Journal articles: 'Usable area'

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Griffin, Paul. "Making usable pasts: Collaboration, labour and activism in the archive." Area 50, no. 4 (October 19, 2017): 501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/area.12384.

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Benduch, Piotr, and Paweł Hanus. "The concept of estimating usable floor area of buildings based on cadastral data." Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics 105, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rgg-2018-0004.

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Abstract Usable floor area is one of the most important spatial attributes of buildings and premises. It is used, for example, to determine the basis for their taxation. Unfortunately, the question of proper determination of usable floor area in Poland has remained problematic for many years, which is closely related to the occurrence of various definitions of usable floor area in the currently binding legal acts. Consequently, usable floor area is not a universal attribute. This means that in certain cases significant discrepancies may occur between the usable floor area of the same structure, determined for different purposes. In addition, despite attempts made to unify the principles for the performance of surveys of building structures and their parts, this requirement still can not be recognized as fully met. Therefore, there is no doubt that the problem of reliability and availability of data defining the usable floor area of buildings is becoming even more important in view of the introduction of the ‘ad valorem’ tax, which has been planned for years. For this reason, this paper proposes a universal, multi-variant method of estimating usable floor area based on geometric and descriptive data of buildings contained in the cadastre. The Authors, taking into account the applicable legal regulations, have considered the possibilities of practical implementation of individual variants of this specific method. They have carried out empirical tests of effectiveness of the proposed approach. They have also defined tasks for which this method of determining the usable floor area of buildings would be particularly useful.

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Janowski, Artur, Małgorzata Renigier-Biłozor, Marek Walacik, and Aneta Chmielewska. "Remote measurement of building usable floor area – Algorithms fusion." Land Use Policy 100 (January 2021): 104938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104938.

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Dawid, Leszek, Michał Tomza, and Anna Dawid. "Estimation of Usable Area of Flat-Roof Residential Buildings Using Topographic Data with Machine Learning Methods." Remote Sensing 11, no. 20 (October 14, 2019): 2382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11202382.

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The real estate appraisal largely consists of estimating the property’s value based on the transaction prices of similar buildings with the usable area being one of the main comparative units. A Polish appraiser finds data mentioned in the Price and Value Register (PVR). However, one of the authors’ previous studies indicated that the PVR contained highly incomplete information on usable area of residential buildings rendering it impractical for real estate appraisal purposes. Here, we propose a machine learning method to estimate the usable area of flat-roof residential buildings based on Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data as well as the Database of Topographic Objects (BDOT10k). First, we train models with different architectures on the exact project data of residential buildings available online, obtained mostly from the design offices Lipińscy and Archon. Then, we apply trained algorithms on available residential building in Koszalin, Poland, using BDOT10k and LoD1 standard LiDAR data, and compare the results with usable area reported in PVR. Results show that the usable area of flat-roof houses without garages and extensions can be calculated with great accuracy up to 4%, while for more complex flat-roof buildings-up to 4–10%, depending on how detailed data are available. The model may be used by real estate appraisers to approximate the unknown usable area of residential buildings with known transaction prices, and as such increase the number of properties that can be compared to the evaluated real estate. To estimate the usable area of buildings with more complex roofs, a higher standard of LiDAR data is needed.

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Peshkov, Ivan. "Usable Past for a Transbaikalian Borderline Town." Inner Asia 16, no. 1 (August 19, 2014): 95–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340005.

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This paper aims at analysing the depoliticisation process of a border region’s past from the perspective of simultaneous changes in biographies of people, objects and forbidden places. Turning the closed Soviet-Chinese border into a relatively open Russian–Chinese border meant not only opening the socialist borderline areas to the world, but also confronting Russian society with an intensely mythologised area and people connected with it. The combination of the totally Soviet symbolic space of the of the border town of Priargunsk in Eastern Transbaikalia with extremely differing attitudes towards the socialist past enables us to show the influence of borderline location on post-communist struggles with the trauma of long-lasting political confrontation in a different light. This new version of the past not only offers the possibility of including former enemies in the new post-communist border community, but also of establishing a fresh connection with Soviet objects, now defined as historically specific signs of the long Russian presence in the area. We are dealing with a peculiar post-Soviet case of an epistemic advantage of border, according to which the borderline and peripheral location of extreme ideological and cultural attitudes encourages unexpected forms of time and space perception, regardless of the incomplete reconciliation process following the Civil War.

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Venkatasubramanian, K. K., A. Banerjee, and S. K. S. Gupta. "PSKA: Usable and Secure Key Agreement Scheme for Body Area Networks." IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine 14, no. 1 (January 2010): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/titb.2009.2037617.

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Du, Lin Tao, and Jian Bin Zhao. "Calculation and Analysis of China’s Residential Pool Area." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 2577–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.2577.

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Based on the newly issued Code for Design of Residential Buildings (GB50096—2011), it is researched in this essay how pool area is influenced in residential buildings. Through calculation and analysis of a practical case, it is concluded that factors like built-up usable areas, residents on each floor, designing, and height of residential building all attribute to the final result of pool area.

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Depo, Kamil, Agnieszka Szparaga, Miroslav Pristavka, and Sławomir Kocira. "Usable Agricultural Area of Farms and their Material and Energy Expenditure Efficiency." Agricultural Engineering 24, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agriceng-2020-0002.

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AbstractThe paper analyzes the efficiency of material and energy expenditure in 679 farms with agricultural production as the main source of income for the years 2013-2015. Six groups of farms were identified according to usable agricultural area (UAA). The aim of the work was to determine the impact of UAA of farms on their material and energy expenditure efficiency. It was found that the area of UAA determines the farms’ material and energy expenditure efficiency. It was observed that small farms with UAA of 5 to 10 ha are characterized by the highest material and energy expenditure efficiency. It was proven that the material and energy expenditure efficiency in “Small” farms with UAA (<= 5ha) and “Very large”, with UAA (> 50ha) differs significantly from the efficiency determined for other farm groups. Material and energy expenditures were used the least efficiently in the farms with the smallest UAA.

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Štefunková, Zuzana, Viliam Macura, Andrej Škrinár, Martina Majorošová, Gréta Doláková, Peter Halaj, and Timea Petrová. "Evaluation of the Methodology to Assess the Influence of Hydraulic Characteristics on Habitat Quality." Water 12, no. 4 (April 15, 2020): 1131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12041131.

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The article aims at assessing the impact of hydraulic characteristics on the habitat quality of mountain and piedmont watercourses. The solution results from the Riverine Habitat Simulation model, where the quality of the aquatic habitat is represented by the weighted usable area (WUA), which is determined using brown trout as the bioindicator. Flow velocity and water depth are basic abiotic characteristics that determine the ratio of suitability of the instream habitat represented by the weighted usable area. The influence of these parameters on the objective evaluation of the habitat quality is the essence of the paper. The measurements were carried out during the summer period at minimum discharges for 17 mountain and piedmont streams in Slovakia. Three methods for assessing the habitat quality were tested, and differences in the results were found to be significant. The evaluation shows the optimum design methods for calculating the weighted usable area.

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Loh, Robert. "GPS Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)." Journal of Navigation 48, no. 2 (May 1995): 180–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300012649.

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Today, no single technology has more broad-reaching potential for worldwide civil aviation than the future applications of satellite technology. These applications represent the greatest opportunity to enhance aviation system capacity, efficiency and safety since the introduction of radio-based navigation systems more than 50 years ago. The foundation for this optimism is the Global Positioning System (GPS), a satellite-based radio navigation system operated and controlled by the United States Department of Defense (DoD). In December 1993, DoD declared GPS to be in initial operational capability (10c), which means 24 satellites are now in orbit, available and usable for satellite navigation. The Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) responded to this potential through initiation of a comprehensive satellite programme involving government, industry and users to expedite research, development and field implementation of satellite-based navigation services.

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Kurnatowski, Marek. "SELECTED FACTORS AFFECTING THE ACCURACY OF USABLE AREA MEASUREMENTS FOR ROOMS WITH IRREGULAR SHAPES." space&FORM 2018, no. 35 (September 28, 2018): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/pif.2018.35.b-03.

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Wang, Yu, Yuanjie Wu, Sungchul Jung, Simon Hoermann, Shouwen Yao, and Robert W. Lindeman. "Enlarging the Usable Hand Tracking Area by Using Multiple Leap Motion Controllers in VR." IEEE Sensors Journal 21, no. 16 (August 15, 2021): 17947–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2021.3082988.

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Roussel, J. M., A. Baronnet, and A. Claude. "Microhabitats of brown trout when feeding on drift and when resting in a lowland salmonid brook: effects on Weighted Usable Area." Fundamental and Applied Limnology 146, no. 4 (November 24, 1999): 413–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/146/1999/413.

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ASIABANPOUR, BAHRAM, ALIREZA MOKHTAR, MOHAMMAD HAYASI, ALI KAMRANI, and EMAD ABOUEL NASR. "AN OVERVIEW ON FIVE APPROACHES FOR TRANSLATING CAD DATA INTO MANUFACTURING INFORMATION." Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Systems 08, no. 01 (June 2009): 89–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219686709001687.

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All Rapid Prototyping and CNC material removal processes use information which is extracted from a CAD system. There are several ways to convert CAD data into usable manufacturing information. In this paper, five methods of translating CAD data into a usable manufacturing format are explained. These five methods are data translation from CAD files in STL, DXF, STEP-NC, and IGES formats as well as a platform-dependent area method of manufacturing information in a desirable format. For each method, algorithms and details about the CAD data translation into usable manufacturing and prototyping processes formats are presented. Finally, applications of each approach and its pros and cons are summarized in a table.

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Chiasson, Sonia, Heather Crawford, Serge Egelman, and Pourang Irani. "Reflections on U-PriSM 2." International Journal of Mobile Human Computer Interaction 6, no. 2 (April 2014): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmhci.2014040106.

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The Second Usable Privacy and Security for Mobile Devices Workshop (U-PriSM 2) was co-located with MobileHCI'13 in Munich, Germany. The U-PriSM 2 was an opportunity for researchers and practitioners to discuss research challenges and experiences around the usable privacy and security of mobile devices (smartphones and tablets). Security and privacy often involve having non-security experts, or even novice users, regularly making important decisions while their main focus is on other primary tasks. This is especially true for mobile devices where users can quickly and easily install apps, where user interfaces are minimal due to space constraints, and where users are often distracted by their environment. Likewise, mobile devices present unique privacy and security risks because they allow third-party applications access to personal information and sensor data. The amount and sensitivity of such personally identifying information is likely to increase as device functionality increases. The convergence of these factors means that improvements to security and privacy provisions on mobile devices are becoming increasingly important. Workshop participants had a chance to explore mobile device usage and the unique usable security and privacy challenges that arise, discuss proposed systems and ideas that address these needs, and work towards the development of design principles to inform future development in the area.

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Yeşil, Pervin, and Kübra Nur Beyli. "Çocuk Oyun Alanlarında Detaylı Mekan Analizi: Akyazı Mahallesi (Ordu) Örneği." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 6, no. 6 (June 24, 2018): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v6i6.652-662.1451.

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In today's cities, street games have almost completely disappeared and children's playgrounds, created by local governments, have become the only places where children can play with their peers. Therefore, children playgrounds should be regarded as a very important urban space item. These spaces must be safe and usable for children and their parents. In this study, a detailed spatial analysis for each children's playgrounds was tried to be presented by examining the area of children playgrounds in Akyazı district, urban furnitures, playground equipment, plant usage, security, maintenance factors.

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Han, Je-Heon, Jinsu Choi, and Kihyun Kim. "A Study on the Shape of Two-Piece Type Retainer Rings to Increase Usable Wafer Area." Journal of the Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers 46, no. 1 (February 29, 2020): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7232/jkiie.2020.46.1.055.

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Danielsson, Örjan, Urban Forsberg, Anne Henry, and Erik Janzén. "Enlarging the Usable Growth Area in a Hot-Wall Silicon Carbide CVD Reactor by Using Simulation." Materials Science Forum 353-356 (January 2001): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.353-356.99.

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Rani shaveta, Kumari, and Sangeeta Sharma. "PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF OPEN SOURCE STORAGE CLOUDS IN CLOUD COMPUTING." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 2, no. 2 (April 30, 2012): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v2i1.2615.

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Cloud computing is one of the latest research area that helps in storing the information permanently on the servers and manages the different resources for the requested users to provide on-demand services. In order to create the more usable and economic value based cloud computing, the principles, goals and structure of the cloud engineering is of vital importance. The objective of this study is to analyze the CPU and memory performance of different open source clouds. We will use different open source cloud to measure the different performance metrics like CPU time for downloading and uploading of file, memory usage while downloading and uploading the file, standard deviation of CPU usage and standard deviation of memory usage.

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Ďurica, Pavol, Silvia Badurové, and Peter Časnocha. "Comparison of a Wooden House and a Porous Concrete Masonry House." Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering 22, no. 2 (July 15, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjce-2014-0007.

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AbstractThis paper deals with an evaluation of an existing wooden panel house and its comparison with alternative material composition (porous concrete masonry house). The criteria for evaluation are the energy performance, size of the usable area, environmental impact and final costs.

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Wrzesień, Małgorzata, and Bożena Denisow. "The usable taxons in spontaneous flora of railway areas of the central-eastern part of Poland." Acta Agrobotanica 59, no. 2 (2012): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2006.065.

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A wide range of ecological conditions on anthropogenic sites makes it easy for different usable species to infiltrate and spread there. The data were collected since 1998. The spontaneous flora of railway areas of the central-eastern part of Poland is composed of already recorded 950 vascular plants, of which 373 are recognized as usable, including 78 dye plants, 162 medicinal, 324 nectariferous or polleniferous taxons. The majority of taxons are distributed in disperse (128 species - 34%) or occur rarely (96 species - 26%). The common or frequent species constitute 40% of usable flora of the studied area. Medicinal and melliferous plants occur most frequently on slopes of trenches and railway embankments in nearly natural habitats. They mostly grow as single individuals or form loose and rarely dense patches. The analysis of their geographical status confirms the ultimate prevalence of apophytes over anthropophytes. Considering syntaxonomic structure, there are mainly species typical for phytoceonoses from Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, Artemisietea vulgaris, Stellarietea mediae, Festuco-Brometea, Querco-Fagetea classes.

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Puusepp, Andres, Tanel Tammet, and Enar Reilent. "Covering an Unknown Area with an RFID-Enabled Robot Swarm." Applied Mechanics and Materials 490-491 (January 2014): 1157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.490-491.1157.

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Our goal is to improve the coverage of an area using robots with simple sensors and simple, robust algorithms usable for any kind of room. We investigate the advantage of the swarm - compared to a single robot - and three different algorithms for the task of searching landmarks in a previously unknown area. The guidance of the robot is based on landmarks, implemented by RFID tags irregularly placed in the room. The experiments are conducted using a custom made simulator of RFID-equipped Roomba cleaning robots, based on our previous work with real-life Roomba swarms. We show that for the simple room coverage algorithms the speedup gained from increasing the size of the swarm diminishes as the swarm grows and most importantly, for larger swarm sizes the information available and the intelligence of the algorithm becomes less important.

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Linhoss, John E., Joseph L. Purswell, and Jeremiah D. Davis. "Evaluating Radiant Heater Performance Using Chick Thermal Preference and Spatial Analysis." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 37, no. 3 (2021): 447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.14466.

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HighlightsRadiant heaters from different manufacturers with the same power output do not produce the same radiant distribution.Heater net usable area is influenced by heater elevation and chick preferences for radiant flux.Radiant heaters should be operated at manufacturer specified elevations to minimize potential reductions in performance.Abstract. Radiant heaters are the most common method of providing supplemental heat in broiler houses, but little is known about how efficiently they create a suitable thermal environment for brooding chicks. This study investigates the net usable area (NUA), or the total floor area within the range of radiant flux preferred by chicks, for six round radiant heaters with a nominally rated power output of 11.72 kW. NUA was calculated for all heaters at three manufacturer specified heights 1.52, 1.83, and 1.98 m and at a distance 0.3 m below manufacturer specified height (1.22 m). NUA ranged from 11.6 ± 0.7 m2 to 59.4 ± 19.7 m2 and increased with heater mounting elevation. Results indicate that radiant heaters from different manufacturers with the same power output do not produce the same NUA. NUA was also shown to be higher at 8 d than 1 d for all heaters and was attributed to the decrease in chick preference for level of radiant flux during the first week of brooding. NUA gross radiant coefficient (GRC), or the proportion of the heat energy in the fuel that reached the floor and was within the thermal comfort range of the chicks, did not exceed 0.37 for any heater and decreased with heater elevation. Operating a heater below the manufacturer specified mounting elevations led to reduced NUA and an overall less efficient use of fuel. Keywords: Broiler chicks, Brooding, Net usable area, Radiant heaters, Thermal preference.

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Ojo, Ayotunde Adigun, and Imyhamy Mudiy Dharmadasa. "Electroplating of Semiconductor Materials for Applications in Large Area Electronics: A Review." Coatings 8, no. 8 (July 27, 2018): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings8080262.

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The attributes of electroplating as a low-cost, simple, scalable, and manufacturable semiconductor deposition technique for the fabrication of large-area and nanotechnology-based device applications are discussed. These strengths of electrodeposition are buttressed experimentally using techniques such as X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and photoelectrochemical cell studies. Based on the results of structural, morphological, compositional, optical, and electronic properties evaluated, it is evident that electroplating possesses the capabilities of producing high-quality semiconductors usable for producing excellent devices. In this paper we will describe the progress of electroplating techniques mainly for the deposition of semiconductor thin film materials and their treatment processes, and fabrication of solar cells.

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Osayande, Augustine, and Ishaku Ibrahim Yari Mallo. "Mean Rate of Gully Head Advancement in Edo State, Nigeria." International Annals of Science 3, no. 1 (November 22, 2017): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/ias.3.1.13-18.

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The issue of gully erosion is of major concern in Nigeria. The study was carried out in Edo state, Southern Nigeria. Edo State was chosen as the study area due to the fact that the magnitude of gully erosion has resulted in the loss of lives and properties, destruction of arable lands and wastage of large areas of usable land. In this study, an effort was made to identify the major gully sites in the area and determined the mean rate of gully head advancement. The result revealed that gullies in Edo North had mean rate of head advancement of 80.30 meters per a year, Edo South 52.03 meters per a year and Edo Central is 17.80 meters per year.

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Liu, Yizhuang, Shu-Qing Yang, Changbo Jiang, Yuannan Long, Bin Deng, and Shixiong Yan. "Hydrological Drought in Dongting Lake Area (China) after the Running of Three Gorges Dam and a Possible Solution." Water 12, no. 10 (September 28, 2020): 2713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102713.

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Dongting Lake is located at the downstream of Three Gorges Dam (TGD) and the hydrological drought is intensified after the impoundment of TGD as the dry period has been extended from 123 days/year before the operation of TGD (1981–2002) to 141 days/year (2003–2016) on average. Particularly, the Dongting Lake’s water shortage becomes very severe. To solve the problem caused by upstream dams, an innovative flood control scheme (IFCS) was introduced, and its feasibility of application in Dongting Lake is studied using the hydrodynamic module of Mike 21. The results show the IFCS can effectively convert the peak discharge of floodwater in wet seasons into water resources in dry seasons as the IFCS could significantly increase the usable water storage of the lake. For example, the usable water storage could increase to 2.85 billion m3 and 1.81 billion m3 in the extreme drought year of 2006 and 2011, respectively. The average increment of the water level would be about 0.4 m, 0.6 m, and 0.5 m in the West Dongting Lake (WDL), South Dongting Lake (SDL), and the East Dongting Lake (EDL), respectively, if the water stored in the inner lake was discharged uniformly in 30 days (27 November to 27 December 2006) with the application of IFCS. This study may provide an innovative method to alleviate the water shortage problem in Dongting Lake and other similar lakes.

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McKenzie, Thomas L., Deborah A. Cohen, Amber Sehgal, Stephanie Williamson, and Daniela Golinelli. "System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC): Reliability and Feasibility Measures." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 3, s1 (February 2006): S208—S222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.3.s1.s208.

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Background:New tools are needed to examine physical activity and the contexts in which it occurs. Community parks contribute to physical activity, but measuring activity and associated variables in them is challenging because area contexts change and the numbers and characteristics of users are highly variable.Methods:We developed SOPARC (System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities) and tested its use by observing 16,244 individuals in 165 park areas. Reliabilities included 472 simultaneous measures by independent observers.Results:Correlations between observers on number of area participants was 0.99 for female and male park users. Reliabilities (i.e., percent agreement) for age (89%, females; 85%, males), race/ethnic (80%, females; 82%, males), and activity level (80%, females; 88%, males) groupings met acceptable criteria. Reliabilities for area contexts (i.e., usable, accessible, supervised, organized, equipped) exceeded 94%.Conclusions:SOPARC is a reliable and feasible instrument for assessing physical activity and associated contextual data in community settings.

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Walek, Bogdan, Ondrej Pektor, and Radim Farana. "Decision Support System for Evaluating Suitable Job Applicants." Mathematics 9, no. 15 (July 27, 2021): 1773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9151773.

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This paper describes a novel approach in the area of evaluating suitable job applicants for various job positions, and specifies typical areas of requirement and their usage. Requirements for this decision-support system are defined in order to be used in middle-size companies. Suitable tools chosen were fuzzy expert systems, primarily the inference system Takagi-Sugeno type, which were then supplied with implementation of methods of variant multi-criteria analysis. The resulting system is a variable tool with the possibility to simply set the importance of individual selection criteria so that it can be used in various situations, primarily in repeated selection procedures for similar job positions. A strong emphasis is devoted to the explanatory module, which enables the results of the expert system to be used easily. Verification of the system on real data in cooperation with a collaborating company has proved that the system is easily usable.

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Кравченко, Галина, Galina Kravchenko, Елена Труфанова, Elena Trufanova, Алина Сазонова, and Alina Sazonova. "HORIZONTAL SKYSCRAPERS IN THE URBAN DEVELOPMENT." Construction and Architecture 6, no. 4 (January 24, 2019): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/article_5c35ef98620ba6.47037900.

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The article describes the concept of horizontal skyscrapers and enclosing frames, aimed at obtaining the maximum usable area in a dense urban area. Combining the concept of horizontal skyscrapers and principles of reducing space. The project of the exhibition gallery in the form of a horizontal skyscraper has been developed, which allows to obtain additional space and at the same time preserve old buildings and the natural landscape of the city. The relevance and perspective of the implementation of such projects is investigated.

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Liu, T. I., and S. M. Wu. "On-Line Detection of Drill Wear." Journal of Engineering for Industry 112, no. 3 (August 1, 1990): 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2899590.

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An on-line system for drill wear detection has been developed by using a sensor fusion strategy. Both acceleration and thrust signals were analyzed. Flank wear area was used to evaluate drill wear states. The drill wear area was measured by a vision system and classified into two groups: usable and worn-out. The wear prediction model was obtained by a two-category linear classifier. On-line detection tests indicate that the prediction model has over a 90 percent success rate.

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Paudel, Shambhu, John L. Koprowski, Usha Thakuri, and Ajay Karki. "In-stream habitat availability for river dolphins in response to flow: Use of ecological integrity to manage river flows." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 21, 2021): e0241099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241099.

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Population decline and extinction risk of river dolphins are primarily associated with flow alteration. Previous studies predominantly highlighted maintenance of adequate flow for low water seasons when habitats contract and the risk of local extinction escalates. Although river dolphins are sensitive to reduction in river flow, no studies quantify the relationships between flow and ecology of river dolphins to mitigate the potential adverse impacts of flow alteration. We quantify the relationships between flow and the ecology of river cetaceans concerning Ganges River dolphins (GRD; Platanista gangetica gangetica) usable area availability (AWS) for the low water season at wider flows (50–575 m3/s) at finer spatial and temporal scales. This study reveals that distribution of area usable to GRD is highly regulated by the adequate flow and river attributes (velocity and depth) interactions that likely offer energetically efficient modes of locomotion to GRD, suggesting the hydro-physical environment as a major determinant of river dolphin distribution and abundance. Flow and AWS relationships indicate that the flow during the dry season negatively contributed to AWS, whereas that of pre-monsoon maximized the AWS, suggesting that modifying flow regimes does alter in-stream habitats at varying spatial scales and may influence life-history strategies. Substantial fragmentation in suitable pool availability and loss of longitudinal connectivity exhibited by dry season flow suggested a higher risk of adverse biological effects during the dry season, which may reduce population viability by reducing survivorship and reproduction failure. Owing to river dolphins’ dependence on the attribute of freshwater flow, they can be expected to be more affected by flow regulations as interactive effects. Considering the seasonal effects and changes in the availability of usable areas by flow alteration, adopting effective habitat retention plans by water-based development projects appears critical to avoid further ecological risks in aquatic species conservation. Identifying priority riverscapes for river cetaceans and prioritizing investment opportunities is an essential first step towards effective riverine cetacean conservation.

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Conder, Allen L., and Thomas C. Annear. "Test of Weighted Usable Area Estimates Derived from a PHABSIM Model for Instream Flow Studies on Trout Streams." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 7, no. 3 (July 1987): 339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1987)7<339:towuae>2.0.co;2.

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Xu, Hong Gen, Ting Li, and Fang Wu. "Knowledge-Based Classification Method for Urban Area Objects Feature Extraction Based on LIDAR Points." Applied Mechanics and Materials 128-129 (October 2011): 1157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.128-129.1157.

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Laser scanning technology can quickly capture a large area of high-precise 3D spatial data, and get the information of buildings, roads, vegetation and other urban objects from raw data. Based on this information general frame of these objects can be modelling. In this paper, an object-based classification method is proposed for urban objects based on LIDAR points: determine the contents of the objects contained in the scene; extract inherent features of different objects; establish objects feature knowledge database; combine and compare objects’ features and distribution of LIDAR points; derive a set of rule to express the point cloud classification which can be received by computer through fuzzy judgement. The method has been applied to LIDAR points by LYNX. The experiment results show that the proposed classification method is promising and usable.

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Zacharias, N., C. de Vegt, L. Winter, and W. Weneit. "Some Results of CCD-Camera Based Astrometric Plate Measurements." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 161 (1994): 285–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900047483.

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A measuring accuracy of about 0.3 μm per coordinate for well exposed stellar images is achieved over the entire usable measuring area of more than 200 × 200 mm2 with the CCD-camera upgrade of the ‘old’ Mann comparator. The external plate-to-plate comparison shows that the error due to emulsion shifts dominates, which results in an overall accuracy of about 0.8 μm.

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Smith, Kirby G., E. Janet Ficht, David Hobson, Troy C. Sorensen, and David Hervieux. "Winter distribution of woodland caribou in relation to clear-cut logging in west-central Alberta." Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 8 (August 1, 2000): 1433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z00-094.

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The responses of a herd of migratory woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) to timber harvesting that fragmented about 11% of their winter range in west-central Alberta were examined in this study. From 1981 to 1996, 45 caribou were radio-collared and monitored during the initiation and completion of first-pass timber harvest (50% removal). Variables examined were home-range size, daily movement rates, and distance to the nearest cut block for radio-collared individuals. Daily movement rates and individual winter range sizes decreased as timber harvesting progressed. Caribou avoided using recently fragmented areas by an average of 1.2 km. If fragmentation of the winter range continues through timber harvesting and other industrial activities, the "spacing out" antipredator strategy used by caribou may be compromised. Based on these findings, timber-harvesting strategies are recommended that (i) ensure an adequate area of usable habitat to support the current population, (ii) minimize the amount of fragmented area, and (iii) in the short term avoid presently defined core use areas.

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Pearson, Jeffrey, Yazed S. Alsowaida, B. S. Pharm, David W. Kubiak, Mary P. Kovacevic, and Brandon Dionne. "1326. Vancomycin Area Under the Concentration-Time Curve (AUC) Estimation Using a Bayesian Approach Versus First-Order Pharmacokinetic Equations: A Pilot Study." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1508.

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Abstract Background Current guidelines endorse area under the concentration-time curve (AUC)-based monitoring over trough-only monitoring for systemic vancomycin. Vancomycin AUC can be estimated using either Bayesian modeling software or first-order pharmacokinetic (PK) calculations. The objective of this pilot study was to evaluate and compare the efficiency and feasibility of these two approaches for calculating the estimated vancomycin AUC. Methods A single-center crossover study was conducted in four medical/surgical units at Brigham and Women’s Hospital over a 3-month time period. All adult patients who received vancomycin were included. Patients were excluded if they were receiving vancomycin for surgical prophylaxis, were on hemodialysis, if vancomycin was being dosed by level, or if vancomycin levels were never drawn. The primary endpoint was the amount of time study team members spent calculating the estimated AUC and determining regimen adjustments with Bayesian modeling compared to first-order PK calculations. Secondary endpoints included the number of vancomycin levels drawn and the percent of those drawn that were usable for AUC calculations. Results One hundred twenty-four patients received vancomycin during the study, of whom 47 met inclusion criteria. The most likely reasons for exclusion were receiving vancomycin for surgical prophylaxis (n=40) or never having vancomycin levels drawn (n=32). The median time taken to assess levels in the Bayesian arm was 9.3 minutes [interquartile range (IQR) 7.8-12.4] versus 6.8 minutes (IQR 4.8-8.0) in the 2-level PK arm (p=0.004). However, if Bayesian software is integrated into the electronic health record (EHR), the median time to assess levels was 3.8 minutes (IQR 2.3-6.8, p=0.019). In the Bayesian arm, 30 of 34 vancomycin levels (88.2%) were usable for AUC calculations, compared to 28 of 58 (48.3%) in the 2-level PK arm. Conclusion With EHR integration, the use of Bayesian software to calculate the AUC was more efficient than first-order PK calculations. Additionally, vancomycin levels were more likely to be usable in the Bayesian arm, thereby avoiding delays in estimating the vancomycin AUC. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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Salter, A., and C. J. Banks. "Establishing an energy balance for crop-based digestion." Water Science and Technology 59, no. 6 (March 1, 2009): 1053–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.048.

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The paper examines methods for calculating energy surpluses through anaerobic digestion and gives some examples of the practical application of these in crop-based systems. The surplus energy is the balance between that produced as a usable energy source and that used in crop production, conversion of the biomass into biogas, and conversion of biogas into a usable form: these are the direct energy inputs. The energy balance also takes into account the embedded energy used in the construction of machinery and buildings and for their repair and maintenance: the indirect energy inputs. The area of land available for fuel production is finite and therefore the energy yield is best considered on a per hectare basis. This allows comparison of energy conversion efficiency where the biomass yield for that area may vary depending on a range of inputs, e.g. rate of fertiliser application or irrigation requirements. It also allows direct comparison between different crop species or varieties within a single species. For an accurate energy balance analysis direct and indirect energy requirements have to be established for all the stages in the crop-based energy production cycle.

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Rice, Susan K., Diana L. Biordi, and Richard A. Zeller. "The Relevance of Standards of Professional School Nursing Practice." Journal of School Nursing 21, no. 5 (October 2005): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10598405050210050801.

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This descriptive correlational study assessed school nurses’ knowledge of and perceived relevance of the Standards of Professional School Nursing Practice. Of the 1,162 Ohio school nurses sent questionnaires, 345 returned usable questionnaires (30%). The typical respondent was a 50-year-old Caucasian woman with 24 years of nursing experience, 12 years of school nursing experience, and a caseload of 3 public schools serving 1,500 students. Factors that positively related to the school nurses’ knowledge and perceptions of the relevance of the standards were age, advanced degree preparation, school nursing experience, and practicing in a metropolitan area. Factors that negatively related to knowledge and perceived relevance were practicing in a rural area and caseload of special needs students. Standards of practice provide a mechanism for defining and supporting practice roles for nurses. Thus, it is important to increase awareness and use of the standards, especially among school nurses practicing in rural areas.

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Leśko, Marcin, Antoni Różowicz, Krzysztof Baran, and Henryk Wachta. "A luminaire with variable light distribution." E3S Web of Conferences 49 (2018): 00066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184900066.

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Industrial facilities such as production and storage halls are a specific environment, which is usually characterized by a large usable area, which is managed in a way that brings together in the given area many functional zones for various purposes. Frequent changes in the management of industrial halls gives a need to change the lighting method. In such a situation, a lighting solution that enables the photometric characteristics of the luminaires to be adapted to variable development of the facility, covering not only the quantitative regulation of the luminous flux, but also the direction of its radiation into the environment, can be a helpful solution. The article presents an innovative concept of a luminaire, which makes it possible to change the light distribution without the need to replace optical elements. Simulation tests were carried out for the developed luminaire in order to check the possibility of obtaining the assumed distribution and shapes of light spots on the working plane. Thanks to the application of this solution in an environment where there is a need for frequent changes in the development of usable space requiring changes in lighting conditions, it is possible to dynamically adjust the characteristics of the installed system to new environmental conditions.

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Bansal, Deepak, V. K. Minocha, Arvinder Kaur, Vaidehi A. Dakwale, and R. V. Ralegaonkar. "Reduction of Embodied Energy and Construction Cost of Affordable Houses through Efficient Architectural Design: A Case Study in Indian Scenario." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (September 8, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5693101.

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Embodied energy and cost of construction of any building depends upon the consumption of resources, more specifically construction materials. In housing clusters, the spaces provided for horizontal and vertical circulation of occupants such as corridors and contribute in the built-up area of individual unit without any increase in the usable/carpet area. Thus, an efficient architectural planning of common circulation spaces plays a major role in lowering the built-up-to-carpet area ratio of individual housing unit in clusters. This may, thus, result in lesser embodied energy and maximum area availability for occupant usage. In the present study, 30 clusters of Indian affordable housing units (IAHUs) of similar typology and different architectural designs are analyzed. The built-up and carpet area of each IAHU are estimated, and the ratio of the built-up to carpet area is calculated. Detailed estimates of construction materials for each IAHU is prepared, and cost of construction and embodied energy is calculated. The calculations of embodied energy and construction cost are done for major construction materials, viz., cement, steel, bricks, sand, and coarse aggregate and compared with different built-up-to-carpet area ratio. The study of IAHUs concludes that a variation of 1.30 to 1.62 in the built-up area-to-carpet area ratio results in variation in construction cost (INR 13,425.00 to 20,138.00 per m2 carpet area) and embodied energy (4–6.5 GJ per m2 carpet area). Analysis suggests that the IAHU with a lower built-up-to-carpet area ratio exhibits reduction in the cost of construction and embodied energy simultaneously. Thus, an efficient architectural design plays a major role in improving the sustainability of IAHUs and built-up-to-carpet area ratio is an important indicator of sustainability.

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Tsoy, M. O., and D. M. Alfonso. "Developing modules for local storage and handling of cache memory defects information in a processor with non-volatile memory." Radio industry (Russia) 30, no. 4 (December 23, 2020): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21778/2413-9599-2020-30-4-111-118.

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Problem statement. Due to the downsizing of technological process in microprocessor manufacturing, the number of possible manufacturing defects in the microprocessor chip increases, some types of which can only appear during the main operation of the microprocessor. The hardware implementation of the module for storing and processing information on cache memory defects of the processor with non-volatile memory is considered to neutralize such defects and, as a result, increase the number of usable microprocessors.Objective. Research of various implementation options for such a module, identification of related problems and methods for their solution, synthesis of the described implementation options using computer-aided engineering (CAD) and comparison of the obtained characteristics.Results. The implementation that occupies the smallest area on the chip, intended for implementation in the Elbrus-12C microprocessor under development, was found based on the synthesis results analysis.Practical implications. The paper describes the issues and the way of their solution, taking into account modern requirements for development to increase the number of usable processors.

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Ismail, Z., M. F. Abdul Khanan, F. Z. Omar, M. Z. Abdul Rahman, and M. R. Mohd Salleh. "EVALUATING ERROR OF LIDAR DERIVED DEM INTERPOLATION FOR VEGETATION AREA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W1 (September 29, 2016): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w1-141-2016.

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Light Detection and Ranging or LiDAR data is a data source for deriving digital terrain model while Digital Elevation Model or DEM is usable within Geographical Information System or GIS. The aim of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of LiDAR derived DEM generated based on different interpolation methods and slope classes. Initially, the study area is divided into three slope classes: (a) slope class one (0° – 5°), (b) slope class two (6° – 10°) and (c) slope class three (11° – 15°). Secondly, each slope class is tested using three distinctive interpolation methods: (a) Kriging, (b) Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and (c) Spline. Next, accuracy assessment is done based on field survey tachymetry data. The finding reveals that the overall Root Mean Square Error or RMSE for Kriging provided the lowest value of 0.727 m for both 0.5 m and 1 m spatial resolutions of oil palm area, followed by Spline with values of 0.734 m for 0.5 m spatial resolution and 0.747 m for spatial resolution of 1 m. Concurrently, IDW provided the highest RMSE value of 0.784 m for both spatial resolutions of 0.5 and 1 m. For rubber area, Spline provided the lowest RMSE value of 0.746 m for 0.5 m spatial resolution and 0.760 m for 1 m spatial resolution. The highest value of RMSE for rubber area is IDW with the value of 1.061 m for both spatial resolutions. Finally, Kriging gave the RMSE value of 0.790m for both spatial resolutions.

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Kelly, DJ, JW Hayes, C. Allen, D. West, and H. Hudson. "Evaluating habitat suitability curves for predicting variation in macroinvertebrate biomass with weighted usable area in braided rivers in New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 49, no. 3 (July 3, 2015): 398–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2015.1040424.

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Jayati, Ari Endang, Wahyu Minarti, and Sri Heranurweni. "Analisa Teknis Penetapan Kanal Frekuensi Radio Untuk Lembaga Penyiaran Radio Komunitas Wilayah Kabupaten Batang." Jurnal ELTIKOM 5, no. 2 (September 10, 2021): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31961/eltikom.v5i2.361.

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The radio frequency spectrum constitutes a limited and strategic natural resource with high economic value, so it must be managed effectively and efficiently to obtain optimal benefits by observing national and international legal principles. Radio Community Broadcasting Institution uses limited frequency allocation in three channels, namely, in the frequency channels 202 (107.7 MHz), 203 (107.8 MHz), and 204 (107.9 MHz), with limited transmit power and area coverage. The problem in this research is the frequency overlap with other community radios in an area. The issue raised is whether it is possible to establish a new community radio in the Batang Regency area by paying attention to existing radios that have licenses in districts/cities that are in the area directly adjacent to Batang Regency by considering the limited allocation of radio frequency channels community, without the occurrence of radio frequency interference with other community radios. The purpose of this research is to solve these problems. It is necessary to have a policy in determining radio frequency users to get good quality radio broadcast reception. The method used is to analyze the frequency determination technique based on the interference analysis on other community broadcasters. By using the Radio Mobile Software for frequency repetition simulation, in this research, the results show that Batang FM Community Radio does not allow to get frequency channels for community radio operations. After all, it interferes with the Service Area of Soneta FM Radio in Pekalongan City because it does not meet the requirements for determining the frequency channel = Eu> NF, namely the Nuisance Field (NF) value of 109.7 dB is greater than the Minimum Usable Field strength (Eu) of 66 dB. In comparison, Limpung FM Radio gets radio frequency on channel 203 (frequency 107.8 MHz) because it meets the requirements for determining the frequency channel = Eu> NF, namely the Minimum Usable Field strength (Eu) 66 dB greater than the Nuisance Field (NF) of 55.7 dB.

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Porter, Marc D., and Jennifer H. Granger. "Surface-enhanced Raman scattering II: concluding remarks." Faraday Discussions 205 (2017): 601–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7fd00206h.

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Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) enables the detection of a large number of different adsorbates at extraordinarily low levels. This plasmonics-based technology has undergone a number of remarkable advances since its discovery over 40 years ago, and has emerged from being an investigative tool confined largely to the research laboratory into a much more usable tool across a broad range of investigative studies, both within the laboratory and beyond. The purpose of this Concluding remarks manuscript is to capture, at least in part, the developments in this area since the first Faraday discussion of SERS over a decade ago. It begins with a brief contextual overview and then moves into describing a few of the many highlights from the meeting. Along the way, we have added a few comments and perspectives as a means to more fully stage where the different areas of research with SERS stand today. An addendum is included that collects a few of the recent perspectives on the original work and activities in this area.

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Zhang, Li Zhu, Fu Zhong Wang, and Guang Tian. "Geometric Model of CVD Mono-Crystalline Diamond Growth." Applied Mechanics and Materials 730 (January 2015): 160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.730.160.

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In order to describe the morphology of diamond films, we have developed a geometrical growth model which takes into account the displacement of the observed faces [1].We will see how to establish the topologies that are potentially accessible to CVD diamond growth.Lastly, we will present results showing the influence of the occurrence of certain crystalline faces on the film characteristics. From these results, we will show how the growth model and to establish a growth strategy aimed at obtaining large usable surface area crystals.

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Topalovic, Sanja. "The existing quality of environment and the possibilities of the development of viable tourism in the specific natural reservation of the lake Ludas." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 90, no. 2 (2010): 189–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd1002189t.

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Although there are many great possibilities and usable values, the existing quality of environment in the specific natural reservation of the lake Ludas is not on a satisfactory level, so it may jeopardize the development of tourism in this area. The improvement of the state of such a wetland habitat as the lake Ludas is basically in connection with the interests of the local community, as far as the improvement of the quality of environment is concerned, as well as the development of tourism. .

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Kremer, Eugene. "(Re)examining the Citicorp Case: ethical paragon or chimera?" Architectural Research Quarterly 6, no. 3 (September 2002): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135503001763.

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The 59-story, nearly 1.6 million gross square foot, Citicorp Center tower completed during 1977 in mid-town Manhattan was designed by the much-celebrated architect Hugh Stubbins of Cambridge, Massachusetts. The tower incorporated an array of notable technological features including doubledecker elevator cabs to reduce the number of elevator shafts and thereby increase the usable floor area, alternative energy source and reclamation systems, and low-brightness lighting that helped render the tower some 42% more energy efficient than comparable structures designed to conventional standards (http://www.loringengineers).

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Danubianu, Mirela, and Dragos Mircea Danubianu. "How Useful Can Be Data Mining For A Continuos Speech Therapist’s Education?" Balkan Region Conference on Engineering and Business Education 1, no. 1 (August 15, 2014): 339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cplbu-2014-0050.

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AbstractSpeech therapy can be viewed as a business in logopaedic area that aims to offer services for correcting language. A proper treatment of speech impairments ensures improved efficiency of therapy, so, in order to do that, a therapist must continuously learn how to adjust its therapy methods to patient's characteristics. Using Information and Communication Technology in this area allowed collecting a lot of data regarding various aspects of treatment. These data can be used for a data mining process in order to find useful and usable patterns and models which help therapists to improve its specific education. Clustering, classification or association rules can provide unexpected information which help to complete therapist's knowledge and to adapt the therapy to patient's needs.

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Oliver, Lawrence R. "Principles of Weed Threshold Research." Weed Technology 2, no. 4 (October 1988): 398–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00032152.

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Competitive and economic thresholds are distinctive and important concepts to weed scientists. The producer is most concerned about the economic threshold because of its importance in production decisions. The three additive research techniques to determine competitive weed thresholds are removal or plant-back, paired plot, and area of influence. Each method has advantages and disadvantages and must be conducted in a specific manner in the field. The area of influence technique is the most accurate for determining the influence of a single weed. Data must be reported in a usable form such as percent yield reduction. An example calculation for determining the two weed thresholds is illustrated with common cocklebur in soybeans. Generally, the economic threshold is one-half to one-third the competitive threshold.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Usable area'

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