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Journal articles on the topic 'Uruk Period'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Nissen, Hans. "Problems of the Uruk-Period in Susiana, viewed from Uruk." Paléorient 11, no. 2 (1985): 39–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/paleo.1985.4381.

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2

Abedi, Akbar, Reza Heidari, Salah Salimi, and Nasir Eskandari. "New Uruk finds in NW Iran:." Documenta Praehistorica 46 (December 9, 2019): 414–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.46-26.

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During 2007 archaeological survey of Little Zab River in Sardasht district in northwest Iran, six typical Uruk (Uruk-related) sites were brought to light. One of the important ones is Tepe Badamyar Rabat, with typical Bevelled Rim Bowls pottery that is considered as the first evidence of Uruk materials in northwest Iran. In addition to Rabat, the Uruk materials found in Tepe Baghi, Tepe Waliv, Tepe Molla Yousef, Tepe Lavin and Tepe Goman provide an opportunity for studying the one millennium gap between Hasanlu VIIIA (Pisdeli) and VIIC (Kura-Araxes) in the southern parts of Lake Urmia, which i

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3

Abedi, Akbar, Reza Heidari, Salah Salimi, and Nasir Eskandari. "New Uruk finds in NW Iran:." Documenta Praehistorica 46 (December 9, 2019): 414–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.46.26.

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During 2007 archaeological survey of Little Zab River in Sardasht district in northwest Iran, six typical Uruk (Uruk-related) sites were brought to light. One of the important ones is Tepe Badamyar Rabat, with typical Bevelled Rim Bowls pottery that is considered as the first evidence of Uruk materials in northwest Iran. In addition to Rabat, the Uruk materials found in Tepe Baghi, Tepe Waliv, Tepe Molla Yousef, Tepe Lavin and Tepe Goman provide an opportunity for studying the one millennium gap between Hasanlu VIIIA (Pisdeli) and VIIC (Kura-Araxes) in the southern parts of Lake Urmia, which i

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4

Aydoğan, İnan. "Guillermo Algaze'nin Uruk Dünya Sistemine Dair Çalışmalarına Eleştirel Bir Bakış." Septem Artes 3, no. 1 (2025): 86–105. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15470874.

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The 4th millennium BC marks the Uruk Period in the southern Mesopotamian chronology and aligns with the Late Chalcolithic 2 to 5 phases in the northern Mesopotamian context. During the Late Chalcolithic Period, settlements in both Southern and Northern Mesopotamia developed complex socio-economic structures of varying scales and characteristics, often centred around temples or monumental buildings that arose in response to ecological and social demands. Archaeological research in these regions indicates that the system embodied by these structures played a central role in shaping daily life an

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5

Dandamayev, M. A., and Paul-Alain Beaulieu. "The Pantheon of Uruk during the Neo-Babylonian Period." Journal of the American Oriental Society 124, no. 1 (2004): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4132182.

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6

Alden, John R. "Ceramic Ring Scrapers : An Uruk Period Pottery Production Tool." Paléorient 14, no. 1 (1988): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/paleo.1988.4448.

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Sandowicz, Małgorzata, Cornelia Wunsch та Stefan Zawadzki. "On Shifting Social and Urban Landscapes in Uruk under Nabû-kudurrī-uṣur II". Altorientalische Forschungen 50, № 2 (2023): 206–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2023-0015.

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Abstract This paper discusses a small dossier of four documents concerning a house that stood in Neo-Babylonian Uruk. These documents, among which are two previously unpublished texts, offer a rare opportunity to follow the history of one property and one neighborhood over a period of more than half a century. Apart from supplying unique long-term data on property prices in Uruk, the dossier provides insight into various social and political changes that shaped Uruk’s urban landscape in the late seventh and early sixth centuries BC. In particular, it contributes to the evidence concerning a dr

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COŞKUN, İsmail, and Yenal SÜRÜN. "URUK SEALS OF EASTERN ANATOLIA: ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDINGS AND INTERPRETATIONS." SOCIAL SCIENCE DEVELOPMENT JOURNAL 8, no. 38 (2023): 120–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31567/ssd.955.

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The phase after the Ubaid Period in Mesopotamia is called the Uruk Period. This culture coincides with the Chalcolithic Period of Eastern Anatolia. During the Uruk Period, Mesopotamia developed agriculturally. However, due to its insufficiency in terms of natural resources such as minerals and timber, they established a trade strategy centered on Eastern Anatolia, especially in the 4th millennium BC. One of the most important evidences of this trade system is seals. Made of various materials such as stone, metal, wood, glass, bone, faience and clay, seals can be of various types including stam

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9

Carter, Robert, David Wengrow, Saber Ahmed Saber, et al. "THE LATER PREHISTORY OF THE SHAHRIZOR PLAIN, KURDISTAN REGION OF IRAQ: FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS AT GURGA CHIYA AND TEPE MARANI." Iraq 82 (November 6, 2020): 41–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/irq.2020.3.

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The Shahrizor Prehistory Project has targeted prehistoric levels of the Late Ubaid and Late Chalcolithic 4 (LC4; Late Middle Uruk) periods at Gurga Chiya (Shahrizor, Kurdistan region of northern Iraq), along with the Halaf period at the adjacent site of Tepe Marani. Excavations at the latter have produced new dietary and environmental data for the sixth millennium B.C. in the region, while at Gurga Chiya part of a burned Late Ubaid tripartite house was excavated. This has yielded a promising archaeobotanical assemblage and established a benchmark ceramic assemblage for the Shahrizor Plain, whi

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Sandowicz, M. "NABONIDUS AND FORTY THIEVES OF URUK." Iraq 76 (December 2014): 245–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/irq.2013.1.

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This paper studies a group of documents produced in the course of investigation into the activities of a gang that operated in Uruk in the latter part of Nabonidus’ rule. It examines the composition of this criminal group and the offences committed by its members. Above all, however, it seeks to reconstruct the procedures implemented by the temple officials in response to a hitherto unpublished royal writ BM 114574, a document that throws new light on the involvement of the king in the administration of justice in the Neo-Babylonian period.

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11

Petrie, C. A. "Seleucid Uruk: An analysis of ceramic distribution." Iraq 64 (2002): 85–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900003673.

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The ancient city of Uruk holds a pre-eminent place in the history of early state development in Mesopotamia during the fourth millennium BC. However, extensive evidence survives to indicate that the city underwent a very separate cultural flowering during the late first millennium BC, synchronous with the rule of the Seleucid successors of Alexander III of Macedonia.Traditionally, the Seleucid period has been viewed as one of extensive cultural interaction (e.g. Colledge 1987), when the beneficial impact of Greek “Hellenism” was felt throughout western Asia (e.g. Droysen 1836; Tarn 1951). For

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Pollock, Susan. "Rubbish, Routines, and Practice: Chipped Stone Blades from Uruk-Period Sharafabad, Iran." Iran 46, no. 1 (2008): 43–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/05786967.2008.11864737.

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13

Restelli, Francesca Balossi. "The local Late Chalcolithic (LC3) occupation at Zeytinli Bahçe (Birecik, Şanli-Urfa): the ceramic production." Anatolian Studies 56 (December 2006): 17–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066154600000739.

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AbstractExcavations and ceramic finds of the Late Chalcolithic 3 (3,700–3,500 BC) from the site of Zeytinli Bahçe, on the Turkish Euphrates, are published and discussed, with particular attention to modes of manufacture in the phase which immediately precedes the introduction of the fast wheel and mass production (middle and late Uruk). In this period, alternative modes of manufacture (coil, mould, wheel) are probable indices of experimentations in response to ever increasing economic and social needs. Ceramic classes and types are also analysed with the aim of understanding inter-regional rel

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14

Bakker, Jan Albert, Janusz Kruk, Albert E. Lanting, and Sarunas Milisauskas. "The earliest evidence of wheeled vehicles in Europe and the Near East." Antiquity 73, no. 282 (1999): 778–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00065522.

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The earliest evidence of wheeled vehicles dates to the Funnel Beaker (TRB) culture in Europe and the Late Uruk period in the Near East. Results of excavations and 14C determinations from Poland, Germany, Iraq, Syria and Turkey suggest that the appearance of wheeled vehicles was contemporary in Europe and the Near East.

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15

Lenzi, Alan. "The Uruk List of Kings and Sages and Late Mesopotamian Scholarship." Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions 8, no. 2 (2008): 137–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156921208786611764.

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AbstractThe Uruk List of Kings and Sages is best known for its genealogy connecting human scholars to antediluvian sages. Since its publication in 1962, however, questions pertaining to the text's specific purpose within the context of Hellenistic Uruk have been neglected. This study seeks to understand two such questions: why is the most explicit scholarly genealogy written in the Hellenistic period?; and who is the last named person in the text? Seeking answers to these questions sheds new light on the text's purpose: it is an attempt by scholars to gain support for themselves and their nove

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Rositani, Annunziata. "From Freedom to Slavery." Journal of Global Slavery 3, no. 1-2 (2018): 41–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405836x-00301004.

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Abstract This article presents some reflections on slavery in the Ancient Near East during the Old Babylonian period. Particular attention is paid to an analysis of the sources for prisoners of war originating from Uruk in which the bīt asīrī, “the house of prisoners of war” is mentioned. These texts from the bīt asīrī date to the short reign of Rīm-Anum, who held power in Uruk for about eighteen months, between 1742 and 1740 BC. The use of war prisoners as labor force and slaves is examined in detail. It is suggested that the bīt asīrī was an institutional entity, managed by the state, and mo

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Cecilia, Ludovica. "A Late Composition Dedicated to Nergal." Altorientalische Forschungen 46, no. 2 (2019): 204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2019-0014.

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Abstract This article treats a composition that was probably dedicated to Nergal, a god with a long cultic tradition in ancient Mesopotamia who was mainly related to war and death. The text was first edited by Böhl (1949; 1953: 207–216, 496–497), followed by Ebeling (1953: 116–117). Later, Seux (1976: 85–88) and Foster (2005: 708–709) translated and commented upon it. I will present a new reading of the invocation on the tablet’s upper edge, which confirms that the tablet originated in Uruk during the Hellenistic period. Furthermore, I will discuss the many Neo-Babylonian and Late Babylonian g

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18

Wencel, Maciej M. "NEW RADIOCARBON DATES FROM SOUTHERN MESOPOTAMIA (FARA AND UR)." Iraq 80 (October 4, 2018): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/irq.2018.4.

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This article reports three new radiocarbon dates from the Iraqi sites of Tell Fara (Shuruppak) and Tell Muqayyar (Ur), produced as a part of a larger dating project on the absolute chronology of Southern Mesopotamia from the Uruk period until the Akkadian era. The radiocarbon results presented here offer good absolute time estimates for the ED I/II period at Fara and the most reliable absolute age so far for the important archaeological find that is the earliest graves in the Royal Cemetery of Ur.

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19

Paszke, Marcin Z. "DATE PALM AND DATE PALM INFLORESCENCES IN THE LATE URUK PERIOD (C. 3300 B.C.): BOTANY AND ARCHAIC SCRIPT." Iraq 81 (December 2019): 221–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/irq.2019.15.

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The earliest evidence suggesting the human utilisation of wild date palm fruits in the Near East is dated to the sixth and fifth millennia B.C. Despite the lack of archaeological data, it is commonly believed that at the end of the Late Uruk period (c. 3300–3100 B.C.) the Sumerians established the first date palm plantations. Nevertheless, this belief has never been well-proven by any scientific data, which makes this issue open to debate. This article points to the images of the date palm known from the pictographic script from Uruk as an important source of botanical data—a concept which has

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20

Yoffee, Norman. "The Economics of Ritual at Late Old Babylonian Kish." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 41, no. 3 (1998): 312–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568520981436219.

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AbstractA small archive of economic documents from the city of Kish in the late Old Babylonian period records amounts of money owed to the “supervisor of kezertu women” from the kezertu account. The employment of kezertu women in ritual performance is investigated as well as the managerial activities of the “supervisor of kezertu women.” The historical reasons for the migration of the cult of Ištar of Uruk to Kish and the economics of ritual performance are considered.

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21

Mudar, Karen M. "The Effects of context on bone assemblages: examples from the Uruk Period in Southwest Iran." Paléorient 14, no. 1 (1988): 151–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/paleo.1988.4449.

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22

Grandal-d’Anglade, Aurora, Ana García-Vázquez, Marta Moreno-García, Leonor Peña-Chocarro, Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez, and Juan Luís Montero-Fenollós. "Stable Isotopes and Herding Strategies in Middle Uruk Period in Tell Humeida (Syrian Euphrates Valley)." Diversity 15, no. 6 (2023): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15060709.

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The techniques of agriculture and animal husbandry at Tell Humeida, a Middle Uruk Period (Late Chalcolithic) site on the middle Syrian Euphrates, were studied using stable isotopes of bone collagen of domestic and wild mammals and from cereal and ruderal plant seeds. Two archaeological campaigns in 2009 and 2011 yielded a small collection of bones, most of which were taxonomically indeterminable. The work had to be interrupted due to the political conflict. The faunal study comprised collagen peptide fingerprinting for taxonomic identification, followed by isotopic analysis. Multiple 14C datin

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23

Horowitz, Wayne. "The Mesopotamian Wind-Star Directions and a Compass Card from Uruk." Journal of Skyscape Archaeology 1, no. 2 (2015): 199–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jsa.v1i2.28256.

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This paper looks at Ancient Mesopotamian cultural geography and asks how the Babylonians used the winds, rivers, Sun and stars to determine what we call the cardinal directions and hence, to determine their place in the universe. The two main sources considered here are the British Museum tablet BM 92687, better known as “The Babylonian Map of the World” and what has been called “The Uruk Compass Card”, from the Persian or Hellenistic period. Our discussion will ultimately lead us away from maps on clay into the realm of Ancient Mesopotamian instruments that may be compared with modern sundial

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24

Dalley, Stephanie. "Gilgamesh in the Arabian Nights." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 1, no. 1 (1991): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186300000031.

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It is difficult to lose a good story. Many of the best folk tales transcend the boundaries of language and nationality, and the Gilgamesh Epic, attested in Human, Hittite, Elamite and Akkadian cuneiform, is no exception. The latest Akkadian tablets to be inscribed with the story come from the site of Uruk of the late Babylonian period, some time after the fall of Babylon in 539 B.C. and perhaps as late as the Seleurid period, after the reign of Alexander the Great. The story had been popular for some two thousand years. Despite this popularity in so many countries and for such a very long peri

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Pittman, Holly, and M. James Blackman. "Mobile or stationary? Chemical analysis of clay administrative devices from Tell Brak in the Late Uruk period." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 7 (June 2016): 877–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.03.015.

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Berzon, Katherine. "Antiochos I, the Rēš Temple and Hellenistic Uruk: Commentary on YOS 20. 87." ISTORIYA 14, no. 2 (124) (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840024623-4.

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The article concerns with the Late Babylonian text YOS 20. 87 which contains valuable information on the building of the Rēš Temple in Early Seleukid Uruk. The chronology of the text covers the period from 290 to 275 B. C. that corresponds to the time of Antiochos I’s coregency and the first years of his sovereign reign. There was a number of “instructions” (ṭēmu) regarding the building of Bīt Rēš, one of them seems to be the letter of Antiochos himself. The king apparently supported this initiative although he most likely did not personally participate in it. The mention of Queen Apama, mothe

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27

Fletcher, Alexandra. "The prehistoric ceramic assemblage from Horum Höyük." Anatolian Studies 57 (December 2007): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066154600008607.

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AbstractThe site of Horum Höyük is located on the Euphrates, near the modern town of Nizip. It was excavated in advance of the flooding caused by the Birecek dam. The prehistoric ceramic assemblage contains stylistic elements that relate to the Halaf, northern Ubaid and earliest Late Chalcolithic periods. Studies of the Late Chalcolithic in the region of the Syro-Turkish border have tended to take a Mesopotamia-centric focus, as characterised by the so-called Uruk Expansion. Recently, however, research has begun to examine Syro-Anatolia as a discrete entity. The precise chronology for the Late

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28

Kraus, Nicholas. "The Weapon of Blood: Politics and Intrigue at the Decline of Akkad." Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 108, no. 1 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/za-2018-0001.

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Abstract By the end of the reign of Šar-kali-šarrī, the hegemony that Akkad held over southern Mesopotamia was weakening. The governors of Sumer began to assert their independence and break free from Akkad’s control, and the Gutium presence posed a significant threat to Akkad’s power. The present article includes a copy, edition, and commentary of an unpublished Sargonic letter, specifically concerned with the political machinations occurring during this period of upheaval in the Late Akkadian period. Of particular interest are references to the governors of Umma and Adab, the ensi-ship of Gut

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Alstola, Tero, Paola Corò, Rocio Da Riva, et al. "Sources at the end of the cuneiform era." Studia Orientalia Electronica 11, no. 2 (2023): 5–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.23993/store.129801.

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The aim of this article is to discuss several groups of sources which are of special interest regarding the question of Mesopotamian identities after 539 bce, towards the end of the use of cuneiform writing. In this late period, several languages and scripts were in use in Mesopotamia; therefore, groups of Akkadian, Aramaic, Greek, and Sumerian texts are discussed. The scripts used are Aramaic letters, cuneiform, and the Greek alphabet. A scholar who is interested in late Mesopotamian identities needs to take all these documents into account. This article aims at giving a brief overview on ava

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Quillien, Louise. "Identity Through Appearance: Babylonian Priestly Clothing During the 1st Millennium BC." Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions 19, no. 1-2 (2019): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692124-12341305.

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Abstract Through a study of Babylonian priestly clothing, one can see the social role and attitudes of priests in Babylonian cities, not only when they worship deities, but also in their daily lives. Information on priests’ clothing is rare in cuneiform texts. A Hellenistic ritual from Uruk gives interesting insights that one can compare with the data from the daily records from the Neo-Babylonian period. It appears that outside the temple, the priests wore “civil” clothes. Religious garments were kept in particular rooms of the temples, and their terminology is archaic and similar to the garm

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Özgen, Engin. "A Group of Terracotta Wagon Models from Southeastern Anatolia." Anatolian Studies 36 (December 1986): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3642833.

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Four-wheeled wagons, which can be considered as one of the major breakthroughs of man's technological evolution and range over a considerable period of time, seem to appear as pictographic signs on inscribed clay tablets from Uruk in southern Mesopotamia during the fourth millennium B.C. These simple vehicles which are depicted with a roofed superstructure were probably drawn by a pair of bovids the existence of which is attested in the ancient Near East both by literary sources and osteologically. The evidence for four-wheeled wagons, this time without a roof, becomes extensive in the followi

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Otoh, A. J., U. U. George, P. Ekpo, and A. Inyang-Etoh. "Isolation and Identification of Zooplankton in a Tropical Stream in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria." Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology 21, no. 4 (2023): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajee/2023/v21i4468.

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An investigation of zooplankton in a tropical stream in Akwa Ibom State was carried out at three different stations between April and June, 2019. From the study it is revealed that the zooplankton species were wide spread and abundant in all the studied stations with station 3 recording the highest total abundance of 124 ind. / l. Eight species of zooplankton were identified during the study which include; Arcella sp, Askenasia faurei and Difflugia acuminate for protozoa while Brachionus sp., Lindia torulose, Rotaria sp., Trichotria pocillum, Polyyarthra sp., belong to the phylum Rotifera. Rot

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Matthews, R. J. "Defining the style of the period: Jemdet Nasr 1926–28." Iraq 54 (1992): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900002461.

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The mounds of Jemdet Nasr, 100 km south of Baghdad, were subjected to two seasons of excavations in 1926–28. These campaigns yielded a tremendous assemblage of artefacts which have never received the full publication to which they are undoubtedly entitled. In order to rectify this shortcoming a programme of publishing all known items from the 1920s seasons is now well underway, with museum work completed on the Jemdet Nasr collections in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, and the Field Museum, Chicago. It is intended to publish the 1920s material as Volume 1 of the seriesJemdet Nasr Excavations, wh

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Karataş-Yüksel, Canan. "The Chalcolithic Period of The Kuseyr Plateau: A Regional Analysis of Pottery Evidence from the 6th to 4th Millennium BC." Septem Artes 3, no. 1 (2025): 62–78. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15470831.

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This study presents Chalcolithic period pottery data obtained through archaeological surface surveys conducted on the Kuseyr Plateau in Hatay, Türkiye. These data, obtained from the previously uninvestigated highland area of Northwest Syria, contribute to the understanding of the multifaceted and still insufficiently understood process of transition from early village to complex settlements. The findings indicate that not only the fertile alluvial plains but also the higher plateau were inhabited during this period. This research is based on pottery recovered during surveys from prehistoric se

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Kesecker, Nshan Thomas. "Lugalzagesi: the first emperor of Mesopotamia?" ARAMAZD: Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies 12, no. 1 (2018): 76–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/ajnes.v12i1.893.

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In the middle of the 24th century BC, Sargon of Akkad defeated King Lugalzagesi of Uruk (c. 2350) and established Sargonic rule over Mesopotamia. His successors, Rimush, Manishtusu and Naramsin would expand and consolidate Sargon’s gains, until the crumbling of the state under Sharkalisharri. The deeds of the Sargonic Dynasty were acknowledged to the point that Sargon and Naramsin were immortalised in the historical literary tradition of Mesopotamia (and Anatolia) for millennia. However, several questions regarding the political history of Early Dynastic (c. 2900-2350) and Sargonic (c. 2350-22

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Liverani, Mario. "Reconstructing the Rural Landscape of the Ancient Near East." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 39, no. 1 (1996): 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568520962600262.

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AbstractThe reconstruction of ancient Near Eastern history has mainly concentrated on urban (and especially palace) environments, leaving the rural landscape outside these analyses. Recent advances in archaeological and palaeobotanical fields greatly help in the recovery of the general outlines of rural exploitation in Mesopotamia and the surrounding regions; yet they cannot but miss the details of the individual exploitation units (fields and orchards), whose size and shape can be reconstructed on the basis of textual data such as cadastral texts (and other administrative recordings) and lega

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Dr., Muhannad Khalaf Jumeen Al-Shammari. "Archives in the Neo-Babylonian period (626-539 BC)." International Jordanian Journal, Aryam Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (IJJA) 1, no. 2 (2019): 197–210. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10521945.

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<strong>Abstract:</strong> Archives appeared from early times in the history of ancient Iraq, starting with the era of Uruk, and continued throughout the times of Mesopotamia. The goal of studying them is to learn about the administrative and economic system in ancient Iraq, especially in temples, palaces, and governmental institutions, as it is possible through them to know the people responsible for their management and others. Among other activities, the archives left to us by the scribes of Mesopotamia have helped us understand the various affairs of life at that time. For example, but not

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Rositani, Annunziata. "The Public Management of War Prisoners Within and Outside the bīt asīrī." Archiv orientální 88, no. 2 (2020): 193–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.47979/aror.j.88.2.193-219.

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This paper presents some reflections on the management of war prisoners in South Mesopotamia during the Old Babylonian period. In particular, it analyses data from texts in which “the house of prisoners of war,” the bīt asīrī, is mentioned. The majority of these texts date back to the reign of Rīm-Anum, who held power in Uruk for about two years during the rebellion of South Mesopotamia against Samsu-iluna of Babylon (1742‒1740 BC). This archive provides unparalleled evidence for the study of war prisoner management during the Old Babylonian period, which seems to have been exclusively adminis

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Steadman, Sharon R., Benjamin S. Arbuckle, and Gregory McMahon. "Pivoting East." Documenta Praehistorica 45 (January 3, 2019): 64–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.45-6.

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The investigation of ‘complex connectivities’ as defined by Tomlinson (1999) as a critical element in the understanding of how modern globalization works has been repurposed by archaeologists as a model to explain the mechanisms at work in the archaeological past. This study applies Tomlinson’s model to interpret evidence that such connectivities linked the vast Uruk system in Mesopotamia, the contemporary Kura-Araxes culture in Transcaucasia, and the north central Anatolian plateau in the second half of the fourth millennium BCE, known as the Late Chalcolithic period. We focus on the site of

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Steadman, Sharon R., Benjamin S. Arbuckle, and Gregory McMahon. "Pivoting East." Documenta Praehistorica 45 (December 29, 2018): 64–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.45.6.

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The investigation of ‘complex connectivities’ as defined by Tomlinson (1999) as a critical element in the understanding of how modern globalization works has been repurposed by archaeologists as a model to explain the mechanisms at work in the archaeological past. This study applies Tomlinson’s model to interpret evidence that such connectivities linked the vast Uruk system in Mesopotamia, the contemporary Kura-Araxes culture in Transcaucasia, and the north central Anatolian plateau in the second half of the fourth millennium BCE, known as the Late Chalcolithic period. We focus on the site of

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Altaweel, Mark, Anke Marsh, Jaafar Jotheri, et al. "NEW INSIGHTS ON THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL DYNAMICS SHAPING SOUTHERN MESOPOTAMIA: FROM THE PRE-UBAID TO THE EARLY ISLAMIC PERIOD." Iraq 81 (July 18, 2019): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/irq.2019.2.

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Recent fieldwork and archival sedimentary materials from southern Iraq have revealed new insights into the environment that shaped southern Mesopotamia from the pre-Ubaid (early Holocene) until the early Islamic period. These data have been combined with northern Iraqi speleothem, or stalagmite, data that have revealed relevant palaeoclimate information. The new results are investigated in light of textual sources and satellite remote sensing work. It is evident that areas south of Baghdad, and to the region of Uruk, were already potentially habitable between the eleventh and early eighth mill

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Huber Vuillet, Fabienne, та Catherine Mittermayer. "The Transmission of Terrestrial Omens from the Old Babylonian to the Late Babylonian Period: The Example of the Thirty-third nisḫu of Uruk". Journal of Cuneiform Studies 77 (1 січня 2025): 163–78. https://doi.org/10.1086/736110.

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Reid, John Nicholas. "The Birth of the Prison: The Functions of Imprisonment in Early Mesopotamia." Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History 3, no. 2 (2018): 81–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/janeh-2017-0008.

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AbstractWhile the terms prison and prisoner are frequently used in translations and studies based on the texts from early Mesopotamia (ca. 3200–1595 B.C., according to Middle Chronology), Although “early Mesopotamia” is not ideal as a descriptor, it is employed here in the same way as Postgate (1992: xxi–xxiii). The term is used to refer to Southern Mesopotamia from Late Uruk until the first fall of Babylon, or circa 3200–1595 B.C. Despite this, the Mari evidence will be summarized and referenced at certain points in the article. While the focus of this study is in on the early Mesopotamian ev

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Gasymov, P. P. "Cultural Attribution of Early Bronze Age Tombs Under Kurgans in Azerbaijan." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 48, no. 2 (2020): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2020.48.2.022-028.

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This study focuses on the cultural attribution of a distinct category of Early Bronze Age burials in the eastern piedmont of the Lesser Caucasus, northwestern Azerbaijan, known as “tombs under kurgans” or “kurgans with collective burials in tombs”. There was an opinion that such burials belong to the early period of the Kura-Araxes (or proto-Kura-Araxes) culture. To test this idea, we analyzed ceramics from tombs under kurgans at Shadyly, Uzun-Rama, and Mentesh-Tepe, all of which have radiocarbon dates. Results suggest that the vessels are hand-made, their paste contains no organic temper, and

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Pearce, Laurie E., and Paola Corò. "Constructing Identities: Greek names as a marker of Hellenizing identity." Studia Orientalia Electronica 11, no. 2 (2023): 72–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.23993/store.129807.

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Even as Babylonia came under foreign rule, cuneiform documentation continued to record traditional activities. In the transition to the Hellenistic period, it is assumed that Greek practices became more prevalent, although documentary evidence for them remains limited. Cuneiform legal texts documented a narrower range of transactions. In Uruk, these were primarily real estate transactions and prebend sales, which continued to be framed in traditional Babylonian formulaic language. However, in those texts, some actors display personal attributes and/or form networks suggesting they are promotin

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Biggs, Robert D. "The Pantheon of Uruk during the Neo‐Babylonian Period. By Paul‐Alain Beaulieu. Cuneiform Monographs 23. Leiden and Boston: Brill/Styx, 2003. Pp. xxvi + 424 + 29 pls. $118." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 65, no. 2 (2006): 141–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/504999.

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Gorelick, Leonard, and A. John Gwinnett. "Minoan versus Mesopotamian Seals: Comparative methods of Manufacture." Iraq 54 (1992): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900002485.

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In a previous article we reported a study of Ancient Mesopotamian cylinder seals. The purpose was to provide insights, based on experimental evidence for the change from stone to metal drills in seal manufacture. These findings were correlated to earlier research in which the proportion of medium and hard stone seals (Mohs 5–7) e.g. hematite, quartz, etc. to those of soft stones (Mohs 1–3) e.g. steatite, marble, etc. was documented. The time span encompassed the beginning of cylinder seal history at Uruk (4% medium and hard stone seals) at the end of the 4th millennium B.C. through the Sasania

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Sazonov, Vladimir. "Mõningad märkused nelja ilmakaare kuninga ja jumal-kuninga kontseptsiooni kohta Sumeris ja Akkadis 3. at eKr." Mäetagused 78 (December 2020): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/mt2020.78.sazonov.

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This article is dedicated to the issues related to the King of the Four Corners and the God-King in ancient Sumer and Akkad in the 3rd millennium BCE. The author shows that the title King of the Four Corners has always deified the ruler, but the ruler who used the title King of the Universe never claimed divinity. What conclusions can we draw? Except in two cases – the case of Erri-dupizir and the case of Utu-ḫeĝal – all kings who used the title king of the four corners were deified. Erri-dupizir was a foreigner, more a warlord or tribal chief of the Gutians than a king, but he tried to legiti

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Zverev, L. O., V. G. Zlobin, and E. R. Zvereva. "Modernization of the PGU-450 thermal circuit with an increase in the thermal power of heating selections and preservation of the total electric power." Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 26, no. 5 (2024): 92–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2024-26-5-92-103.

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PURPOSE. Modernization of the PGU with an increase in thermal power and preservation of electrical power using a block afterburning device (BDU) in a heat recovery boiler (CU). METHODS. Comparative studies of the characteristics of the PGU-450 without a BDU and with an installed DBU were conducted results. As a result of comparative studies of the main characteristics of the PGU-450 and the main characteristics of the PGU-450 before and after installation of the DBU in recovery boilers, it was shown that the use of the BDU effectively solves the problem of covering peak thermal loads in the tr

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Collon, Dominique, and Elena Rova. "Ricerche sui sigilli a cilindro Vicino-Orientali del periodo di Uruk/Jemdet Nasr." Journal of the American Oriental Society 117, no. 4 (1997): 730. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/606473.

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