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1
Sullivan, John, and Genevieve Lester. "Revisiting Domestic Intelligence." Journal of Strategic Security 15, no. 1 (April 2022): 75–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.15.1.1976.
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This article looks at the evolution of US domestic intelligence prior to and since 9/11 in light of the Capitol attacks. It also reviews the literature and practice of intelligence reform in the context of foreign comparative experience (France, UK, Canada, Australia). It looks at the promise of fusion centers, cocontemporay domestic intelligence models, and the continuing need for domestic intelligence reform. Additional Keywords: Domestic Intelligence, Intelligence Reform, Intelligence Fusion
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Cecil, R. "Comparing foreign intelligence: the US, the USSR and the Third World." International Affairs 65, no. 2 (1989): 315–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2622081.
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Panov, Denis Sergeevich. "The formation of the CIA as a key instrument of U.S. foreign policy in the Cold War era." Международные отношения, no. 4 (April 2024): 156–65. https://doi.org/10.7256/2454-0641.2024.4.72575.
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The object of the scientific article is the formation of the US intelligence agency. The subject of the study is the factors that served as the starting point for the creation of the Central Intelligence Agency as a strategic and analytical center within the framework of ensuring national security and a foreign policy instrument in the context of the formation of a bipolar system of international relations. The author examines in detail the evolution of the US intelligence agencies, the historical context of World War II, the disagreements of Joseph Stalin, Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt, and later Harry Truman on the post-war world order, as well as the paradigm of realism as the dominant view in American academic and political circles on international relations. Special attention is paid to the place and importance of the CIA in the formation of the US national security system, as well as the position of the political establishment on this issue. The historical-genetic method allows us to trace the historical conditions and stages of the development of the intelligence structure in the relationship, as well as the idea of the need for such an institution at the beginning of the Cold War. The narrative method describes the history of the development of the US intelligence agencies, which led to the formation of an important foreign policy institution with broad powers to carry out state tasks. The scientific novelty of this work lies in the position that the creation of the CIA was dictated by socio-political views on the situation in the world in a certain historical period. This is reflected in the views of academic and political circles regarding US foreign policy activities. As part of the institutional reform carried out in accordance with the adopted Law on National Security, the organization was an integral and key part of the "conservative U-turn". In fact, the intelligence structure is the embodiment of the realist paradigm of international relations. The high secrecy and broad powers of the intelligence agency have formed the basis for conducting secret political activities. It has become a strategic center for the administration of covert politics, bypassing democratic principles. In turn, this consolidated the reliance on the use of force, including covert force, as the basis of American foreign policy pursuing national interests within the bipolar system of the world. The CIA became an institution whose activities were aimed at containing the USSR in the conditions of the outbreak of the Cold War.
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Cohen, Michael D., and Aaron Rapport. "Strategic surprise, nuclear proliferation and US foreign policy." European Journal of International Relations 26, no. 2 (August 2, 2019): 344–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354066119859925.
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What are the effects of strategic surprise on foreign policy? We apply mechanisms from cognitive psychology and foreign policy analysis — the hindsight bias and policy engagement — to theorize about how political leaders attribute blame for strategic surprises and the consequences for their foreign policies. We argue that leaders who are hardly engaged with policy matters related to a surprise will tend to believe that it should have been foreseen, attribute blame to domestic culprits and favour significant changes in foreign policy. Conversely, those more involved with policy planning will blame an adversary’s deception and resist policy change. We illustrate these hypotheses empirically by examining the cases of the Truman administration’s reaction to the 1949 Soviet nuclear test and the Johnson administration’s reaction to the 1967 Chinese thermonuclear explosion. Despite their similar international and domestic political environments, the two presidents reacted quite differently to the two surprises. Truman, who was weakly engaged with nuclear matters prior to 1949, authorized major policy changes and reorganized the Central Intelligence Agency. Conversely, Johnson’s deeper involvement in nuclear matters led him to attribute blame for the surprise to Chinese deception. He sought to use the 1967 test to advance his ongoing efforts to secure the nuclear non-proliferation treaty. The findings suggest that the variables of policy engagement and the hindsight bias can predict how leaders’ foreign policies will respond to surprises regarding nuclear weapons proliferation and potentially other shifts in the balance of power.
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Šetka Čilić, Ivona, Tonina Ibrulj, and Ivan Nujić. "ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TOOLS IN A FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNING." South Eastern European Journal of Communication 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2024): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.47960/2712-0457.2024.1.6.65.
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We live in the 21st century. Nothing is the same as it used to be ten years ago, not to mention 50 or more years ago. Everything has changed. We live in a world of fast communication where the biggest problem is time, i.e., the lack of time. We want everything, and we want it now. We live a multi-tasking life, and 24 hours is not enough to do everything we need. Some kind of assistance is more necessary than ever before; consequently, humans have invented machines to make their lives easier. Today, we have devices and gadgets we could only dream about or see in science fiction movies 50 and more years ago, such as iPhones, robots, drones, and different tools to help us learn something, buy things online, and similar. Artificial intelligence (AI) is now present almost everywhere. However, in this paper, the authors are interested in using artificial intelligence tools in English language learning. The central part of this paper was to investigate if English language students at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Science of the University of Mostar use artificial intelligence (AI) tools in their language learning and, if so, which ones would be the most dominant. For that purpose, a questionnaire containing 11 questions was created using Google Forms, and students were asked to fill it out. The total number of students who participated was 69. Two hypotheses were set – the first one indicates that EL undergraduate and graduate single-major and double-major students are familiar with the term artificial intelligence, and the second indicates that Google Translate is the most commonly used AI tool. Both hypotheses were proven. Even though only 69 students participated, it can be said that the results are representative because they give a good insight into the actual, current situation regarding English language students’ s use and implementation of AI tools in their English language learning and can be taken as a reasonable basis for some future, more thorough research. Keywords: questionnaire; Google forms; English language students; English language learning; artificial intelligence (AI); artificial intelligence tools
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Nouadri, Samia Ilhem. "Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Neuropsychology: Need for complementarity." International Journal of Language, Literature and Culture 3, no. 1 (2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijllc.3.1.1.
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This article aims to show that in a school situation, the teacher may encounter, for example, situations that require psychological or social knowledge and certain behaviors in the FLE class. This study aims to apply the results and strategies of research specific to (artificial intelligence; neurosciences, psychology, neuropsychology, cognitive psychology) in teaching and learning a foreign language in a university context, which corresponds to reality to provide teachers with a minimum of knowledge about the functioning of the brain. Because the qualification of teachers of French as a foreign language is not reduced to a simple presentation of methodological, pedagogical and ethical facts, but should rather be more concerned with all potentially beneficial aspects to such professional practice. This work led us to answer our main problem: How can the collaboration of the two disciplines: artificial intelligence and cognitive neuropsychology contribute to a better learning of FLE?
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Pillay, Anton Michael. "How Hollywood and US Foreign Policy Mirror Each Other to Produce Surrealism." NETSOL: New Trends in Social and Liberal Sciences 9, no. 2 (December 11, 2024): 42–58. https://doi.org/10.24819/netsol2024.10.
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As a soft power tool, Hollywood has successfully exported American values, ideals, and exceptionalism to the world. In a way, this influence has shaped global perceptions on how Americans view themselves and how the world views the country. As art imitates life, it is only natural that Hollywood came to produce films that deal with US foreign policy (US FP) issues. Over the years a solid relationship between Hollywood films and US FP has grown so intricately, that some argue that the US government is an un-named producer on films that portray themes on US FP. It is not only the US FP that influences Hollywood, but the surrealism or ‘make believe’ narratives that Hollywood produces can be seen in the way US FP creates its own narratives, which sometimes appear detached or self-absorbed, as if operating in an isolated bubble. This two-way mimicking phenomenon is referred to as ‘mirroring’. There are number of points to this protocol namely: re-scripting, desensitizing, how intelligence agencies are framed, how racism and stereotyping injected with the Hollywood ending, and the unapologetic Hollywood hero, and film accolades are presented. This paper unpacks what is termed as the ‘mirroring protocol’ to explain the relationship between Hollywood and US FP.
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Boldakova, V. P. "THE CONCEPT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH." Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches, no. 3(30) (December 31, 2020): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/mlmdr.2020.30.3.009.
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Statement of the problem. The article describes approaches to the study of emotional intelligence in domestic and foreign studies. The theory of emotional intelligence has not yet acquired a holistic conceptual form, as there is still no solid empirical and methodological basis. However, the multitude of extensive theoretical and practical findings allows us to assert popularization and relevance of scientific research in this field of knowledge. The author touches upon the existing controversial issues relating to the content and terminology of emotional intelligence theory and briefly indicates some possible cutting-edge ways for systematization of available data. Results. The author outlines further prospects for research in the field of emotional intelligence. The interest of further surveys can go back to the study of negative aspects of this phenomenon: manipulative ability, false ability as well as any ability leading to asocial behavior. It is impossible to deny or ignore the flip side of emotional intelligence and all processes associated with it since the bipolar coverage of this phenomenon can lead to serious arguments or evidence of the facts, acting as an additional scientific information resource. Understanding emotions and ability to manage them are important factors in building interpersonal, social and industrial relations. Intelligence is expressed in labor activity in such abilities as competence, initiative, creativity and self-organization. Emotional intelligence, being one of the varieties of human intelligence, has now earned the status of “mainstream” - an urgent and promising trend in psychological and pedagogical practice. Emotional competence contributes to a more effective implementation of professional activities and building harmonious social contacts. Conclusion. Sum it up, it is necessary to note the ambiguity of interpretations to substantiate the essence of "emotional intelligence". The abundance of scientific views testifies to the relevance and recognition of EI as a scientific field with a “great future” in numerous international studies, which gives this phenomenon a special status in modern scientific thought. The absence of a solid empirical and methodological context presents an opportunity for future investigation of emotional intelligence through determinism, prognosticism and recognition of its great potential.
9
Joksimovic, Aleksandra. "Sanctions as tools in the US foreign policy after the cold war." Medjunarodni problemi 58, no. 4 (2006): 469–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0604469j.
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In searching for various opportunities to act in pursuing its foreign policy and endeavors to achieve a dominant role in the global processes USA has developed a broad range of instruments including a financial assistance as a way to be given support for its positions, intelligence activities, its public diplomacy, unilateral implementation of sanctions and even military interventions. The paper devotes special attention to one of these instruments - sanctions, which USA implemented in the last decade of the 20th century more than ever before. The author explores the forms and mechanisms for implementation of sanctions, the impact and effects they produce on the countries they are directed against, but also on the third parties or the countries that have been involved in the process by concurrence of events and finally on USA as the very initiator of imposing them.
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Evstigneev, M. N. "Planning a foreign language lesson using generative artificial intelligence technologies." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities 29, no. 3 (July 20, 2024): 617–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2024-29-3-617-634.
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Importance. The widespread use of generative artificial intelligence technologies has an impact on all stages of pedagogical activity, including the planning stage. Taking into account the language teaching features of artificial intelligence technologies, such as generativity and the ability to personalize the curriculum, it is necessary to note a significant increase in educational motivation when teaching a foreign language. This circumstance also explains the active surge in the use of generative artificial intelligence technologies by students when preparing homework or preparing for classroom classes. On the part of a foreign language teacher, there is a slightly different picture due to the lack of advanced training courses on the use of modern means of teaching a foreign language or a banal reluctance to learn something new, allowing to depart from traditional teaching methods. The purpose of this study is to determine the suitability of generative artificial intelligence technologies for pedagogical planning of a foreign language lesson.Research Methods. At the first stage, in order to conduct research to identify the effectiveness of the use of generative artificial intelligence technologies in planning a foreign language lesson, the following theoretical methods are used: the study and analysis of academic and educational literature on the integration of modern technologies into foreign languages teaching methods, comparison and synthesis of the studied information. The second stage involves the use of empirical research methods: observation, description, survey and content analysis, which allows us to study the suitability of generative intelligence technologies for pedagogical planning in preparation for foreign language classes.Definition of Concepts. The main concepts in this study are “curriculum”, “scenario of an educational lesson”, “pedagogical planning”, “technologies of generative artificial intelligence”.Results and Discussion. The conducted survey among students has revealed statistical data on the basis of which the suitability of a certain type of generative artificial intelligence technologies is determined when planning a foreign language lesson. Based on the analysis of the generated scenario, the advantages and disadvantages of these technologies are identified. The advantages include: a) the development of creative abilities; b) access to authentic materials; c) increased visibility and visualization of learning; d) the development of interdisciplinary skills; e) the efficiency of monitoring the achievements of students. Possible problems in planning the learning process using generative artificial intelligence technologies include: a) low level of ICT competence; b) low level of teaching methods competence; c) generativity as a language teaching property of artificial intelligence technologies; d) limited functionality of technologies and narrowly focused application in practice.Conclusion. The use of generative artificial intelligence technologies when planning a foreign language lesson allows to create a basis or template blanks of a curriculum or a scenario of an educational lesson, which subsequently acquire teaching methods components with the direct participation of a teacher. The results obtained in the course of the study can be used in foreign language teaching methods using generative artificial intelligence technologies.
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Godovanyuk, Kira A. "“New Atlanticism” as a Factor of UK-US Relations." Russia and America in the 21st Century, S3 (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760029106-3.
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The “special relationship” with the US is at the center of UK foreign policy strategy, which is determined by the overall objective of influencing the modern system of international relations along with adapting to its changes. The UK's post-Brexit "New Atlanticism" has manifested itself in several ways. From a geopolitical point of view, the UK seeks to play a special role in ensuring Euro-Atlantic security against the backdrop of building a new model of relations with the EU. From the economic and regulatory perspective, there is a tendency towards leadership in issues of technology and artificial intelligence security with the support of the US.
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Broda, Mariana, Kaleriia Kovalova, Iryna Bezugla, Olesia Stoika, and Kateryna Mulyk. "ENHANCING FOREIGN LANGUAGE ACQUISITION." Conhecimento & Diversidade 17, no. 45 (February 18, 2025): 166–82. https://doi.org/10.18316/rcd.v17i45.12371.
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The article is devoted to analysing cognitive aspects of foreign language learning, including theoretical foundations, modern approaches and innovative technologies such as artificial intelligence and interactive tools. It emphasises the importance of considering cognitive processes, in particular memory, attention and motivation, to improve the efficiency of the learning process. The study’s relevance is driven by the need to improve the effectiveness of foreign language learning in the context of globalisation, multiculturalism and the development of information technology. Focusing on the cognitive aspects of learning allows us to consider learners’ individual characteristics, improving their motivation, engagement and learning. The article aims to study the cognitive aspects of foreign language learning and develop recommendations for implementing cognitively oriented methods in the educational process using innovative technologies. The methods included theoretical analysis of the literature, systematisation of methods, empirical survey of teachers and students, and quantitative and qualitative data analysis. The study results show that cognitive approaches contribute to effectively learning foreign language material. Teachers and students positively evaluate interactive methods and gamification, although there is a need to improve technical support. It has been found that individual cognitive styles, memory, attention and motivation are key factors in effective learning.
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Sysoyev, Pavel V., Evgeniy M. Filatov, and Danila O. Sorokin. "Feedback in foreign language teaching: from information technologies to artificial intelligence." Yazyk i kul'tura, no. 65 (2024): 242–61. https://doi.org/10.17223/19996195/65/11.
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The modern stage of technological advancement is characterized by the dynamic development of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies and their integration into education. Of the several dozen artificial intelligence technologies used in various spheres of human activity, the most widely used in education are: a) machine learning, b) natural language processing, c) data science and d) intelligent tutoring system. On their basis, artificial intelligence tools are created, which have significant language teaching potential and in many ways change the traditional roles of the teacher and learners in the educational process. However, it should be noted that the integration of artificial intelligence technologies into education in general and foreign language teaching in particular is currently at the initial stage. Educators and learning designers conduct pilot studies investigating the abilities of specific artificial intelligence tools in the formation of foreign language aspects or the development of learners' foreign language communication skills. At the same time, the limited number of empirical research studies does not allow us to talk about the systematicity and comprehensiveness of foreign language teaching based on artificial intelligence technologies. One of the key differences between artificial intelligence technologies and modern information and communication technologies is their AI’s ability to provide a much wider range of feedback. It is owing to this advantage of artificial intelligence that innovative methods of teaching a foreign language will be based, creating new additional conditions for students to master a foreign language and raising the learning process to a new level in terms of the quality of solving learning tasks. However, the consideration of the types of feedback provided by AI tools has not been the subject of separate research, which determined the importance of this study. The aim of the study is to identify the types of feedback provided to learners by artificial intelligence technologies for the subsequent development of teaching methods (teaching technologies and/or typologies of tasks and assignments) based on them. The definition of the types of feedback provided to users by artificial intelligence tools was based on a review and analysis of research in the field of pedagogy and foreign language teaching methods. The sample of sources included research articles and reviews published in academic journals indexed in Scopus and Web of Science (Q1 and Q2), as well as Russian academic journals, included in the list of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Russian Federation (Categories 1 and 2) (pedagogical sciences). The following aspects of teaching methods were the subject of study in the review and analysis of academic papers: a) the artificial intelligence tool used for receiving feedback; b) the target audience of learners; c) the purpose of interaction with artificial intelligence; d) the form of activities; e) the type of feedback used. As a result, the following six types of feedback provided by artificial intelligence tools were identified in this study: a) educational and social; b) information and reference; c) methodological; d) analytical; e) evaluative; f) conditionally creative feedback.
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Levin, Y. A., and S. O. Buranok. "Formation of “Red Scare” Concept in USA in First Half of XX Century." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 5 (May 30, 2020): 424–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2020-5-424-434.
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The issue of how the an important and multifaceted aspect of domestic and foreign policy formed by US FBI, called the "Red Scare" is addressed in the article. It is shown that this political and ideological concept seemed unacceptable for distribution in the United States, since it created a danger of the penetration of communist ideas and their adherents into all government bodies and major public organizations. Factors that influenced the strengthening of the FBI’s position in the fight against communist ideology in the United States in the 1920s, in particular, terrorist acts carried out by left-wing forces, which allowed the FBI to implement a program of struggle (Palmer raids) with organizations, adhering to communist views are examined. The measures taken by the FBI and its director John Edgar Hoover in the 1930s against Soviet intelligence, which contributed to reinforcing negative perceptions of the “Red Scare” within the agency are highlighted. The authors conclude that the position of the FBI influenced the building of the attitude of the entire US intelligence community in this vein, which in turn had a great impact on the development of the country’s domestic and foreign policy.
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Chebotareva, Anna Aleksandrovna, Natalya Gennadievna Kazantseva, Ekaterina Sergeevna Vologdina, Tatevik Vartanovna Grigorian, and Irina Sergeevna Sukhanova. "Digital transformation and artificial intelligence in the activities of customs services in Russia and foreign countries." SHS Web of Conferences 118 (2021): 04014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202111804014.
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The purpose of this study is to analyze the legal framework and generalize the practical experience of world powers in the application of artificial intelligence technologies in the activities of customs services. The methodological basis of the study was made up of universal methods and special research methods, which made it possible to draw general conclusions and conduct a qualitative assessment of the relations studied in this work. The result of the research was the author’s understanding of the concept of “artificial intelligence in the field of customs”. The study also substantiates the conclusion about the need to improve the efficiency of customs control and accelerate customs operations with goods through the introduction of artificial intelligence into the work of customs services. Scientific novelty is characterized by the following provisions: 1) the experience of using artificial intelligence in some foreign countries, made it possible to state that there are unconditional advantages of using the artificial intelligence system in customs activities; 2) from the modern standpoint of complex branches of law, a legal conceptual apparatus has been formulated, which is used in the regulation of social relations in the course of the application of artificial intelligence technologies; 3) the generalization of the world experience of the accumulated intelligent technological solutions allows us to speak about the model of an “intelligent” checkpoint that is promising for innovative Russia.
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Evstigneev, M. N. "A model of language and methodological pre-service teachers’ training based on artificial intelligence technologies." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities 29, no. 5 (November 22, 2024): 1222–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2024-29-5-1222-1238.
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Importance. Existing empirical research in the field of integration of artificial intelligence technology in foreign language teaching is devoted to the use of specific technology in teaching types of speech activity, mainly writing. The authors note the wide methodological potential of artificial intelligence technologies in foreign language teaching and use chatbots, voice assistants, intelligent learning systems, corpus technologies to form the foreign language communicative competence of students. However, the analysis of a number of studies has allowed us to conclude that so far the authors have not attempted to design a unified model of language and methodological preservice teachers’ training based on artificial intelligence technologies. The purpose of this work is to design a model of language and methodological pre-service teachers’ training based on artificial intelligence technologies.Research Methods. The present study is related to the study of the context of the integration of artificial intelligence technologies into language education. To achieve the set research goal, theoretical methods were used: the study and analysis of scientific and methodological works on thedesign of methodological models of teaching a foreign language using modern technologies; empirical methods: survey, observation and description of research results; modeling methods.Definition of Concepts. The main concepts in this work are “the model of language and methodological pre-service teachers’ training” and “the competence of a pre-service foreign language teacher in the field of using artificial intelligence technologies”.Results and Discussion. Structurally, the model of language and methodological pre-service teachers’ training based on artificial intelligence technologies is represented by the following components: prerequisites (determining the relevance of designing a learning model), a goalsetting block (setting goals and objectives for developing teaching methods), a theoretical block (determining the theoretical and methodological basis of research), a technological block (determining strategies and teaching methods, selection of the learning content, identification of organizational and pedagogical learning conditions, the choice of optimal organizational forms of learning, the definition of pedagogical tools), the evaluation and performance block (the development of a criterion-based assessment apparatus and the forecast of expected learning outcomes).Conclusion. At this stage, the proposed model reflects the essence of the development of AI technologies and their applicability in a foreign language teaching. The separation of artificial intelligence from a means of learning into a separate subject of the educational process indicates that there is a paradigm shift in the use of new technologies in learning. AI technologies are able to provide high-quality feedback, create additional conditions for language practice, take on daily routine tasks and automate them, thereby shaping the ability of students to engage in their education and self-education throughout their lives. The obtained research results are recommended to be used in the methodology of teaching a foreign language, as well as in the development of private methods of teaching a foreign language using AI technologies.
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Acharya, GP. "Impact of Artificial Intelligence on New Global Order: A Nepalese Security Perspective." Unity Journal 5, no. 1 (March 25, 2024): 123–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63189.
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The novelty of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and nascent geo-tech interests of powerful countries have largely influenced foreign policy, while ‘techno-geopolitics’ and the emergence of the ‘AI world order’ have constantly challenged the world order milieu. The changing global power dynamics, including the escalating Russia-Ukraine war, the Israel-Palestine conflict and China’s rising clout in tech and diplomatic spheres have induced specific geo-political challenges to the US-led global order. In this context, this research primarily unfolds whether the remaking of new global order can fundamentally be signified by the end of bipolar or unipolar world order, while the advancement of AI technology and geo-tech interests of tech powers have contributed to a remaking of new global order. As the powerful countries have fundamentally concentrated on marshaling AI in foreign policy, both AI and foreign policy have been closely interlinked. This research aims to explore the impact of AI on new global order and corresponding security concerns, particularly Nepalese security concerns. Since both AI and the new global order are relatively vast fields, this research focuses on tech foreign policy that is directly linked with the balance of power and the corresponding international order. This study adopts an analytical descriptive research method. It relates AI ethics and global tech concerns, considering the global need, beginning with the notion of multilateral tech diplomacy, and inquiring whether the tech foreign policy is truly functional. Despite varying challenges to the new global order, rational ‘geopolitical balancing’ and techno-economic cooperation in ‘better-functioning relations’ with immediate neighbors and other superpowers drive Nepal’s security architecture.
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Болдакова, В. П. "THE CONCEPT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH." НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИЕ И МЕТОДИКО-ДИДАКТИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ, no. 3(47) (October 24, 2020): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2020.92.92.009.
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Постановка задачи. В данной статье рассматривается эмоциональный интеллект как одна из составляющих профессионального успеха человека, его особенности и способность к развитию на различных жизненных этапах. Цель исследования - проанализировать и выявить наличествующие подходы к описанию эмоционального интеллекта в отечественных и зарубежных исследованиях, выявить существующие проблемы и отрицательные стороны ЭИ. Результаты. Теория эмоционального интеллекта еще не приобрела целостную концептуальную форму, поскольку на данный момент отсутствует солидная эмпирико-методологическая база. Автор статьи кратко обозначает возможные перспективные направления по изучению отрицательных сторон эмоционального интеллекта, им также детерминируется связь между эмоциональным интеллектом и многими мыслительными процессами, обуславливающими высокие профессиональные показатели. Выводы. По мнению ученых, производственная продуктивность, зачастую, зависит именно от эмоциональной компетентности. Следовательно, данная концепция представляет особый интерес с точки зрения когнитивно-эмоционального потенциала личности и дальнейшего практического применения на профессиональном поприще. Statement of the problem. The article describes approaches to the study of emotional intelligence in domestic and foreign studies. The theory of emotional intelligence has not yet acquired a holistic conceptual form, as there is still no solid empirical and methodological basis. However, the multitude of extensive theoretical and practical findings allows us to assert popularization and relevance of scientific research in this field of knowledge. The author touches upon the existing controversial issues relating to the content and terminology of emotional intelligence theory and briefly indicates some possible cutting-edge ways for systematization of available data. Results. The author outlines further prospects for research in the field of emotional intelligence. The interest of further surveys can go back to the study of negative aspects of this phenomenon: manipulative ability, false ability as well as any ability leading to asocial behavior. It is impossible to deny or ignore the flip side of emotional intelligence and all processes associated with it since the bipolar coverage of this phenomenon can lead to serious arguments or evidence of the facts, acting as an additional scientific information resource. Understanding emotions and ability to manage them are important factors in building interpersonal, social and industrial relations. Intelligence is expressed in labor activity in such abilities as competence, initiative, creativity and self-organization. Emotional intelligence, being one of the varieties of human intelligence, has now earned the status of “mainstream” - an urgent and promising trend in psychological and pedagogical practice. Emotional competence contributes to a more effective implementation of professional activities and building harmonious social contacts. Conclusion. Sum it up, it is necessary to note the ambiguity of interpretations to substantiate the essence of "emotional intelligence". The abundance of scientific views testifies to the relevance and recognition of EI as a scientific field with a “great future” in numerous international studies, which gives this phenomenon a special status in modern scientific thought. The absence of a solid empirical and methodological context presents an opportunity for future investigation of emotional intelligence through determinism, prognosticism and recognition of its great potential.
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Nikolić, Goran. "Intelligence community of the People's Republic of China." Bezbednost, Beograd 63, no. 2 (2021): 122–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bezbednost2102122n.
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In this paper, apart from reviewing the existing intelligence structure of the intelligence community of the People's Republic of China, the author critically analyzes its historical development through different epochs, and also the organization, strategic guidelines and scope of its work. The fact that intelligence and security activities in the observed country existed in 2000 BC is emphasized. Their role in the security system of the People's Republic of China, faced with modern security challenges and threats, both on the domestic and foreign policy level is pointed out. At the domestic level, the biggest security challenges are reflected in the separatist aspirations of national minorities, while at the foreign policy level, it is the international position of the People's Republic of China, as the most important challenger for the US global domination. The People's Republic of China is responding to these challenges by increasing its allocations for strengthening and modernizing the national security system, where, in addition to the armed forces, the intelligence and security services also play a major role. It is also pointed out that the study of the intelligence and security community of the People's Republic of China is important for the Republic of Serbia, because our geopolitical position is such that it "connects" the Silk Road Economic Belt and the port of Piraeus, as the most important European point of the Silk Road.
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Ali Zaman Shah. "Geopolitical Significance of Balochistan: Interplay of Foreign Actors." Strategic Studies 37, no. 3 (October 16, 2017): 126–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.53532/ss.037.03.00213.
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The geographical location of Balochistan makes it an important region. The province, being the best possible and the shortest route to the Arabian Sea, has attracted the key international and regional players, including China, India, the US, Iran, the Central Asian Republics (CARs) and Afghanistan. Each player wanted to utilise this region to pursue its geopolitical and geostrategic interests. The building of Gwadar port and the development of Balochistan under the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is going to be a game changer for Pakistan’s socio-economic development. A fully operational Gwadar port will enhance Pakistan’s commercial activities and its connectivity with oil-rich Gulf states, the CARs, Afghanistan, China and with the rest of the world. Therefore, CPEC, under the Chinese One Belt One Road (OBOR) initiative, has enhanced the significance of the Balochistan province. However, it has also added to the concern of the adversaries of Pakistan and China, particularly India and the US. To counter the viability of Gwadar, India has started to invest considerably in the development of the Iranian Chabahar port. Since China’s rivalry with the US and India’s with Pakistan has been a recurring theme in the global and regional politics respectively. It is Iran’s strategic partnership with India, which has been stirring doubts in Pakistan. The episode of arrest of the Indian spy, Kulbhushan Jhadav, has confirmed the involvement of India’s intelligence agency — Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) — and endorsed all other reports on the foreign involvement in supporting the insurgency in Balochistan. In this milieu, this study is an effort to factor in the foreign elements in the current instability in the province.
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Shved, Viacheslav. "Outlines of the foreign policy course of the Joseph Biden administration towards the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf." American History & Politics: Scientific edition, no. 11 (2021): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2021.11.5.
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The administration of the new US president is intensively working out the main directions of its foreign policy and identifying new approaches to the key problems of nowadays. In the context of restoring US leadership in the world, Joe Biden team outlines its new agenda in relations with the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf. The priority of the tasks set by the new US administration in this region is primarily due to the need to correct as soon as possible the problems that have largely arisen as a result of the voluntarist actions of former US president D. Trump. The aim of the article is to comprehensively study the formation of the Joe Biden administration’s foreign policy outlines towards the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf in conformity with the US foreign policy in the region determined by the national interests and the main principles of the new US president and his team. The scientific novelty of the article is determined by analysis of implementation by Joe Biden administration of main principles of its global policy concerning Arab countries of the Persian Gulf and understanding of its first achievements and problems. The study, using historical and political analysis, found that among the first steps to correct the US foreign policy towards the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf, which would best combine democratic values with the restoration of US diplomatic leadership, the new US administration focused on the efforts to end the war in Yemen shortly and on the serious revision of the nature and content of the US-Saudi Arabia relations. Such further steps by the J. Biden administration as the temporary suspension of arms sales to Saudi Arabia and the UAE, the annulment of the definition of the Hussites as a terrorist organization, the White House announcement to begin a review of US-Saudi relations, and the intention to release a report by US National Intelligence on the assassination of the journalist J. Hashoggi indicate the desire of J. Biden and his team to overcome the consequences of a number of individual actions of D. Trump in relations with this group of countries as soon as possible.
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Ali, Isra. "Tactical Tactility: Warfare, Gender, and Cultural Intelligence." Catalyst: Feminism, Theory, Technoscience 2, no. 1 (April 22, 2016): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.28968/cftt.v2i1.28831.
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The participation of women in the landscape of warfare is increasingly visible; nowhere is this more evident than in the US military’s global endeavors. The US military’s reliance on cultural intelligence in its conceptualization of engagement strategies has resulted in the articulation of specific gendered roles in warfare. Women are thought to be particularly well suited to non-violent tactile engagements with civilians in war zones in Iraq and Afghanistan because of gender segregation in public and private spaces. Women in the military have consequently been able to argue for recognition of their combat service by framing this work in the war zone as work only women can do. Women reporters have been able to develop profiles as media producers, commentators, and experts on foreign policy, women, and the military by producing intimate stories about the lives of civilians only they can access. The work soldiers and reporters do is located in the warzone, but in the realms of the domestic and social, in the periods between bursts of violent engagement. These women are deployed as mediators between civilian populations in Afghanistan and Iraq and occupying forces for different but related purposes. Soldiers do the auxiliary work of combat in these encounters, reporters produce knowledge that undergirds the military project. Their work in combat zones emphasizes the interpersonal and relational as forms of tactile engagement. In these roles, they are also often mediating between the “temporary” infrastructure of the war zone and occupation, and the “permanent” infrastructure of nation state, local government, and community. The work women do as soldiers and reporters operates effectively with the narrative of militarism as a means for liberating women, reinforcing the perception of the military as an institution that is increasingly progressive in its attitudes towards membership, and in its military strategies. When US military strategy focuses on cultural practice in Arab and Muslim societies, commanders operationalize women soldiers in the tactics of militarism, the liberation of Muslim women becomes central in news and governmental discourses alike, and the notion of “feminism” is drawn into the project of US militarism in Afghanistan and Iraq in complex ways that elucidate how gender, equality, and difference, can be deployed in service of warfare.
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Mamedov, Zaur Imalverdi oglu. "The soviet school system in Central Intelligence Agency estimates at the initial stage of the Cold War." Samara Journal of Science 9, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv202091212.
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The paper is devoted to the analysis by the Central Intelligence Agency of the USSR school system. The US was in dire need of information about its new adversary. The situation was aggravated by the closed nature of the Soviet state and the absence of a long continuous tradition of intelligence activities of American intelligence. The president and other government bodies wanted to have comprehensive knowledge of any processes and phenomena in the world. US intelligence should have been able to solve this problem. In this regard, the first stage of the Cold War for the CIA was largely due to an analysis of official and semi-official sources, as well as the development of various strategies. In order to find out about various areas of the life in the USSR, analysts extracted information from Soviet scientific literature, press, radio, legislation and interrogations of former German prisoners. The National Assessment Bureau, led by William Langer and Sherman Kent, compiled reports on Soviet military capabilities, industry, agriculture, the political system, etc. The Soviet school system was considered by American intelligence specialists in the framework of the military and economic potential of the enemy, as well as the strategy of psychological warfare. The paper analyzes the reports concerning the educational system in the USSR in the aspect of school education, its strengths and weaknesses. The results allow us to conclude that the information about the Soviet school system contributed to the formation of the foreign policy and domestic policy of the United States.
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Kocherov, Oleg Sergeevich. "Prospects for China's Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Context of the US-China Geopolitical Rivalry." Мировая политика, no. 4 (April 2024): 12–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8671.2024.4.72438.
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Artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming an increasingly important factor in the dynamics of international relations and the transformation of war in the 21st century. Of particular interest is the analysis of the political development of the AI ​​program in China, which sees "smart" technologies as the most important means of achieving its project of "new type of international relations". This paper attempts to explore the prospects for the use of AI by China in the framework of the Sino-American political war in the context of China's foreign policy strategy. Based on the analysis of regulatory documents, the institutional transformation of the PRC in recent decades, and the conceptual foundations of China's foreign policy course, three most promising dimensions of the Sino-American AI confrontation are identified: strategic control over spaces, the creation of dual-use bases, and the formation of an international agenda beneficial to China. First, China can use AI to advance its interests in the Indo-Pacific through the concept of “deterrence through detection,” as well as the use of swarm intelligence. Second, China can both access natural resources in the Arctic and ocean trenches and project its influence in these regions and shape the norms of behavior in them. Third, China can use AI to exercise its “discursive power” through a variety of methods: from creating meta-norms in the field of global AI governance to using “smart” bots for “dialogue propaganda” among Internet users and even using the potential of strong AI to generate new “Confucian-Marxist” political concepts. The article also concludes with recommendations regarding potential tracks of Sino-Russian AI cooperation: Russia's involvement in the Chinese military-civil integration program, coordination of discursive confrontation with the United States using "smart" technologies, as well as cooperation on the Arctic issue.
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Pavlyuk, Olesya. "The US policy toward the Islamic Republic of Iran during the Reagan administration." European Historical Studies, no. 4 (2016): 176–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2016.04.176-191.
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The foreign policy approaches and methods of establishing bilateral relations between Washington and Tehran and the actual implementation of the US “containment” policy towards Iran are analyzed in the article. The author argues that the Middle Eastern vector of US foreign policy was formed according to the three security challenges in the region and Iranian involvement in them: the Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988, the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982 and the kidnapping of American hostages in Beirut 1982. Background and progress of Iran-Iraq war were the result of striking contradictions between regional and world leaders in the Middle East. In fact, since the early 1980s. this military confrontation substantially affect the US relationship with IRI. In this context, the key point was the blatant US support of the Iraq and its government. Reagan administration continued the foreign policy of J. Carter and considered the Soviet Union as the greatest threat to the Gulf region, including through military intervention in Afghanistan and its close ties with radical countries like Libya and Syria. In the Middle East, the White House has focused its efforts on negotiations on a peace treaty between Israel and Egypt in 1978. Before the revolution in 1979, Iran was crucial to US interests in the Middle East. First, as a frontline state with an extended 2000-km border with the Soviet Union, as well as a springboard for American intelligence. In addition, Iran was one of the few Muslim countries to recognize Israel, and exported oil to it. However, the after the Islamic revolution, Iran became the periphery to US priorities in the region.
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Serova, Ekaterina. "Military aspects of cooperation between Finland and the USA: challenges for Russia." Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS 35, no. 5 (October 31, 2023): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran520233041.
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The article analyses military and political factors of cooperation between Finland and the United States since 1990s up to the present. The author attempts to show the role Finnish defence forces in the US military reinforcement plans in the Northern European Theater of Operations. The author focuses on the American security interests in Finnish territories, as well as expert views on the US priority in Finland’s foreign policy, including the latest public opinion polls. The aim of US military reinforcement in Finland is twofold. First, to pose a threat to Russia. Second, to help the US military improve surveillance, intelligence and analysis capabilities in real time in north-west Europe and the North Atlantic. Within the context of challenges to Russia’s security, the major institutional arrangements, military trends and consequences of cooperation are discussed. Finally, scenarios for the development of Finnish-US relations within NATO are proposed.
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Gross, Stephen. "Confidence and Gold: German War Finance 1914–1918." Central European History 42, no. 2 (May 15, 2009): 223–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938909000296.
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In January 1915, Sir William Grenfell Max-Müller, an intelligence officer in the British Foreign Office, recorded the following remark from a German trade journal.As long as the confidence in military and political victory continues, we need not fear our paper system and its consequences. But one sees immediately what would be bound to threaten us in the contrary case—a ruin to avoid which we are compelled to sacrifice the last man and the last penny.1
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Pylypiuk, Kateryna. "Outreach Influence of the Russian Federation on the Presidential Elections in the United States of America (2016 and 2020)." Mediaforum : Analytics, Forecasts, Information Management, no. 11 (December 14, 2022): 310–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mediaforum.2022.11.310-319.
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A striking example of the Russian Federation’s information and propaganda influense was its interference in the 2016 and 2020 presidential elections. In conducting this research, we will focus mainly on reports from the US intelligence community to assess the extent of foreign influence on the electoral process. Analyzing the US information space during the last presidential elections, we can highlight a unifying element – the role and intentions of the Russian Federation and its President Vladimir Putin to influence the American election process. Among Vladimir Putin’s intentions can be traced - undermining the confidence of the citizens of the United States in the election process, reducing the chances of victory for the Democratic Party, deepening socio-political contradictions.
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Nerents, Daria Valer'evna. "New approaches towards creating journalistic content in the US media." Филология: научные исследования, no. 8 (August 2021): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2021.8.36115.
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Media convergence and digital revolution have become the reason of the important transformation processes that affected the editorial offices of all mass media. Constant information flow, public access to foreign media resources contributed to an unprecedented struggle for the audience. At the same time, the development of new technologies and software prompts the journalists to draw attention to the new opportunities and prospects that open up due to this. The subject of this research is the modern approaches towards interaction between the journalists and journalist with their audience, as well as use of technological capabilities within the framework of creating journalistic materials in the US mass media. The scientific novelty lies in the attempt to explore and systematize the new approaches towards creating media content that have emerged in the United States in the first half of the XXI century due to information and communication technologies and globalization of the information space, and commence to appear in Russia. Such research would allow to not only reveal the peculiarities of implementation of new techniques and methodologies in the US journalism, but also to see the development trends of the Russian journalism, since the experience of foreign colleagues has been used for decades. In conclusion, the author highlights the shift in priorities of the journalists, who prefer cooperation in creating large-scale resonance projects, rather than competition. Moreover, livening up the audience allows the journalists to involve it to creation of media content, and artificial intelligence may significantly reduce the time and financial costs to produce journalistic stories.
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O'BRIEN, KEVIN A. "Managing national security and law enforcement intelligence in a globalised world." Review of International Studies 35, no. 4 (October 2009): 903–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210509990349.
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AbstractThis article argues that there are five major challenges currently facing Western intelligence communities. First – ensuring skills retention for intelligence officers and analysts, while developing knowledgeable managers and customers, all in an increasingly-complex security environment. Second – instituting and inculcating knowledge and expertise in these staff – while addressing an opponent in al-Qaeda which demonstrates increasingly sophisticated use of IT, new media, etc. Third – drawing-in outside expertise from the research and business communities, as is done currently in the US and Canada but in only a very limited manner in the UK. Fourth – overcoming institutional rigidity in dividing the foreign and domestic – alongside rigid sharing and co-operation relationships. Fifth – creating truly collaborative environments that offer genuine socio-cultural incentives to collaboration rather than mere ‘IT solutions’.
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Charbonneau, Rebecca. "Imaginative Cosmos: The Impact of Colonial Heritage in Radio Astronomy and the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence." American Indian Culture and Research Journal 45, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 71–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17953/aicrj.45.1.charbonneau.
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Astronomers conducting searches for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) have long been interested in the history of “first contact” between foreign civilizations as a proxy for extraterrestrial contact and have often employed frontier metaphors and colonial analogies in their pursuit of extraterrestrials. This article shows this language was more than mere rhetoric; drawing from the history of Orientalism and the US frontier, this article investigates SETI’s physical and disciplinary homes, ultimately arguing that, even when attempting to convey universality, SETI scientist’s pursuit of the alien was shaped by cultural power structures such as gender and colonialism.
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Amran, Ikhwan Muzammil, and Anas Fathul Ariffin. "Forecasting Malaysian Exchange Rate using Artificial Neural Network." Jurnal Intelek 15, no. 2 (July 28, 2020): 136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/ji.v15i2.323.
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In todays fast paced global economy, the accuracy in forecasting the foreign exchange rate or predicting the trend is a critical key for any future business to come. The use of computational intelligence based techniques for forecasting has been proved to be successful for quite some time. This study presents a computational advance for forecasting the Foreign Exchange Rate in Kuala Lumpur for Ringgit Malaysia against US Dollar. A neural network based model has been used in forecasting the days ahead of exchange rate. The aims of this research are to make a prediction of Foreign Exchange Rate in Kuala Lumpur for Ringgit Malaysia against US Dollar using artificial neural network and determine practicality of the model. The Alyuda NeuroIntelligence software was utilized to analyze and to predict the data. After the data has been processed and the structural network compared to each other, the network of 2-4-1 has been chosen by outperforming other networks. This network selection criteria are based on Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) value which shows the lowest of them all. The training algorithm that applied is Quasi-Netwon based on the lowest recorded absolute training error. Hence, it is believed that experimental results demonstrate that Artificial Neural Network based model can closely predict the future exchange rate.
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Šuvaković, Uroš. "Creator of the present in an attempt to understand the future or what can be counted as, but not reduced to, Kissinger's legacy." Napredak 5, no. 2 (2024): 129–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/napredak5-52859.
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The text was written with an idea of reviewing the book The Age of A.I. and Our Human Future (2021/2022) by Henry Kissinger and his eminent associates Eric Schmidt and Daniel Huttenlocher, which was published in the USA when Kissinger was 99 years old. Since in the meantime this US statesman passed away at the age of 101, it was impossible not to take into consideration and, at least briefly, not point to Kissinger's main accomplishments in international relations and diplomacy, his attitudes relevant for the Yugoslav crisis, and then look at this diplomat's attempt in the book about artificial intelligence to perceive its potentials and, by understanding its advantages and shortcomings, to model the direction of the development of humanity. That is why this paper consists of two parts. The first part sketches Kissinger's influence of US foreign affairs and making far-reaching foreign policy decisions of the USA, which created the world we used to know in the second half of the 20th century, with a particular emphasis on the establishment of relations between the People's Republic of China and the USA, and the détente policy of the USA and the USSR. In the second part, attention is dedicated to Kissinger's analyses and warnings about the emergence and development of artificial intelligence. Although he delved into this field at a rather advanced age, his insights are extremely important, particularly given his striving for international cooperation in the regulation of this matter.
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Minaev, Maxim V. "Russia Group of the Biden Administration’s National Security Council Staff (2021-2022)." USA & Canada Economics – Politics – Culture, no. 9 (December 15, 2023): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s2686673023090092.
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Russia is among the Joseph Biden Administration foreign policy priorities. The article presents the Russia Group (Russia specialist’s panel) of the Joe Biden Administration National Security Council (NSC) Staff process of formation. The point at issue is officer’s group in charge of US-Russian relations. The article chronological framework - from January 2021 to January 2022. The focus of the research paper on the personalities composed the American-Russian relations responsible officer’s body in NSC. Inclusive of Senior Director for Russia and Central Asia. Andrea Kendall-Taylor and Eric Green held it position the period under review. The article consciously thinks the NSC Russia Ring main functionality and its role in the Joe Biden Administration foreign policy machine. The special attention has been given to the NSC Russian Directorate process of changes under Joe Biden Administration. Inclusive of Senior Director Job title and regions wise terms of influence. The article is also reviewing the United States Intelligence Community officers’ political role in US-Russian relations during the Joe Biden Administration.
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Tahiri, Zylfije. "English as a Foreign Language Students’ Usage of Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer in the Classroom and Homework Assignments." Proceedings of The International Conference on Research in Teaching and Education 1, no. 1 (April 21, 2024): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/rteconf.v1i1.171.
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Understanding the interaction between artificial intelligence and humans was one of the study's objectives. Another was to examine the advantages and disadvantages of ChatGPT for English language learners. The primary aims of this study were to examine how English language learners utilize ChatGPT, why they use it, and how it impacts their academic progress. The phenomenon in question has been the subject of extensive research. The questionnaire used in this study was created with Google Forms and delivered electronically. More than 115 English as a foreign language students gave answers; the majority of them were students studying English at the bachelor and master levels. The questionnaire data represent how and how frequently students utilize ChatGPT, and the results show that a considerable proportion of them use the software. The data also show us the most common reasons why English language students use ChatGPT, and it appears that grammar is the first reason, while tasks requiring critical thinking are the second. Another very distinct reason is the use of ChatGPT for summarizing the books they are required to read during their English studies, which usually occurs at the bachelor's level where they learn Old and Modern English Literature. The results also revealed that students believe ChatGPT has had a beneficial impact on their academic advancement. After all, it is vital to note that artificial intelligence and its application are a developing phenomenon, particularly in the educational process; thus, the support of ChatGPT is assisting students in realizing their school projects, although not completely. This phenomenon should be viewed as both useful and detrimental. Artificial intelligence should not be used to limit student growth and critical thinking since it risks diminishing the value of human intelligence. Something artificial cannot be substituted with something natural, such as intelligence. As a result, our synthesizing mind is capable of far more than artificial intelligence.
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Jervis, Robert. "Response to James Lebovic's review of Why Intelligence Fails: Lessons from the Iranian Revolution and the Iraq War." Perspectives on Politics 8, no. 4 (November 23, 2010): 1169–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592710002252.
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Among the many issues raised by James Lebovic's perceptive review are two that strike me as crucial: the relationships between intelligence and social science and those between intelligence and policymaking. The first itself has two parts, one being how scholars can study intelligence. Both access and methods are difficult. For years, diplomatic historians referred to intelligence as the “hidden dimension” of their subject. Now it is much more open, and Great Britain, generally more secretive than the United States, has just issued the authorized history of MI5 (see Christopher Andrew, Defend the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5, 2009). Since the end of the Cold War, the CIA has released extensive, if incomplete, records, and the bright side (for us) of intelligence failures is that they lead to the release of treasure troves of documents, which can often be supplemented by memoirs and interviews. But even more than in other aspects of foreign policy analysis, we are stuck with evidence that is fragmentary. In this way, we resemble scholars of ancient societies, who forever lament the loss of most of the material they want to study.
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Тесаков, Г. Т. "Comparative legal analysis of domestic and foreign legislation in the field of the use of artificial intelligence in the creation of intellectual property objects." International Law Journal 7, no. 3 (May 3, 2024): 242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.58224/2658-5693-2024-7-3-242-246.
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современные темпы развития искусственного интеллекта опережают возможности его правового регулирования. В России развиваются программы, способные создавать аудиовизуальные, текстовые и графические объекты искусства. Высокий уровень исполнения, творческая новизна и вложение рабочих мощностей программы позволяет поставить вопрос о возможности наделения искусственного интеллекта авторскими, смежными или патентными правами. Актуальность выбранной темы обусловлена разницей в подходах к правовому регулированию результатов интеллектуальной деятельности искусственного интеллекта в Российском национальном и международном праве. the current pace of development of artificial intelligence is ahead of the possibilities of its legal regulation. Programs capable of creating audiovisual, text and graphic art objects are being developed in Russia. The high level of execution, creative novelty and investment of the program's work allows us to raise the question of the possibility of granting artificial intelligence copyright, related or patent rights. The relevance of the chosen topic is due to the difference in approaches to the legal regulation of the results of intellectual activity of artificial intelligence in Russian national and international law.
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Zorikhin, Alexander. "The activity of Japanese military intelligence against the USSR in 1922-1945." Problemy dalnego vostoka, no. 2 (2022): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013128120018449-4.
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Japan's military intelligence has been continuously working around the world since 1871, and Russia has always remained one of its main goals. After the end of the intervention in 1922, the Japanese government took a course to normalize relations with our country, in connection with which the intelligence agencies of the empire monitored the activities of the Soviet leadership to strengthen the defense and economic potential of the state and the implementation of foreign policy objectives in the Far East, without conducting subversive actions. The USSR state security agencies managed to arrange the transfer of inflated data on the state of the Red Army to the Japanese military intelligence, as the central intelligence agency of the empire, therefore, in 1923-1931, Tokyo's military planning against our country was defensive in nature. After the capture of Manchuria in 1932, Japan faced the Soviet Union's buildup of its troops beyond Lake Baikal, regarding this fact as preparation for an invasion of Northeast China. Japanese intelligence intensified its activities to collect information about the intentions of the Soviet leadership and engaged in the organization of a sabotage apparatus in the event of a war with the USSR in 1937-1938, however, counter measures of the Soviet state security bodies hampered the work of the empire's special services in our country. After the defeat on the Khalkhin-Gol river (1939), the military-political leadership of Japan carried out a radical reorganization of the military intelligence agencies, strengthening their personnel and betting on the collection of information by technical means. Thanks to the information received from the foreign intelligence apparatus, the government of the Empire in the summer and autumn of 1941 came to the conclusion that it was inappropriate to attack the Soviet Union. The entry of the USSR into the war against militaristic Japan in 1945 drew a line under the activities of the empire's military intelligence and became a prologue to its transition to US control.
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Briant, Emma L. "Pentagon Ju-Jitsu – reshaping the field of propaganda." Critical Sociology 45, no. 3 (March 5, 2018): 361–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0896920517750741.
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This article presents qualitative research examining adaptation to global asymmetric threats and a modern media environment of US Government propaganda systems by planners following 9-11, which proceeded largely unhindered by public debate. It draws on interviews with US elite sources including foreign policy, defense and intelligence personnel and documentary sources to explore how dissent was contained. A ‘merging’ of Psychological Operations and Public Affairs has been identified as a point of concern elsewhere and is argued to have facilitated the extension of US hegemony. It will present an account of the struggles between 2005 and 2009 when planners sought to alter ‘foreign’ and ‘domestic’ audience targeting norms that emerged in an old-media system of sovereign states with more stable populations. It focuses on a key example of transformation: the pressing through of internet policy changes for military Psychological Operations and Public Affairs, against resistance. Policies were brought in to coordinate and overcome discordance in foreign-domestic messaging by Psychological Operations and Information Operations personnel. Viewed as operational necessity for Psychological Operations, these resulted in a ‘terf war’ with Public Affairs who constructed a defense using discourses of legitimacy and credibility with domestic audiences. This article will show how concerns raised by Public Affairs were met by the reduction of their planning role, until a culture change and new orthodoxy emerged. Challenges raised by evolving media demand a reappraisal of propaganda governance and governments must allow greater transparency for public debate, legal judgement and independent academic enquiry to occur.
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Vasylenko, V., and Yu Tsiupachenko. "Overview of the State of Use of Artificial Intelligence Technologies in Education: Foreign Experience." Visnyk of Kharkiv State Academy of Culture, no. 66 (December 26, 2024): 114–26. https://doi.org/10.31516/2410-5333.066.09.
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The relevance of the paper is due to the fact that the use of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in education is determined by global trends in the digitalization of the learning process and the need to adapt educational systems to contemporary challenges. Foreign experience in implementing AI demonstrates significant potential for personalizing learning, automating assessment, and analyzing data on the performance of participants in the educational process. Studying successful practices from other countries can reveal effective methods for integrating innovative technologies into the learning process. The purpose of the present article is to examine the current state of the use of artificial intelligence technologies in the educational processes of various countries around the world. The methodology of the research is based on the general scientific and special methods of cognition such us analysis, synthesis, logical method, monitoring, and the method of visualization of the research results. The conclusions. The global experience of applying artificial intelligence in education demonstrates significant potential for these technologies to personalize learning, enhance the effectiveness of the educational process, and expand opportunities for both higher education students and educators. Foreign experience shows that various countries are already actively using AI-based innovative solutions to enhance the effectiveness and quality of education. At the same time, the implementation of AI in education is accompanied by certain challenges and risks that must be considered and addressed at both national and international levels. However, given the rapid growth of investments and innovations in this field, it can be expected that AI will become an integral part of the education of the future, transforming the learning process and opening new horizons for the development of human potential. The scientific novelty of the research. A comparative analysis of the implementation of artificial intelligence technologies in the educational process of different countries, including China, the USA, the United Kingdom, and Japan, has been conducted. Key features of AI integration in the field of education and its impact on learning personalization, process automation, and the improvement of educational outcomes have been presented. The practical significance of the article. The research results can be used to develop strategic approaches for the implementation of artificial intelligence in Ukrainian higher education institutions. The proposed recommendations will enable educators to effectively integrate innovative technologies to enhance the quality of education and improve student learning outcomes through personalized learning and the automation of routine tasks.
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Phillips, Victoria. "“Velvet Steel” Ministers for God and America: Eleanor Lansing Dulles and the Nineteenth-Century Legacy of Christianity and Nationalism." Religions 13, no. 7 (June 29, 2022): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13070606.
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The political impact of Dr. Eleanor Lansing Dulles has not been assessed in her capacity as a power broker who brought her theological understandings to Cold War United States policy. The deep influence of both her brothers—Allen, Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, and John Foster, Secretary of State under Dwight D. Eisenhower—on global affairs and diplomacy has been the topic of myriad studies. Works draw extensively on family biography, noting that both “nature and nurture” brought religion to US foreign policy. Including Dr. Dulles in the analysis provides nuance and complexity to definitions of Christian nationalism and underscores the legacy of both missionaries and religious thought in US foreign relations during the early Cold War. Contextualizing religiosity through a study of gender and the Dulles family legacy of female missionaries into the Cold War narrative builds upon the existing literature of the Dulles family, religion, and Cold War diplomacy to challenge concepts such as Christian internationalism, Christian nationalism, and Left–Right binaries. Diplomacy is revealed as her form of Christian missionary work in the secular sphere. Eleanor Lansing Dulles became a missionary not for a religion, but for a nation.
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Meyer, Ulrike, and Elke Schuch. "Portfolio assessment of cultural intelligence in intercultural educational settings." Journal of Internationalization and Localization 4, no. 1 (December 31, 2017): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jial.4.1.01mey.
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Abstract The paper will outline a research project based on the analysis of diary entries written by a multinational cohort of German, Polish, Chinese and US-American Master students during a time span of 15 months as part of the course requirements for a module entitled “Applied Intercultural Communication” in the MA “International Management and Intercultural Communication / GlobalMBA”. The diary-writing project, which was started in 2013, is intended to serve two main purposes: For the students, the diaries will be a tool and personal “learning log” to gain greater awareness of their own cultural values and to critically reflect on the process of cultural adjustment (or lack thereof) and the experience of travelling, living and studying with a multinational cohort in four foreign countries. In this way, the diaries also represent a dynamic scenario of the students’ acculturation process at various points of their studies. We, as researchers, educators and program developers, want to explore how this experience-based approach allows us to chart a student’s development and attitudinal shifts from the beginning to the end of a 15-month program, both in terms of personal growth and intercultural learning. Consequently, the diaries are intended to serve as a tool to discover and assess which aspects of human experience are globally shared and observable and which areas require the students to undergo processes of cultural localization and adaption in order to function adequately in new cultural environments. Students are encouraged to observe, monitor and report on any culturally defined and “different” situation without being judgemental. Moreover, students are required to specifically report on the process of team/cohort building and on ways of dealing with criticism, disappointment, conflict and “Otherness”. The findings of our qualitative research will be fed back into the process of further curriculum integration and development.
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Razeghizade, Tayebe, Esmaeel Nourmohammadi, and Mehri Izadi. "Prediction of Iranian EFL Learners' Reading Comprehension Ability by Critical Thinking, Intelligence, and Language Aptitude." Mextesol Journal 46, no. 3 (August 1, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.61871/mj.v46n3-10.
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Critical thinking, intelligence, and language aptitude are three cognitive factors, each, in its own way, influencing our lives. They are important in successful reasoning, problem-solving, and foreign language learning, and thus are worth studying regarding their influence on individuals’ language-related skills, in particular, foreign language-related skills. This study used a correlational design to investigate how well the set of variables of critical thinking, intelligence, and language aptitude can predict Iranian EFL learners' reading comprehension ability, and to see which variable in this set was the best predictor. Additionally, the study explored whether the set could predict these learners' reading comprehension ability differently depending on their language proficiency. Fifty-seven university students majoring in English took part in this study. They were 6th and 7th-semester undergraduate students at the University of Sistan and Baluchestan, and Farhangian University of Zahedan, Iran. The data were collected through an Oxford Placement Test, a Watson-Glaser Appraisal, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised, The Colleges of Oxford University Classics Language Aptitude Test, and the reading comprehension section of a Michigan language proficiency test. Statistical analysis revealed that critical thinking, intelligence, and language aptitude allowed us to predict the participants’ reading comprehension ability by as much as 83%. Language aptitude, with a unique contribution of 63% was the best predictor of the three. The results also showed that the predictive difference between the participants with high language proficiency and that of participants with low language proficiency was not statistically significant. The study suggests some pedagogical implications related to activities that can be incorporated into EFL reading comprehension-related materials and when determining the difficulty of EFL reading comprehension tests.
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Dwedar, Dahlia. "EXPLORING STUDENTS' LIVED EXPERIENCES IN A LANGUAGE IMMERSION PROGRAM: PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY." Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University 56, no. 6 (December 24, 2021): 729–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.56.6.65.
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With the cooperation of the Military Intelligence Foreign Language Training Center (MIFLTC), the Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center has put together an intensive iso-immersive language pilot program to equip the US troops with the language and cultural knowledge they need to acquire to facilitate their missions. The problem is a gap in the literature regarding the students' lived experiences of the Arabic language programs and in category IV languages, pilot programs in general. This research aimed to explore the lived experiences of the 24-week Arabic language pilot program students and gather and analyze data about the participant students' perceptions of the MIFLTC's contribution to developing their Arabic language learning and culture competency skills. A volunteered sample of 9 students from the 24-week program was utilized. An open-ended questionnaires list was used to conduct the interviews with the participants for data collection.
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Muslihi, Ahmed, Abdullah Alghamdi, and Faisal Ahmed. "Exploring Expert Perspectives on the Use of Gamification to Enhance Emotional Intelligence in English Language students." International Journal of Educational Sciences and Arts 3, no. 12 (December 19, 2024): 416–44. https://doi.org/10.59992/ijesa.2024.v3n12p13.
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Gamification is one of the effective tools in influencing students' learning experiences and learning outcomes, which has a positive impact on the student's psychological health and emotional well-being. Since emotional intelligence and its variables are one of the requirements for learning English for students in general education stages, examining the mechanisms of the impact of gamification on emotional intelligence is a research priority. Accordingly, the current research came to study the experts' point of view on the uses of gamification to enhance emotional intelligence among general education students studying English as a foreign language. The current research relied on the phenomenological approach based on semi-structured interviews with (6) English language teachers who use gamification tools the most in educational settings. According to the objective analysis processes, the results of the study, as expressed by specialized education experts, reached that the uses of gamification in enhancing emotional intelligence among English language students contributed to enhancing essential emotional skills in emotional intelligence such as: motivation, self-regulation, social skills, and empathy. In contrast, they described to us some of the challenges they face while using gamification, such as: variation in emotional intelligence among students, loss of emotional feeling, anxiety and stress. Therefore, the study recommended the importance of continuing research related to emotional intelligence, educational games and gamification, and applying various measurement tools in this field. As well as working on increasing educational games related to the objectives of the curriculum.
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Melnichuk, M. A., and O. N. Savchenko. "Legal identification of artificial intelligence in civil proceedings." Гуманитарные и юридические исследования 11, no. 1 (2024): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37493/2409-1030.2024.1.15.
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Introduction. The study of the role of artificial intelligence and its impact on civil proceedings is an actively researched problem, since its implementation is becoming widespread. Materials and Methods. The research is based on the scientific works of both Russian and foreign scientists. The appeal to the scientific views of specific scientists made it possible to generalize views on the essence of artificial intelligence, to analyze the forms of its use. The study of the issue led to the use of general scientific, logical, comparative legal methods, as well as methods of systematic and complex analysis, which made it possible to comprehensively and fully study the current state of the phenomenon under consideration. Analysis. The study of various scientific developments allows us to talk about the formation of a new scientific and technological environment, the emergence of a new field of legal relations using artificial intelligence technologies. Results. Based on the results of the conducted research, it can be concluded that it is necessary to form special norms of legislation on the creation and use of artificial intelligence. The authors substantiate the need to form a fundamentally new toolkit for the legal regulation of the use of artificial intelligence technologies in legal proceedings, which is associated with the specifics of electronic persons, characterized primarily by difficulties in localizing their legally significant behavior.
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Marjanović, Zoran, and Marija Mićović. "The Concept of Deterrence of the United States of America in the post-Cold War period." Bezbednost, Beograd 67, no. 1 (2025): 87–96. https://doi.org/10.5937/bezbednost2501087m.
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By applying the concept of deterrence, the US prevents the action of a certain threat to national security. In order to prevent certain actions of unwanted acts of other states or some entities, it is necessary to apply certain coercion in foreign political relations, which can include both defensive methods, and the manifestation of coercion for preventive purposes, which would include offensive methods, by engaging the state apparatus in economic, political, propaganda, paramilitary and other activities. The activities of those structures of the state apparatus are not always visible, because they are often carried out in secret. The traces of the security services are already slowly being recognized there (the term security service is used in the Republic of Serbia for secret services of an intelligence and counter-intelligence character, while in the USA the term used is "intelligence", which has an even broader meaning) that participate directly with their members, forces, means and/or using other entities (which is the more common situation) to implement coercion in a covert manner, so that the actual perpetrator of deterrence remains unknown to the public. In order for the state to carry out these activities, it is necessary to prescribe at a strategic level legally binding documents related to the protection of national interests, the defense of the state, which until the moment of the outbreak of an armed conflict includes exclusively deterrence through foreign political relations and the engagement of security services, while after the outbreak of a conflict, these activities take place in parallel with armed conflicts. Deterrence evolves with changes in threats and the conditions that determine them, so for the above reason, constant adaptation of the US deterrence concept is necessary. By implementing deterrence in the state's strategic documents, directions and frameworks for the binding action of strategic entities in the US on deterrence issues are given. The post-Cold War period is specific for the current forms of application of coercion through action in cyberspace and the world of advanced technologies, as well as the application of information operations both in the world of deception, the application of disinformation and cyber attacks with different goals. Acquiring the best possible knowledge and creating resilient societies is the only quality form of opposing this kind of invisible, often untouchable and difficult to identify enemy.
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Kaarbo, Juliet, Kai Oppermann, and Ryan K. Beasley. "What if? Counterfactual Trump and the western response to the war in Ukraine." International Affairs 99, no. 2 (March 6, 2023): 605–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiad030.
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Abstract Because of his personality, had Donald Trump won the 2020 election the remarkable and unexpected united response by NATO allies to the February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine would not have happened. Relying on leader personality research in foreign policy, we demonstrate this by using the counterfactual method of analysis. Specifying key differences between Biden's and Trump's personalities in terms of their experiences, traits and beliefs, we explicitly show that president Trump would have been very unlikely to share US intelligence, rally NATO allies in support of Ukraine or challenge Vladimir Putin. In contrast, these responses fit very well with Joe Biden's personality. We first present counterfactual analysis as a method before comparing Biden and Trump along personality characteristics known to significantly influence foreign-policy decisions. Through our case-study, we demonstrate the value of using systematic and theoretically grounded counterfactual methods for assessing the importance of individual differences between leaders and emphasizing their impact on international affairs.
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Lesner, Christopher, Alexander Ran, Marko Rukonic, and Wei Wang. "Large Scale Personalized Categorization of Financial Transactions." AI Magazine 41, no. 3 (September 14, 2020): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v41i3.5319.
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A major part of financial accounting involves organizing business transactions using a customizable filing system that accountants call a “chart of accounts.” This task must be carried out for every financial transaction, and hence automation is of significant value to the users of accounting software. In this article we present a large-scale recommendation system used by millions of small businesses in the USA, UK, Australia, Canada, India, and France to organize billions of financial transactions each year. The system uses machine learning to combine fragments of information from millions of users in a manner that allows us to accurately recommend chart-of-accounts categories even when users have created their own or named them using abbreviations or in foreign languages. Transactions are handled even if a given user has never categorized a transaction like that before. The development of such a system and testing it at scale over billions of transactions is a first in the financial industry.
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Latenko, Volodymyr. "US position towards Congolese Crisis in 1960." American History & Politics Scientific edition, no. 7 (2019): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2019.07.72-83.
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The article is dedicated to the analysis of the United States attitude towards the appearance of the Republic of the Congo on the world map on the eve of the declaration of independence and at the first stage of the unfolding of events known as the «Congolese Crisis of 1960-1965». The research is based on declassified materials from the State Department of the USA and the Central Intelligence Agency. There were investigated attitudes of American ruling circles towards the emergence and intensification of the communist threat in Sub-Saharan Africa, as well as concrete steps to eliminate it and promote the interests of the United States and their allies. Particular attention was paid to the fight against the political line of the first Prime Minister of the Republic of the Congo, Patrice Lumumba, who was seen in Washington as a leader in the spread of USSR influence in the region. The period from the declaration of independence of the Republic of the Congo to the resignation of the Government of P. Lumumba was singled out as the first stage of the Congolese crisis. It was discovered that in addition to the official foreign policy line, it was realized a number of informal measures and methods of political influence of the US on internal processes in the Republic of the Congo, engulfed by separatist movements and military confrontation of the central government and unrecognized territorial formations, in particular the Katanga State and the Southern Kasai Mining State. In the article there are analyzed plans and programs, developed on behalf of the CIA’s top executives in Washington, aiming to prevent another state from entering the orbit of the outside influence of the Soviet-led Communist bloc with the prospect of further loss of not only a single country in Sub-Saharan Africa.