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Pignatta, Lilian Maria Brisque, Sillas Duarte Júnior, and Eduardo César Almada Santos. "Evaluation of enamel surface after bracket debonding and polishing." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 17, no. 4 (August 2012): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2176-94512012000400017.
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INTRODUCTION: Preserving the dental enamel structure during removal of orthodontic accessories is a clinician's obligation. Hence the search for an evidence based debonding protocol. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate and compare, by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the effects of four different protocols of bracket debonding and subsequent polishing on enamel surface, and to propose a protocol that minimizes damage to enamel surface. METHODS: Twelve bovine permanent incisors were divided into four groups according to the instrument used for debonding and removal of the adhesive remnant. In groups 1 and 2, brackets were debonded with a straight debonding plier (Ormco Corp., Glendora, California, USA), and in groups 3 and 4, debonding was performed with the instrument Lift-Off (3M Unitek, Monrovia, California, USA). In groups 1 and 3, the adhesive remnant was removed using a long adhesive removing plier (Ormco Corp., Glendora, California, USA) and in groups 2 and 4, residual adhesive was removed with a tungsten carbide bur (Beavers Dental) at high-speed. After each stage of debonding and polishing, enamel surfaces were replicated and electron micrographs were obtained with 50 and 200X magnification. RESULTS: All four protocols of debonding and polishing caused enamel irregularities. CONCLUSION: Debonding brackets with straight debonding plier, removal of adhesive remnant with a tungsten carbide bur and polishing with pumice and rubber cup was found to be the protocol that caused less damage to enamel surface, therefore this protocol is suggested for debonding brackets.
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Cassidy, Peter, and Mark Raymont. "Has the Kyoto Protocol got a future without the USA?" Refocus 2, no. 5 (June 2001): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1471-0846(01)80073-1.
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Redden, Toby L., and Tina M. Lundeen. "Novel referral hepatitis C protocol: new standards in the USA." Gastrointestinal Nursing 12, Sup10 (December 2014): S15—S21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/gasn.2014.12.sup10.s15.
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Weir, William B., Ashley E. Mitek, Michael Smith, Danielle Schneider, and Maureen A. McMichael. "The Carle-Illinois (Urbana, Illinois USA) Transport Protocol for LEK9s: Guidelines for Emergency Medical Service Providers." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, no. 04 (June 27, 2019): 422–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x1900445x.
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AbstractThree states and one county now allow Emergency Medical Services (EMS) providers to transport injured law enforcement K9s (LEK9s) as long as no human needs the ambulance at the time. Several other states either have pending legislation or are in discussions about this topic. As additional states ponder these laws, it is likely that the EMS transport of LEK9s will become legal in many states. In the wake of this legislation, a significant void was created. Currently, there are no published protocols for the safe transport of LEK9s by EMS providers. Additionally, the transport destination for these LEK9s is unlikely to be programmed into vehicle Global Positioning Systems. The authors of this report convened a Joint Task Force on Working Dog Care, consisting of veterinarians, EMS directors, EMS physicians, and LEK9 handlers, who met to develop a protocol for LEK9s being transported to a veterinary facility. The protocol covers the logistics of getting the LEK9 into the ambulance (eg, when the handler is or is not available), appropriate restraint, and the importance of prior arrangements with a veterinary emergency facility. A LEK9 hand-off form and a Transport Policy Form are provided, downloadable, and customizable for each EMS provider. This protocol provides essential information on safety and transport logistics for injured LEK9s. The hope is that this protocol will assist EMS providers to streamline the transport of an injured LEK9 to an appropriate veterinary facility.
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Yang, Yue, Xin Jun Du, Ping Li, Bin Liang, and Shuo Wang. "An Optimized Method for the Preparation of Monascus purpureus DNA for Genome Sequencing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 563 (May 2014): 379–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.563.379.
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More and more attention has been paid to filamentous fungal evolution, metabolic pathway and gene functional analysis via genome sequencing. However, the published methods for the extraction of fungal genomic DNA were usually costly or inefficient. In the present study, we compared five different DNA extraction protocols: CTAB protocol with some modifications, benzyl chloride protocol with some modifications, snailase protocol, SDS protocol and extraction with the E.Z.N.A. Fungal DNA Maxi Kit (Omega Bio-Tek, USA). The CTAB method which we established with some modification in several steps is not only economical and convenient, but also can be reliably used to obtain large amounts of highly pure genomic DNA fromMonascus purpureusfor sequencing with next-generation sequencing technologies (Illumina and 454) successfully.
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Georgescu, Adela. "An Lwe-Based Key Transfer Protocol with Anonymity." Tatra Mountains Mathematical Publications 53, no. 1 (December 1, 2012): 119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10127-012-0042-8.
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ABSTRACT We introduce a new cryptographic protocol based on the wellknown LearningWith Errors (LWE) problem: a group key transfer protocol which achieves anonymity of the members against each others. This issue is almost absent in the key transfer protocols from the literature but we argue it is a practical property. We motivate our construction by a practical need. We use two essential cryptographic primitives built from LWE: LWE Diffie-Hellman key exchange derived from Regev’s work [Regev, O.: On lattices, learning with errors, random linear codes, and cryptography, in: Proc. of the 37th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing-STOC ’05 (H. N. Gabow and R. Fagin, eds.), Baltimore, MD, USA, 2005, ACM, New York, 2005, pp. 84-93] and a public key cryptosystem secure under the LWE hardness. We provide a security definition for anonymous key transfer protocol and we achieve anonymity against IND-CPA adversaries.
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Parsons, M. B., K. L. F. Cooper, K. A. Kubota, N. Puhr, S. Simington, P. S. Calimlim, D. Schoonmaker-Bopp, et al. "PulseNet USA Standardized Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Protocol for Subtyping ofVibrio parahaemolyticus." Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 4, no. 3 (September 2007): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2007.0089.
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Wilson, Rick, Nathan Wood, Laura Kong, Mike Shulters, Kevin Richards, Paula Dunbar, Gen Tamura, and Ed Young. "A protocol for coordinating post-tsunami field reconnaissance efforts in the USA." Natural Hazards 75, no. 3 (September 12, 2014): 2153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1418-7.
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Olowojesiku, Ronke, Deborah J. Shim, Bryanna Moppins, Daye Park, Jasmine O. Patterson, Samantha A. Schoenl, Julie K. Gaines, Edwin V. Sperr, and Amy Baldwin. "Menstrual experience of adolescents in the USA: protocol for a scoping review." BMJ Open 11, no. 2 (February 2021): e040511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040511.
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IntroductionIn recent years, there has been a growing desire to address issues related to menstruation, particularly for adolescent girls. In low-income and middle-income countries, prior literature review of the adolescent menstrual experience suggests the need for further research into the impact and efficacy of interventions with this population. There is evidence to suggest the need for initiatives and research in higher-income countries like the USA. To date, the body of research on adolescent menstrual experience in the USA remains uncharacterised. Therefore, we propose a scoping review of the literature on this subject to better inform on areas for future primary study.Methods and analysesUsing the framework proposed by Arksey and O’Malley and expounded on by Levac et al and the Joanna Briggs Institute, we will search electronic databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, ProQuest Public Health Database, Social Science Citation Index, Social Services Abstracts and SocINDEX) and grey literature for relevant studies in consultation with experienced librarians. The abstracts and full-text from each reference will be screened by two independent reviewers for inclusion. Bibliographic data, study characteristics and themes will be extracted from studies selected for inclusion using a rubric created by the research team. Findings will be summarised and a list of subject areas for future primary research will be generated in consultation with stakeholders. The review will be conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items from Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines.Ethics and disseminationFormal ethics training for this study is not required, as the research team will review publicly available studies. Stakeholders working in adolescent and menstrual health were consulted in designing this review. We will share key findings with stakeholders and in scholarly journals at the conclusion of the review.
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Weiss, A., N. Melamed-Book, O. Avital, and M. Brandeis. "A Mixed Cell Protocol for Sensitized Emission FRET Experiments." Microscopy and Microanalysis 12, S02 (July 31, 2006): 434–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927606062556.
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Lutes, Duncan C., Nathan C. Benson, MaryBeth Keifer, John F. Caratti, and S. Austin Streetman. "FFI: a software tool for ecological monitoring." International Journal of Wildland Fire 18, no. 3 (2009): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf08083.
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A new monitoring tool called FFI (FEAT/FIREMON Integrated) has been developed to assist managers with collection, storage and analysis of ecological information. The tool was developed through the complementary integration of two fire effects monitoring systems commonly used in the United States: FIREMON and the Fire Ecology Assessment Tool. FFI provides software components for: data entry, data storage, Geographic Information System, summary reports, analysis tools and Personal Digital Assistant use. In addition to a large set of standard FFI protocols, the Protocol Manager lets users define their own sampling protocol when custom data entry forms are needed. The standard FFI protocols and Protocol Manager allow FFI to be used for monitoring in a broad range of ecosystems. FFI is designed to help managers fulfil monitoring mandates set forth in land management policy. It supports scalable (project- to landscape-scale) monitoring at the field and research level, and encourages cooperative, interagency data management and information sharing. Though developed for application in the USA, FFI can potentially be used to meet monitoring needs internationally.
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Kang, Seoungki, Jeong-Hui Park, Myong-Won Seo, Hyun Chul Jung, Yong Ik Kim, and Jung-Min Lee. "Validity of the Portable Ultrasound BodyMetrix™ BX-2000 for Measuring Body Fat Percentage." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (October 22, 2020): 8786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12218786.
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BodyMetrix™ BX-2000 (IntelaMetrix, Livermore, CA, USA) has been introduced as one of the alternatives and portable methods to estimate body fat percentage. However, inconsistent results between protocols built-in the BodymetrixTM may be compelling the question of its validity. Thus, this study first investigated the possible errors between protocols and evaluated the validity of body fat percentage (BF%) compared to the gold standard method (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, DEXA). One hundred and five collegiate males, aged 20.01 ± 2.11 years, body height, 174.81 ± 6.01 cm, body mass, 73.26 ± 13.60 kg, and body mass index, 23.91 ± 3.77 kg·m−2 participated in the present study. Participants’ body fat percentage was estimated by built-in nine different protocols in the BodyMetrix™ BX-2000 using A-MODE ultrasound. Pearson correlation (r), Mean absolute percentage errors (MAPEs), Bland & Altman plots, and Equivalence testing were used to examine the validity of each protocol by comparing it to the criterion measure (i.e., DEXA). The results indicated good potential for almost all of the protocols in correlation (Min: r = 0.79, Max: r = 0.92)., MAPEs (Min: 20.0%, Max: 33.8%), and Bland-Altman (Min diff: 16.7, Max diff: 41.4). Particularly, the estimated BF% from protocol 7 (4-sites by Durnin & Wormersley) and protocol 9 (9-sites Parllo) were completed within the equivalence zone (±10% of the mean). The estimates measured by protocol 7 and protocol 9 identified as the most valid methods for estimating BF% using a BodyMetrix™ BX-2000, compared to the DEXA. Our findings provide valuable information when applying in young male individuals, but future studies with other populations such as female or adolescents may be required to suggest a valid protocol within the instrument.
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Mitek, Ashley E., Maureen A. McMichael, William B. Weir, Michael J. Smith, and Danielle C. Schneider. "The Carle-Illinois (Urbana, Illinois USA) Treatment Protocol for Law Enforcement K9s: Guidelines for Emergency Medical Services." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, no. 04 (June 27, 2019): 428–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19004448.
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AbstractThis document is a resource for Emergency Medical Services (EMS) treating an injured law enforcement K9 (LEK9) in the field and/or during transport by ambulance to a veterinary hospital. A Joint Task Force on Working Dog Care was created, which included veterinarians, EMS directors, EMS physicians, and canine handlers, who met to develop a treatment protocol for injured LEK9s. The protocol covers many major life-threatening injuries that LEK9s may sustain in the line of duty, and also discusses personnel safety and necessary equipment. This protocol may help train EMS providers to save the life of an injured LEK9.
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UBERMORGEN, /. "Everything is always (the liquid protocol)." Finance and Society 2, no. 2 (December 19, 2016): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/finsoc.v2i2.1731.
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UBERMORGEN are lizvlx (AT, 1973) and Hans Bernhard (CH/USA, 1971), European artists and net.art pioneers. They tenaciously convert code & language and concept & aesthetics into digital objects, software art, net.art, installation, new painting, videos, press releases and actions. CNN described them as ‘maverick Austrian business people’ and the New York Times called Google Will Eat Itself ‘simply brilliant’. Their main influences are Rammstein, Samantha Fox, Guns N’ Roses & Duran Duran, Olanzapine, LSD & Kentucky Fried Chicken’s Coconut Shrimps Deluxe. Visit their website at http://ubermorgen.com
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Elitsur, Yoram, Yaslam Balfaqih, and Deborah Preston. "Colon cleansing protocol in children: research conditions vs. clinical practice." Endoscopy International Open 06, no. 04 (March 29, 2018): E410—E413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-121985.
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Abstract Background and study aims Colon preparation rates are the limiting factor for a successful diagnostic colonoscopy in children. Different colon cleansing protocols have been published for use in children. Unfortunately, the applicability of those published research protocols has not been formally evaluated in routine clinical practice. We investigated the success rate of our previously published colon cleansing protocol as utilized in our clinical practice. Patients and methods This was a retrospective study. In the clinical practice, the colon cleansing protocol included PEG-3350 at a dose of 2 g/kg/day plus Dulcolax (Bisacodyl, Boehringer Ingelheim, TX USA) 5 mg/day for 2 days. Adequate colon preparation was graded between 1 – 5, as previously described, and grade ≥ 4.0 was considered an adequate preparation. Patients were instructed to complete a questionnaire that included PEG-3350 dose, number of stools per day, consistency of each stool, and side effects (vomiting, abdominal pain). Clinical and endoscopic results were compared between the protocol under research conditions and routine practice. Results The success rate of the colon preparation in our clinical practice was similar to the results observed under our research protocol (75 % vs. 73.6 %). Moreover, the total number of stools, stool consistency, and the intubation rate of the terminal ileum were also similar. We concluded, that in our experience, the colon cleansing protocol used under research conditions was effective and appropriate for use in routine clinical practice. Conclusion We recommend testing each new protocol under the routine conditions of clinical practice to confirm its applicability for general practitioners.
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Torrez, Vania, Peter M. Jørgensen, and Amy E. Zanne. "Specific leaf area: a predictive model using dried samples." Australian Journal of Botany 61, no. 5 (2013): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt12236.
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Specific leaf area (SLA; fresh-leaf area/dry mass) describes the amount of leaf area for light capture per unit of biomass invested. The standard protocol is simple; however, it requires recently collected sun-exposed leaves to determine fresh-leaf area, limiting where and which samples can be studied. A protocol to predict SLA for fresh leaves from herbarium-dried leaves was developed from samples collected in a dry forest in Bolivia. Leaf area was measured both fresh and dried on the same leaf samples to generate two general mixed-effects models, varying in their inclusion of the position in the crown where the leaf developed. As a test of the potential generality of the models for other systems, we applied them to samples collected in an oak–hickory forest in Missouri, USA. Both models performed well. A recommended protocol for studies predicting SLA from dry leaves was developed. These predictive models and protocols can extend the temporal, geographic, ecological and taxonomic scope of SLA studies.
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Cox, W. Andrew, Amy Schwarzer, Richard Kiltie, Ann Paul, Mark Rachal, Gina M. Kent, Kenneth D. Meyer, et al. "Development of a Survey Protocol for Monitoring Reddish Egrets (Egretta rufescens) in Florida, USA." Waterbirds 40, no. 4 (December 2017): 334–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1675/063.040.0405.
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Leung, Yu-Fai, Todd Newburger, Marci Jones, Bill Kuhn, and Brittany Woiderski. "Developing a Monitoring Protocol for Visitor-Created Informal Trails in Yosemite National Park, USA." Environmental Management 47, no. 1 (November 20, 2010): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-010-9581-4.
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Uctasli, Mine Betül, Hacer Deniz Arisu, Lippo VJ Lasilla, and Pekka K. Valittu. "Effect of Preheating on the Mechanical Properties of Resin Composites." European Journal of Dentistry 02, no. 04 (October 2008): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1697390.
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ABSTRACTObjectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the flexural strength and modulus of two commercial resin composites, at room temperature and 40, 45 and 50�C prior to light polymerization with standard and step-cure protocols.Methods: One nanohybrid (Grandio, VOCO, Cuxhaven, Germany), and microhybrid compositeresin (Filtek Z250, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) were used. The materials were inserted into rectangular moulds at room temperature or preheated to a temperature of 40, 45 or 50°C and cured with standard or step-cure protocols with high intensity halogen (Elipar Highlight, 3M-ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA). Ten specimens were prepared for each preheating and light curing protocol. A three-point bending test was performed using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc tests (P<.05) to examine the effect of curing protocol and preheating. Pearson’s correlation test was used to determine the correlation between tested mechanical properties and preheating.Results: There were no statistically significant difference between tested mechanical properties of the materials, curing protocols and temperature of the materials. No significant correlation was found between preheating and tested mechanical properties.Conclusions: The mechanical properties of the tested materials did not changed by preheating so the tested materials could be preheated because of the other potential clinical advantages like more adaptation to the cavity walls. (Eur J Dent 2008;2:263-268)
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AKAZAWA, Katsuhiro, Naoyuki SASANO, and Hiroyuki TAMURA. "MODELING AND EVALUATION OF KYOTO PROTOCOL FOR GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION FROM ECONOMICS VIEWPOINT — Influence Analysis of USA for not Ratifying the Protocol —." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 35, no. 1 (2002): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20020721-6-es-1901.01401.
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Nesticò, Antonio, and Gabriella Maselli. "A protocol for the estimate of the social rate of time preference: the case studies of Italy and the USA." Journal of Economic Studies 47, no. 3 (March 2, 2020): 527–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-02-2019-0081.
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PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to characterize an evaluation protocol of the social discount rate (SDR). This is based on the social rate of time preference (SRTP) principles, according to which the investment selection process must tend to maximize the utility of the community.Design/methodology/approachThe theoretical reference of the evaluation protocol is represented by the Ramsey formula. It is widely used in many countries with advanced economics for the SRTP estimation, through the maximization of the Social Welfare Function (SWF).FindingsThe protocol structure and the protocol applications to the Italian and US economies explain how the SDR value is influenced by the socio-economic structure of the single nation.Research limitations/implicationsThe strong variability of the results of the SDR according to the theoretical approach of reference and the operating path that follows can lead to judgments decidedly divergent on the acceptability of the public project, hence, the important policy implications for the entire allocation process of public resources.Practical implicationsThe applications allow to highlight the important operational problems that must be resolved with regard to the choice of the time intervals of the evaluations, as well as logical-operational tools to be used to express estimates of parameters.Social implicationsThey are relevant in relation to the effects of a more equitable allocation of the resources.Originality/valueThe protocol for the SDR estimation is based both on solid disciplinary principles and on objective data of non-complex availability and representative of the economic and socio-demographic context of the country in which the decision-making process is implemented.
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Menchaca, A., M. Vilariño, and E. Rubianes. "29 SHORT-TERM v. LONG-TERM PROGESTERONE PROTOCOL USING CERVICAL OR INTRAUTERINE FIXED-TIME INSEMINATION IN SHEEP." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 22, no. 1 (2010): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv22n1ab29.
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The short-term protocol with progesterone, prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), and eCG is used to control follicular dynamics and luteal activity synchronizing the ovulation for fixed-time AI in sheep. The objective of this experiment was to compare the pregnancy rate obtained with short-term protocol (6 d) and long-term protocol (14 d) using cervical or intrauterine fixed-time AI in sheep. Three hundred fifty-two Merino ewes with a body condition score of 2.9 ± 0.3 (mean ± SD; scale 0 to 5) were used during the breeding season (April, 33S, Uruguay). All the females received a CIDR-G (0.3 g of progesterone, InterAg, Hamilton, New Zealand) for 6 d (short-term protocol; n = 178) or 14 d (long-term protocol, n = 174). One imdose of eCG (300 IU, Novormon, Syntex, BA, Argentina) was given at the moment of device withdrawal for the both protocols, and one imdose of PGF2α (10 mg of dinoprost, Lutalyse, Pfizer, New York, NY, USA) was given at the end of the short-term protocol to ensure luteolysis. Cervical AI (short-term protocol, n = 85; long-term protocol, n = 104) or intrauterine AI (short-term protocol, n = 93; long-term protocol, n = 70) was performed 48 or 54 h after device withdrawal, using 200 × 106 or 100 × 106 spermatozoa per ewe, respectively. Fresh semen was extended in UHT skim milk (1000 × 106 spermatozoa mL-1) and used within 1 h of collection. Estrus was recorded twice a day for 4 days after device withdrawal using vasectomized males. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed by transrectal ultrasonography 40 d after AI (5.0 MHz, Aloka, Tokyo, Japan). Logistic regression was used to analyze the effect of the treatment (P < 0.05), the AI technique (P < 0.05), and their interaction (P = NS). Pregnancy rate was higher for the short-term than for the long-term protocol, and for intrauterine than for cervical AI (Table 1). The highest pregnancy rate was achieved with short-term protocol using intrauterine AI (54.8%, 51/93), and the lowest response was obtained with long-term protocol using cervical AI (33.7%, 35/104; P < 0.05). These data were not different from data of short-term protocol using cervical AI or long-term protocol using intrauterine AI (42.4%, 36/85; and 44.3% 31/70, respectively). Ewes in estrus/treated ewes was not different among short-term and long-term protocols (83.7%, 149/178; and 82.8%, 144/174, respectively; P = NS). In summary, regardless of insemination technique, short-term protocol of 6 d enhances pregnancy rate in fixed-time AI programs in sheep. Table 1.Main effects of short-term (6 d) v. long-term (14 d) protocol using cervical or intrauterine fixed-time AI on pregnancy rate in sheep Financially supported by Pfizer, SP, Brazil.
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Davis, Katherine J., Joseph Suyama, Jennifer Lingler, and Michael Beach. "The Development of an Evacuation Protocol for Patients with Ventricular Assist Devices During a Disaster." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 32, no. 3 (March 16, 2017): 333–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x17000176.
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AbstractIntroductionHealth care providers are on the forefront of delivering care and allocating resources during a disaster; however, very few are adequately trained to respond in these situations. Furthermore, there is a void in the literature regarding the specific care needs of patients with ventricular assist devices (VADs) in a disaster setting. This project aimed to develop an evidenced-based protocol to aid health care providers during the evacuation of patients with VADs during a disaster.MethodsThis is a qualitative study that used expert review, tabletop discussion, and a survey of health care professionals to develop and evaluate an evacuation protocol. The protocol was revised after each stage of review in order to reach a consensus document.ResultsThe project concluded with the finalization of a protocol which addresses evacuation and patient triage, and also includes an algorithm to determine which staff members should be evacuated with patients, transportation resources, evacuation documentation, and items patients need during evacuation. The protocol also addressed steps to be taken in the event that evacuation efforts fail and how to manage outpatient VAD patients seeking assistance.ConclusionsThis protocol provides guidance for the care of VAD patients in the event of a disaster and evacuation. Protocols such as this address difficult scenarios and should be created prior to a disaster to assist staff in making difficult decisions. These documents should be created using multi-disciplinary feedback via the consensus model as well as the Institute of Medicine (IOM; National Academy of Medicine; Washington, DC USA) “Crisis Standards of Care.”DavisKJ, SuyamaJ, LinglerJ, BeachM. The development of an evacuation protocol for patients with ventricular assist devices during a disaster. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(3):333–338.
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Marino, Bruno D. V., Martina Mincheva, and Aaron Doucett. "California air resources board forest carbon protocol invalidates offsets." PeerJ 7 (September 23, 2019): e7606. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7606.
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The commercial asset value of sequestered forest carbon is based on protocols employed globally; however, their scientific basis has not been validated. We review and analyze commercial forest carbon protocols, claimed to have reduced net greenhouse gas emissions, issued by the California Air Resources Board and validated by the Climate Action Reserve (CARB-CAR). CARB-CAR forest carbon offsets, based on forest mensuration and model simulation, are compared to a global database of directly measured forest carbon sequestration, or net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of forest CO2. NEE is a meteorologically based method integrating CO2 fluxes between the atmosphere, forest and soils and is independent of the CARB-CAR methodology. Annual carbon accounting results for CAR681 are compared with NEE for the Ameriflux site, Howland Forest Maine, USA, (Ho-1), the only site where both methods were applied contemporaneously, invalidating CARB-CAR protocol offsets. We then test the null hypothesis that CARB-CAR project population data fall within global NEE population values for natural and managed forests measured in the field; net annual gC m−2yr−1 are compared for both protocols. Irrespective of geography, biome and project type, the CARB-CAR population mean is significantly different from the NEE population mean at the 95% confidence interval, rejecting the null hypothesis. The CARB-CAR population exhibits standard deviation ∼5× that of known interannual NEE ranges, is overcrediting biased, incapable of detecting forest transition to net positive CO2 emissions, and exceeds the 5% CARB compliance limit for invalidation. Exclusion of CO2 efflux via soil and ecosystem respiration precludes a valid net carbon accounting result for CARB-CAR and related protocols, consistent with our findings. Protocol invalidation risk extends to vendors and policy platforms such as the United Nations Program on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) and the Paris Agreement. We suggest that CARB-CAR and related protocols include NEE methodology for commercial forest carbon offsets to standardize methods, ensure in situ molecular specificity, verify claims of carbon emission reduction and harmonize carbon protocols for voluntary and compliance markets worldwide.
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Tam, Jamie, David T. Levy, Jihyoun Jeon, John Clarke, Scott Gilkeson, Tim Hall, Eric J. Feuer, Theodore R. Holford, and Rafael Meza. "Projecting the effects of tobacco control policies in the USA through microsimulation: a study protocol." BMJ Open 8, no. 3 (March 2018): e019169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019169.
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IntroductionSmoking remains the leading cause of preventable death in the USA but can be reduced through policy interventions. Computational models of smoking can provide estimates of the projected impact of tobacco control policies and can be used to inform public health decision making. We outline a protocol for simulating the effects of tobacco policies on population health outcomes.Methods and analysisWe extend the Smoking History Generator (SHG), a microsimulation model based on data from the National Health Interview Surveys, to evaluate the effects of tobacco control policies on projections of smoking prevalence and mortality in the USA. The SHG simulates individual life trajectories including smoking initiation, cessation and mortality. We illustrate the application of the SHG policy module for four types of tobacco control policies at the national and state levels: smoke-free air laws, cigarette taxes, increasing tobacco control programme expenditures and raising the minimum age of legal access to tobacco. Smoking initiation and cessation rates are modified by age, birth cohort, gender and years since policy implementation. Initiation and cessation rate modifiers are adjusted for differences across age groups and the level of existing policy coverage. Smoking prevalence, the number of population deaths avoided, and life-years gained are calculated for each policy scenario at the national and state levels. The model only considers direct individual benefits through reduced smoking and does not consider benefits through reduced exposure to secondhand smoke.Ethics and disseminationA web-based interface is being developed to integrate the results of the simulations into a format that allows the user to explore the projected effects of tobacco control policies in the USA. Usability testing is being conducted in which experts provide feedback on the interface. Development of this tool is under way, and a publicly accessible website is available athttp://www.tobaccopolicyeffects.org.
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Ezeibe, Chibuike, Justin C. McCarty, Muhammad A. Chaudhary, Elzerie De Jager, Juan Herrera-Escobar, Tomas Andriotti, Molly P. Jarman, Gezzer Ortega, and Eric Goralnick. "Haemorrhage control in the prehospital setting: a scoping review protocol." BMJ Open 9, no. 7 (July 2019): e029051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029051.
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IntroductionPrehospital haemorrhage control has saved thousands of lives in the military over the last decade. While uncontrolled haemorrhage is a leading cause of preventable injury death in the USA for individuals under 45, military prehospital haemorrhage control techniques have not fully translated to the civilian sector in the USA. The effective implementation of haemorrhage control for civilian prehospital trauma is dependent on a more complex array of system and personnel-level factors than the military.ObjectiveThis protocol describes the methodology of a scoping review on haemorrhage control strategies in the prehospital setting; specifically, education, logistics and implementation of these strategies. The aim of the review is to identify research gaps and create recommendations for future research surrounding prehospital layperson haemorrhage control.MethodsThe protocol uses the framework published by The Joanna Briggs Institute and Arksey and O’Malley, while following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Extension for Scoping Review Protocols guidelines. The search strategy was refined with the help of a medical librarian. Three peer-reviewed databases (EMBASE, PubMed and Web of Science), databases dedicated to grey literature sources, and reference mining will be used. Two investigators will independently screen and extract data. Discrepancies will be resolved by a third investigator. The extracted data will undergo descriptive analysis of the contextual data and a quantitative analysis using the appropriate statistical methods. In addition, this search strategy will be supplemented by a grey literature search.Ethics and disseminationResearch ethics approval is not required for this scoping review. This scoping review will serve to highlight existing gaps within the literature to guide further research and develop future strategies to improve prehospital haemorrhage management. The results of this review will be presented at relevant national and international conferences and published in a peer-reviewed journal.
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Harner, John, Lee Cerveny, and Rebecca Gronewold. "Participatory Mapping in Browns Canyon National Monument, Colorado (USA)." Case Studies in the Environment 1, no. 1 (2017): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cse.2017.000661.
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Natural resource managers need up-to-date information about how people interact with public lands and the meanings these places hold for use in planning and decision-making. This case study explains the use of public participatory Geographic Information System (GIS) to generate and analyze spatial patterns of the uses and values people hold for the Browns Canyon National Monument in Colorado. Participants drew on maps and answered questions at both live community meetings and online sessions to develop a series of maps showing detailed responses to different types of resource uses and landscape values. Results can be disaggregated by interaction types, different meaningful values, respondent characteristics, seasonality, or frequency of visit. The study was a test for the Bureau of Land Management and US Forest Service, who jointly manage the monument as they prepare their land management plan. If the information generated is as helpful throughout the entire planning process as initial responses seem, this protocol could become a component of the Bureau’s planning tool kit.
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ElGhouty, Amal. "Evaluating the Impact of QIZ Protocol on Egypt’s Textile and Clothing Sector." Archives of Business Research 8, no. 8 (September 1, 2020): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.88.8960.
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Since the enforcement of the Qualified Industrial Zones (QIZ) protocol signed by Egypt in December 2004, the number of QIZ companies have steadily increased, reaching 1048 companies in 2019. Additionally, the QIZ textile and clothing exports have increased, as well as its percentage from Egypt’s total exports to the USA. The paper seeks to study and explore the conditions and circumstances that induced Egypt to sign the QIZ agreement. The paper will then review several previous studies on the impact of the agreement on the Egyptian textile and clothing sector. We will also review the trend of the number of QIZ companies. Additionally, in order to assess whether the QIZ protocol have a positive impact on the textile and apparel sector, we will evaluate the trends in the Egyptian textile and apparel exports to the USA and what percentage does these exports constitute from Egypt’s total exports.
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Shrestha, Suraksha, and Santosh Kumar Yadav. "Dentists’ knowledge and attitude in immediate implant loading protocol of dental implants- A cross-sectional survey." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v12i3.32208.
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Background: Dental implant therapy is still considered an evolving field in Nepal, with most dentists favoring implant placement following the delayed loading protocol (>3 months) even in the rehabilitation of missing anterior teeth. There is need to understand the clinical difference between immediate and delayed loading protocols of the dental implants. With advent of immediate loading protocol of dental implants, instant rehabilitation in addition to better esthetics and self-confidence can be obtained.
Aims and Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of general dentist towards immediate loading protocol of dental implants.
Materials and Methods: A descriptive, cross sectional survey was conducted among Nepalese general dentists who have entered their clinical practice in private or government hospital regardless of their years of experience. A self-administered questionnaire adapted from some previous studies was framed and distributed with the primary objective to determine their knowledge and attitude towards immediate loading protocols of dental implants. Data collected were analyzed using the Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences version 22 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA).
Results: Among the 250 participants included in this study, 94.8% of the respondents completely filled the questionnaire. Nearly 46.4% of participants had good knowledge on the procedure and advantages offered by the immediately loaded dental implants with provisional restorations, whereas 83.1% had negative reservations toward implant placement using the protocol. In addition, this study found a statistically significant association (p<0.05) between the knowledge and attitude of dental practitioners regarding the protocol.
Conclusion: Although dental implants have changed the outlook of dentistry in the past few decades, there is slightly poor knowledge and significant negative attitude of dentists toward the immediate implant loading protocol. The general dentist are expected to increase their awareness about immediate loading with subsequent training on its use and viability so that proper information can be disseminated to the patients. This will help to increase the practice of immediate implant in indicated cases by implantologist with further benefit to patient’s time and esthetics.
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Donatich, Sara, Barbara Doll, Jonathan Page, and Natalie Nelson. "Can the Stream Quantification Tool (SQT) Protocol Predict the Biotic Condition of Streams in the Southeast Piedmont (USA)?" Water 12, no. 5 (May 22, 2020): 1485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051485.
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In some states, the Stream Quantification Tool (SQT) has been adopted to quantify functional change of stream mitigation efforts. However, the ability of the SQT protocol to predict biological function and uphold the premise of the Stream Functions Pyramid (Pyramid) remains untested. Macroinvertebrate community metrics in 34 headwater streams in Piedmont, North Carolina (NC, USA) were related to NC SQT protocol (version 3.0) factors and other variables relevant to ecological function. Three statistical models, including stepwise, lasso, and ridge regression were used to predict the NC Biotic Index (NCBI) and Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) richness using two datasets: 21 SQT variables and the SQT variables plus 13 additional watershed, hydraulic, geomorphic, and physicochemical variables. Cross-validation revealed that stepwise and ridge outperformed lasso, and that the SQT variables can reasonably predict biology metrics (R2 0.53–0.64). Additional variables improved prediction (R2 0.70–0.88), suggesting that the SQT protocol is lacking metrics important to macroinvertebrates. Results moderately support the Pyramid: highly predictive ridge models included metrics from all levels, while highly predictive stepwise models included metrics from higher levels, and not watershed hydrology. Reach-scale metrics were more important than watershed hydrology, providing encouragement for projects limited by watershed condition.
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Hölttä, Tuula, and Hannu Jalanko. "Congenital nephrotic syndrome: is early aggressive treatment needed? Yes." Pediatric Nephrology 35, no. 10 (May 6, 2020): 1985–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00467-020-04578-4.
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Abstract Congenital nephrotic syndrome (CNS) was primarily considered one disease entity. Hence, one treatment protocol was proposed in the beginning to all CNS patients. Today, with the help of gene diagnostics, we know that CNS is a heterogeneous group of disorders and therefore, different treatment protocols are needed. The most important gene defects causing CNS are NPHS1, NPHS2, WT1, LAMB2, and PLCE1. Before active treatment, all infants with CNS died. It was stated already in the mid-1980s that intensive medical therapy followed by kidney transplantation (KTx) should be the choice of treatment for infants with severe CNS. In Finland, early aggressive treatment protocol was adopted from the USA and further developed for treatment of children with the Finnish type of CNS. The aim of this review is to state reasons for “early aggressive treatment” including daily albumin infusions, intensified nutrition, and timely bilateral nephrectomy followed by KTx at the age of 1–2 years.
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Alves, Marta, Liane Daudt, Karina L. M. Mazzucco, Adriano Taniguchi, Tiago Nava, Fabio L. Moreno, Alice Gonzalez, and Lucia Silla. "Is It Better to Treat Adolescents with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia as Old Children or as Young Adults?" Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 3968. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.3968.3968.
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Abstract PURPOSE: To compare pediatric and adult therapeutic practices in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in adolescents. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From January 1997 to December 2007, 34 and 11 adolescents (10 to 20 years of age) were treated according to German pediatric BFM 90 and 95 and adult BFM 84 protocols, respectively. Age, B/T lineage, WBC count, complete remission, cytogenetics, and response to steroids were analyzed. Age, B/T lineage and WBC count were similar. Poor risk-cytogenetics (t (9;22),t(4;11) and hypodiploidy less than 45 chromosomes were present only in BFM 90 and 95 group. Among the different prognostic factors, we retrospectively analyzed the effect of the trial on achieving overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS). RESULTS: OS in 10 years and EFS was, respectively, 68.6% and 68.7% for the pediatric protocol and 31.4% and 21.6% for the adult protocol. CONCLUSION: This study’s findings were similar to others in USA, UK, France, Italy and Holland that clearly demonstrate that current pediatric regimens are more effective for adolescents and may contribute to indicate that adolescents should be included in intensive pediatric protocols. Keywords: leukemia, survival, adolescent.
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Kline, Jeffrey, David Adler, Naomi Alanis, Joseph Bledsoe, Daniel Courtney, James D'Etienne, Deborah B Diercks, et al. "Study protocol for a multicentre implementation trial of monotherapy anticoagulation to expedite home treatment of patients diagnosed with venous thromboembolism in the emergency department." BMJ Open 10, no. 10 (October 2020): e038078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038078.
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IntroductionIn the USA, many emergency departments (EDs) have established protocols to treat patients with newly diagnosed deep vein thrombosis (DVT) as outpatients. Similar treatment of patients with pulmonary embolism (PE) has been proposed, but no large-scale study has been published to evaluate a comprehensive, integrated protocol that employs monotherapy anticoagulation to treat patients diagnosed with DVT and PE in the ED.Methods and analysisThis protocol describes the implementation of the Monotherapy Anticoagulation To expedite Home treatment of Venous ThromboEmbolism (MATH-VTE) study at 33 hospitals in the USA. The study was designed and executed to meet the requirements for the Standards for Reporting Implementation Studies guideline. The study was funded by investigator-initiated awards from industry, with Indiana University as the sponsor. The study principal investigator and study associates travelled to each site to provide on-site training. The protocol identically screens patients with both DVT or PE to determine low risk of death using either the modified Hestia criteria or physician judgement plus a negative result from the simplified PE severity index. Patients must be discharged from the ED within 24 hours of triage and treated with either apixaban or rivaroxaban. Overall effectiveness is based upon the primary efficacy and safety outcomes of recurrent VTE and bleeding requiring hospitalisation respectively. Target enrolment of 1300 patients was estimated with efficacy success defined as the upper limit of the 95% CI for the 30-day frequency of VTE recurrence below 2.0%. Thirty-three hospitals in 17 states were initiated in 2016–2017.Ethics and disseminationAll sites had Institutional Review Board approval. We anticipate completion of enrolment in June 2020; study data will be available after peer-reviewed publication. MATH-VTE will provide information from a large multicentre sample of US patients about the efficacy and safety of home treatment of VTE with monotherapy anticoagulation.
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Van Velthoven, Michelle Helena, James Smith, Glenn Wells, and David Brindley. "Digital health app development standards: a systematic review protocol." BMJ Open 8, no. 8 (August 17, 2018): e022969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022969.
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IntroductionThere is currently a lack of clear and accepted standards for the development (planning, requirement analysis and research, design and application testing) of apps for medical and healthcare use which poses different risks to developers, providers, patients and the public. The aim of this work is to provide an overview of the current standards, frameworks, best practices and guidelines for the development of digital health apps. This review is a critical ’stepping stone’ for further work on producing appropriate standards that can help mitigate risks (eg, clinical, privacy and economic risks).Methods and analysisA systematic review identifying criteria from applicable standards, guidelines, frameworks and best practices for the development of health apps. We will draw from standards for software for medical devices, clinical information systems and medicine because of their relatedness and hope to apply lessons learnt to apps. We will exclude other types of publications, and those published in languages other than English. We will search websites of relevant regulatory and professional organisations. For health apps, we will also search electronic research databases (eg, MEDLINE, Embase, SCOPUS, ProQuest Technology Collection and Engineering Index) because relevant publications may not be found on other websites. We will hand-search reference lists of included publications. The review will focus on international, USA, European and UK standards because these are the markets of primary interest to the majority of app developers currently. We will provide a narrative overview of findings and tabular summaries of extracted data. Also, we will examine the relationship between different standards and compare USA and European Union standards.Ethics and disseminationNo ethics approval is required. The review will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, conference presentations and inform efforts that aim to improve the quality of health apps through existing links with relevant organisations.
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Salhi, Rama A., Sydney Fouche, Peter Mendel, Christopher Nelson, Michael D. Fetters, Timothy Guetterman, Jane Forman, et al. "Enhancing Prehospital Outcomes for Cardiac Arrest (EPOC) study: sequential mixed-methods study protocol in Michigan, USA." BMJ Open 10, no. 11 (November 2020): e041277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041277.
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IntroductionOut-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a common, life-threatening event encountered routinely by first responders, including police, fire and emergency medical services (EMS). Current literature suggests that there is significant regional variation in outcomes, some of which may be related to modifiable factors. Yet, there is a persistent knowledge gap regarding strategies to guide quality improvement efforts in OHCA care and, by extension, survival. The Enhancing Prehospital Outcomes for Cardiac Arrest (EPOC) study aims to fill these gaps and to improve outcomes.Methods and analysisThis mixed-methods study includes three aims. In aim I, we will define variation in OHCA survival to the emergency department (ED) among EMS agencies that participate in the Michigan Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES) in order to sample EMS agencies with high-survival and low-survival outcomes. In aim II, we will conduct site visits to emergency medical systems—including 911/dispatch, police, non-transport fire, and EMS agencies—in approximately eight high-survival and low-survival communities identified in aim I. At each site, key informant interviews and a multidisciplinary focus group will identify themes associated with high OHCA survival. Transcripts will be coded using a structured codebook and analysed through thematic analysis. Results from aims I and II will inform the development of a survey instrument in aim III that will be administered to all EMS agencies in Michigan. This survey will test the generalisability of factors associated with increased OHCA survival in the qualitative work to ultimately build an EPOC Toolkit which will be distributed to a broad range of stakeholders as a practical ‘how-to’ guide to improve outcomes.Ethics and disseminationThe EPOC study was deemed exempt by the University of Michigan Institutional Review Board. Findings will be compiled in an ‘EPOC Toolkit’ and disseminated in the USA through partnerships including, but not limited to, policymakers, EMS leadership and health departments.
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Sammons, S. M. "Optimizing a Standardized Electrofishing Sampling Protocol for Warmwater Resident Sportfish in the Tallapoosa River, Alabama, USA." River Research and Applications 31, no. 10 (August 15, 2014): 1365–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.2830.
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Ferraro, Steven P., and Faith A. Cole. "Optimal benthic macrofaunal sampling protocol for detecting differences among four habitats in Willapa Bay, Washington, USA." Estuaries 27, no. 6 (December 2004): 1014–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02803427.
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Cannon, Jennifer, Peter Bownes, Joshua Mason, and Rachel Cooper. "UK audit of target volume and organ at risk delineation and dose optimisation for cervix radiotherapy treatments." British Journal of Radiology 93, no. 1110 (June 2020): 20190897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20190897.
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Objective: Assessment of the extent of variation in delineations and dose optimisation performed at multiple UK centres as a result of interobserver variation and protocol differences. Methods: CT/MR images of 2 cervical cancer patients previously treated with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and Brachytherapy were distributed to 11 UK centres. Centres delineated structures and produced treatment plans following their local protocol. Organ at risk delineations were assessed dosimetrically through application of the original treatment plan and target volume delineations were assessed in terms of variation in absolute volume and length, width and height. Treatment plan variation was assessed across all centres and across centres that followed EMBRACE II. Treatment plans were assessed using total EQD2 delivered and were compared to EMBRACE II dose aims. Variation in combined intracavitary/interstitial brachytherapy treatments was also assessed. Results: Brachytherapy target volume delineations contained variation due to differences in protocol used, window/level technique and differences in interpretations of grey zones. Planning target volume delineations were varied due to protocol differences and extended parametrial tissue inclusion. All centres met EMBRACE II plan aims for PTV V95 and high-riskclinical target volume D90 EQD2, despite variation in prescription dose, fractionation and treatment technique. Conclusion: Brachytherapy target volume delineations are varied due to differences in contouring guidelines and protocols used. Planning target volume delineations are varied due to the uncertainties surrounding the extent of parametrial involvement. Dosimetric optimisation is sufficient across all centres to satisfy EMBRACE II planning aims despite significant variation in protocols used. Advances in knowledge: Previous multi-institutional audits of cervical cancer radiotherapy practices have been performed in Europe and the USA. This study is the first of its kind to be performed in the UK.
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Kaufman, E. R. "Reversion analysis of mutations induced by 5-bromodeoxyuridine mutagenesis in mammalian cells." Molecular and Cellular Biology 5, no. 11 (November 1985): 3092–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.5.11.3092.
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Two protocols have been developed, both of which utilize the thymidine analog 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) to induce mutations in mammalian cells in culture (E. R. Kaufman and R. L. Davidson, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75:4982-4986, 1978; E. R. Kaufman, Mol. Cell. Biol. 4:2449-2454, 1984). The first protocol, termed incorporational (INC) mutagenesis, utilizes high concentrations of BrdUrd in the culture medium to generate a high intracellular ratio of BrdUTP/dCTP. The second protocol, termed replicational (REP) mutagenesis, entails the incorporation of BrdUrd into DNA under nonmutagenic conditions, the removal of all BrdUrd from the culture medium, and the subsequent replication of the bromouracil-containing DNA in the presence of high intracellular levels of dTTP and dGTP. Genetic studies using reversion analysis at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase locus were used to determine whether the mechanisms of these two BrdUrd mutagenesis protocols had enough specificity to be distinguishable by their ability to revert various mutants. The results of these studies indicated that (i) mutants induced by INC mutagenesis were induced to revert only by REP mutagenesis and not by INC mutagenesis, (ii) mutants induced by REP mutagenesis were more efficiently reverted by INC mutagenesis than by REP mutagenesis, and (iii) both spontaneous mutants and mutants induced by the chemical mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate showed a high degree of specificity when tested for reversion by the BrdUrd mutagenesis protocols.
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Kaufman, E. R. "Reversion analysis of mutations induced by 5-bromodeoxyuridine mutagenesis in mammalian cells." Molecular and Cellular Biology 5, no. 11 (November 1985): 3092–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.5.11.3092-3096.1985.
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Two protocols have been developed, both of which utilize the thymidine analog 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) to induce mutations in mammalian cells in culture (E. R. Kaufman and R. L. Davidson, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75:4982-4986, 1978; E. R. Kaufman, Mol. Cell. Biol. 4:2449-2454, 1984). The first protocol, termed incorporational (INC) mutagenesis, utilizes high concentrations of BrdUrd in the culture medium to generate a high intracellular ratio of BrdUTP/dCTP. The second protocol, termed replicational (REP) mutagenesis, entails the incorporation of BrdUrd into DNA under nonmutagenic conditions, the removal of all BrdUrd from the culture medium, and the subsequent replication of the bromouracil-containing DNA in the presence of high intracellular levels of dTTP and dGTP. Genetic studies using reversion analysis at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase locus were used to determine whether the mechanisms of these two BrdUrd mutagenesis protocols had enough specificity to be distinguishable by their ability to revert various mutants. The results of these studies indicated that (i) mutants induced by INC mutagenesis were induced to revert only by REP mutagenesis and not by INC mutagenesis, (ii) mutants induced by REP mutagenesis were more efficiently reverted by INC mutagenesis than by REP mutagenesis, and (iii) both spontaneous mutants and mutants induced by the chemical mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate showed a high degree of specificity when tested for reversion by the BrdUrd mutagenesis protocols.
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Rovira, Albert, Darwin Reicks, and Claudia Muñoz-Zanzi. "Evaluation of Surveillance Protocols for Detecting Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection in Boar Studs by Simulation Modeling." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 19, no. 5 (September 2007): 492–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870701900506.
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Because porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) can be transmitted through semen, PRRSV-free boar studs need to be routinely monitored to rapidly detect any potential PRRSV introduction. However, current protocols for monitoring PRRSV in boar studs are diverse, sometimes very costly, and their effectiveness has not been quantified. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of different monitoring protocols to detect PRRSV introduction into a negative boar stud by using a simulation modeling approach. A stochastic transmission model was constructed to simulate the spread of PRRSV in a typical negative boar stud in the USA (herd size of 200 boars, 60% annual replacement) and the performance of monitoring protocols by using different sample sizes (10, 30, and 60 samples), sampling frequency (3 times a week, weekly, and biweekly), and diagnostic procedures (PCR on semen, PCR on serum, ELISA on serum, and both PCR and ELISA on serum). The monitoring protocols were evaluated in terms of the time from PRRSV introduction into the boar stud to PRRSV detection. Protocols that used PCR on serum detected the PRRSV introduction earlier than protocols that used PCR on semen, and these were earlier than those that used ELISA on serum. The most intensive protocol evaluated (testing 60 boars 3 times a week by PCR on serum) would need 13 days to detect 95% of the PRRSV introductions. These results support field observations, suggesting that an intensive monitoring protocol needs to be in place in a boar stud to quickly detect a PRRSV introduction.
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Fearnside, Philip M. "Environmentalists split over Kyoto and Amazonian deforestation." Environmental Conservation 28, no. 4 (December 2001): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892901000315.
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Controversies over tropical forest and KyotoSlowing deforestation in Amazonia would be a significant contribution to combating global warming and, depending on decisions under the Kyoto Protocol, could provide non-destructive support for rural population in the region (Fearnside 2000a). Crediting avoided deforestation is divisive, both within and among environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and governments. Positions of NGOs on inclusion of avoided deforestation in the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) are tightly linked to geography: European NGOs oppose inclusion of forests, USA NGOs (other than USA branches or affiliates of international groups) favour inclusion of forests, and Brazilian NGOs (also excepting most branches or affiliates of international NGOs) also favour forests. The probability of chance explaining these views being clustered in Europe, North America and Brazil in this way is miniscule. In other words, these positions are based on something other than the universal concerns about climate change and future generations that predominate in public statements on all sides.
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Pichoff, Franck, Matthieu Kummel, and Morten Schiff. "Dynamic vibration testing of fasteners: fastener self-loosening theory, vibration testing practical applications, comparison of the international standards and recommendations on how to set-up a meaningful testing protocol." Matériaux & Techniques 106, no. 3 (2018): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mattech/2018029.
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Vibration can be desirable, such as when it is used to make music. More often, however, vibration is undesirable. It can introduce stress into mechanical systems and create fatigue that decreases service life. It can also loosen fasteners. Following a discussion on the root causes of the self-loosening of fasteners, two practical examples illustrate the benefits and possible applications of vibration testing of fasteners, according to either standardised testing protocols or customised testing strategies simulating real-life conditions of the assembled parts. The requirements and protocols of the international standard ISO 16130, the USA national aerospace standard NASM 1312-7, the German national standard DIN 25201-4 B and its predecessor DIN 65151 are compared, with insights on their most suitable applications. Finally, the article describes a lean methodology to design a meaningful testing protocol.
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Frydrychowicz, Alex, Tobias Boppel, Victoria Sieber, Joachim D. Schmidt, Jörn Borgert, Peter Schramm, Jörg Barkhausen, and Thomas Amthor. "Automatic, log file-based process analysis of a clinical 1.5T MR scanner: a proof-of-concept study." RöFo - Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Röntgenstrahlen und der bildgebenden Verfahren 193, no. 08 (February 3, 2021): 919–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1346-0028.
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Purpose In light of the steadily increasing need for economical efficacy and capacity utilization it was the aim of this proof-of-concept work to implement an automated logfile-based analysis tool for MRI scanner utilization and to establish a process analysis. As a primary step, analyses of scanner and protocol utilization, parametrization of protocol processes, their durations, age dependency, and scan efficacy were to be tested. Materials and Methods Logfiles were continuously extracted from a 1.5 T MR scanner (Philips Achieva) and automatically explored for relevant scan parameters. Parameters were extracted into a database and logically combined to protocol parameters. Visualization was achieved using PowerBI (Microsoft, USA). Data aggregation comprised a day-based and protocol-based strategy. In addition, age- and regional-based testing was performed. The frequency of protocol usage was evaluated and those protocols with frequent usage compared regarding efficacy to those rarely used. Results After successful technical implementation, 3659 MR exams were available for further analysis. Out of a plethora of parameters, those relevant to the understanding of the scan process were identified. The initial results mirror the daily scanner usage and allow identifying, e. g., shortened scanner usage on Fridays or longer examination times in children. A scan efficacy of 69.6 ± 17.6 % excluding preparation process was identified as a parameter with high potential to be optimized in daily routine. Conclusion The logfile-based analysis of MR scanner processes was successfully introduced and holds the promise to be extended into a comprehensive analytic tool for the analysis and optimization of scanner processes. In combination with other variables from the departmental or institutional infrastructure or patient-specific information such tool may be developed into a intelligent steering tool. Key Points: Citation Format
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Marino, Bruno D. V., Nahuel Bautista, and Brandt Rousseaux. "Howland Forest, ME, USA: Multi-Gas Flux (CO2, CH4, N2O) Social Cost Product Underscores Limited Carbon Proxies." Land 10, no. 4 (April 20, 2021): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10040436.
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Forest carbon sequestration is a widely accepted natural climate solution. However, methods to determine net carbon offsets are based on commercial carbon proxies or CO2 eddy covariance research with limited methodological comparisons. Non-CO2 greenhouse gases (GHG) (e.g., CH4, N2O) receive less attention in the context of forests, in part, due to carbon denominated proxies and to the cost for three-gas eddy covariance platforms. Here we describe and analyze results for direct measurement of CO2, CH4, and N2O by eddy covariance and forest carbon estimation protocols at the Howland Forest, ME, the only site where these methods overlap. Limitations of proxy-based protocols, including the exclusion of sink terms for non-CO2 GHGs, applied to the Howland project preclude multi-gas forest products. In contrast, commercial products based on direct measurement are established by applying molecule-specific social cost factors to emission reductions creating a new forest offset (GHG-SCF), integrating multiple gases into a single value of merit for forest management of global warming. Estimated annual revenue for GHG-SCF products, applicable to the realization of a Green New Deal, range from ~$120,000 USD covering the site area of ~557 acres in 2021 to ~$12,000,000 USD for extrapolation to 40,000 acres in 2040, assuming a 3% discount rate. In contrast, California Air Resources Board compliance carbon offsets determined by the Climate Action Reserve protocol show annual errors of up to 2256% relative to eddy covariance data from two adjacent towers across the project area. Incomplete carbon accounting, offset over-crediting and inadequate independent offset verification are consistent with error results. The GHG-SCF product contributes innovative science-to-commerce applications incentivizing restoration and conservation of forests worldwide to assist in the management of global warming.
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Biermann, Frank, and Rainer Brohm. "Implementing the Kyoto Protocol without the USA: the strategic role of energy tax adjustments at the border." Climate Policy 4, no. 3 (January 1, 2005): 289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3763/cpol.2004.0422.
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Biermann, Frank, and Rainer Brohm. "Implementing the Kyoto Protocol without the USA: the strategic role of energy tax adjustments at the border." Climate Policy 4, no. 3 (January 2004): 289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2004.9685526.
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Ansah, Derick O., Jiangxia Wang, Kevin Lu, Samir Jabbour, Kraig S. Bower, and Uri S. Soiberman. "Post-FDA Approval Results of Epithelium-Off, Full-Fluence, Dresden Protocol Corneal Collagen Crosslinking in the USA." Ophthalmology and Therapy 9, no. 4 (October 7, 2020): 1023–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40123-020-00306-1.
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Urgun-Demirtas, M., K. R. Pagilla, T. E. Kunetz, J. P. Sobanski, and K. P. Law. "Nutrient removal process selection for planning and design of large wastewater treatment plant upgrade needs." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 9 (May 1, 2008): 1345–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.223.
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A protocol to select nutrient removal technologies that can achieve low nutrient effluents (total nitrogen (TN) < 5 mg/L and total phosphorus (TP) < 0.5 mg/L) was developed for different wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) sizes based on the research conducted during a Water Environment Research Foundation funded project. The adaptable protocol includes technology and cost assessment of feasible (pre-screened) nutrient removal technologies that are being successfully implemented at full scale. The information collected from the full scale nutrient removal plants to develop this protocol includes design, operational, performance, and cost data through a direct survey of plants, and published data. The protocol includes a “technology threshold” approach consisting of Tier I (TN < 5.0 mg/L; TP < 0.5 mg/L) and Tier II (TN < 3.0 mg/L; TP < 0.1 mg/L) effluent nutrient levels for different plant sizes. A very large WWTP (1,250,000 m3/day flow) in Chicago, Illinois, USA adapted this protocol for master planning and design of future nutrient removal facilities based on plant and site specific criteria.
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Dunn, Corey G., and Craig P. Paukert. "A flexible survey design for monitoring spatiotemporal fish richness in nonwadeable rivers: optimizing efficiency by integrating gears." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 77, no. 6 (June 2020): 978–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2019-0315.
Full textAbstract:
We designed a flexible protocol for monitoring fish species richness in nonwadeable rivers. Nine sites were sampled seasonally with six gears in two physiographic regions in Missouri (USA). Using resampling procedures and mixed-effects modeling, we quantified richness and compositional overlap among gears, identified efficient gear combinations, and evaluated protocol performance across regions and seasons. We detected 25–75 species per sample and 89 185 fish. On average, no single gear detected >62% of observed species, but an optimized, integrated-gear protocol with four complementary gears on average detected 90% of species while only requiring 51.9% of initial sampling effort. Neither season nor physiographic region explained low spatiotemporal variation in percent richness detected by the integrated-gear protocol. In contrast, equivalent effort with an electrofishing-only protocol was 53.5% less efficient, seasonally biased and imprecise (36.1%–82.3% of richness), and on average detected 15.9% less of observed richness. Altogether, riverine fish richness is likely underestimated with single-gear survey designs. When paired with existing wadeable-stream inventories, our customizable approach could benefit regional monitoring by comprehensively documenting riverine contributions to riverscape biodiversity.