project with Uruguay, we have explored whether Uruguayan mural art may be a way for Uruguayan towns to develop sustainable, creative, mural-based tourism. We used a qualitative content analysis, through in-person interviews, and found that its potential has not been exploited due to the lack of an organized public strategy.Keywords: creative cities, mural art, local sustainable development, mural-based tourism.Ciudades creativas y desarrollo sostenible: turismo basado en el arte mural como estrategia pública localResumen: Las localidades creativas son un elemento clave para el impulso de estrategias de regeneración pública y de creación de servicios innovadores basados en la propiedad intelectual. Algunas comunidades que han optado por desarrollar su potencial turístico a través del arte mural han mejorado su desarrollo local de manera sostenible, uniendo la necesidad de los turistas de vivir una experiencia más activa con la oportunidad de incluir en esas experiencias a la localidad. En este estudio, llevado a cabo en el marco de un proyecto de investigación de cooperación internacional con Uruguay, analizamos si el arte muralista uruguayo podría ser una vía para las localidades uruguayas de desarrollar un turismo sostenible y creativo. Para ello hemos realizado un análisis cualitativo del contenido de diversas entrevistas observando que dicho potencial no ha sido explotado debido a la falta de una estrategia pública organizada.Palabras clave: ciudades creativas, arte mural, desarrollo local, turismo basado en el muralismo.

Provisions to promote work for Uruguayans with disabilities have been included in many Uruguayan national laws (e.g., Law 16095, Law 18651), however, their participation in the labor force remains low. This paper introduces current demographic data on people with disabilities, as well as key aspects of Uruguayan society, such as prevalent attitudes towards people with disabilities. In addition, a brief overview of social security benefits and disability services is presented, followed by a description of current policy and major pieces of legislation that affect employment of people with disabilities in that country. Finally, selected public and private initiatives to foster employment opportunities for Uruguayans with disabilities, such as the Work Training program for people with disabilities (Programa de Capacitaciόn Laboral para personas con discapacidad or PROCLADIS) and the Target Employment program (“Objetivo Empleo), are presented in detail and discussed. Implications for rehabilitation counselors and practitioners are provided. The pursuit of full employment for people with disabilities remains a challenge in Uruguay, however, recent policy initiatives are auspicious.

Between 1975 and 1979, thirty-one unidentified bodies bearing marks of torture appeared at various locations along Uruguays coastline. These bodies were material proof of the death flights implemented in neighbouring Argentina after the military coup. In Uruguay, in a general context of political crisis, the appearance of these anonymous cadavers first generated local terror and was then rapidly transformed into a traumatic event at the national level. This article focuses on the various reports established by Uruguayan police and mortuary services. It aims to show how,the administrative and funeral treatments given at that time to the dead bodies, buried anonymously (under the NN label) in local cemeteries, make visible some of the multiple complicities between the Uruguayan and Argentinean dictatorships in the broader framework of the Condor Plan. The repressive strategy implemented in Argentina through torture and forced disappearance was indeed echoed by the bureaucratic repressive strategy implemented in Uruguay through incomplete and false reports, aiming to make the NN disappear once again.

El texto se dedica a reconocer y caracterizar las significaciones de lo nacional que intervienen en la cobertura periodística uruguaya del conflicto diplomático (2005-2013) que enfrentó a Uruguay y Argentina por la instalación de dos plantas de celulosa. A partir de un corpus de textos periodísticos publicados en momentos cuando el conflicto se desarrollaba con intensidad, el objetivo es abordar el funcionamiento icónico del imaginario social uruguayo. En particular, el análisis se focaliza en la explotación semiótica que hace la prensa escrita uruguaya de algunas imágenes fotográficas, para consolidar un carácter nacional en contraste con Argentina. Mediante una perspectiva teórica basada en el modelo semiótico y triádico de Peirce, el texto intenta aportar elementos conceptuales y empíricos para comprender la matriz de sentido del imaginario social uruguayo.