Relevant bibliographies by topics / Use of the language and the art of translating

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Use of the language and the art of translating'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Use of the language and the art of translating"

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Zanoletti, Margherita. "Translating an Imagetext: Verbal and Visual Self-Representation in Brett Whiteley’s Interior, Lavender Bay (1976)." TTR 26, no. 1 (June 22, 2016): 195–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1036955ar.

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This paper explores the relationship between the words and images in the drawing Interior, Lavender Bay by the Australian artist Brett Whiteley (1939-1992). This artwork combines the depiction of the artist’s home with a written element composed of the title, date, artist’s monogram, and a brief inscription. By examining Whiteley’s use of words and images in this drawing, the verbal/visual synergy that underpins his language is emphasized as a key aspect of his communicative appeal. The interpretive lens used in order to analyze Interior, Lavender Bay is interlingual translation. Translating Whiteley’s words from English into Italian allows not only to decipher the literal meaning and comprehend the symbolic function of his words, but also to highlight the relation between art and language. From this perspective, drawing on W. J. T. Mitchell’s Picture Theory (1994), the paper aims to discuss the functioning of images and the way in which interlingual translation might bring out latent connections in the source, opening a window on the interdisciplinary encounter between creative processes in the visual art and translation theory and practice.
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Holland, Michael. "Translating Mouvement, Translating Movement." Paragraph 43, no. 1 (March 2020): 84–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/para.2020.0322.

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A particular problem arises for the translator when a word has no equivalent in the target language, because what it refers to is something that the speakers of that language simply do not think. The French term mouvement is a case in point. All French dictionaries give prominence to a definition of the term which relates it to impulse, sentiment and passion and characterizes it positively as a ‘sign of life’. By contrast, although the OED records that movement may refer to ‘a “moving” of the mind’, ‘an impulse of desire or aversion’, it defines this usage as now obsolete. The article begins by tracing the problem as it arose during the translation of some of Maurice Blanchot's early writings, before going on to show that, in Blanchot's use of it, the term mouvement eventually parts company with all of its received meaning in French, and refers to the movement whereby language itself becomes writing when image is allowed priority over rational thought. From having been a problem, therefore, the interruption of exchange between French and English for the translator of mouvement foregrounds translation itself as the site of an original mode of writing.
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Jänis, Marja. "What Translators of Plays Think About Their Work." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 8, no. 2 (January 1, 1996): 341–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.8.2.08jan.

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Abstract This study used loosely conducted interviews to determine how translators of plays see their work, including their position towards the theatre. Different ways of performing the act were reported, along with different attitudes towards the use of background materials. Significant differences were found in what was considered most essential in translating a play: some stressed the need to visualize events during translation while others emphasized the audible aspects of the dialogue. Some translators portrayed themselves as 'invisible mediators', unconcerned with any future performance, whereas others claimed to be working consciously towards one. A third group described their work as 'art' and stressed the need to liberate themselves from the slavery of the source text and find a language of their own.
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Krach, S. Kathleen, Michael P. McCreery, and Jessika Guerard. "Cultural-linguistic test adaptations: Guidelines for selection, alteration, use, and review." School Psychology International 38, no. 1 (December 30, 2016): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143034316684672.

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In 1991, Bracken and Barona wrote an article for School Psychology International focusing on state of the art procedures for translating and using tests across multiple languages. Considerable progress has been achieved in this area over the 25 years between that publication and today. This article seeks to provide a more current set of suggestions for altering tests originally developed for other cultures and/or languages. Beyond merely describing procedures for linguistic translations, the authors provide suggestions on how to alter, use, and review tests as part of a cultural-linguistic adaptation process. These suggestions are described in a step-by-step manner that is usable both by test adapters and by consumers of adapted tests.
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Korolkova, Svetlana, and Anna Novozhilova. "Efficiency of Machine Translation in Urban Discourse." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 3 (August 2021): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2021.3.8.

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This article aims to analyze the use of Yandex.Translate, an online machine translation system, in translating urban discourse texts on the web. The authors use integrative linguistic-and-pragmatic approach to assess machine translation quality in a global digital setting. The aim is to show the efficiency of a state-of-the-art machine translation system and to investigate its usefulness in practical application. The authors perform a detailed analysis of the Paris city website content, which is automatically translated from French into Russian with Yandex.Translate. The data selection is justified by the absence of official foreign versions of this website, which points to the need of machine translation engines integrated in a web browser. Less than 20% of the analysed machine-translated texts demonstrate high language quality, whereas 60% can be referred to as acceptable – the text preserves the meaning of the source but contains some errors and inaccuracies in the target language. About 20% of the machine-translated text contains blunders, which violate Russian language norms. It causes source text contents distortion and communication failures. In the end, a classification of the system errors is presented. It is also concluded that machine translation would substitute middle-skilled human translators in the future. However, the use of such systems will enforce standardisation and simplification of the target language.
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Copestake, Ann, and Karen Sparck Jones. "Natural language interfaces to databases." Knowledge Engineering Review 5, no. 4 (December 1990): 225–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269888900005476.

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AbstractThis paper reviews the current state of the art in natural language access to databases. This has been a long-standing area of work in natural language processing. But though some commercial systems are now available, providing front ends has proved much harder than was expected, and the necessary limitations on front ends have to be recognized. The paper discusses the issues, both general to language and task-specific, involved in front end design, and the way these have been addressed, concentrating on the work of the last decade. The focus is on the central process of translating a natural language question into a database query, but other supporting functions are also covered. The points are illustrated by the use of a single example application. The paper concludes with an evaluation of the current state, indicating that future progress will depend on the one hand on general advances in natural language processing, and on the other on expanding the capabilities of traditional databases.
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Komarova, Olga. "Общество, среда, компетенция. Еще раз о пользе словарей(Society, Environment, Competence. Once More on the Use of Dictionaries)." Poljarnyj vestnik 2 (February 1, 1999): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/6.1422.

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It is of great help for everybody involved in any type of translating activity to have access to a reliable dictionary. For any language student mastery of the art of using a dictionary is necessary, and many a university lecturer has experienced in his teaching practice that students lack this important skill. What makes things even more difficult is that dictionaries are not always effective in reflecting current developments in the meaning and usage of lexical units. The article illustrates this by demonstrating the difficulties in finding true Russian equivalents to the Norwegian words "samfunn", "miljø" and "kompetanse", using the definitions given in Russian and Russian-Norwegian dictionaries. This leads to a discussion of a different presentation of the semantic characteristics of these lexical units and of their contextual changes of meaning and usage in the two languages.
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Kendall, Judy. "Saro-Wiwa's Language of Dissent: Translating between African Englishes." Translation and Literature 27, no. 1 (March 2018): 25–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/tal.2018.0320.

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This article calls attention to the essential translational aspect of linguistic experimentation in literary uses of African Englishes in colonial and postcolonial West African literature. It focuses mainly on the literature of the most linguistically diverse country in Africa – Nigeria. Drawing on the theoretical work of Itamar Even-Zohar, Lawrence Venuti, and Pierre Bourdieu, it demonstrates how the different Englishes used in this literature act in a translational way, relating and responding to cultural, political, and social contexts. Specific attention is paid to Amos Tutuola's use of interlanguage and diglossia; Chinua Achebe's manipulation of acts of code-switching and mixing; and how Ken Saro-Wiwa's development of a unique language of dissent in his novel Sozaboy: A Novel in Rotten English is built upon these earlier experimentations with translations between Englishes.
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Bukhari, Syed Ahmad Chan, Hafsa Shareef Dar, M. Ikramullah Lali, Fazel Keshtkar, Khalid Mahmood Malik, and Seifedine Kadry. "Frameworks for Querying Databases Using Natural Language." International Journal of Data Warehousing and Mining 17, no. 2 (April 2021): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdwm.2021040102.

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A natural language interface is useful for a wide range of users to retrieve their desired information from databases without requiring prior knowledge of database query language such as SQL. The advent of user-friendly technologies, such as speech-enabled interfaces, have revived the use of natural language technology for querying databases; however, the most relevant and last work presenting state of the art was published back in 2013 and does not encompass several advancements. In this paper, the authors have reviewed 47 frameworks that have been developed during the last decade and categorized the SQL and NoSQL-based frameworks. Furthermore, the analysis of these frameworks is presented on the basis of criteria such as supporting language, scheme of heuristic rules, interoperability support, scope of the dataset, and overall performance score. The study concludes that the majority of frameworks focus on translating natural language queries to SQL and translates English language text to queries.
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Skoropadskaya, Anna. "Dostoevsky's Latin language." Неизвестный Достоевский 8, no. 2 (July 2021): 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15393/j10.art.2021.5421.

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The article refutes the opinion found in some biographical studies, which states that Dostoevsky disliked the Latin language and showed nointerest in it. An appeal to the writer's letters, his journalistic and artistic works, surviving working notes suggests the opposite: Dostoevsky not only speaks positively of the Latin language, but also uses it in the process of creating his texts. An analysis of published works and surviving work notes revealed 67 Latin words and expressions. Many of the Latin insertions are encountered more than once, some have a distinct practical nature (for example, the NB anagram and its varieties). In terms of use, the Latin expressions used by Dostoevsky are from to medicine, jurisprudence, and Catholic church rhetoric, but for the most part they are common aphorisms and speech clichés. The article draws attention to the fact of Dostoevsky's work with Latin text as a commentator and translator and proves that the fragment of the prophecy from the book of Johann Lichtenberger cited in the 1877 Diary of a Writer was translated by Dostoevsky. Liberty (modified composition, insertion of additional words) and relative grammatical correctness (only two grammatical inaccuracies were found in the translation) testify to a fairly fluent command of Latin, which allowed Dostoevsky not only to translate the medieval religious text, but also to interpret it to illustrate his socio-political views.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Use of the language and the art of translating"

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Monreal, Pérez Juan Luis. "El desarollo de las lenguas vernáculas, el uso de la lengua y el arte de traducir en la Tradición Humanista Renacentista y en el Humanismo reformador europeo." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10832.

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La Tesis estudia el desarrollo de las lenguas vernáculas,el uso de la lengua y el arte de traducir en la tradición Humanista y en el Humanismo reformador europeo. En la primera parte se analiza el Humanismo renacentista y su contribución al desarrollo de las lenguas vernáculas en Europa. En la segunda parte se examina el uso concreto de la lengua y el modo de entender el arte de la traducción por parte del Humanismo reformador Europeo. El estudio de las aportaciones que se han producido al respecto, se lleva a cabo analizando las contribuciones que personajes relevantes de dicho periodo histórico han hecho: Erasmo, Lutero, Cisneros, Nebrija, Vives, Juan de Valdés y Luis de León, como notables representantes europeos del Humanismo reformador y excelentes estudiosos del uso de la lengua. A todos ellos les importó el uso de la lengua y el arte de la traducción.
The thesis studies the development of the vernacular languages, the use of the language and the art of translating in the Humanist tradition and in the European reformer Humanism. In the first part, the Humanism of the Renaissance and its contribution to the development of the vernacular languages in Europe have been analyzed. In the second part, the concrete use of the language and the way to understand the art of translating by the European reformer Humanism have been examined. The resulting study on the matter has been carried out analyzing the contributions that excellent thinkers of this historical period have done: Erasmo, Lutero, Cisneros, Nebrija, Vives, Juan de Valdés and Luis de León, as remarkable representatives of the European reformer Humanism and excellent experts on how to use the language and the art of translating.
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Beer, Ann. "The use of two languages in Samuel Beckett's art." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:fe430cb4-ec07-4f18-9d4a-6860b0d85fbb.

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This study argues that Samuel Beckett's works in English and French reveal the organising energy of a "bilingual consciousness". Bilingualism is no personal eccentricity but the foundation for Beckett's mature art, without which it could not have developed. He has never been a unilingual writer; at every stage of his career his two languages have enriched, challenged and opposed each other. Bilingual art has allowed Beckett to move between linguistic circles, claiming as his own a transitional space that has protected his need for imaginative solitude. Gradually abandoning the cultural specificity of his early works in favour of archetypal settings that "translate" successfully to other contexts, he has focussed directly on what unites rather than divides human communities. Yet his writing retains an evident alertness to, and love of, the linguistic and cultural resources of English and French. His alternations between languages and his frequent activities as translator and self- translator contribute to a detachment from generic conventions that encourages innovation. Thus the often-criticised marginality of the bilingual has become for Beckett a source of strength. This analysis draws on a close reading of certain key texts, crossing languages freely to follow Beckett's own development. The prose has central place, because it spans his entire career, and because his most radical innovations have occurred in prose to be, subsequently, transferred in new forms to the drama. Chapter I presents Beckett's dual language-use in a wider context, exploring the early exposure afcd later suppression of "bilingual awareness, the implications of bilingualism for his artistic outlook, and the bilingual aesthetic he has developed. The remaining chapters draw on a new chronology of his writing and translating activities to show the development of his dual language-use and how it has interacted distinctively at each period with his artistic goals and practice.
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Wild, Justin. "Perception and use of Tanzania's Language of Instruction Policy in a Rural Ordinary Level Secondary School| Translating Qualitative Data into a Quantitative Instrument Measuring the Foreign Language Environment." Thesis, Indiana University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10931398.

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In Tanzania, the debate surrounding language of instruction has been rekindled with an announcement in February of 2015 that the language of instruction would be changed from English to Kiswahili in Ordinary Level secondary schools. European languages have perceived economic benefits, while researchers in cognitive learning argue foreign languages of instruction are often detrimental to a child’s learning. However, this debate is studied largely at the national and international levels. This dissertation research investigates perceptions of language of instruction in a rural school community using critical theory, the theory of communicative action, and a language ecology framework. Qualitative analysis of community foreign language learning resources and a construct modeling approach was used to create and pilot a quantitative instrument in several rural secondary school communities for the purpose of measuring and acknowledging foreign language learning resources in a rural school community. Findings revealed participants’ cultural attachment to Kiswahili in tension with the high utilitarian value they place on knowing the English language. Few participants believed there are many resources for learning English in or outside of school. Findings from the survey using descriptive analysis and item response theory revealed that few items captured the variability of the construct within the sample, yet exposed possible weaknesses and offered direction for further, future investigation. This study concludes with a discussion of the findings in relation to the theories and framework guiding this study, as well as a discussion of the child’s right to learn.

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Kreiss-Tomkins, David. "Use of Tlingit art and identity by non-Tlingit people in Sitka, Alaska." Thesis, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1558370.

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Tlingit culture, as with many Indigenous cultures that exist under colonial rule, is often described as being in danger of disappearing. Despite this, the appropriation of and subsequent use of cultural practices by non-Tlingit people, and especially white people, is a continuation of the process of colonization when it is enacted in a manner that is not critical of current and historical racism, capitalist pressures and colonial violence. This project addresses the topic through recorded conversations with seven Tlingit women in Sitka, Alaska in an attempt to place Tlingit cultural production and use in the broader contexts of Indigenous cultural sovereignty and resistance to US imperial power. While various types and extremes of cultural appropriation are examined and compared to theory examining privilege and oppression, this project does not delineate general rules for appropriate and inappropriate use of culture.

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Barsky, Carol. "Images of Art: Katherine Mansfield's Use of Line, Color, and Composition in Her Short Stories." TopSCHOLAR®, 1996. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/893.

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Katherine Mansfield's short stories include numerous visual images, many of which contribute significantly to the stories' moods and themes. Her visual imagery has been linked with literary devices such as symbolism and irony. This study, however, emphasizes three major principles of the visual arts apparent in her imagery—line, color, and composition—that also play important roles in imbuing a substantial number of her images with possible meaning. The prominence and skillful handling of these artistic techniques suggest that she purposely wove them into her works to produce psychological effects that induce moods or support themes. As a result, Mansfield successfully merged verbal and visual languages to promote a greater sensitivity to her characters' perceptions and feelings. Mansfield's ability to see and creatively imitate reality as painters do, her friendship with painters (particularly Dorothy Brett), and other documented evidence of a fascination with the visual arts point to an apparent dependence on artistic techniques and theories that add an essential dimension to many of her stories. The most compelling evidence, however, exists within the many visual images themselves.
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Jones, Natalie. "Lost in Translation : To what extent can sign language be used to translate the meaning of the text for hearing audiences in classical vocal music?" Thesis, Kungl. Musikhögskolan, Institutionen för klassisk musik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kmh:diva-3625.

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The purpose of this project is to examine the extent to which sign language can be used as a means of communicating the text for hearing audiences attending classical vocal recitals. The project discusses historical practices for providing text translation of classical repertoire sung in foreign languages and gives an account of the increasing popularity of sign language interpretation for hearing audiences within the contemporary, commercial music industry. A trial performance is undertaken in order to examine the effectiveness of the idea in the context of classical vocal music. Feedback is gathered from the audience and singer’s perspective during performance and through observations made by studying the video documenting the performance.

The sounding part of the work consists of the following recording: NJones100619. The Corona virus situation spring semester 2020 has caused limitations in the recording possibilities. The recording may be supplemented. 

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Gouws, Liezl. "Die bewerking van idiome in tweetalige woordeboeke : 'n hulp vir vertalers?" Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1609.

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Thesis (MPhil (Afrikaans and Dutch))—University of Stellenbosch, 2006.
Dictionaries are important and necessary resources for translators, but still translators have mixed feelings regarding especially bilingual dictionaries. On the one hand, they cannot really work without them, but on the other hand the dictionaries often give the translator little or no help. In this study, reasons are examined as to why bilingual dictionaries aren't a sufficient resource for professional translators with regard to the translation of idioms. During the study attention is given to the theories regarding and the approaches to translation. The focus falls specifically on three important methods of translation, namely the linguistic, text linguistic and functionalist approaches. The development of lexicography as discipline is also examined. The translation of idioms entails more than just the translation of single words. Attention is given to the attributes of idioms, as well as the problems and methods with which translators are confronted during the translation of idioms. Subsequently attention is also given to the current treatment of idioms in bilingual dictionaries as well as aspects such as presentation, equivalence, register and language structures. Based on the evidence of this a model is suggested for the improved treatment of idioms in bilingual dictionaries.
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Berry, Katherine A. "The Use of Tableau to Increase the On-Task Behavior of Students with Language-Based Learning Disabilities in Inclusive Language Arts Settings| An Initial Study." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3669702.

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Students with language-based learning disabilities (LD) increasingly are placed in inclusive classrooms to ensure they receive access to their grade level curriculum. However, inclusion alone is insufficient for addressing the specific learning challenges of students with language-based LD in general education settings (McLeskey & Waldron, 2011). A need exists for additional strategies to increase on-task behavior and provide greater learning opportunities for students with LD in inclusive classrooms.

The purpose of this study was to examine the use of a drama intervention, tableau, to increase the on-task behavior of students in inclusive fourth-grade language arts classrooms at two urban elementary charter schools in the Mid Atlantic region. All of the students in the fourth-grade language arts classrooms participated in the tableau intervention, which consisted of students making still images with their bodies to represent a scene or explore a particular moment in a story. Observational data were collected on three students identified with language-based LD. Changes in students' on-task behavior within and across baseline, withdrawal, and tableau phases were examined in an ABAB withdrawal design. Visual analysis was employed to determine if there was a functional relation between tableau and an increase in students' on-task behavior during small group language arts lessons. Descriptive data were collected via audio digital recordings of story recalls to assess the three students' understanding of character traits and sequence of events.

Results indicated that participants' on-task behavior increased following the introduction of tableau and decreased following the withdrawal of tableau and return to conventional instructional strategies during small group language arts lessons. For all three participants, a functional relation was established between tableau and an increase in on-task behavior through a change in level and stability across phases. All three participants scored higher on the oral story recall assessment of character traits and sequence of events during the tableau intervention phases as compared to the baseline and withdrawal phases. These findings suggested the potential value of using drama interventions to increase the on-task behavior and provide greater learning opportunities for students with LD in inclusive language arts classrooms.

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Bordo, Vanessa C. "Making a Case for the Use of Foreign Language in the Educational Activities of Nonprofit Arts Organizations." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1311135640.

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Placial, Claire. "Pour une histoire rapprochée des traductions. Étude bibliographique, historique et linguistique des traductions en langue française du Cantique des cantiques publiées depuis la Renaissance." Thesis, Paris 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA040254.

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Le premier but de cette thèse est d’identifier et de décrire bibliographiquement les traductions en langue française du Cantique des cantiques, publiées sur support imprimé, quels que soient le support éditorial, la date et le lieu de la publication. Une lecture minutieuse de ces traductions, les confrontant aux textes sources essentiellement hébreux et latins, et les situant dans leur contexte historique, éditorial et confessionnel, vise à déterminer, selon la méthode d’Antoine Berman, le « projet de traduction » et l’« horizon du traducteur ». Sur cette base, des études de cas sont réalisées : partant de problèmes théoriques de la traduction, puis d’un choix d’extraits significatifs du texte, l’ensemble du corpus est confronté dans une perspective à la fois diachronique et synchronique. L’ensemble de l’étude illustre la façon dont chaque traduction est l’incarnation d’une lecture spécifique du Cantique des cantiques
The primary aim of this thesis is to identify and to give a bibliographical description of all the French translations of the Song of Songs that have been published in print since the Renaissance, regardless of their editorial support, date and place of publication. A close reading of these translations will then allow us to determine, following Antoine Berman’s method, the “translation project” and the “translator’s horizon”, by comparing them with their source texts (mostly in Hebrew and Latin) and by situating them in their historical, editorial and religious contexts. Accordingly, a number of case studies have been carried out : first, considering theoretical problems of translation, then by comparing a selection of key excerpts from the text, the entire text corpus has been analyzed from both a diachronic and a synchronic perspective. The entire study illustrates the extent to which each translation is the embodiment of a specific reading of the Song of Songs
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Books on the topic "Use of the language and the art of translating"

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The art of translation. Kuppam: Dravidian University, 2004.

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Renouard, Madeleine, and Debra Kelly. Barbara Wright: Translation as art. Champaign: Dalkey Archive Press, 2013.

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Leighton, Lauren G. Two worlds, one art: Literary translation in Russia and America. Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1991.

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Vijayabhāskararāvu, Vāḍapalli. Insights into literary translation and language in distinctive use. Delhi: Authorspress, 2009.

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Rao, V. V. B. Rama. Insights into literary translation and language in distinctive use. Delhi: Authorspress, 2009.

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ʻAbd al-Ghanī ʻAbd al-Raḥmān Muḥammad. Dirāsah fī fann al-taʻrīb wa-al-tarjamah =: A study in art of Arabicising and translation. al-Qāhirah: Maktabat al-Anjlū al-Miṣrīyah, 1986.

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Vijayabhāskararāvu, Vāḍapalli. Insights into literary translation and language in distinctive use. Delhi: Authorspress, 2009.

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Vijayabhāskararāvu, Vāḍapalli. Insights into literary translation and language in distinctive use. Delhi: Authorspress, 2009.

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Stewart, David Alan. Sign language interpreting: Exploring its art and science. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1998.

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Daniel, Schein Jerome, and Cartwright Brenda E, eds. Sign language interpreting: Exploring its art and science. 2nd ed. Boston: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Use of the language and the art of translating"

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Attridge, Derek. "Untranslatability and the Challenge of World Literature." In The Work of World Literature, 25–56. Berlin: ICI Berlin Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37050/ci-19_02.

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What are called ‘natural languages’ are artificial, often politically instituted and regulated, phenomena; a more accurate picture of speech practices around the globe is of a multidimensional continuum. This essay asks what the implications of this understanding of language are for translation, and focuses on the variety of Afrikaans known as Kaaps, which has traditionally been treated as a dialect rather than a language in its own right. An analysis of a poem in Kaaps by Nathan Trantraal reveals the challenges such a use of language constitutes for translation. A revised understanding of translation is proposed, relying less on the notion of transfer of meaning from one language to another and more on an active engagement with the experience of the reader.
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Dixon, Alex, Ranko Lazić, Andrzej S. Murawski, and Igor Walukiewicz. "Leafy automata for higher-order concurrency." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 184–204. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71995-1_10.

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AbstractFinitary Idealized Concurrent Algol ($$\mathsf {FICA}$$ FICA ) is a prototypical programming language combining functional, imperative, and concurrent computation. There exists a fully abstract game model of $$\mathsf {FICA}$$ FICA , which in principle can be used to prove equivalence and safety of $$\mathsf {FICA}$$ FICA programs. Unfortunately, the problems are undecidable for the whole language, and only very rudimentary decidable sub-languages are known.We propose leafy automata as a dedicated automata-theoretic formalism for representing the game semantics of $$\mathsf {FICA}$$ FICA . The automata use an infinite alphabet with a tree structure. We show that the game semantics of any $$\mathsf {FICA}$$ FICA term can be represented by traces of a leafy automaton. Conversely, the traces of any leafy automaton can be represented by a $$\mathsf {FICA}$$ FICA term. Because of the close match with $$\mathsf {FICA}$$ FICA , we view leafy automata as a promising starting point for finding decidable subclasses of the language and, more generally, to provide a new perspective on models of higher-order concurrent computation.Moreover, we identify a fragment of $$\mathsf {FICA}$$ FICA that is amenable to verification by translation into a particular class of leafy automata. Using a locality property of the latter class, where communication between levels is restricted and every other level is bounded, we show that their emptiness problem is decidable by reduction to Petri net reachability.
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"On Translating the Bible into Polish: An Inteiview with Czesław Miłosz, Conducted by Ewa Czamecka1." In Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 1, edited by Antony Polonsky, 252–69. Liverpool University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781904113171.003.0018.

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This chapter details an interview with Czesław Miłosz on translating the Bible into Polish, which was conducted by Ewa Czarnecka. Czarnecka observes that a growing interest in the sphere of sacrum can be observed in Miłosz's poetry, a passage from history to metaphysics. On the other hand, Miłosz stresses his obligations to Polish literature, in the sense of strengthening it as a language of dignity and hierarchy, an end that the translation of the Book of Psalms should serve. Meanwhile, Miłosz explains that one of the basic problems one encounters in translating the psalms is that there are words which have no exact equivalent in the modern languages. The trick is to find the Polish language's specific register where its rhythmic consistency, its expressive power can be put to use. The point is to find the specific laws of the Polish language.
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Rockman, Deborah A. "Essential Skills and Information: What Every Teacher and Every Student Should Know about Drawing." In The Art of Teaching Art. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195130799.003.0006.

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Students often go through the motions of sighting without really understanding what they are doing and why it works. A little understanding of the principles of sighting goes a long way toward encouraging students to use the process to their advantage. . . . Why Use Sighting? . . . Many students have found that they are shining stars when it comes to copying photographs or working from other existing two-dimensional sources. They are often confounded when they discover that drawing from observation of three-dimensional forms does not yield the same strong results, the same degree of accuracy they are accustomed to. It is helpful for both the instructor and the student to understand why this occurs. Drawing or representing a three-dimensional form on a two-dimensional surface requires, in essence, a language translation. The language of two dimensions is different from the language of three dimensions. We must observe the three-dimensional form and translate it into a language that will be effective on a two-dimensional surface, such as a piece of drawing paper. When students draw from an existing two-dimensional source, the translation from 3-D to 2-D has already been made for them. But when they are referring to the actual form, they must make the translation themselves. The process of sighting provides the method for making this translation easily and effectively. A sighting stick is the basic tool for the process of sighting. I recommend using a IO" to I2" length of 1⁄8" dowel. Suitable alternatives include a slender knitting needle, a shish-kebab skewer, or a length of metal cut from a wire clothes hanger. Your sighting stick should be straight. I discourage the use of a drawing pencil as a sighting stick simply because the thickness of the pencil often obscures information when sighting. The more slender the tool, the less it interferes with observing the form or forms being drawn. However, in the absence of a more suitable tool, a pencil will suffice. In presenting sighting principles to a class, it is vital to go beyond a verbal explanation. For students to effectively understand the process, it is strongly recommended that teacher and students walk through the process together, exploring the various ways of applying sighting.
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Ueno, Miki, Kiyohito Fukuda, and Naoki Mori. "Can Computers Create Comics and Animations?" In Natural Language Processing, 1058–84. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0951-7.ch051.

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The objective of this chapter is to develop a method for generating and analyzing creative work by using computers. In this chapter, novels, comics, and animations are considered representative creative work because the main method for representing creative work is the use of natural language and pictures. These works focus on interesting issues, which can be explained by computational approaches to narratology. In this chapter, the authors discuss the following three topics. First, a method of semi-automatic story generation by agent-based simulation is presented. Second, methods of generating and analyzing comics on the basis of the features of pictures and stories used are described. Third, the authors introduce a method of estimating the difficulties of translating a storyboard into original pictures in the process of creating animations.
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Michelucci, Stefania. "Translation." In The Edinburgh Companion to D. H. Lawrence and the Arts, 76–89. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474456623.003.0007.

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This chapter discusses D. H. Lawrence and his art of translation. After an introductory paragraph on Lawrence’s use of foreign languages to represent the otherness of the reality observed in his works, the chapter examines how he thought creatively in more than one language. Selective examples include German translations of poems originally composed in Arabic and rewritings of Russian literary texts translated into English by S. S. Koteliansky. A detailed discussion of Lawrence’s translation of Giovanni Verga’s Mastro Don Gesualdo and Little Novels of Sicily follows, with particular attention paid to his insight into Verga’s extraordinary but difficult Sicilian language. Lawrence did not use a particular English dialect. Rather he created a new idiom to convey the orality and the physicality of Verga’s language free from any local specificity in English. Lawrence’s translations reflect the creativity of an artist who was constantly open to literary experiments which were rooted in a deep knowledge of other cultures, the transmission and sharing of which he always perceived as a never-ending enrichment of his own.
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Shaver, Lea. "Fair Use of Existing Books." In Ending Book Hunger, 111–24. Yale University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300226003.003.0008.

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This chapter analyzes the nuances of the copyright law book, such as translating a book into another language for academic use, adapting a famous book to make it more multicultural, or cheaply photocopying a book to give away to low-income families. Copyright exceptions are sometimes quite specific and clearly defined, while others are open-ended and subject to broad interpretation. It talks about the doctrine of “fair use” in America. Contrary to popular belief, the fact that something is widely done is no assurance that it is legally recognized as fair use. The chapter also provides a hypothetical situation in order to illustrate how the fair use doctrine might apply to a potential non-profit publishing project to address book hunger.
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Hover, Collin. "Biological Translation." In Biologically-Inspired Computing for the Arts, 149–60. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0942-6.ch010.

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This chapter explores the use of code, form, and interactivity in translating biological objects into mathematically generated digital environments. The existence of a mathematical language contained in all physical objects that is similar in function to DNA in organisms is proposed as a core component and driving force of this exploration. Relative to current education tactics, using code, form, and interactivity as a set of common lexicons creates an increasingly universal method, to explore, understand, and teach this hidden biological language by re-writing its algorithms in ways we may readily recognize and absorb. Two case studies of the designer’s own work, (a) Clouds & Ichor, and (b) Stream, will be used to demonstrate and ground the concepts being discussed. In both projects, a natural learning experience is at the core of the biological process.
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Tilmann, Max, and Steffen Steininger. "Use of languages under Article 49(1) and (2) of the Agreement." In Unified Patent Protection in Europe: A Commentary. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198755463.003.0205.

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Pursuant to the first alternative of Art 49(1) UPCA, a local division offers as the language of proceedings an official language of the CMS hosting such division (ie in which that division has its seat—language of seat, seat of the Court, not to be confused with the language of the defendant’s place of residence). The parties to the proceedings must avail themselves of this language, ie in the written pleadings (in respect of the documents, a reduced standard of mandatory translation applies pursuant to Rules 13.1(q) and 13.3 UPCARoP), in taking evidence, and at the oral hearing (subject to the possibility of using simultaneous interpreting in accordance with Art 51(2) UPCA and Rule 109 UPCARoP) and in correspondence with the Court (para 1(a)). This language is also to be used by the Court in the proceedings (subject to para 2c). That does not exclude the possibility of another language being used by the Court internally. Pursuant to Art 51(1) UPCA, the Court may request or dispense with translations.
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O’Hagan, Minako. "Teletranslation." In Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking, Second Edition, 1379–86. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-014-1.ch186.

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Translation as a form of language mediation is called upon to convert the source text written in one natural language into the target text in another, to assimilate or disseminate information across language barriers. Prior to the ubiquitous availability of the Internet, translators worked without the benefit of fast and affordable online access to up-to-date information in a wide variety of languages or to fellow translators in different geographical locations to share knowledge. Translation texts were largely in printed form and their circulation was dependent on physical delivery systems. In response to the widespread use of information and communication technology (ICT) leading to the advent of the Internet, the concept of teletranslation was first proposed (O’Hagan, 1996) to demarcate an emerging translation paradigm based on electronic networks of global communication rather than one where physical transportation was the main means for moving texts. It represented the new modus operandi where translators, which may include machine translation (MT), and customers are electronically linked with online access to translation tools and to other translators for knowledge sharing. It presupposes the translation text to be in electronic form and thus able to be seamlessly transmitted, stored, and processed by electronic means. Today, teletranslation has been embodied in Web-based platforms on the Internet, allowing the translator not only to receive and transmit translation text, but also to procure translation jobs, conduct research as well as collaborate in teams. Furthermore, an increasing array of computer applications has made computeraided translation (CAT) commonplace (Quah, 2006) where technology is indispensable for the production of translation. On the basis of the infrastructure supported by ICT networks as well as the prevailing use of CAT, teletranslation continues to develop as the predominant paradigm in the translation industry. The term translation embraces different modes of language mediation. According to the strict use of the terminology, however, “translating” refers to the act of mediating communication in written form, which typically takes place asynchronously whereas “interpreting” facilitates oral communication in synchronous mode as in conference interpreting. So far, the impact of ICT has been far more prominent in translation than in interpretation where text-processing tools play a limited role in oral communication and face-to-face mode prevails with little dependence on electronic means, with a few exceptions of remote interpreting modes. These language mediation modes serve to facilitate a given communicative situation where the sender and the receiver of the message do not share a common language, therefore requiring the source language to be converted into the target language in a required form. The language mediator plays the unique role of simultaneously being the receiver of the source text and the sender of the target text where translating or interpreting forms an act of communication embedded in another act of communication (Hatim & Mason, 1997, pp. 1–2). This fundamental role played by the language mediator remains the same in teletranslation. This article provides the background to the emergence of teletranslation, its current status, and future prospects with reference to relevant research and developments in related fields.
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Conference papers on the topic "Use of the language and the art of translating"

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Lian, Xin, Kshitij Jain, Jakub Truszkowski, Pascal Poupart, and Yaoliang Yu. "Unsupervised Multilingual Alignment using Wasserstein Barycenter." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/512.

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We study unsupervised multilingual alignment, the problem of finding word-to-word translations between multiple languages without using any parallel data. One popular strategy is to reduce multilingual alignment to the much simplified bilingual setting, by picking one of the input languages as the pivot language that we transit through. However, it is well-known that transiting through a poorly chosen pivot language (such as English) may severely degrade the translation quality, since the assumed transitive relations among all pairs of languages may not be enforced in the training process. Instead of going through a rather arbitrarily chosen pivot language, we propose to use the Wasserstein barycenter as a more informative ``mean'' language: it encapsulates information from all languages and minimizes all pairwise transportation costs. We evaluate our method on standard benchmarks and demonstrate state-of-the-art performances.
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Navigli, Roberto, Michele Bevilacqua, Simone Conia, Dario Montagnini, and Francesco Cecconi. "Ten Years of BabelNet: A Survey." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/620.

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The intelligent manipulation of symbolic knowledge has been a long-sought goal of AI. However, when it comes to Natural Language Processing (NLP), symbols have to be mapped to words and phrases, which are not only ambiguous but also language-specific: multilinguality is indeed a desirable property for NLP systems, and one which enables the generalization of tasks where multiple languages need to be dealt with, without translating text. In this paper we survey BabelNet, a popular wide-coverage lexical-semantic knowledge resource obtained by merging heterogeneous sources into a unified semantic network that helps to scale tasks and applications to hundreds of languages. Over its ten years of existence, thanks to its promise to interconnect languages and resources in structured form, BabelNet has been employed in countless ways and directions. We first introduce the BabelNet model, its components and statistics, and then overview its successful use in a wide range of tasks in NLP as well as in other fields of AI.
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Cheong, Hyunmin, L. H. Shu, Robert B. Stone, and Daniel A. McAdams. "Translating Terms of the Functional Basis Into Biologically Meaningful Keywords." In ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-49363.

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Biology has long been recognized as an excellent source of analogies and stimuli for engineering design. Previous work focused on the systematic identification of relevant biological analogies by searching for instances of functional keywords in biological information in natural language format. This past work revealed that engineering keywords couldn’t always be used to identify the most relevant biological analogies, as the vocabularies between biology and engineering are sufficiently distinct. Therefore, a method of identifying biologically meaningful keywords that correspond to engineering keywords was developed. Here, we apply and refine this method by generating biologically meaningful keywords for the terms of the Functional Basis, which is widely accepted as a standardized representation of the functionality of engineering products. We present insights gained on the selection of biologically meaningful keywords for the function sets based on semantic relations. We then observe the use of our keywords by providing 4th year undergraduate design students with the biologically meaningful keywords that are related to the desired functions of their design projects.
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Mukerjee, Amitabha, and Madan Mohan Dabbeeru. "Using Symbol Emergence to Discover Multi-Lingual Translations in Design." In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-29216.

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Incorporating design knowledge into computational design requires “symbols” — but this term as used in knowledge-based models of design is a formal term, defined only in terms of other symbols. For most humans, symbols are [term : meaning] pairs that emerge while interacting with real designs. However, both the term and its interpretation vary considerably across design groups, particularly in today’s international cooperative design scenario. For translating symbols in design, one needs to incorporate the design context, which is since the actual design object and its characteristics form the most relevant part of the context. In this work, we consider an embodied symbols approach towards translation, where models corresponding to symbol semantics are discovered based on functional norms in a given design context. The functions are available as performance measures on a given task, and lead to low-dimensional characterizations (called image schema) that reveal inter-relations in the input space that must hold for functional validity. Some of these image schemas eventually acquire language labels and become symbols. Since different designers differ in experience and in language their symbols differ somewhat. Here we consider how independent language agents may map these low-dimensional characterizations (called chunks) to units of languages based on human commentary produced in the same context. We demonstrate how this process may work for the simple domain of insertion tasks and fits, and learn both the image schemas and the language labels in two different languages, English and Telugu.
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Ravshanovna, Ashirbaeva Dilorom. "APPEALS TO MEN AND WOMEN IN KOREAN AND UZBEK FAMILY DISCURSE." In UZBEKISTAN-KOREA: CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS OF COOPERATION. OrientalConferences LTD, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ocl-01-33.

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This article is devoted to speech appealing units in the Korean and Uzbek family discourse. It displays the area of use, similar and distinctive aspects of translating in two languages. Korean and Uzbek are languages that belong to the same family. Therefore, in both languages, you can learn and interpret the structure of sentences and addresses. This article will review and analyze Korean and Uzbek discursive references to men and women in the family. In particular, similar and different differences in appeal are highlighted using the examples provided in the translation. In Korean, there are special speech units that are used separately for boys and girls to indicate to brother and sister, or special speech units when referring to grandparents. On the one hand, these special speech units, may seem simple, but in other they can lead to some translation difficulties.
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Chen, Zhenpeng, Sheng Shen, Ziniu Hu, Xuan Lu, Qiaozhu Mei, and Xuanzhe Liu. "Emoji-Powered Representation Learning for Cross-Lingual Sentiment Classification (Extended Abstract)." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/649.

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Sentiment classification typically relies on a large amount of labeled data. In practice, the availability of labels is highly imbalanced among different languages. To tackle this problem, cross-lingual sentiment classification approaches aim to transfer knowledge learned from one language that has abundant labeled examples (i.e., the source language, usually English) to another language with fewer labels (i.e., the target language). The source and the target languages are usually bridged through off-the-shelf machine translation tools. Through such a channel, cross-language sentiment patterns can be successfully learned from English and transferred into the target languages. This approach, however, often fails to capture sentiment knowledge specific to the target language. In this paper, we employ emojis, which are widely available in many languages, as a new channel to learn both the cross-language and the language-specific sentiment patterns. We propose a novel representation learning method that uses emoji prediction as an instrument to learn respective sentiment-aware representations for each language. The learned representations are then integrated to facilitate cross-lingual sentiment classification.
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Sonina, Snejina, and Sylvia Mittler. "Business French and Translation in the Era of Google Translate: Variations on the Action-based Approach in Language Courses." In Fourth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head18.2018.8009.

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In this article we outline our practices for the inclusion of electronic translation devices in specialized French language courses and reflect upon the changing landscape of language teaching. We describe how the use of Google Translate can increase students' awareness of linguistic, stylistic, and cultural differences in our culturally and linguistically diverse clasrooms. Although we characterize our didactic approach as action based, we differenciate our use of this approach from its common use in general language courses and point out the usefulness of intellectualizing it based on our use of Google Translate in work-place-oriented courses. Furthermore, we use our experience with action based approaches and translation devices to answer the following questions: why are students still learning languages; what are the language skills that they are interested in; and what is the role of a teacher in this new world of quasi-magic linguistic tools.
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Chen, Shizhe, Qin Jin, and Jianlong Fu. "From Words to Sentences: A Progressive Learning Approach for Zero-resource Machine Translation with Visual Pivots." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/685.

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The neural machine translation model has suffered from the lack of large-scale parallel corpora. In contrast, we humans can learn multi-lingual translations even without parallel texts by referring our languages to the external world. To mimic such human learning behavior, we employ images as pivots to enable zero-resource translation learning. However, a picture tells a thousand words, which makes multi-lingual sentences pivoted by the same image noisy as mutual translations and thus hinders the translation model learning. In this work, we propose a progressive learning approach for image-pivoted zero-resource machine translation. Since words are less diverse when grounded in the image, we first learn word-level translation with image pivots, and then progress to learn the sentence-level translation by utilizing the learned word translation to suppress noises in image-pivoted multi-lingual sentences. Experimental results on two widely used image-pivot translation datasets, IAPR-TC12 and Multi30k, show that the proposed approach significantly outperforms other state-of-the-art methods.
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Fionda, Valeria, and Giuseppe Pirrò. "Fact Checking via Evidence Patterns." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/522.

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We tackle fact checking using Knowledge Graphs (KGs) as a source of background knowledge. Our approach leverages the KG schema to generate candidate evidence patterns, that is, schema-level paths that capture the semantics of a target fact in alternative ways. Patterns verified in the data are used to both assemble semantic evidence for a fact and provide a numerical assessment of its truthfulness. We present efficient algorithms to generate and verify evidence patterns, and assemble evidence. We also provide a translation of the core of our algorithms into the SPARQL query language. Not only our approach is faster than the state of the art and offers comparable accuracy, but it can also use any SPARQL-enabled KG.
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Chen, Bin, Shiyu Peng, and Wenyan Mao. "Strategies of Translating Chinese Address Terms into English in Teaching." In 2015 2nd International Conference on Education, Language, Art and Intercultural Communication (ICELAIC-15). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icelaic-15.2016.14.

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Reports on the topic "Use of the language and the art of translating"

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Yatsymirska, Mariya. KEY IMPRESSIONS OF 2020 IN JOURNALISTIC TEXTS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11107.

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The article explores the key vocabulary of 2020 in the network space of Ukraine. Texts of journalistic, official-business style, analytical publications of well-known journalists on current topics are analyzed. Extralinguistic factors of new word formation, their adaptation to the sphere of special and socio-political vocabulary of the Ukrainian language are determined. Examples show modern impressions in the media, their stylistic use and impact on public opinion in a pandemic. New meanings of foreign expressions, media terminology, peculiarities of translation of neologisms from English into Ukrainian have been clarified. According to the materials of the online media, a «dictionary of the coronavirus era» is provided. The journalistic text functions in the media on the basis of logical judgments, credible arguments, impressive language. Its purpose is to show the socio-political problem, to sharpen its significance for society and to propose solutions through convincing considerations. Most researchers emphasize the influential role of journalistic style, which through the media shapes public opinion on issues of politics, economics, education, health care, war, the future of the country. To cover such a wide range of topics, socio-political vocabulary is used first of all – neutral and emotionally-evaluative, rhetorical questions and imperatives, special terminology, foreign words. There is an ongoing discussion in online publications about the use of the new foreign token «lockdown» instead of the word «quarantine», which has long been learned in the Ukrainian language. Research on this topic has shown that at the initial stage of the pandemic, the word «lockdown» prevailed in the colloquial language of politicians, media personalities and part of society did not quite understand its meaning. Lockdown, in its current interpretation, is a restrictive measure to protect people from a dangerous virus that has spread to many countries; isolation of the population («stay in place») in case of risk of spreading Covid-19. In English, US citizens are told what a lockdown is: «A lockdown is a restriction policy for people or communities to stay where they are, usually due to specific risks to themselves or to others if they can move and interact freely. The term «stay-at-home» or «shelter-in-place» is often used for lockdowns that affect an area, rather than specific locations». Content analysis of online texts leads to the conclusion that in 2020 a special vocabulary was actively functioning, with the appropriate definitions, which the media described as a «dictionary of coronavirus vocabulary». Media broadcasting is the deepest and pulsating source of creative texts with new meanings, phrases, expressiveness. The influential power of the word finds its unconditional embodiment in the media. Journalists, bloggers, experts, politicians, analyzing current events, produce concepts of a new reality. The world is changing and the language of the media is responding to these changes. It manifests itself most vividly and emotionally in the network sphere, in various genres and styles.
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Yatsymirska, Mariya. SOCIAL EXPRESSION IN MULTIMEDIA TEXTS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11072.

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The article investigates functional techniques of extralinguistic expression in multimedia texts; the effectiveness of figurative expressions as a reaction to modern events in Ukraine and their influence on the formation of public opinion is shown. Publications of journalists, broadcasts of media resonators, experts, public figures, politicians, readers are analyzed. The language of the media plays a key role in shaping the worldview of the young political elite in the first place. The essence of each statement is a focused thought that reacts to events in the world or in one’s own country. The most popular platform for mass information and social interaction is, first of all, network journalism, which is characterized by mobility and unlimited time and space. Authors have complete freedom to express their views in direct language, including their own word formation. Phonetic, lexical, phraseological and stylistic means of speech create expression of the text. A figurative word, a good aphorism or proverb, a paraphrased expression, etc. enhance the effectiveness of a multimedia text. This is especially important for headlines that simultaneously inform and influence the views of millions of readers. Given the wide range of issues raised by the Internet as a medium, research in this area is interdisciplinary. The science of information, combining language and social communication, is at the forefront of global interactions. The Internet is an effective source of knowledge and a forum for free thought. Nonlinear texts (hypertexts) – «branching texts or texts that perform actions on request», multimedia texts change the principles of information collection, storage and dissemination, involving billions of readers in the discussion of global issues. Mastering the word is not an easy task if the author of the publication is not well-read, is not deep in the topic, does not know the psychology of the audience for which he writes. Therefore, the study of media broadcasting is an important component of the professional training of future journalists. The functions of the language of the media require the authors to make the right statements and convincing arguments in the text. Journalism education is not only knowledge of imperative and dispositive norms, but also apodictic ones. In practice, this means that there are rules in media creativity that are based on logical necessity. Apodicticity is the first sign of impressive language on the platform of print or electronic media. Social expression is a combination of creative abilities and linguistic competencies that a journalist realizes in his activity. Creative self-expression is realized in a set of many important factors in the media: the choice of topic, convincing arguments, logical presentation of ideas and deep philological education. Linguistic art, in contrast to painting, music, sculpture, accumulates all visual, auditory, tactile and empathic sensations in a universal sign – the word. The choice of the word for the reproduction of sensory and semantic meanings, its competent use in the appropriate context distinguishes the journalist-intellectual from other participants in forums, round tables, analytical or entertainment programs. Expressive speech in the media is a product of the intellect (ability to think) of all those who write on socio-political or economic topics. In the same plane with him – intelligence (awareness, prudence), the first sign of which (according to Ivan Ogienko) is a good knowledge of the language. Intellectual language is an important means of organizing a journalistic text. It, on the one hand, logically conveys the author’s thoughts, and on the other – encourages the reader to reflect and comprehend what is read. The richness of language is accumulated through continuous self-education and interesting communication. Studies of social expression as an important factor influencing the formation of public consciousness should open up new facets of rational and emotional media broadcasting; to trace physical and psychological reactions to communicative mimicry in the media. Speech mimicry as one of the methods of disguise is increasingly becoming a dangerous factor in manipulating the media. Mimicry is an unprincipled adaptation to the surrounding social conditions; one of the most famous examples of an animal characterized by mimicry (change of protective color and shape) is a chameleon. In a figurative sense, chameleons are called adaptive journalists. Observations show that mimicry in politics is to some extent a kind of game that, like every game, is always conditional and artificial.
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