Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Usage rights'

L’entreprise est le lieu de déploiement d'un statut professionnel privé nourri de conventions et accords collectifs de travail mais aussi d’engagements unilatéraux, d’usages et d’accords atypiques. L'application de ces normes, quelque fois leur survie, suscitent de nombreuses interrogations au fil des modifications apportées à la situation juridique de l’employeur, singulièrement de celles résultant du transfert de l’entreprise. Comment articuler les normes en concours ? Comment forger un corpus normatif unifié ? Les règles successivement posées par le législateur sont soumises à la double épreuve de la pratique professionnelle et, dès lors qu'éclate un contentieux, de l'interprétation du juge. Contraintes et incohérences sont dans certains cas de nature à neutraliser les effets attendus du transfert, voire d’y mettre obstacle. Des évolutions du corpus normatif seraient pertinentes afin que cessent les doutes (souvent) et les contradictions (parfois)<br>A private professional status, fed on collective agreements, unilateral commitments and business uses, spreads out over the firm. The fate of those collective standards arouses numerous issues over the modifications of the employer’s legal situation, especially in the case of a transfer of undertaking. How to articulate transferor’s collective standards with transferee’s ? How to build an harmonized professional status ? The legal rules are confronted with the firm’s practicals and the judge’s interpretations. Constraints and inconsistencies could neutralize the transfer’s expected impact. Legal improvements would be relevant to silence doubts and difficulties

The water that is available for beneficial use in Utah is quickly approaching full appropriation; water that has been claimed is nearing the amount that is available for use. The Division of Water Resources of the State of Utah has organized a three-part plan to "Plan, Conserve, Develop and Protect Utah's Water Resources." One of these three elements has a focus to "provide comprehensive water planning." Such planning is best achieved when current and accurate data on the uses of the state's water are available. The primary purpose of this thesis was to provide an evaluation, from data collected on various case studies across the state, on the accuracy of water rights information. The studies were selected based on land that had recently been developed from agricultural usage to residential, commercial, or other municipal uses. After identifying the accuracy of the water rights information, observations to the methods of recording water right transfers were made. A template to summarize a municipality's water rights will also be made available.

Over the last couple of decades, sustainability has gained importance in the business world, and a concept that has often been used as a prime example of how to deal with today’s environmental problems is circular economy. Even though the topic is relatively new, there has already been quite some debate about its actual advantages and disadvantages, and while there is as of yet no consensus, the majority argues that the application of circular economy practices will be beneficial for the environment. Which is exactly what this research has attempted to ascertain by looking at 78 firms from a wide range of industries yet all from the Nordic region, since this geographical area has been hailed repeatedly for their sustainability. This was done by performing a hierarchical regression analysis on the data in order to explore a possible relationship between the score of a firm on the benchmark of circular economy practices and its corresponding environmental performance, specifically energy consumption, water usage and greenhouse gas emissions. The hierarchical regression analysis showed a significantly positive relationship between a firm’s score on the benchmark of circular economy practices and its energy consumption, while controlling for firm size, industry, debt ratio,slack resources and country of origin, which was contrary to expectations. No such relationship was found between a firm’s benchmark score and their water usage, the same goes for greenhouse gas emissions. Nevertheless, this research has taken an important step in understanding the relationship between circular economy practices and a firm’s environmental performance, and in doing so has opened up new avenues to explore in terms of future research. While the Nordic region is on the right track, there is still a long road ahead.

Im Rahmen dieses Betrags adressieren wir folgende Forschungsfrage: Wie kann eine emotionsbasierte IS-Unterstützung für die Interaktion zwischen Kunde und Verkaufspersonal gestaltet werden? Hierfür wird zunächst der theoretische Hintergrund zur digitalen Transformation im Einzelhandel und zur Bedeutung von Kundenemotionen vermittelt. Im Anschluss werden Emotions-Reaktions-Guidelines für eine emotionsbasierte Kundenberatung im stationären Einzelhandel erhoben und evaluiert. Weiterhin wird die Entwicklung und Evaluation eines Softwareprototyps, der die Emotions-Reaktions-Guidelines verwendet, vorgestellt. Der Artikel endet mit einer Zusammenfassung und einem Ausblick.

Dans les sociétés anciennes et modernes, la santé a été et est aujourd'hui encore une préoccupation capitale. Elle est le signe du niveau de bien être de la collectivité et de la personne. Dans le cadre de l’accès à la santé qui constitue un droit pour tous, le médicament occupe une place importante en France et au Japon, deux pays où l’espérance de vie et le niveau de vie sont élevés et ne cessent d’augmenter. C’est au vu de ces considérations que nous nous interrogeons à travers cette thèse sur la véritable place de l'usager dans la régulation du médicament en France et au Japon qui sont deux pays différents par leur culture mais qui convergent à certains moments dans le droit. L'on pourrait valablement soutenir qu’un bon système de santé se reconnaît par le niveau de protection qu'il accorde à l'usager du médicament. Cela n'est pas aussi simple car divers intérêts sont en jeu. Il est aussi important de savoir comment se solde le traitement des conflits d'intérêts dans la régulation du médicament : protection de l'être humain ou protection de la science? S'il est soutenable que la protection d'un "humain scientifique" existe, il nous appartient de rechercher la réalité de l'existence d'un ensemble de règles permettant d'assurer une "Science plus Humaine". Nous savons et il a été reconnu que le monde de la santé, émotionnel, individualiste, structuré en groupes de pressions très forts et souvent très capitaliste, est difficile à appréhender<br>In former and modern societies, health has been and still is a crucial concern. It is the sign of the community’s and the individual’s well-being. In the setting of access to health that is a right for all, the drug has an important place in France and in Japan, which are countries where life expectancy and level of life are high and keeps on increasing. It is in consideration of this, that we are asking ourselves, through this thesis, about the drug user's right place in drug regulation in France and Japan which are countries different by their culture but sometimes converging in law.We can validly hold up that a good health system can be recognized by the level of protection given to the drug user. But this is not so easy because various interests are at stake. It is important to know how these kinds of conflicts are solved in drug law: is it human or science which is protected? If we can hold up that the protection of the "scientific human" exists, we have to research the reality of the existence of rules insuring a “more human” science. We know and it has been said that the field of health, emotional, individualistic, structured in strong lobbies and often capitalistic, is very difficult to comprehend

Vortrag im Rahmen der Open Access Tage 2013, Session "Rechtliche Aspekte des Open Access": Bereits in der „Budapest Open Access Initiative“, dem „Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing“ und der „Berliner Erklärung über offenen Zugang zu wissenschaftlichem Wissen“ wird die rechtliche Dimension von Open Access deutlich: Wissenschaftliche Werke sollen nicht nur zugänglich sondern nach nachnutzbar sein. Bei der Umsetzung des Grünen Weges des Open Access kann diese Nachnutzung nur selten umgesetzt werden, da wissenschaftliche AutorInnen im Rahmen von „Copyright Transfer Agreements“ mehrheitlich ausschließliche Nutzungsrechte an Verlage übertragen. Das sich in der politischen Diskussion befindliche Zweitveröffentlichungsrecht würde wissenschaftliche AutorInnen die rechtssichere Zugänglichmachung ihrer Werke auf Repositorien gewähren und damit einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Förderung von Open Access leisten. Vor dem Hintergrund der anhaltenden Diskussion um ein wissenschaftsfreundliches Urheberrecht und der Verankerung eines unabdingbaren Zweitveröffentlichungsrechts widmet sich die Session den rechtlichen Aspekten von Open Access. Referiert und diskutiert werden u.a. die Chancen und Herausforderungen von nicht-exklusiven Verwertungsgesellschaften im Wissenschaftsbereich sowie der Stand und die Perspektive des Zweitveröffentlichungsrechts. Darüber hinaus wird die praktische Umsetzung des Grünen Weges betrachtet: Am Beispiel der SLUB Dresden und dem DINI-Zertifikat 2013 wird der Umgang mit rechtliche Fragestellungen skizziert und mit den TeilnehmerInnen diskutiert. Vortrag 1 C3S: Cultural Commons Collecting Society – auch ein Modell für den Textbereich? Michael Weller (Europäische EDV-Akademie des Rechts, Merzig/Saar) Vortrag 2 Neues gesetzliches Zweitveröffentlichungsrecht – Update zu den Anforderungen an Bibliotheken und Wissenschaftseinrichtungen Thomas Hartmann (Max Planck Digital Library, München) Vortrag 3 Rechteklärung für OA-Zweitveröffentlichungen – das Serviceangebot der SLUB Dresden Elena Di Rosa (Sächsische Landesbibliothek - Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek, Dresden) Vortrag 4 DINI-Zertifikat 2013 – Neuerungen im Abschnitt Rechtliche Aspekte Michaela Voigt (Sächsische Landesbibliothek - Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek, Dresden)

Il est quasiment devenu un lieu commun aujourd’hui de mourir à l’hôpital. Et s’il fallait traiter ce sujet, le plus souvent c’est la perspective médicale qui tenterait d’en percevoir les enjeux. C’est au tournant du milieu du XXème siècle, au lendemain d’un énième génocide, marquant l’esprit de l’humanité certainement pour l’éternité, qu’un nouveau langage bioéthique va se faire le vecteur d’une considération renouvelée de la personne. L’homme devient personne humaine dans les textes internationaux proclamant dès lors d’inédits droits de l’homme. C’est en prenant la bioéthique comme objet de réflexion qu’un certain droit de la santé, largement inspiré par la production de comités d’éthiques, a émergé d’une doctrine privatiste en premier, afin de cerner de premiers droits définissant celui qu’il serait convenu d’appeler alors le mourant. Toutefois, l’établissement public de santé confronté à la technologisation médicale, permettant alors un allongement de la fin de vie, s’est rapidement trouvé être un lieu de conflit entre ceux qui furent considérés comme des usagers de service public, et les commettants médecins de l’Etat. La primauté du droit privé de la personne semblait alors menacée, le droit administratif prenant le pouvoir afin d’indemniser les victimes de l’hôpital. Cependant, à force de réductions systématiques ne regardant la personne mourante que sous un angle génériciste, relevant d’un droit public, celle-ci s’est progressivement retrouvée parfaitement ignorée en son essence première que le droit privé parvenait à percevoir. Les formes les plus récentes de déresponsabilisation attesteraient d’une consécration de l’indemnisation finissant d’objectiviser l’être sous-jacent à la personne mourante, allant jusqu’à justifier l’acte euthanasique. L’approche réitérée de ce difficile objet d’étude trouverait à générer une réflexion que le philosophe du droit engagerait, réintroduisant la personne irréductible se manifestant comme point de départ et d’arrivée, de telle sorte que se pourrait être harmonisée la rencontre inévitable des domaines public et privé, juridique et politique, afin de rendre toute sa vérité onto-axiologique aux droits premiers du sujet mourant<br>Today, dying at hospital is the most curently idea agreed in order to protect people. That’s maybe the reason why medical studies took this as an issue more than lawyer studies. It’s around the middle of the twentieth century, after one more genocide, marking the spirit of the humanity certainly for all eternity, that a new bioethical language is going to be made the vector of a consideration renewed by the person. The man becomes a human-person in the international texts, proclaiming from then on of unpublished works human rights. While taking the bioethics as object of reflection a certain health law, widely inspired by the production of committees of ethics, emerged from a privatiste doctrine in the first one, to encircle first rights of the one that it would have been advisable to call then the dying. However, the public institution of health confronted with the medical technologisation, allowing then an extension of the end of life, quickly was to be a place of conflict between those who were then considered as users of public service, and principals doctors of the State. The superiority of the private law of the person seemed then threatened, the administrative law taking the power to indemnify the victims of the hospital. However, by means of systematic reductions looking at the dying person only under an angle génériciste, recovering from a public law, this one gradually found itself perfectly ignored in the first essence which the private law succeeded in perceiving. The most recent forms of deresponsabilisation would give evidence of a consecration of the compensation stopping an objectivisation the underlying being to the dying, going person to justify the euthanasic act. The approach repeated by this difficult object of study would find to generate a reflection which the philosopher of the right(law) would engage, reintroducing the person inflexible as point of departure and arrival, so that could be harmonized the inevitable meeting of the public and private, legal and political domains, to return all its onto-axiological truth to the first rights of the dying subject

En droit privé, l’occupation s’entend, en principe, d’un mode d’acquisition originaire de la propriété des choses mobilières dépourvues de maître : c’est ainsi qu’elle a fait une entrée discrète dans le Code civil en 1804. Toutefois, depuis cette date, l’occupation a acquis une toute autre signification. Le législateur et le juge recourent aujourd’hui à cette notion pour désigner différents modes de jouissance de l’immeuble d’autrui. Il est question de conventions d’occupation précaire, d’occupation privative d’un bien indivis, d’occupant maintenu dans les lieux en suite d’un bail commercial ou d’habitation, d’occupant bénéficiaire d’une réquisition de logement, ou encore d’occupant sans droit ni titre. La notion d’occupation immobilière semble donc avoir acquis une place remarquable en droit privé. L’objet de cette étude est précisément de déterminer le rôle qu’elle tient en droit positif, dans ce domaine. Dans un premier temps, cette thèse réalise l’étude des diverses hypothèses dans lesquelles le terme « occupation » est utilisé pour désigner un fait d’emprise exercé sur l’immeuble d’autrui, que ce soit avec ou sans titre ; elle révèle également des situations officieuses d’occupation, telles que le mécanisme de la reconduction tacite applicable en matière de bail. Dans un second temps, est proposée une théorie générale de l’occupation immobilière en droit privé. L’occupation immobilière apparaît comme un fait d’emprise jouant un double rôle en droit positif : elle peut être simplement la traduction matérielle de l’exercice d’un droit d’usage préalablement reconnu à celui qui va devenir occupant, mais également l’élément permettant à ce dernier d’acquérir un tel droit ou, au moins, de le faire présumer. Reposant notamment sur diverses conditions d’efficacité, telles que la bonne foi ou l’univocité, elle présente alors un certain nombre de similitudes avec la possession, mais les deux notions ne sauraient pourtant être confondues. Au final, cette étude permet de mettre en lumière un nouveau fait créateur de droit, qui trouve sa place aux côtés de la possession et qui démontre une évolution de la propriété privée vers une « propriété pragmatique », soucieuse de s’adapter à des besoins divers, clairement reconnus par le droit positif<br>In Private Law, occupancy (French “occupation”) is, in principle, understood as an original method of acquiring property of ownerless movable things: this is how it made a discreet entrance in the Civil Code in 1804. Since then, however, occupancy has acquired a whole new meaning. Today, both the legislator and the judge turn to this concept to describe different means of enjoying the property of others. It relates to precarious occupancy agreements, private occupancy of jointly owned property, tenant kept in the premises after the end of its commercial or residential lease, occupant beneficing an housing requisition, disseisor, or occupant without right or title. The notion of estate occupancy seems to have acquired a prominent position in Private Law. Hence, the purpose of this study is precisely to determine the role it holds in positive law in this area. First, this work aims at studying the various situations in which the term "occupancy” is used to designate the situation where a factual stranglehold is exercised over others’ property, whether with or without title. It also reveals informal occupancy situations, such as leases’ tacit renewal mechanism. Secondly, a general theory of occupancy in Private Law is proposed. Estate occupancy appears like a factual situation of stranglehold (“fait d’emprise”). It plays a dual role in positive law: it may simply be the substantive translation of the exercise of a right to use, previously recognized to whom will become the occupant, and, in the same time, the element allowing him to acquire such a right, or at least, assuming he does. Notably based on various effectiveness conditions, such as good faith or clarity, occupancy shows similarities with the notion of adverse possession, although in French law the two concepts should not be confused. Finally, this study shed light on a new fact giving rise to a right, which finds its place alongside the adverse possession and demonstrates an evolution from the private property to a "pragmatic property" caring to adapt to the various needs recognized by the Law

Tous les États sans discrimination ont un droit inaliénable de développer les utilisations de l'énergie nucléaire à des fins civiles, à condition de ne pas détourner ces utilisations pacifiques vers des armes nucléaires. Cependant, il est accordé à cinq pays le droit de posséder ces armes, à savoir les États-Unis, la France, la Russie, la Chine et le Royaume-Uni. Autour de cette position, un vif débat à la fois juridique et éthique a été soulevé. En effet, pour ses opposants, le nucléaire représente un risque durable et non maîtrisable par la science. Les accidents nucléaires majeurs, les déchets radioactifs et le détournement du nucléaire à des fins militaires sont des risques ingérables et d‟une gravité exceptionnelle. En revanche, les défenseurs de cette énergie la présentent comme sûre, voire partie prenante du développement durable. Selon eux, le nucléaire est un moyen fiable de lutter contre le réchauffement climatique et aussi une solution à la pénurie énergétique à laquelle le monde est confronté. En examinant et analysant la fiabilité et la crédibilité de tous les arguments allant à l‟encontre et en faveur de cette industrie, on constate que la licéité et la légitimité du recours à l'énergie nucléaire sont mal fondées. Par conséquent, nous estimons qu‟il est nécessaire de dépasser le nucléaire par la conclusion d'une convention internationale posant l'interdiction progressive mais complète du nucléaire<br>All states without discrimination have an inalienable right to develop the uses of nuclear energy for civilian purposes, provided they do not divert these peaceful uses to nuclear weapons. However, five states have been granted the right to possess these weapons, that is : United-States, France, Russia, China and United-Kingdom. Around this position a fierce debate, both legal and ethical, has been raised. Indeed for its opponents nuclear represents a persistent risk that is non controllable by science. Major nuclear accidents, radioactive wastes and the use of nuclear for military purposes are unmanageable risks of exceptionnal serious gravity. On the other hand, the proponents of this energy present it as safe, even as part of sustainable development. According to them, nuclear is a reliable means to fight global warming and is also a solution to the energy shortage the world is facing. When analyzing the reliability and the credibility of all arguments for and against this industry, it can be noticed that the lawfulness and legitimacy of the use of nuclear energy are ill-founded. Therefore, we believe there is a need to go beyond nuclear with the conclusion of an international convention dealing with the progressive but comprehensive nuclear ban

碩士<br>國立臺北教育大學<br>課程與教學研究所<br>106<br>The purpose of this study is to understand the current situation of the Internet use behavior of the elementary teachers of the Taoyuan City and the human rights literacy of the citizens of cyberspace. Through the findings of this study, we can compare the use behavior of the elementary school teachers of different background. Differences in the performance of the Internet human rights literacy, and explore the relevant situations of the use of the Internet for elementary school teachers and the human rights literacy of citizens in cyberspace. The study is for the 106-year Taoyuan City Elementary School teacher.The Questionnaire was used as a research tool to issue 500 questionnaires and recover 436 valid questionnaires. The data obtained are descriptive statistics, independent t test, single factor variance analysis, Pearson's product-moment correlation. The main findings are as follows: 1. The network of primary and secondary teachers is frequently used. Among them, the "Internet search behavior" is the highest, followed by "interpersonal communication behavior" and "leisure and entertainment behavior". 2. The ethics of the cyberspace of the national primary school teachers is characterized by medium to high levels. Among them, the cognitive ability of online human rights needs is superior to the network human rights assessment ability, and the network human rights practice ability is the last. 3. 30 years old , teaching 1-5 years less years, master's degree, metropolitan area school, part-time leader or department teacher, high network use, high frequency of use, The higher the network usage time, the more often the network is used. 4. The teachers with high frequency of network use perform better in the overall network human rights cognitive ability and online human rights assessment ability. 5. The higher the use of online search behavior, educational search behavior, general search behavior, interpersonal communication behavior, and recreational activities, the better the performance of cyberspace citizens' human rights literacy.

Un nombre croissant de salariés ont aujourd’hui accès à l’Internet et à la messagerie électronique sur leur lieu de travail. Ils sont parfois tentés d’utiliser ces outils à des fins autres que professionnelles, ce qui constitue une source potentielle de conflits. En effet, sous prétexte d’assurer la protection de leurs biens et équipements, de vérifier que les salariés exécutent leurs obligations et de prévenir les risques de responsabilité, les entreprises contrôlent de plus en plus souvent – et parfois subrepticement – l’utilisation qui est faite des ressources ainsi fournies. Les employés, de leur côté, revendiquent leur droit à ce que leurs activités personnelles en ligne demeurent privées, même lorsqu’elles sont réalisées durant leur temps de travail et avec le matériel de l’employeur. Peuvent-ils raisonnablement voir leurs droits protégés, bien que le droit à la vie privée soit traditionnellement atténué en milieu de travail et que les entreprises aient accès à des technologies offrant des possibilités d’espionnage toujours plus intrusives? Comment trouver un équilibre viable entre le pouvoir de direction et de contrôle de l’employeur et les droits des salariés? Il s’agit d’une problématique à laquelle les tribunaux sont de plus en plus souvent confrontés et qui les amène régulièrement à réinterpréter les balises établies en matière de surveillance patronale, au regard des spécificités des technologies de l’information. Ce contexte conflictuel a également entraîné une évolution des pratiques patronales, dans la mesure où un nombre grandissant d’employeurs se dotent d’outils techniques et juridiques leur permettant de se protéger contre les risques, tout en s’aménageant un droit d’intrusion très large dans la vie privée des salariés.<br>A growing number of employees now have access to the Internet and email in the workplace. They are sometimes tempted to use these tools for other purposes than business, creating thus a potential source of conflict. Indeed, under the pretext of protecting the company’s property and equipment, verifying that the employees execute their contractual obligations, and preventing risks of liability, employers more frequently – and sometimes surreptitiously – monitor the use of the resources so provided. Employees, on the other side, are claiming their right to have their personal online activities remain private, even when these are conducted during their working hours and with the equipment provided by the employer. However, can they reasonably expect to have their rights protected, when the right to privacy in the workplace has traditionally been mitigated and when employers have access to spying technologies that are more and more invasive? How then to find a workable balance between employer’s management rights and employees’ rights? It is an issue that courts increasingly face and that regularly induces them to reinterpret the rules set for the employer’s surveillance with regard to the specificities of information technologies. That situation of conflict has also brought changes to the practices in the workplace, insofar as employers are increasingly likely to adopt legal and technical tools enabling them to protect themselves against risks, while keeping a large right of intrusion into employees’ privacy.

碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>土木工程學系碩士在職專班<br>91<br>Abstract Construction industry had its golden age with extravagant profits. Improper development, overbuild, economic depreciation and excess supply over demand in building units has caused severe problems recently. It is very import for construction industry to introspect and develop appropriate building products for attractting investors and customers. In the past, the trade between developer and buyer regarding land development is very simple. The developer plans and markets in various means to advertise for building products and then sells all the land, building and public facilities to the buyers in accordance with the contract. The developer does not want becoming part of the co-owner unless there were some units has not been sold. Using customer-oriented and usage-right-oriented breaks the simple business transaction between the developer and buyer, which makes the developer becomes co-owner of condominium. According to the apartment & housing management ACT, appointed a capable co-owner to manage a condominium will enhance the living quality. A thorough consideration of construction life cycle including feasibility study, plan, design, tender, procurement, construction, operation and maintenance, will create a sustainable management environment. It is difficult to develop in traditional way due to the increasing difficulties of acquiring and developing estate such as state-own and ancestral-shrine-own land. It is complicated to transfer the ownership of land to developer because too many owners and different policies were involved with. Therefore usage-right-oriented might be the solution for land development. By introducting the concept of ownership right for asset and debt （ownership, superficies, preemption, mortgage, option） of civil law, the buyer can choose different usage-right collocating varieous combinations to buy the appropriate building products. The higher asset value means more guarantee which will attracts more buyers to invest. This study is different to traditional. The introduction of developer involvement in management and the concept for buyer of choosing the derivative usage-right products by related civil law, land law and apartment & housing management ACT. The principal part is condominium and the ingredient is different usage-right, makes up the different investment selection. Planning and designing in accordance with the senior citizens need then evaluate the investment alternatives follow by the market and future trend.

碩士<br>東海大學<br>建築(工程)學系<br>82<br>It is the fu ture trend for buildings to have parking facilities. Under the house buying system now in Taiwan. There are a lot of problems caused by the underground parking system. Logically, this study uses the point of view of forming an object in law.(object → ownership → rights and duties) and becomes a "realty": making the law → forming the realty → registration → ownership → rights and duties. Under this structure, I analyze the problems of underground parking. The ways of doing the research are not only collecting and analyzing the dates in the traditional way but also the "Laws Index System" made by the Ministry of Institution / Architecture Depatment to best collect all related explanations. Because the subject is general but uncertain. I use "Delphi Investigation" to question 13 experts on paper. According to the questionnaire we find out the consquence. After doing all the research in a limited time, here are the summaries: 1.The problem of underground parking can''t be solved by redesigning the space. 2.The regulations of establishing parking space lack foresight. 3.The parking lot should not be separated from the building. 4.People in the country are still not familiar with the laws of dividing ownership. 5.If the house buying and selling system remains uncontrollable, similar arguments regarding parking space will never stop. 6.The buying and selling of parking space is still unstable. If consumers want to buy parking space, they have to be very careful.

碩士<br>崑山科技大學<br>房地產開發與管理研究所<br>103<br>In recent years, land price and housing price rose dramatically due to crowded urban population of Taiwan and Mainland China and limited urban land resources. However, in order to resist the current trend of high housing price Taiwan government followed Mainland China’s concept of usage right of construction land and cooperated with domestic property developers to launch land-development cases of superficies but those Taiwanese property developers seldom developed cases of usage right of construction land in Mainland China. This study tried to investigate the differences between Taiwan’s superficies of and Mainland China’s usage right of construction land and further how the development model and scale of these two influenced Taiwanese property developers’ development and decision model under its current rules. Literature review and in-depth interview were used in this study. The researcher referred to journal theses of Taiwan and Mainland China to analyze the current laws and regulations of Taiwan’s superficies and Mainland China’s usage right of construction land, further drafted the outline for the in-depth interviews and demonstrated the current status through the in-depth interviews with three Taiwanese property developers. The results indicated that these Taiwanese developers regarded that for Taiwan’s superficies there were relatively fewer related measures for financing activities and fewer concrete measures for future property right management during the development process compared to Mainland China’s usage right of construction land. With Taiwan’s current laws and regulations, Taiwanese developers were unable to compete with Mainland China’s developers for large-scale development cases of usage right of construction land in Mainland China. In summary, Taiwanese developers considered that Taiwan government should refer to the regulations and measures related to Mainland China’s usage right of construction land to perfect its rules of superficies so that Taiwanese developers would be more willing to join in Taiwan’s superficies cases.

碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>應用經濟學研究所<br>91<br>This study adopted the contingent valuation method, CVM, which is widely been used in non-market goods pricing analysis, to design the price proxies and the pricing mechanism of hot spring resource from user’s point of view. This study was based upon survey data from hot spring resorts and tourists in KuKuan(谷關) district, Taichung county. Total 201 samples were collected in July of 2002 and in January of 2003, respectively. KuKuan hot spring resorts regularly divide a business year into three seasons: the holiday season, which is from November till April of the following year, the weekend and weekdays in the regular season. Also total sample were divided into two pricing groups based on different magnitudes of paying for the hot spring usage. After estimating the tourists’ willingness to pay (WTP) to hot spring resource with regression analysis, the statistical results showed samples present a two peak distributions. Therefore the current hot spring pricing rates should be adjusted based on different seasons. After considering the behavior, negative, management, population and area variables, we found that some variables are different with respect to the willingness to pay. They were “importance of hot spring”, “preference of outdoors”, and “divided different charge in business year” variables in the weekday of regular season. Also, there were “preference of outdoors”, “limited tour”, “age”, and “national tour expenditure per year” variables in the weekends of the same season. Last, “importance of hot spring”, “destroy environments”, “age”, “national tour expenditure per year” were in the holiday season. With these findings, the pricing range for the spa resort for this area was recalculated. This study concluded that: based on the charge rate on weekdays of regular season, the range of the hot spring usage right at the holidays of same season was between $2.550 NT and $3.186NT per metric meter (a thousand liters); and the rate price ranged from $3.970 NT to $4.114 NT per metric meter during the holiday season.

This study was an exploration of how language is managed in the subordinate courts of Machakos County in Kenya. It was an investigation into the language policy used in the courts, and whether the languages serve the needs, uses and preferences of the people. Language use in Kenya is constitutional (The Constitution of Kenya, 2010).The national language of the Republic of Kenya is Kiswahili and its official languages are English and Kiswahili. The constitution shall protect and promote indigenous languages of the people of Kenya. The constitution further indicates that there shall be general provisions to the Bill of Rights, fundamental freedoms, and that the authority of courts shall uphold and enforce the Bill of Rights. (The Kenya Constitution, 2010, (Cap 4, entitled “The Bill of Rights” has subcategories ranging from Part 1 to Part 5. Part 1 elaborates on general provisions relating to the Bill of Rights, Part 2 on Rights and fundamental freedoms, Part 3 on specific application of Rights, Part 4 on state of emergency and Part 5 on Kenya National Human Rights and Equality Commission). The study attempts to establish whether or not the subordinate courts adhere to these provisions, which policy makers need to adhere to. This research further explores solutions to the problem of communication during court proceedings. Its aim was to advance scientific information that would inform the formulation of a more accommodating language policy in Subordinate Courts. The background information and the history of the courts language gave an overview of how language in subordinate courts is used according to various scholars. The evaluation of how language is used during court proceedings shed light on the people‟s language needs, uses and preferences.<br>Linguistics and Modern Languages<br>D. Litt et Phil. (Linguistics)