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Relevant bibliographies by topics / US Acid Rain Program

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Academic literature on the topic 'US Acid Rain Program'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 January 2023

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "US Acid Rain Program"

1

Svendsen, G. T. "The US Acid Rain Program: Design, Performance, and Assessment." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 16, no. 6 (December 1998): 723–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c160723.

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Chestnut, Lauraine G., and David M. Mills. "A fresh look at the benefits and costs of the US acid rain program." Journal of Environmental Management 77, no. 3 (November 2005): 252–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.05.014.

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Fromm, O., and B. Hansjürgens. "Emission Trading in Theory and Practice: An Analysis of RECLAIM in Southern California." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 14, no. 3 (September 1996): 367–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c140367.

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After the national Acid Rain Program, Southern California's tradeable permit system RECLAIM is the second comprehensive attempt in US environmental policy to create a workable system of tradeable permits. In this paper analyses of the most important regulations, of the environmental, legal, and economic background, and of the first results of this program are provided. The focus is on the conditions under which this instrument of environmental policy can be effective in practice.

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Arseneau, Kristina M. A., Charles T. Driscoll, Lindsay M. Brager, Karen A. Ross, and Brian F. Cumming. "Recent evidence of biological recovery from acidification in the Adirondacks (New York, USA): a multiproxy paleolimnological investigation of Big Moose Lake." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68, no. 4 (April 2011): 575–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f2011-003.

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This investigation provides evidence of biological recovery from acidification in an acid-impacted Adirondack (New York, USA) lake. Water chemistry measurements collected monthly since 1982 show that Big Moose Lake is undergoing chemical recovery from acid deposition. To assess possible biological recovery, changes in chrysophyte, diatom, and cladoceran assemblages are analyzed in a sediment core. Three questions are addressed: (i) is there a significant shift in species composition after the 1995 implementation of the US Acid Rain Program? (ii) Are post-1995 changes in species composition consistent with chemical recovery from acidification or, rather, other changing chemical/climatic factors? (iii) Are the species assemblages returning to their pre-acidification state? Post-1995 declines in the relative abundance of diatom and chrysophyte taxa with low pH-optima and increases in taxa with higher pH-optima indicate biological recovery from acidification. In contrast, the cladocera remain unresponsive to post-1995 increases in pH. No species group has returned to its pre-disturbance state and post-ca. 1995 increases in certain taxa (e.g., Synura echinulata ) may be related to recent climate warming in the Adirondacks.

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Manea, Sabina. "Defining Emissions Entitlements in the Constitution of the EU Emissions Trading System." Transnational Environmental Law 1, no. 2 (October 2012): 303–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2047102512000131.

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AbstractThe European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) is the largest mandatory programme of its kind. The entitlements in emissions allowances (emissions entitlements) combine public and private law characteristics: allowances are tradable, commercially valuable regulatory instruments. This dual nature reveals a new interdependency between public and private law mechanisms in the context of climate change policy. This article argues that achieving the requisite level of emissions reductions is contingent on the viability of the emissions market, and that both are dependent on the definition of emissions entitlements. This view is supported by a case study which identifies the practical and serious consequences of the absence of a legal concept of emissions entitlements. The United States (US) Acid Rain Program offers useful lessons on the treatment of emissions entitlements. They can be further defined by analogy with similar rights regimes. Their nature is highly relevant to the emissions market, particularly to the commercial contracts that constitute it.

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Roberts, Leslie. "Acid Rain Program: Mixed Review." Science 252, no. 5004 (April 19, 1991): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.252.5004.371.a.

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ROBERTS, L. "Acid Rain Program: Mixed Review." Science 252, no. 5004 (April 19, 1991): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.252.5004.371.

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Malone, Thomas F. "Learning from the Acid Rain Program." Science 252, no. 5012 (June 14, 1991): 1474–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.252.5012.1474.b.

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Bernabo, Chris. "Learning from the Acid Rain Program." Science 252, no. 5012 (June 14, 1991): 1475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.252.5012.1475.a.

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Irving, Patricia M. "Learning from the Acid Rain Program." Science 252, no. 5012 (June 14, 1991): 1475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.252.5012.1475.b.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "US Acid Rain Program"

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Zeller, Todd D. "The United States acid rain program : are tradable emission permits working efficiently?" Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1420.

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Macdonald, Doug. "Policy communities and allocation of internalized cost, negotiation of the Ontario Acid Rain Program, 1982-1985." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq22916.pdf.

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Wang, Qian. "Assessment of the Emission Trading Policy: A case study for the Acid Rain Program in the United States." Thesis, Waterloo, Ont. : University of Waterloo, 2004. http://etd.uwaterloo.ca/etd/q4wang2004.pdf.

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Thesis (M.E.S.)--University of Waterloo, 2004.
"A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Environmental Studies in Geography". Includes bibliographical references.

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Atkeson, Erica G. (Erica Granger). "The "technology of compliance" cost : its role in the U.S. Acid Rain Program and implications for joint implementation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/46084.

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Zelená, Vladimíra. "Komparace emisního obchodovacího systému EU a programu kyselého deště v USA." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-9233.

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The thesis focuses on comparison of emission trading of the European Union (European Union Emission Trading Scheme) which trades with carbon dioxide allowances and emission trading of the United States of America (Acid Rain Program) which trade with sulphur dioxide allowances. Despite of using same mechanisms and principles, these systems brought diverse results -- mostly because of different implementation of key parameters. The thesis which concerns with both of these systems is trying to find the major reasons of unsuccessful implementation of the European Union trading and the most important reasons leading to successful performance of the U.S. program.

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Wardley, Neale. "The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Journey: Finding the Balance between Acceptance, Effectiveness and Emissions Reduction." Thesis, 2020. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/42035/.

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For over a decade this study followed designs for emissions trading schemes (ETS) that have emerged in response to global warming. An ETS is considered a cost-effective instrument to mitigate pollution (UNFCCC, 2006). Early in this study indications were that several operational ETSs struggled to achieve their emission reduction goals. Considering this problem, the study looks at the competing constraints of acceptance, effectiveness, and emissions reduction. The parameters of an ETS can be adjusted in relation to these constraints and the study also considers the alignment of nine design factors to these constraints. The design factors considered are legislation, governance, compliance, rules, compensation, targets, phasing-in, coverage and the distribution of allowances. It emerges that adjustments in terms of factor alignment may affect a schemes ability to reduce emissions. Other important factors sit outside the scope of this study, i.e. variations in greenhouse gas emissions as a result of the GFC and later COVID-19, also alternative mitigation policies, human adaptation, and innovative technologies. Viewed in a comparative manner the main case studies are the antecedent US Acid Rain Program (US ARP), the European Union Emission Trading System (EU ETS) and the US Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI). Other ETS designs that provide data for the study include the UK Emissions Trading Scheme (UK ETS), the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CRPS), which later became known as the Australian Carbon Tax, and the Californian Cap and Trade Program (CCTP). An effective ETS may perform adequately in relation to its’ goals for governance and compliance, although it can be shown that if the design leans too far toward acceptance the capacity for emissions reduction is diminished. According to the conceptual framework developed early in the study, over time the relationship between the constraints and the design factors should be revised toward reducing emissions.

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Books on the topic "US Acid Rain Program"

1

Canada, Canada Environment. Acid Rain: The Canadian Control Program : Stop Acid Rain. S.l: s.n, 1986.

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Canada, Canada Environment. The Canadian Acid Rain Control Program. [Ottawa: Environment Canada, 1991.

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Godfrey, Paul J. Acid rain in Massachusetts: The Massachusetts Acid Rain Research Program in action. [Boston]: Massachusetts Executive Office of Environmental Affairs, 1988.

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Godfrey, Paul J. Acid rain in Massachusetts: The Massachusetts Acid Rain Research Program in action. [Boston]: The Office, 1988.

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Das, Nirmal C. Acid deposition program progress reports (1991-92). Vegreville, AB: Alberta Environmental Centre, 1993.

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6

Research, Kananaskis Centre for Environmental. Results of Alberta acid rain study: Acid deposition research program. S.l: s.n, 1988.

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Lampe, Robert L. National performance audit program: Acid rain audits - 1988 -. Research Triangle Park, N.C: Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1990.

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8

Denny, Ellerman A., ed. Markets for clean air: The U.S. acid rain program. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

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Denny, Ellerman A., ed. Markets for clean air: The U.S. acid rain program. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

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McNicol, D. K. Acid rain and wildlife: An annotated bibliography of Canadian wildlife service (Ontario region) : LRTAP Program publications (1980-1997). [Nepean: Canadian Wildlife Service, Ontario Region, Environmental Conservation Branch], 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "US Acid Rain Program"

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Lehmann, Christopher M. B., Van C. Bowersox, Robert S. Larson, and Susan M. Larson. "Monitoring Long-term Trends in Sulfate and Ammonium in US Precipitation: Results from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network." In Acid Rain - Deposition to Recovery, 59–66. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5885-1_7.

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Viet, P. H., V. V. Tuan, P. M. Hoai, N. T. K. Anh, and P. T. Yen. "Chemical Composition and Acidity of Precipitation: A Monitoring Program in Northeastern Vietnam." In Acid rain 2000, 1499–504. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0810-5_97.

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Currie, J. William, Ronald J. Moe, and Ronald J. Nesse. "Economic Analysis: The National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program." In Acid Rain Economic Assessment, 209–35. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8353-0_21.

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Tang, D., E. Lydersen, H. M. Seip, V. Angell, O. Eilertsen, T. Larssen, X. Liu, et al. "Integrated Monitoring Program on Acidification of Chinese Terrestrial Systems (Impacts) — A Chinese-Norwegian Cooperation Project." In Acid rain 2000, 1073–78. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0810-5_26.

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Hashimoto, Yoshikazu, Yoshika Sekine, Zhi-Min Yang, and Kanji Yoshioka. "Profound Survival Program of Forests in Japan Islands a 40 Year Strategy for Environmental Conservation in Inland China." In Acid rain 2000, 1849–54. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0810-5_155.

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"Canada's Acid Rain Control Program." In Acidification and Its Policy Implications, Proceedings of an International Conference held in Amsterdam, 377–83. Elsevier, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-1116(08)70897-5.

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Foell, Wesley K. "An International Research Program on Acid Rain and Emissions in Asia." In Studies in Environmental Science, 541–52. Elsevier, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-1116(08)70150-x.

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"Initial 263 Units Identified in Phase I (SO2) of the Acid Rain Program." In Clean Coal Engineering Technology, 657–59. Elsevier, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-85617-710-8.00021-2.

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"Initial 263 Units Identified in Phase I (SO2) of the Acid Rain Program." In Coal Energy Systems, 505–7. Elsevier, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012497451-7/50011-5.

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Heal, Geoffrey. "Market Mistakes and How Unpaid-For External Effects Are Killing Us." In Endangered Economies, 15–30. Columbia University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/columbia/9780231180849.003.0002.

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External costs are pervasive, and have been of concern to society since the Middle Ages at least. Examples discussed are oceanic dead zones, overfishing and coral death, deforestation, antibiotic resistance, ozone depletion and acid rain. They result from a failure of the market as it currently operates to reflect external costs, a failure which can be readily overcome.

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Conference papers on the topic "US Acid Rain Program"

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Vierrath, Helmut E., Peter K. Herbert, Claus F. Greil, and Brian H. Thompson. "Electricity From Coal: The British Gas/Lurgi Gasification for Combined Cycle Power Generation." In ASME 1986 International Gas Turbine Conference and Exhibit. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/86-gt-294.

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It is widely accepted that coal gasification combined-cycle plants represent an environmentally superior alternative to conventional coal fired power plants with flue gas desulfurization. Purpose of this paper is to show that technology is available for all steps required to convert coal to electricity, including treatment of waste streams. Based on examples for power plants in the 200–800 MW range using current and as well as advanced gas turbines, it is shown that under both European and US-conditions cost of electricity from this (new) route of coal based power generation is certainly no higher — and probably even lower — than from conventional PC (pulverized coal) power plants equipped with equivalent environmental control technology. Thus, this technology is likely to be a prime contributor when it comes to enhance environmental acceptability of power plants in general, and to help solve the acid rain problem in particular. In addition the versatility of the proposed technology for repowering, decentralized application and district heat system is explained.

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Wong, Bunsen, Dennis Thomey, Lloyd Brown, Martin Roeb, Robert Buckingham, and Christian Sattler. "Sulfur Based Thermochemical Energy Storage for Concentrated Solar Power." In ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2013-18283.

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A sulfur based thermochemical energy storage cycle for baseload power generation is being developed under the support of US DOE Sunshot program. Solar heat is stored in elemental sulfur via thermal decomposition of sulfuric acid and disproportionation of sulfur dioxide into elemental sulfur and sulfuric acid. Heat energy is recovered upon sulfur combustion. On-sun decomposition of sulfuric acid in a solar furnace has been demonstrated between 650 and 850°C. Near equilibrium conversion was obtained at high temperature but conversion was reduced due to catalyst poisoning at the lower temperatures. Sulfur dioxide disproportionation modeling showed the reaction driving force is maximized at the high system pressure and low system temperature. The effect of system pressure was validated experimentally. However, the disproportionation rate was found to increase with system temperature as a result of increased reaction kinetics. Homogenous iodide catalysts were used to further enhance the degree of disproportionation and the reaction rate. The process steps required to recover the catalyst for reuse have been verified.

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Iwatsuki, Jin, Atsuhiko Terada, Hiroyuki Noguchi, Yoshiyuki Imai, Masanori Ijichi, Akihiro Kanagawa, Hiroyuki Ota, Shinji Kubo, Kaoru Onuki, and Ryutaro Hino. "Development Program of IS Process Pilot Test Plant for Hydrogen Production With High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor." In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89267.

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At the present time, we are alarmed by depletion of fossil energy and effects on global environment such as acid rain and global warming, because our lives depend still heavily on fossil energy. So, it is universally recognized that hydrogen is one of the best energy media and its demand will be increased greatly in the near future. In Japan, the Basic Plan for Energy Supply and Demand based on the Basic Law on Energy Policy Making was decided upon by the Cabinet on 6 October, 2003. In the plan, efforts for hydrogen energy utilization were expressed as follows; hydrogen is a clean energy carrier without carbon dioxide (CO2) emission, and commercialization of hydrogen production system using nuclear, solar and biomass, not fossil fuels, is desired. However, it is necessary to develop suitable technology to produce hydrogen without CO2 emission from a view point of global environmental protection, since little hydrogen exists naturally. Hydrogen production from water using nuclear energy, especially the high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR), is one of the most attractive solutions for the environmental issue, because HTGR hydrogen production by water splitting methods such as a thermochemical iodine-sulfur (IS) process has a high possibility to produce hydrogen effectively and economically. The Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) has been conducting the HTTR (High-Temperature Engineering Test Reactor) project from the view to establishing technology base on HTGR and also on the IS process. In the IS process, raw material, water, is to be reacted with iodine (I2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) to produce hydrogen iodide (HI) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4), the so-called Bunsen reaction, which are then decomposed endothermically to produce hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2), respectively. Iodine and sulfur dioxide produced in the decomposition reactions can be used again as the reactants in the Bunsen reaction. In JAEA, continuous hydrogen production was demonstrated with the hydrogen production rate of about 30 NL/hr for one week using a bench-scale test apparatus made of glass. Based on the test results and know-how obtained through the bench-scale tests, a pilot test plant that can produce hydrogen of about 30 Nm3/hr is being designed. The test plant will be fabricated with industrial materials such as glass coated steel, SiC ceramics etc, and operated under high pressure condition up to 2 MPa. The test plant will consist of a IS process plant and a helium gas (He) circulation facility (He loop). The He loop can simulate HTTR operation conditions, which consists of a 400 kW-electric heater for He hating, a He circulator and a steam generator working as a He cooler. In parallel to the design study, key components of the IS process such as the sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and the sulfur trioxide (SO3) decomposers working under-high temperature corrosive environments have been designed and test-fabricated to confirm their fabricability. Also, other R&D’s are under way such as corrosion, processing of HIx solutions. This paper describes present status of these activities.

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Krzysik, David. "Utilization of the MK Combustion Optimization System™ to Maximize Combustion Efficiency in an Environment-First Fashion." In ASME 2004 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2004-52182.

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Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions discharged into the atmosphere from fossil fuel combustion prove to have adverse effects on the environment and human health. Contributing factors include the formation of acid rain, ozone, degradation of visibility, and inhalable fine particles. In addressing these problems, environmental regulations are becoming more stringent on electric utilities. Low NOx burner (LNB) technology was developed to provide a cost-effective means of complying with the NOx Reduction Program under Title IV of the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990. Prior to LNB technology, standard burners were designed to rapidly mix the fuel and oxidant, producing high combustion efficiency and large quantities of NOx. Limiting the reaction rate at which the air and fuel mix, particularly during the early stages of combustion, can effectively control NOx formation; however, this rate limitation tends to diminish combustion efficiency and proves to be the compromise of LNB technology. Controlling one aspect or the other can be intuitively easy, but controlling both is challenging and trade-offs are necessary. Identifying a happy medium between the standards of yesterday and today is necessary in the optimization of coal-fired combustion. The ultimate effect will improve commercial availability in an environment-first fashion.

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Ganapathi, Gani B., Art Palisoc, Bill Nesmith, Gyula Greschik, Koorosh Gidanian, and Andrew Kindler. "Low-Cost Lightweight Thin Film Solar Concentrators." In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6475.

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A low-cost rigid foam-based concentrator technology development program was funded by the DOE SunShot Initiative to meet installed cost goals of $75/m2 vs. current costs of $200–250/m2. The cost reduction in this approach focuses primarily on designing a mirror module with a rigid foam center with stainless steel facesheets and reflective film. The low mechanical strength of the foam is compensated by optimizing the densities and dimensions to meet pointing accuracy requirements of 4 milliradians (mrad) in 27mph winds. Two alpha concentrators were built to validate the mirror module manufacturing process and one of them was accurate to 0.15 mrad RMS vs. the design requirement of 1 mrad RMS. To understand the lifetime reliability of the panels, fifteen 4-inch square samples were exposed to various environmental conditions including acid rain, bird droppings, thermal cycling, and the final results indicated no loss in reflectivity of 95%. UV testing will be performed in the next phase. Three mechanical structure options covering the range of large multi-faceted heliostats with diagonal load carrying elements, small single facet heliostats low to the ground and optimized truss-based deep structure designs were analyzed with FEA and analytically; results indicated a significant cost benefit (>2×) for the truss-based design over the other options. Other elements such as the controls, actuators were also considered in th analysis with vendor data. Cost trades were performed for heliostats ranging from 10m2 to 250m2. The results indicated a broad installed cost minimum around $113/m2 for heliostat sizes ranging from 80 m2 to 130 m2. Additional cost saving approaches will be considered in Phase 2 of the project.

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Tupayachi Beisaga, José Luis, and Emilio A. Hernández Chaupis. "Protection Works of Crossings River in the Camisea Pipeline Transport System (STD)." In ASME 2013 International Pipeline Geotechnical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipg2013-1909.

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The experience gained during the operation and maintenance stages of the Camisea pipeline transportation system (STD) in Peru, crossing from the Tropical jungle in the Cusco region to the coast, in Lima city, has enabled us to develop and apply techniques in construction and maintenance works focused on controlling of the vertical undermining of riverbeds and the erosion of margins at river crossings and creeks crossed by the pipeline carrying NG and NGL. According to the above, a technical assessment study was conducted of the crosses rivers and creeks that have high priority of the Camisea pipeline path, comprising — among other disciplines — hydraulic and undermining analysis, as well as an hydrologic and geo-morphological evaluation and other issues regarding general geology and geo-techniques at each crossing site. A work program was developed using the information obtained in the three sectors travelled by the (STD) in order to develop and complement works at the crossings of rivers and valleys aiming to protect the integrity of the pipeline from erosion produced by major and extraordinary floods in riverbeds and alluvial slides in narrow valleys, by means of confinement and sedimentation works. The jobs performed in rainforest, mountain and coastal terrain crossed by the pipeline considered different river morphology types — being the most common the straight, gravel braided and curved river travels — and regimes in both flow speed and width of the riverbed. From the topographic follow-up and monitoring stage on — before and after the rain season — at crossings beneath the riverbeds, it was determined that the deterioration process affecting the crossing stripe corresponds to erosion consisting in the alteration of the watercourse banks that affects the piping foundations. The works are completed considering the type of resources available at the site of the river crossing — i. e., the engineering is particular to each sector, and designing is performed upon available materials in the area. The most utilized works at river and creeks crossings on the Camisea piping system are as follows: i) protection of riverbeds and creeks slopes using gabion mesh and pads; ii) sedimentation systems on gabion mesh; iii) Energy dissipation devices at creeks crossings; iv) rip-rap–type armoring of riverbeds; v) confinement check dams; vi) marginal protection dikes; vii) marginal protection rock fill dams; viii) protection and sedimentation breakwaters, among others.

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Ganapathi, Gani, Arthur Palisoc, Armin Buchroithner, Sai Nataraj, Bill Nesmith, Andrew Kindler, Gyula Greschik, and Koorosh Gidanian. "Development and Prototype Testing of Low-Cost Lightweight Thin Film Solar Concentrator." In ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2016 Power Conference and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2016-59692.

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A low-cost rigid foam-based concentrator technology development program was funded by the DOE SunShot Initiative to meet installed cost goals of $75/m2 vs. current costs of ∼ $200–250/m2. Phase 1 of the project focused on design trades and cost analyses leading to a cost-optimized self-powered autonomous tracking heliostat concept with a mirror surface area in the 100m2 range. In Phase 2 30-year accelerated testing of the mirror modules based on ReflecTec film with 94% specular reflectivity bonded on composite foam substrate were initiated and completed in Phase 3. The tests with 15 coupons showed optical performance degradation of less than 5% in specular reflectance following 30-year equivalent UV testing and other abuse testing such as acid rain, bird dropping, thermal cycling, etc. A small scale prototype (3m×2m) heliostat design based on modular truss elements with removable mirror modules was developed in detail. In this phase components such as the dual-axis actuators were sized and selected based on wind load requirements and pointing accuracy demands were completed. Finite Element analyses for the mechanical structure with mirror modules were performed using three separate commercial codes — ANSYS, COMSOL and SolidWorks to validate the optical errors induced by wind loads on the structure up to 35 mph. Results indicated that the RMS deflections contributed to less than 0.4 mrad pointing error. Dynamic response of the heliostat indicated that the first 5 eigenmodes were in the 17–20 Hz range. The individual structure elements such as the trusses and c-rails were fabricated locally and assembled with the mirror facets in the lab for initial fit check and testing. The nine mirror facet surface errors were characterized using photogrammetry and verified using Reverse Hartmann techniques and showed to be in the order of 1 mrad or less. A three-level controller (main, gateway and heliostat) was architected and built. Tracking of the sun is done using NREL’s Sun Tracking Algorithm implemented in the gateway controller. Target-pointing vectors are calculated for each heliostat and conveyed wirelessly to the individual heliostat controllers for actuating the azimuth and elevation motors. The power subsystem consisting of solar panels and a battery provide 24V for the actuators and controller boards. The system was sized to provide adequate power for a period of 5hrs of operation when power is not available. Initial calibration will be performed with on-site camera tracking the sun’s image on a target located approximately 52m from the heliostat. Testing of the heliostat pointing under calm and windy conditions will be done to demonstrate overall performance that meet DOE targets of 4 mrad under 27mph winds. Commercialization efforts are underway to transition the design to the commercial sector. The project is well on its way to approaching overall cost targets and current estimates are approximately $90–110/m2 and lower costs can be achieved with alternates to the film we have identified.

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Ahmed, Zamzam Mohammed, Abrar Mohammed Salem, Liu Pei Wu, and Benjamin Mowad. "Achieving Productivity and Clean Inflow from an Unconventional Reservoir in North Kuwait." In SPE International Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205253-ms.

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Abstract Jurassic Kerogen shale/carbonate reservoir in North Kuwait provides the same challenges as North American shales in addition to ones not yet comparable to any other analogue reservoir globally. It is the Kerogen's resource density; however, that makes this play so attractive. Like ‘conventional’ unconventional in the US and Canada this kerogen is believed to be a source rock and is on the order of micro-to nano-Darcy permeability. As such, industry learnings show that likely long horizontal laterals with multiple hydraulic fractures will be necessary to make commercial wells. Following this premise, the immediate objective is to establish clean inflow into wellbore as the previous attempts to appraise failed due to "creep" of particulate material and formation flowing into the wellbore. Achieving this milestone will confirm that this formation is capable of solids free inflow and will open a new era in unconventional in Kuwait. Planning for success, the secondary objective is to then upscale to full field development. The main uncertainties lie in both producibility and ‘frac-ability’, and certainly, these challenges are not trivial. A fully integrated testing program was applied to both better understand the rock mechanical properties and to land on an effective frac design. Scratch, unconfined stress, proppant embedment and fluid compatibility tests were conducted on full core samples for geo-mechanics to prepare a suite of strength measurements ahead of frac design and to custom-design the fracture treatment and "controlled" flowback programs to establish inflow from Kerogen without "creep". Unlike developed shale reservoirs, the Jurassic Kerogen tends to become unconsolidated when treated. The pre-frac geomechanics tests will be outlined in this paper with the primary objective of finding the most competent reservoir unit to select the limited perforation interval to frac through so that formation competency can be maintained. Previous attempts failed to maintain a competent rock matrix even only after pumping data-fracs. Acidizing treatments also turn the treated rock volume into sludgy material with no in-situ stability nor ability to deliver "clean inflow". A propped fracturing treatment with resin-coated bauxite was successfully placed in December 2019 in a vertical appraisal well perforated over 6 ft at 12 spf shot density. "Controlled" flowback carried out in January 2020 achieved the strategically critical "clean inflow" with reservoir fluids established to surface. Special proppant technologies provided by an industry leading manufacturer overcame the embedment effects and to control solids flowback. A properly designed choke schedule to balance unloading with a delicate enough drawdown to avoid formation failure was executed. Local oilfields relied on the vast reserves and produced easily from carbonate reservoirs that required only perforating or acid squeezes to easily meet or exceed high production expectations. This unconventional undertaking in Kuwait presents a real challenge as it is a complete departure from the ways of working yet it points towards a very high upside potential should the appraisal campaign can be completed effectively.

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Reports on the topic "US Acid Rain Program"

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Barreca, Alan, Matthew Neidell, and Nicholas Sanders. Long-Run Pollution Exposure and Adult Mortality: Evidence from the Acid Rain Program. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23524.

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Chan, H. Ron, B. Andrew Chupp, Maureen Cropper, and Nicholas Muller. The Impact of Trading on the Costs and Benefits of the Acid Rain Program. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21383.

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Sanders, Nicholas, and Alan Barreca. Adaptation to Environmental Change: Agriculture and the Unexpected Incidence of the Acid Rain Program. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w28591.

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Hedrick, Ronald, and Herve Bercovier. Characterization and Control of KHV, A New Herpes Viral Pathogen of Koi and Common Carp. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695871.bard.

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In this project we proposed to characterize the virus genome and the structural virion polypeptides to allow development of improved diagnostic approaches and potential vaccination strategies. These goals have been mostly achieved and the corresponding data were published in three papers (see below) and three more manuscripts are in preparation. The virion polypeptides of KHV strains isolated from USA (KHV-U) and Israel (KHV-I) were found to be identical. Purified viral DNA analyzed with a total of 5 restriction enzymes demonstrated no fragment length polymorphism between KHV-I and KHV-U but both KHV isolates differed significantly from the cyprinid herpesvirus (CHV) and the ictalurid herpesvirus (channel catfish virus or CCV). Using newly obtained viral DNA sequences two different PCR assays were developed that need to be now further tested in the field. We determined by pulse field analysis that the size of KHV genome is around 280 kbp (1-1. Bercovier, unpublished results). Sequencing of the viral genome of KHV has reached the stage where 180 kbp are sequenced (twice and both strands). Four hypothetical genes were detected when DNA sequences were translated into amino acid sequences. The finding of a gene of real importance, the thymidine kinase (TK) led us to extend the study of this specific gene. Four other genes related to DNA synthesis were found. PCR assays based on defined sequences were developed. The PCR assay based on TK gene sequence has shown improved sensitivity in the detection of KHV DNA compared to regular PCR assays. </P> <P><SPAN>With the ability to induce experimental infections in koi with KHV under controlled laboratory conditions we have studied the progress and distribution of virus in host tissues, the development of immunity and the establishment of latent infections. Also, we have investigated the important role of water temperature on severity of infections and mortality of koi following infections with KHV. These initial studies need to be followed by an increased focus on long-term fate of the virus in survivors. This is essential in light of the current "controlled exposure program" used by farmers to produce KHV "naturally resistant fish" that may result in virus or DNA carriers. </SPAN></P> <P><SPAN>The information gained from the research of this project was designed to allow implementation of control measures to prevent the spread of the virus both by improved diagnostic approaches and preventive measures. We have accomplished most of these goals but further studies are needed to establish even more reliable methods of prevention with increased emphases on improved diagnosis and a better understanding of the ecology of KHV. </SPAN>

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Programs and analytical methods for the US Geological Survey Acid Rain Quality-Assurance Project. US Geological Survey, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri904029.

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A computer program for geochemical analysis of acid-rain and other low-ionic-strength, acidic waters. US Geological Survey, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri874095a.

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A computer program for geochemical analysis of acid-rain and other low-ionic-strength, acidic waters; computer diskette of the Attachment C source code. US Geological Survey, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri874095b.

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