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1
Melton, William R. Rest area usage design criteria update: Final report. [Olympia, Wash.?]: Washington State Dept. of Transportation, Planning, Research and Public Transportation Division, in cooperation with the U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1989.
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Lau, Patricia. A comparative study of multimedia usage, future application and possible area of development. London: Universityof East London, 1996.
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Daoushy, Abdalla. Artificial neural networks usage for underground water storage & river nile in Toshka area. Madīnat Naṣr, al-Qāhirah: Jumhūrīyat Miṣr al-ʻArabīyah, Maʻhad al-Takhṭīṭ al-Qawmī, 1998.
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El-Daoushy, Abdalla. Artificial neural networks usage for underground water storage & River Nile in Toshka area. Madīnat Naṣr [Cairo]: Maʻhad al-Takhṭīṭ al-Qawmī, 1998.
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Haeusser, Babette. IBM system storage TS1120 tape encryption: Planning, implementation, and usage guide. [United States?]: IBM, International Technical Support Organization, 2006.
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Bradbard, Steven L. Program strategies for increasing safety belt usage in rural areas. [Washington, D.C.]: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1996.
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The elephants of style: A trunkload of tips on the big issues and gray areas of contemporary American English. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004.
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Gurney, Melanie Elizabeth. Flexible learning methods and materials: A Case study based upon the perceptions, provision and usage of flexible learning methods and materials in the Business Studies Curriculum Area of a Further Education College. Birmingham: University of Central England in Birmingham, 1998.
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David, Hoffmann. Steps on the path to holistic herbalism: A brief & personal review of some areas of academic research into actions, pharmacology and clinical usage of herbal medicines ... s.l: Hoffmann, 1987.
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Ksenofontov, Boris. FLOTATION MULTISTAGE AND GENERALIZED MODELS OF THE PROCESS HARVESTERS OF KSENOFONTOV TYPE AND FOR SPECIAL PURPOSE. xxu: Academus Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/0022-8.
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A multistage and generalised flotation model, suggested more than 30 years ago by the author, is considered in a wide aspect for the first time in world literature for reader’s attention in monography. The possibilities of its usage are shown in different directions of water flotation purification, sediment thickening and enrichment of minerals. We have shed a light widely on matters concerning new flotation equipment as flotation harvesters of KBS type and for special purposes, which are developed on the basis of flotation process multistage and generalized models. Perspectives and intensification ways of water purification flotation processes are pointed out.
It is suggested for a wide range of readers, including researches, Higher education teachers, PhD students, Masters and Bachelors, Graduate students.
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Redbooks, IBM. IBM Totalstorage Expert Hands-On Usage Guide. IBM.Com/Redbooks, 2003.
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Redbooks, IBM. IBM Totalstorage Multiple Device Manager Usage Guide. IBM.Com/Redbooks, 2004.
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New Register Of Caribbean English Usage. University of the West Indies Press, 2010.
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An Analysis of Computer and Telephone Usage in the New York City Metropolitan Area. 1st Books Library, 2003.
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Smith, Holly M. Multiple-Rule Hybrid Solutions to the Problems of Error and Uncertainty. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199560080.003.0011.
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Chapter 11 argues that the best Hybrid system is one in which multiple lower-tier decision-guides are arranged in a hierarchy that prioritizes, on deontic grounds, the guides that are best to use in situations where an agent can use more than one guide in deriving a prescription. The system includes a theoretical account of right and wrong (Code C) that prescribes acts as objectively obligatory, together with a general decision-guiding principle (Code C*). Code C* prescribes as subjectively obligatory the act recommended as choice-mandated by the decision-guide, usable in the core sense by the agent, that is higher in the hierarchy of choice-mandating decision-guides than any other decision-guide usable by the agent and appropriate to Code C. This decision-guide need only be usable in the core, not the extended, sense. Sample consequentialist and Rossian Hybrid systems are outlined.
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Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid, ed. English Usage Guides. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808206.001.0001.
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Usage guides, or language advice manuals, are being published in large numbers, both in Britain and the US. The first titles that usually spring to mind are Fowler’s Modern English Usage (1926) or Sir Ernest Gowers’s Complete Plain Words (1954). Yet as a phenomenon, they are much older than that: the first English usage guide was published in 1770, and the first American one in 1847. Today, new titles come out almost every year, while old works are revised and reissued. At the same time, usage advice can be readily found on the internet: Grammar Girl, for instance, is a good example of what is in effect an online usage guide, and there are many others about. Remarkably, however, the kind of usage problems that have been treated over the years are very much the same, and attitudes towards them, by usage guide writers and the general public alike, are slow to change. Remarkably also, usage guides continue to be published despite easy online access to usage advice: there is clearly a market for them, and especially the more controversial ones sell well. How are usage guides compiled and revised? Who writes them? How do they do they differ from, say, grammars and dictionaries? How do attitudes to usage problems change? Why does the BBC need its own style guide, and why are usage guides published to begin with? These are central topics in the book.
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Smith, Holly M. Hybrid and Austere Responses to the Problem of Error. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199560080.003.0008.
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Chapter 8 explores the Austere and Hybrid Responses to the problem of error. The two types of response are described in both ideal and non-ideal versions. Both are found wanting, but the Austere Response emerges as best. Codes endorsed by the Austere approach cannot be shown to meet the “goal-oriented” desiderata of maximizing social welfare, facilitating social cooperation and long-range planning, or guaranteeing the occurrence of the ideal pattern of actions. But Austere-endorsed codes do satisfy the conceptual desiderata for “usable” moral theories in the core (but not the extended) sense of “usability.” They are usable despite the agent’s false beliefs, and they provide agents with the opportunity to live a successful moral life according to the modest conception of this life. This chapter concludes that the only remedy for the problem of error is an Austere code containing a derivative duty for agents to gather information before acting.
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Straaijer, Robin. The usage guide. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808206.003.0002.
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Drawing on data from the Hyper Usage Guide of English (HUGE) database (Straaijer 2014), this chapter sets the context for the other chapters of the collection by exploring the usage guide as a genre since the earliest publication in 1770. While modern usage guides overlap in form and content with other genres of works about language, there are distinct characteristics that identify them as a separate genre. After this genre had slowly been evolving for 150 years, H. W. Fowler’s Dictionary of Modern English Usage (1926) became a model for future publications. However, the usage guide remains a strongly author-driven genre, resulting in much variation in form and content. After continued development and professionalization from the mid-twentieth century onwards, two subtypes within the genre seem to have emerged: one striving for comprehensiveness and the other offering entertaining narrative. This variety may account for the enduring popularity of the genre.
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Young, Roxanne K. Correct and Preferred Usage. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jama/9780195176339.003.0011.
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The second quote, from a 1904 editorial in JAMA, certainly holds true today, but of course, editors do consider manuscripts that are poorly written but are of good science, although they may feel less confident about a paper’s content if the presentation is sloppy. Also, authors whose first language is not that of the journal should still be given consideration. In particular, editors should not lose the author’s voice, especially in informal usage. Still, scientific writing should be as precise as possible to avoid misinterpretation. This section provides a selection of correct and preferred terms...
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Garner, Bryan A. Garner’s Modern English Usage. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780190491482.001.0001.
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Over 6000 entriesWith more than a thousand new entries and more than 2,300 word-frequency ratios, the magisterial fourth edition ofGarner’s Modern English Usagereflects usage lexicography at its finest. It delights while providing instruction on skillful, persuasive, and vivid writing. Garner liberates English from two extremes: both from the hidebound “purists” who mistakenly believe that split infinitives and sentence-ending prepositions are malfeasances and from the linguistic relativists who believe that whatever people say or write must necessarily be accepted.The judgments here are backed up not just by a lifetime of study but also by an empirical grounding in the largest linguistic corpus ever available. In this fourth edition, Garner has made extensive use of corpus linguistics to include ratios of standard terms as compared against variants in modern print sources. No other resource provides as comprehensive, reliable, and empirical a guide to current English usage.For all concerned with writing and editing,Garner’s Modern English Usagewill prove invaluable as a desk reference. Garner illustrates with actual examples, cited with chapter and verse, all the linguistic blunders that modern writers and speakers are prone to, whether in word choice, syntax, phrasing, punctuation, or pronunciation. This is the liveliest and most compulsively readable reference work for writers of our time.
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Ebner, Carmen. Attitudes to British usage. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808206.003.0009.
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In this chapter Carmen Ebner discusses how the attitudes of British English speakers have changed by comparing the findings of an earlier usage attitude study conducted by Mittins et al. (1970) with recently collected data on the same usage problems via an online questionnaire. In particular, she will look at the split infinitive, between you and I, differently than, the dangling participle (as in pulling the trigger, the gun went off), and literally. As a result, she will be able to compare what are in effect two snapshots of current usage, and identify possible changes in attitudes towards these disputed linguistic items.
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Nations, United. Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use: Current Information As at 31 August 1999 = Codes Standard Des Pays Et Des Zones a Usage Statistique (Studies in Methods Series M). 4th ed. United Nations, 1999.
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Kostadinova, Viktorija. Usage problems in American English. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808206.003.0010.
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This chapter explores the complexity of attitudes to the usage problems ain’t, literally, and like in American English, from the point of view of both prescriptivist discourse found in usage guides and speakers’ ideas about these usage problems. I argue that the stakes for speakers involved in using certain usage problems are different in different contexts, and that these usage problems merit more serious sociolinguistic attention. I pay particular attention to how the attitudes of speakers towards the usage problems considered in this chapter differ from those expressed in usage guides. One of the conclusions of this analysis is that different usage problems have different social implications for different speakers. Grammatical usage problems in particular seem to be more closely associated with education, although regional and language context sensitivity play a role as well.
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Ostade, Ingrid Tieken-Boon van. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808206.003.0001.
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Usage guides are an extremely popular genre, as is evident from new titles being published year after year and established ones being revised and reprinted. They are a marketable product, as both writers and publishers know. The genre did not start with Fowler, despite what many people think; it has a long history going back to the late eighteenth century. Usage advice today is also found online, while it was already the subject of satire in Punch during the nineteenth century. Yet how many usage problems there are is something authors—journalists, writers, but also linguists—show no consensus on. Usage problems come and go, and attitudes to them, expressed both by the general public and by usage guide writers, are found to change over the years. Some works remain remarkably conservative, which appears to be what is desired by readers who often feel insecure about what exactly proper English is.
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Landreth Grau, Stacy. Marketing for Nonprofit Organizations. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190090807.001.0001.
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Marketing for Nonprofit Organizations: Insights and Innovations, Second Edition, is a comprehensive overview of the marketing process written specifically for nonprofit and social impact organizations. This book covers topics important to nonprofit professionals: branding; target audience selection; strategy; promotional tactics, including social media; and marketing evaluation. The “Insights” sections are based primarily on academic research that has been published and now translated into usable information for marketing professionals. The “Innovations” sections highlight organizations that are doing things in a different way and topics that are relatively new to the field. This second edition includes many updated examples as well as new information on several topics such as social enterprise, design thinking, collective impact, and narratives in nonprofits. Readers will find an organized, easy-to-read overview of important considerations in marketing for new and established nonprofit organizations and foundations.
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Schmid, Hans-Jörg. The Dynamics of the Linguistic System. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814771.001.0001.
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This book develops a model of language which can be characterized as functionalist, usage-based, dynamic, and complex-adaptive. Its core idea is that linguistic structure is not stable and uniform, but continually refreshed and in fact reconstituted by the feedback-loop interaction of three components: usage, i.e. the interpersonal and cognitive activities of speakers in concrete communication; conventionalization, i.e. the social processes taking place in speech communities; and entrenchment, i.e. the cognitive processes taking place in the minds of individual speakers. Extending the so-called Entrenchment-and-Conventionalization Model, the book shows that what we call the Linguistic System is created, sustained, and continually adapted by the ongoing interaction between usage, conventionalization, and entrenchment. The model contributes to closing the gap in usage-based models concerning how exactly usage is transformed into collective and individual grammar and how these two grammars in turn feed back into usage. The book exploits and extends insights from an exceptionally wide range of fields, including usage-based cognitive linguistics, psycholinguistics, interactional linguistics and pragmatics, historical linguistics, sociolinguistics and the sociology and philosophy of language, as well as quantitative corpus linguistics. It makes numerous original suggestions about, among other things, how cognitive processing and representation are related and about the manifold ways in which individuals and communities contribute to shaping language and bringing about language variation and change. It presents a coherent account of the role of forces that are known to affect language structure, variation, and change, e.g. economy, efficiency, extravagance, embodiment, identity, social order, prestige, mobility, multilingualism, and language contact.
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Smith, Holly M. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199560080.003.0001.
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Chapter 1 describes the central issue addressed by the book and then outlines the common philosophical responses to this issue and the type of solution for which the author will argue. The central issue is that we are epistemically limited agents who must contend with false beliefs or uncertainty in trying to ascertain and do what is right according to traditional moral theories. Common responses to this “epistemic problem” for morality include the “Austere” Response (sticking with traditional theories even though they are often unusable); the “Pragmatic” Response (abandoning traditional theories in favor of more user-friendly ones); and the “Hybrid” Response (seeking the advantages of both approaches in a two-tier structure that marries a traditional moral theory with more usable decision-guides). The advantages and disadvantages of all three responses will be assessed in subsequent chapters.
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Smith, Holly M. Pragmatic Responses to the Problem of Error. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199560080.003.0004.
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Chapter 4 examines ideal Pragmatic Responses to the problem of nonmoral error: responses which seek to identify a normatively acceptable moral code that is universally usable by all agents. Some proposed ideal codes are objectivized (an act’s rightness depends on its objective features), whereas others are subjectivized (an act’s rightness depends on the features its agent believes it to have). An ideal Pragmatic code would fulfill at least some of the conceptual and goal-oriented rationales for requiring a code to meet the Usability Demand. The most promising candidate code is the moral laundry list, which consists of a list of individual actions, each described in terms the agent can unerringly apply. However, since no agent has the knowledge to identify the correct moral laundry list, the chapter finds no Pragmatic Response that provides an effective remedy for the problem of error.
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Gottwald, Franz-Theo, Jan Plagge, and Franz Josef Radermacher, eds. Klimapositive Landwirtschaft. Tectum – ein Verlag in der Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783828877603.
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This book highlights the important role of nature-based solutions in achieving global energy, development and climate goals through a transformation of agriculture and forestry. They are the only available, widely usable and affordable mechanism today for getting CO2 back out of the atmosphere (negative emissions). The described approach allows Africa, India and other emerging countries to follow China's development path - without negative climate impact. The considerations of the authors from the environment of the Senate of the Economy and its foundation were partly developed in close coordination with the German Federal Ministry for Development and Economic Cooperation. With contributions by Harry Assenmacher, Dirk Walterspacher; Dr. Christoph Brüssel; Azadeh Farajpour; Felix Finkbeiner; Prof. Dr. Franz-Theo Gottwald; Siegfried Griese; Prof. Estelle Herlyn; Dr. Anita Idel; Bundesminister Dr. Gerd Müller; Jan Plagge; Prof. Dr. Franz-Josef Radermacher; Martin Seitle, Martin Wild and Holger Stromberg.
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Stefan, Vogenauer. Ch.1 General Provisions, General Provisions III: Arts 1.6–1.12—Application of the PICC, Art.1.9. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0013.
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This commentary focuses on Article 1.9 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC), which stipulates requirements for the bindingness of usages or practices established between the parties. Art 1.9 does not provide criteria for ascertaining the existence of such usages or practices, but rather presupposes their existence. The parties are bound by any usage to which they have agreed and by any practices which they have established between themselves. The parties are also bound by a usage that is widely known to and regularly observed in international trade by parties in the particular trade concerned except where the application of such a usage would be unreasonable. Art 1.9 also addresses burden of proof as a requirement for parties that claim that an established practice is binding.
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Soni, Jayesh M. Endovascular Options for Nonmaturing Fistulas due to Collateral Flow. Edited by S. Lowell Kahn, Bulent Arslan, and Abdulrahman Masrani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199986071.003.0050.
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The “failing to mature” arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is a surgically created AVF that fails to properly dilate to become usable for hemodialysis within 8–12 weeks after its creation. Difficult cannulation and inadequate AVF flow are the clinical manifestations of the “failing to mature” fistula. Early thrombosis of a newly created fistula is a possible cause of a “failing to mature” AVF. Early AVF thrombosis has similar underlying derangements as the immature fistula and both can be salvaged using endovascular techniques, including embolization of collateral veins via coils or endovascular plugs. Complications of collateral vein embolization include local hematoma formation, inadvertent coiling of the outflow vein, pain, erythema at the site of collateral vein embolization, migration of the coils, and, rarely, skin erosion at the site of the embolized superficial collateral vein. Patients need to be followed up with a fistulagram within 1 month of embolization.
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Brown, Ruth Nicole. When Black Girls Look at You. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037979.003.0004.
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This chapter considers what it means to be seen and looked at as a Black girl. Building on the visual-poetic analysis of June Jordan's (1969) Who Look at Me and M. NourbeSe Philip's (2008) Zong!, the chapter offers an “anti-narrative photo-poem” that couples photography, poetry, and intersubjective insights of Black girlhood to specifically address the institutional norms and interpersonal dynamics that govern their lives and promote a limited knowing of Black girls premised on sight alone. The primary purpose of this chapter is to show that Black girls actively decide who and what is worthy of their presence and attention. The anti-narrative photo-poem invites those who dare to look to answer with action, as June Jordan suggested, but to do so while giving attention to the kinds of nuanced intersubjective interactions that hinge on the particular usable truth that Black girls are looking at you, watching them.
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Bilow, Marcel, Tillmann Klein, and Ulrich Knaack. DEFLATE-ABLES. 010 publishers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.47982/bookrxiv.13.
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Pneumatic structures have been thoroughly investigated and developed during the 1960s. However, the energy crisis and aesthetic developments stopped the process of employing these structures as a mainstream construction method. Nowadays these structures are typically used in special areas of architecture and design. Imagine-Deflateables concentrates on the very limited knowledge of vacuum constructions and develops a range of aesthetic, technical and functional design possibilities. Until today, there has been a very limited number of designs developed and realized using pressurized constructions – despite the fact that this technology could lead to positive aspects: the air pressure of the earth can be used as a stabilizing and form-giving parameter, creating a specific and inspiring shape. In addition, the very nature of this technology offers varying degrees of thermal and acoustic insulation. There are of course weak points such as potential leakage and the need for high pressurization of the construction; but new material technologies and specific structural concepts will provide solutions to overcome these issues. Exploiting the possibilities of extremely light and, at the same time, energetically active constructions, deflateables are one of the promising fields of architectural and design developments. The chance to create structures that can move and react to requests such as user and climate requirements as well as formative demands, lifts this topic onto the level of a realistic and usable technology for as yet unknown design possibilities.
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Thurner, Paul W., and Wolfgang C. Müller, eds. Comparative Policy Indicators on Nuclear Energy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747031.003.0003.
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This chapter provides an overview of the relevance of nuclear energy worldwide and especially in Europe (EU-27 + Switzerland) in the most recent decades. It presents the number of reactors currently connected to the grid and under construction as well as their capacities. It differentiates between nuclear energy’s contribution to gross inland energy consumption and to electricity production. These patterns are contrasted with the import dependency of countries. Counter-intuitively, it can be shown that import dependency does not explain the observed extent of the usage of nuclear energy. Rather there seem to be positive feedback processes between enhanced nuclear power usage, economic growth, and further reliance on external resources.
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Alexander, Gregory S. Community and Communities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190860745.003.0003.
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The primary focus of this chapter is on communities as a social institution, though it pays some attention to the normative concern here as well. Community is both a normative and a conceptual language. In this respect, its meaning is more than the layperson’s common usage referring to just those persons who are within one’s immediate circle. One can be a member of a community in different senses, some more closely fitting the more familiar usage of the term than others. We may use the language of community in the normative sense to evaluate the obligations that we owe members of races other than our own, where special relationships exist. Such relationships may carry responsibilities to those persons.
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Carlip, Steven. General Relativity. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822158.001.0001.
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This work is a short textbook on general relativity and gravitation, aimed at readers with a broad range of interests in physics, from cosmology to gravitational radiation to high energy physics to condensed matter theory. It is an introductory text, but it has also been written as a jumping-off point for readers who plan to study more specialized topics. As a textbook, it is designed to be usable in a one-quarter course (about 25 hours of instruction), and should be suitable for both graduate students and advanced undergraduates. The pedagogical approach is “physics first”: readers move very quickly to the calculation of observational predictions, and only return to the mathematical foundations after the physics is established. The book is mathematically correct—even nonspecialists need to know some differential geometry to be able to read papers—but informal. In addition to the “standard” topics covered by most introductory textbooks, it contains short introductions to more advanced topics: for instance, why field equations are second order, how to treat gravitational energy, what is required for a Hamiltonian formulation of general relativity. A concluding chapter discusses directions for further study, from mathematical relativity to experimental tests to quantum gravity.
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Division, United Nations Statistical, ed. Standard country or area codes for statistical use (current information as at 31 August 1999) =: Codes standard des pays et des zones à usage statistique = Códigos uniformes de país o de zona para uso estadístico. 4th ed. New York: United Nations, 1999.
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Schmied, Josef. East African English. Edited by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199777716.013.35.
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English in East Africa is a well-developed usage variety (or a cluster of usage varieties), although it is not as indigenized as in West Africa, for instance, because many functions in the language repertoire are still taken over by Kiswahili and other African languages. The debate on developing an independent norm is not prominent, although at least English in Kenya could be classified as an outer circle variety. Theoretically, innovations, including borrowings from the national language Kiswahili, are less prominent than expansions of usages well-known from other New Englishes. Few features are really pervasive (like phoneme mergers) and accepted, so that an independent system cannot be identified easily. The socio-cognitive awareness of variation is not very pronounced, although English users are aware of national and even subnational features, especially in pronunciation, lexis, and idiomaticity. Today new internet research opportunities can complement the 20 year old data from the International Corpus of English (ICE).
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Robinson, Marin S., Fredricka L. Stoller, Molly Constanza-Robinson, and James K. Jones. Write Like a Chemist. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195367423.001.0001.
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Write Like a Chemist is a unique guide to chemistry-specific writing. Written with National Science Foundation support and extensively piloted in chemistry courses nationwide, it offers a structured approach to writing that targets four important chemistry genres: the journal article, conference abstract, scientific poster, and research proposal. Chemistry students, post-docs, faculty, and other professionals interested in perfecting their disciplinary writing will find it an indispensable reference. Users of the book will learn to write through a host of exercises, ranging in difficulty from correcting single words and sentences to writing professional-quality papers, abstracts, posters, and proposals. The book's read-analyze-write approach teaches students to analyze what they read and then write, paying attention to audience, organization, writing conventions, grammar, and science content, thereby turning the complex process of writing into graduated, achievable tasks. Concise writing and organizational skills are stressed throughout, and "move structures" teach students conventional ways to present their stories of scientific discovery. This resource includes over 350 excerpts from ACS journal articles, ACS conference abstracts, and successful NSF CAREER proposals, excerpts that will serve as useful models of chemistry writing for years to come. Other special features: Usable in chemistry lab, lecture, and writing-dedicated courses Useful as a writing resource for practicing chemists Augmented by Language Tips that address troublesome areas of language and grammer in a self-study format Accompanied by a Web site: http://www.oup.com/us/writelikeachemist Supplemented with an answer key for faculty adopting the book
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Scobie, Antonia, Mark Gilchrist, Laura Whitney, and Matthew Laundy. Managing antimicrobials on the shop floor. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198758792.003.0005.
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Reducing antimicrobial usage is key to stewardship, reducing adverse effects, and potentially stemming the tide of resistance. Establishment of an antimicrobial team on the shop floor to develop and manage a practical programme is discussed. Suggested methods of reducing antimicrobial usage include preventing initiation of unnecessary antimicrobials by the use of evidence-based guidelines and biomarker-directed clinical pathways, restricting durations to the shortest effective course—with automatic stop orders and separate antibiotic prescription charts, parenteral to oral switch programmes and utilization of outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy services when available. Finally, cessation of inappropriate treatment and reducing the use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials are essential and can be achieved by restrictive strategies such as pre-authorization and persuasive strategies such as audit and feedback via stewardship ward rounds. Different approaches to implementing audit and feedback within hospitals are covered in detail in this chapter.
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Stern, Marc J. Social Science Theory for Environmental Sustainability. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793182.001.0001.
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Social science theory for environmental sustainability: A practical guide makes social science theory accessible and usable to anyone interested in working toward environmental sustainability at any scale. Environmental problems are, first and foremost, people problems. Without better understandings of the people involved, solutions are often hard to come by. This book answers calls for demonstrating the value of theories from the social sciences for solving these types of problems and provides strategies to facilitate their use. It contains concise summaries of over thirty social science theories and demonstrates how to use them in diverse contexts associated with environmental conflict, conservation, natural resource management, and other environmental sustainability challenges. The practical applications of the theories include persuasive communication, conflict resolution, collaboration, negotiation, enhancing organizational effectiveness, working across cultures, generating collective impact, and building more resilient governance of social-ecological systems. Examples throughout the book and detailed vignettes illustrate how to combine multiple social science theories to develop effective strategies for environmental problem solving. The final chapter draws out key principles for enhancing these efforts. The book will serve as a key reference for environmental professionals, business people, students, scientists, public officials, government employees, aid workers, or any concerned citizen who wants to be better equipped to navigate the social complexities of environmental challenges and make a meaningful impact on any environmental issue.
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Stephenson, Barry. 5. Definitions, types, domains. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199943524.003.0006.
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The word “ritual” is used in three different, though related, ways. First, ritual is conceived as a kind of action. Second, ritual is a cultural domain, arena, stage, or field, in and out of which people act and are acted upon. Third, ritual is sometimes conceived as an actor in its own right. ‘Definitions, types, domains’ explains the limitations of definitions and assesses the wide-ranging scholarship on what ritual is. There are three concepts that can be distinguished from one another, though their usage tends to overlap: ritualization, rites, and ritual. The differences between religious ritual (liturgy) and political ritual and civil religion, often referred to as ceremony, are also discussed.
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Roy, Goode, Kronke Herbert, and McKendrick Ewan, eds. Part I General Principles, 1 The Nature, History, and Sources of Commercial Law. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198735441.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 1 examines the nature of commercial law and transnational commercial law, identifies the forces driving the development of commercial law and gives a brief history of commercial law from the early codes to the present day. After identifying the sources of national commercial law, it goes on to examine the nature and sources of transnational commercial law, with a particular focus on international trade usage and the lex mercatoria and discusses complex issues relating to the binding nature of usage. Also discussed are the major types of international instrument — conventions, model laws, contractually incorporated rules and trade terms promulgated by international organisations such as the International Chamber of Commerce, standard-term contracts, and scholarly restatements such as the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts and the Commission on European Contract Law Principles of European Contract Law.
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Smith, Holly M. Making Morality Work. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199560080.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Moral theories can play both a theoretical and a practical role. As theories, they provide accounts of which features make actions right or wrong. In practice, they provide standards by which we guide our choices. Regrettably, limits on human knowledge often prevent people from using traditional moral theories to make decisions. Decision makers labor under false beliefs, or they are ignorant or uncertain about the circumstances and consequences of their possible actions. An agent so hampered cannot successfully use her chosen moral theory as a decision-guide. This book examines three major strategies for addressing this “epistemic problem” in morality. One strategy argues that the epistemic limitations of agents are defects in them but not in the moral theories, which are only required to play the theoretical role. A second strategy holds that the main or sole point of morality is to play the practical role, so that any theory incapable of guiding decisions must be rejected in favor of a more usable theory. The third strategy claims the correct theory can play both the theoretical and practical role through a two-tier structure. The top tier plays the theoretical role, while the lower tier provides a coordinated set of user-friendly decision-guides to provide practical guidance. Agents use the theoretical account indirectly to guide their choices by directly utilizing the supplementary decision-guides.Making Morality Work argues that the first two strategies should be rejected, and develops an innovative version of the third strategy.
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Van Den Bos, Kees. Why People Radicalize. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190657345.001.0001.
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This book focuses on the issue of why people radicalize. This issue includes the question of why sometimes Muslims or those who identify with right-wing or left-wing politics engage in violent extremism and are sympathetic to terrorist acts. The book argues that part of the answer to these important yet complex and multifaceted topics lies in people perceiving certain things in their world as profoundly unfair. For example, they feel that their group is being treated in blatantly unfair manners, or they judge crucial moral principles to be violated. The book makes the case that these unfairness judgments threaten people’s sense of who they are and jeopardize their beliefs about how the world should look. Furthermore, these judgments are not merely perceptions, but instead feel real and genuine to those who constructed them. As a result, these unfairness judgments can fuel people’s radical beliefs, extremist behaviors, and support for terrorist acts. This book explains how this fueling process takes place. In doing so, the book provides in-depth insight into Muslim, right-wing, and left-wing radicalization. The book draws novel conceptual conclusions and suggests usable practical implications. The book was written based on the author’s expertise as fairness researcher and his experiences of giving advice on radicalization (and associated issues of extremism and terrorism) to the Dutch government. Based on this expertise and experiences, the book conveys an engaging line of reasoning to a broad audience of scientists, practitioners, and others who are interested in radicalization, extremism, terrorism, and unfairness.
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Jockers, Matthew L. Style. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037528.003.0006.
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This chapter shows how stylistic signals can be derived from high-frequency features and how the usage, or nonusage, of those features was susceptible to influences that are external to the so-called “authorial style,” external influences such as genre, time, and gender. These aspects of style were explored using a controlled corpus of 106 British novels where genre was a key point of analysis. The chapter first provides an overview of statistical or quantitative authorship attribution before discussing the author's project, in which he analyzed the degree to which novelistic genres express a distinguishable stylistic signal by focusing on the distribution of novels in a corpus based on their genres and decades of publication. Through a series of experiments, he demonstrates the use of the classification methodology as a way of measuring the extent to which factors beyond an individual author's personal style may play a role in determining the linguistic usage and style of the resulting text.
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Seco, Josi M., Emilio Quiqoa, and Ricardo Riguera. The Assignment of the Absolute Configuration by NMR using Chiral Derivatizing Agents. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199996803.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR spectroscopy) is a research technique that uses the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei to determine physical and chemical properties of atoms or the molecules in which they are contained. Proton NMR (1H NMR) is a technique that applies NMR spectroscopy specifically to the hydrogen-1 nuclei within the molecules of a substance, in order to determine the structure of that substance's molecules. The use of 1H NMR for the assignment of absolute configuration of organic compounds is a well-established technique. Recent research describes the technique's application to mono-, bi- and trifunctional compounds. In addition, several new auxiliary reagents, mono- and biderivatization procedures, on-resin methodologies and more recently, the use of 13C NMR, have been introduced to the field. In The Assignment of the Absolute Configuration by NMR Using Chiral Derivatizing Agents: A Practical Guide, eminent Professor of Organic Chemistry Ricardo Riguera organizes this cutting-edge NMR research. Professor Riguera offers a short and usable guide that introduces the reader to the research with a plethora of details and examples. The book briefly explains the theoretical aspects necessary for understanding the methodology, dedicating most of its space to covering the practical aspects of the assignment, with examples and spectra taken from the authors' own experiments. Upper-level undergraduates, graduate students, and chemical researchers will find this guide useful for their studies and practice.
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Spencer, Alexander. Metaphorizing Terrorism. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038860.003.0005.
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This chapter shows that metaphors in the media actively take part in the construction of the world as we see it, think of it, and ultimately react to it. By projecting understandings from one conceptual area, such as war, to a different area, such as terrorism, metaphors naturalize specific countermeasures while placing other options outside of the mainstream debate. Metaphors are mechanisms for cognitive engagement by making abstract concepts and phenomena that are difficult to grasp, such as terrorism, comprehendible. The chapter begins by illustrating the concept of metaphors, reflecting on what metaphors do, and thereby outlining a method of metaphorical analysis. It then applies this method to tabloid news media discourse in Germany and the UK, and examines the four dominant conceptual metaphors that construct the terrorism of al Qaeda and Osama bin Laden in these media. These conceptual metaphors are: terrorism is war, terrorism is crime, terrorism is uncivilized evil, and terrorism is disease. The chapter concludes by reflecting on some of the differences between media representations in Germany and the UK, and outlines some possible explanations for varying metaphor usage.
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Giacovazzo, Carmelo. Phasing in Crystallography. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199686995.001.0001.
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Modern crystallographic methods originate from the synergy of two main research streams, the small-molecule and the macro-molecular streams. The first stream was able to definitively solve the phase problem for molecules up to 200 atoms in the asymmetric unit. The achievements obtained by the macromolecular stream are also impressive. A huge number of protein structures have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank. The solution of them is no longer reserved to an elite group of scientists, but may be attained in a large number of laboratories around the world, even by young scientists. New probabilistic approaches have been tailored to deal with larger structures, errors in the experimental data, and modest data resolution. Traditional phasing techniques like ab initio, molecular replacement, isomorphous replacement, and anomalous dispersion techniques have been revisited. The new approaches have been implemented in robust phasing programs, which have been organized in automatic pipelines usable even by non-experts. Protein structures, which 50 years ago could take months or even years to solve, can now be solved in a matter of hours, partly also due to technological advances in computer science. This book describes all modern crystallographic phasing methods, and introduces a new rational classification of them. A didactic approach is used, with the techniques described simply and logically in the main text, and further mathematical details confined to the Appendices for motivated readers. Numerous figures and applicative details illustrate the text.
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Reiling, Jennifer. Glossary of Publishing Terms. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jama/9780195176339.003.0024.
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This glossary is intended to define terms commonly encountered during editing and publishing as well as those editing and publishing as well as those industry terms that also have a more common vernacular meaning. The glossary is not all-inclusive. New terms and new usage of existing terms will emerge with time and advances in technology. Definitions for the terms herein were compiled from the ninth edition of this manual and the sources listed at the end of the chapter. Terms used in definitions that are defined elsewhere in this glossary are italic links.