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1
Zanoletti, Margherita. "Translating an Imagetext: Verbal and Visual Self-Representation in Brett Whiteley’s Interior, Lavender Bay (1976)." TTR 26, no. 1 (June 22, 2016): 195–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1036955ar.
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This paper explores the relationship between the words and images in the drawing Interior, Lavender Bay by the Australian artist Brett Whiteley (1939-1992). This artwork combines the depiction of the artist’s home with a written element composed of the title, date, artist’s monogram, and a brief inscription. By examining Whiteley’s use of words and images in this drawing, the verbal/visual synergy that underpins his language is emphasized as a key aspect of his communicative appeal. The interpretive lens used in order to analyze Interior, Lavender Bay is interlingual translation. Translating Whiteley’s words from English into Italian allows not only to decipher the literal meaning and comprehend the symbolic function of his words, but also to highlight the relation between art and language. From this perspective, drawing on W. J. T. Mitchell’s Picture Theory (1994), the paper aims to discuss the functioning of images and the way in which interlingual translation might bring out latent connections in the source, opening a window on the interdisciplinary encounter between creative processes in the visual art and translation theory and practice.
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Holland, Michael. "Translating Mouvement, Translating Movement." Paragraph 43, no. 1 (March 2020): 84–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/para.2020.0322.
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A particular problem arises for the translator when a word has no equivalent in the target language, because what it refers to is something that the speakers of that language simply do not think. The French term mouvement is a case in point. All French dictionaries give prominence to a definition of the term which relates it to impulse, sentiment and passion and characterizes it positively as a ‘sign of life’. By contrast, although the OED records that movement may refer to ‘a “moving” of the mind’, ‘an impulse of desire or aversion’, it defines this usage as now obsolete. The article begins by tracing the problem as it arose during the translation of some of Maurice Blanchot's early writings, before going on to show that, in Blanchot's use of it, the term mouvement eventually parts company with all of its received meaning in French, and refers to the movement whereby language itself becomes writing when image is allowed priority over rational thought. From having been a problem, therefore, the interruption of exchange between French and English for the translator of mouvement foregrounds translation itself as the site of an original mode of writing.
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Jänis, Marja. "What Translators of Plays Think About Their Work." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 8, no. 2 (January 1, 1996): 341–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.8.2.08jan.
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Abstract This study used loosely conducted interviews to determine how translators of plays see their work, including their position towards the theatre. Different ways of performing the act were reported, along with different attitudes towards the use of background materials. Significant differences were found in what was considered most essential in translating a play: some stressed the need to visualize events during translation while others emphasized the audible aspects of the dialogue. Some translators portrayed themselves as 'invisible mediators', unconcerned with any future performance, whereas others claimed to be working consciously towards one. A third group described their work as 'art' and stressed the need to liberate themselves from the slavery of the source text and find a language of their own.
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Krach, S. Kathleen, Michael P. McCreery, and Jessika Guerard. "Cultural-linguistic test adaptations: Guidelines for selection, alteration, use, and review." School Psychology International 38, no. 1 (December 30, 2016): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143034316684672.
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In 1991, Bracken and Barona wrote an article for School Psychology International focusing on state of the art procedures for translating and using tests across multiple languages. Considerable progress has been achieved in this area over the 25 years between that publication and today. This article seeks to provide a more current set of suggestions for altering tests originally developed for other cultures and/or languages. Beyond merely describing procedures for linguistic translations, the authors provide suggestions on how to alter, use, and review tests as part of a cultural-linguistic adaptation process. These suggestions are described in a step-by-step manner that is usable both by test adapters and by consumers of adapted tests.
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Korolkova, Svetlana, and Anna Novozhilova. "Efficiency of Machine Translation in Urban Discourse." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 3 (August 2021): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2021.3.8.
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This article aims to analyze the use of Yandex.Translate, an online machine translation system, in translating urban discourse texts on the web. The authors use integrative linguistic-and-pragmatic approach to assess machine translation quality in a global digital setting. The aim is to show the efficiency of a state-of-the-art machine translation system and to investigate its usefulness in practical application. The authors perform a detailed analysis of the Paris city website content, which is automatically translated from French into Russian with Yandex.Translate. The data selection is justified by the absence of official foreign versions of this website, which points to the need of machine translation engines integrated in a web browser. Less than 20% of the analysed machine-translated texts demonstrate high language quality, whereas 60% can be referred to as acceptable – the text preserves the meaning of the source but contains some errors and inaccuracies in the target language. About 20% of the machine-translated text contains blunders, which violate Russian language norms. It causes source text contents distortion and communication failures. In the end, a classification of the system errors is presented. It is also concluded that machine translation would substitute middle-skilled human translators in the future. However, the use of such systems will enforce standardisation and simplification of the target language.
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Copestake, Ann, and Karen Sparck Jones. "Natural language interfaces to databases." Knowledge Engineering Review 5, no. 4 (December 1990): 225–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269888900005476.
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AbstractThis paper reviews the current state of the art in natural language access to databases. This has been a long-standing area of work in natural language processing. But though some commercial systems are now available, providing front ends has proved much harder than was expected, and the necessary limitations on front ends have to be recognized. The paper discusses the issues, both general to language and task-specific, involved in front end design, and the way these have been addressed, concentrating on the work of the last decade. The focus is on the central process of translating a natural language question into a database query, but other supporting functions are also covered. The points are illustrated by the use of a single example application. The paper concludes with an evaluation of the current state, indicating that future progress will depend on the one hand on general advances in natural language processing, and on the other on expanding the capabilities of traditional databases.
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Komarova, Olga. "Общество, среда, компетенция. Еще раз о пользе словарей(Society, Environment, Competence. Once More on the Use of Dictionaries)." Poljarnyj vestnik 2 (February 1, 1999): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/6.1422.
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It is of great help for everybody involved in any type of translating activity to have access to a reliable dictionary. For any language student mastery of the art of using a dictionary is necessary, and many a university lecturer has experienced in his teaching practice that students lack this important skill. What makes things even more difficult is that dictionaries are not always effective in reflecting current developments in the meaning and usage of lexical units. The article illustrates this by demonstrating the difficulties in finding true Russian equivalents to the Norwegian words "samfunn", "miljø" and "kompetanse", using the definitions given in Russian and Russian-Norwegian dictionaries. This leads to a discussion of a different presentation of the semantic characteristics of these lexical units and of their contextual changes of meaning and usage in the two languages.
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Kendall, Judy. "Saro-Wiwa's Language of Dissent: Translating between African Englishes." Translation and Literature 27, no. 1 (March 2018): 25–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/tal.2018.0320.
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This article calls attention to the essential translational aspect of linguistic experimentation in literary uses of African Englishes in colonial and postcolonial West African literature. It focuses mainly on the literature of the most linguistically diverse country in Africa – Nigeria. Drawing on the theoretical work of Itamar Even-Zohar, Lawrence Venuti, and Pierre Bourdieu, it demonstrates how the different Englishes used in this literature act in a translational way, relating and responding to cultural, political, and social contexts. Specific attention is paid to Amos Tutuola's use of interlanguage and diglossia; Chinua Achebe's manipulation of acts of code-switching and mixing; and how Ken Saro-Wiwa's development of a unique language of dissent in his novel Sozaboy: A Novel in Rotten English is built upon these earlier experimentations with translations between Englishes.
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Bukhari, Syed Ahmad Chan, Hafsa Shareef Dar, M. Ikramullah Lali, Fazel Keshtkar, Khalid Mahmood Malik, and Seifedine Kadry. "Frameworks for Querying Databases Using Natural Language." International Journal of Data Warehousing and Mining 17, no. 2 (April 2021): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdwm.2021040102.
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A natural language interface is useful for a wide range of users to retrieve their desired information from databases without requiring prior knowledge of database query language such as SQL. The advent of user-friendly technologies, such as speech-enabled interfaces, have revived the use of natural language technology for querying databases; however, the most relevant and last work presenting state of the art was published back in 2013 and does not encompass several advancements. In this paper, the authors have reviewed 47 frameworks that have been developed during the last decade and categorized the SQL and NoSQL-based frameworks. Furthermore, the analysis of these frameworks is presented on the basis of criteria such as supporting language, scheme of heuristic rules, interoperability support, scope of the dataset, and overall performance score. The study concludes that the majority of frameworks focus on translating natural language queries to SQL and translates English language text to queries.
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Skoropadskaya, Anna. "Dostoevsky's Latin language." Неизвестный Достоевский 8, no. 2 (July 2021): 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15393/j10.art.2021.5421.
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The article refutes the opinion found in some biographical studies, which states that Dostoevsky disliked the Latin language and showed nointerest in it. An appeal to the writer's letters, his journalistic and artistic works, surviving working notes suggests the opposite: Dostoevsky not only speaks positively of the Latin language, but also uses it in the process of creating his texts. An analysis of published works and surviving work notes revealed 67 Latin words and expressions. Many of the Latin insertions are encountered more than once, some have a distinct practical nature (for example, the NB anagram and its varieties). In terms of use, the Latin expressions used by Dostoevsky are from to medicine, jurisprudence, and Catholic church rhetoric, but for the most part they are common aphorisms and speech clichés. The article draws attention to the fact of Dostoevsky's work with Latin text as a commentator and translator and proves that the fragment of the prophecy from the book of Johann Lichtenberger cited in the 1877 Diary of a Writer was translated by Dostoevsky. Liberty (modified composition, insertion of additional words) and relative grammatical correctness (only two grammatical inaccuracies were found in the translation) testify to a fairly fluent command of Latin, which allowed Dostoevsky not only to translate the medieval religious text, but also to interpret it to illustrate his socio-political views.
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Orman, Edyta. "Hansa-Georga Gadamera i Thrasybulosa Georgiadesa ujęcia przekładu." Investigationes Linguisticae 36 (May 14, 2018): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/il.2017.36.3.
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The basis for this research form spontaneous use of the word “translation” sensu largo in informal language and dual dictionary meaning of this word, i.e. “translation” sensu stricto and “expressing”. Article focuses on comparison of translation term usage in philosophical writings by Hans-Georg Gadamer and in musicological writings by Thrasybulos Georgiades. Considering translation in the meaning of “expression” and, at the same time, agreeing that music is a speech of tones, one can accept general connection between script and speech described by the German hermeneutist, as a foundation of detailed relation between musical notation and resounding described by Greek music historian. Interpretation emerges as common for expression and translation, but nonetheless it demonstrates itself differently in case of language and music. Specificity of the art of sounds as compared with the art of words is constituted by the difference between words’ meaning and musical structure. In the end, transcription and transposition inherent to art of sounds and completing Georgiades’s term translation can be regarded as musical translations.
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Mohammad, Saif M., Mohammad Salameh, and Svetlana Kiritchenko. "How Translation Alters Sentiment." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 55 (January 20, 2016): 95–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.4787.
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Sentiment analysis research has predominantly been on English texts. Thus there exist many sentiment resources for English, but less so for other languages. Approaches to improve sentiment analysis in a resource-poor focus language include: (a) translate the focus language text into a resource-rich language such as English, and apply a powerful English sentiment analysis system on the text, and (b) translate resources such as sentiment labeled corpora and sentiment lexicons from English into the focus language, and use them as additional resources in the focus-language sentiment analysis system. In this paper we systematically examine both options. We use Arabic social media posts as stand-in for the focus language text. We show that sentiment analysis of English translations of Arabic texts produces competitive results, w.r.t. Arabic sentiment analysis. We show that Arabic sentiment analysis systems benefit from the use of automatically translated English sentiment lexicons. We also conduct manual annotation studies to examine why the sentiment of a translation is different from the sentiment of the source word or text. This is especially relevant for building better automatic translation systems. In the process, we create a state-of-the-art Arabic sentiment analysis system, a new dialectal Arabic sentiment lexicon, and the first Arabic-English parallel corpus that is independently annotated for sentiment by Arabic and English speakers.
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Bagherzadeh, Hamideh Sadat, and Aqil Izadysadr. "The implication of the lexicon contrastive analysis of colors in Persian & English in perception and translation of colors." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 5, no. 1 (March 23, 2020): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v5i1.4707.
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Color is all around but it is not everywhere treated in the same way. The terms people use to describe colors give another means of exploring the relationship between different languages and cultures. One field we can see the manifestation of this relationship is translation because we sometimes cannot directly translate color words from one language to another without introducing subtle changes in meaning, or the perception of the same colors in different languages may be different due to different cultures (Wardhaugh, 2006). This study aims at investigating the contrastive comparison of color lexicons- in terms of number and variety as well as their perception- in Persian and English and its effect on translation; moreover, by utilizing this cross-cultural study of color perception, want to investigate whether or not this research is in harmony with previous research –specifically the Weak Version of Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis advocating that language influences perception. The findings of this study are the result of a long process of investigating many English and Persian dictionaries, art and graphic books, personal interviews with artists, and some tasks for translators and even native speakers of both languages. After finding the specific types and lexicons of colors, we found some colors with no equivalent in the other language. Therefore, those color terms were the stimulus for our tasks. We provided some tasks and asked 50 English-Persian translators who were Persian native speakers and 50 English native speakers (Because of the limitation of access to English-Persian translators who are also English native speakers) for their perception of those colors in order to find out how perception of the colors with no equivalent in the native language would affect the translation. Results revealed that 98% of translators had difficulty perceiving and translating the two different color lexicons for which Persian had no equivalent, and 99% of translators had difficulty translating 15 different color lexicons, which were chosen among 32 color lexicons of Persian with no English equivalent. Similarly, 97% of English native speakers had difficulty perceiving the translated Persian color lexicons to English, for which they had no certain equivalent. Having compared the results of data collection in Persian and English, the researchers found that there are statistically significant similarities and differences between Persian and English color terms. Comparing the results revealed that the two languages are similar in the number of basic colors; however, color types are more various in Persian while there are more terms for one single color in English; therefore, the marked similarity of color grouping in Persian and English suggests some evidence that color grouping is universal and is inconsistent with the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis. However, part of the results, which shows differences in the perception of colors in two languages, is consistent with the Weak Version of Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis. Consequently, as an implication of the study in EFL/ESL and translation, the study provides some evidence which could be a source in translation of color terms in Persian and English.
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Ghobadi, Mehdi, and Hadi Ghasemi. "Promises and Obstacles of L1 Use in Language Classrooms: A State-of-the-Art Review." English Language Teaching 8, no. 11 (October 23, 2015): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v8n11p245.
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<p>Translation and language teaching techniques which take language learners’ first language (L1) as point of reference for teaching the second language (L2) have been long discouraged on the ground that these teaching techniques would end in the fossilization of L2 structure forms in the learner’s Interlanguage system. However, in recent years, the status of L1 use in L2 teaching and learning has revived as a result of the recognition that L1 can serve purposes in L2 teaching and learning (Hunt, 2012). In the last two decades, strong theoretical arguments have been posed for L1 use in language classrooms. Most of these arguments are based on the ground that L1 use can facilitate the processes of both L2 teaching and acquisition. Abundant research has been done in recent years to validate these theoretical arguments. The current paper would give a review of this research, with reference to three L1-based techniques for language teaching and learning that have appealed most to L2 researchers (i.e., translation, code switching<strong>, </strong>and L1 glossing). The conclusion drawn from this research is that language learners can benefit L1 use and L1-based techniques in their L2 acquisition. Further, along with the theoretical arguments and empirical evidence in defense of L1 use in language classrooms, L2 learners and teachers have begun to express more positive attitudes towards L1 use, and related techniques, in their own classrooms. Yet, there remain some challenges and obstacles for L1 use in language use. Suggestions are made as to how to address these challenges so that L2 pedagogy and use would benefit most from L1 use in language classrooms.</p>
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Mothoagae, Itumeleng D., and Boshadi Mary Semenya. "THE OPERATION OF MEMORY IN TRANSLATION: ON MOFFAT’S DESECRATION OF THE BATSWANA LINGUISTIC HERITAGE IN THE PRODUCTION OF THE 1857 ENGLISH-SETSWANA BIBLE." Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae 41, no. 3 (April 19, 2016): 44–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2412-4265/604.
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The translation of the Bible into Setswana stands out in the history of the 19th century missionaries’ project to expand Christian religion among the Batlhaping of South Africa. While the translation of the bible into Setswana can be regarded as a revolutionary achievement, unsettling questions are raised that centre on issues of standardization of Setswana, whose interests are served, tensions around representation and justice, and preservation of semantic and stylistic equivalences. Progressing from the idea that translation is neither just an neutral act or an instance nor product, but a complex activity during which the translator transmits cultural and ideological messages, we seek to argue in this paper that the production of Setswana bible by Moffat is an exemplar of a product caught up in aforementioned seductions of translating. With an understanding that memory is an important tool and force in the accomplishment of translations of texts, we draw on decolonial turn to analyse letters found in Words of Batswana: Letters to Mahoko a Becwana 1883–1896 as a primary source to show how through translating, the linguistic heritage of Batswana was desecrated. In addition, we illustrate how Moffat as a primary beneficiary and supporter of the institution of imperialism and its systemic violence, renders Batswana invisible in the creation[1] of the bible and displaces them as legitimate bearers of their own historical and cultural memory.[1] We use the term deliberately to underpin the fact that through translation, Moffat was in fact trying to preserve the English language and the memory representative of this language by disqualifying anything in Setswana and about Batswana that contested the protocols of foreign memory and power. As such, translation as performed by Moffat served to (re)create a new memory which subverts common communal memory and mores of Batswana.
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Axelrod, Amittai. "Box: Natural Language Processing Research Using Amazon Web Services." Prague Bulletin of Mathematical Linguistics 104, no. 1 (October 1, 2015): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pralin-2015-0011.
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Abstract We present a publicly-available state-of-the-art research and development platform for Machine Translation and Natural Language Processing that runs on the Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud. This provides a standardized research environment for all users, and enables perfect reproducibility and compatibility. Box also enables users to use their hardware budget to avoid the management and logistical overhead of maintaining a research lab, yet still participate in global research community with the same state-of-the-art tools.
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Seghiri, Miriam. "Metodología de elaboración de un glosario bilingüe y bidireccional (inglés-español/español-inglés) basado en corpus para la traducción de manuales de instrucciones de televisores." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 63, no. 1 (June 29, 2017): 43–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.63.1.04seg.
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Abstract The sources of information that translators may use are extremely varied, ranging from oral consultation with an expert to a search using specialised dictionaries and glossaries. Nowadays, however, one the most relevant documentation activities in the field of Translation involves the use of Internet resources and, closely related to this, the compilation and management of virtual corpora. For this reason, in the present paper we present a systematic methodology for extracting bilingual and bidirectional glossaries (English-Spanish/Spanish-English) based on parallel corpora to translate TV User Manuals. In fact, according to art. 5 of the Council Resolution of 17 December 1998 on operating instructions for technical consumer goods (98/C 411/01) it is essential to control the quality when writing and translating these manuals. In order to illustrate this methodology we focus on corpus design (according to the skopo) and on the compilation protocol (in four steps: searching, downloading, text formatting and saving data) in order to ensure quality. As for the quantity, we check the quantitative representativeness with the ReCor software (cfr. Seghiri 2006: 387). Once the corpus is representative from the qualitative and the quantitative points of view, it can be managed with a concordance program. So, we illustrate how to extract the terms semiautomatically in order to build a bilingual and bidirectional glossary with a parallel concordance named ParaConc. Thus, in the present paper we combine the main resource for researchers (cfr. Bowker 1998; Varantola 2000; Seghiri 2011) within the Translation field: corpora, in order to ensure quality; and the main documentation resource for prospective translators (cfr. Corpas et al. 2001): bilingual glossaries.
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Johnson, Melvin, Mike Schuster, Quoc V. Le, Maxim Krikun, Yonghui Wu, Zhifeng Chen, Nikhil Thorat, et al. "Google’s Multilingual Neural Machine Translation System: Enabling Zero-Shot Translation." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 5 (December 2017): 339–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00065.
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We propose a simple solution to use a single Neural Machine Translation (NMT) model to translate between multiple languages. Our solution requires no changes to the model architecture from a standard NMT system but instead introduces an artificial token at the beginning of the input sentence to specify the required target language. Using a shared wordpiece vocabulary, our approach enables Multilingual NMT systems using a single model. On the WMT’14 benchmarks, a single multilingual model achieves comparable performance for English→French and surpasses state-of-theart results for English→German. Similarly, a single multilingual model surpasses state-of-the-art results for French→English and German→English on WMT’14 and WMT’15 benchmarks, respectively. On production corpora, multilingual models of up to twelve language pairs allow for better translation of many individual pairs. Our models can also learn to perform implicit bridging between language pairs never seen explicitly during training, showing that transfer learning and zero-shot translation is possible for neural translation. Finally, we show analyses that hints at a universal interlingua representation in our models and also show some interesting examples when mixing languages.
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Ferrández-Tordera, Jorge, Sergio Ortiz-Rojas, and Antonio Toral. "CloudLM: a Cloud-based Language Model for Machine Translation." Prague Bulletin of Mathematical Linguistics 105, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pralin-2016-0002.
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Abstract Language models (LMs) are an essential element in statistical approaches to natural language processing for tasks such as speech recognition and machine translation (MT). The advent of big data leads to the availability of massive amounts of data to build LMs, and in fact, for the most prominent languages, using current techniques and hardware, it is not feasible to train LMs with all the data available nowadays. At the same time, it has been shown that the more data is used for a LM the better the performance, e.g. for MT, without any indication yet of reaching a plateau. This paper presents CloudLM, an open-source cloud-based LM intended for MT, which allows to query distributed LMs. CloudLM relies on Apache Solr and provides the functionality of state-of-the-art language modelling (it builds upon KenLM), while allowing to query massive LMs (as the use of local memory is drastically reduced), at the expense of slower decoding speed.
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Zhu, Chunshen. "From Functional Grammar and Speech-Act Theory to Structure of Meaning: A Three-Dimensional Perspective on Translating." Meta 41, no. 3 (September 30, 2002): 338–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/004645ar.
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Abstract The article holds that textual comparison is of vital importance in translation studies. One of the key issues therefore is to identify the textual properties that are comparable and should be compared. In its investigation into the tri-stratal nature of language use in text formation, the article starts with a comparison of functional grammar and speech act theory. The investigation has led to a perception that textual meaning is a three-dimensional structure and hence to the production of a more comprehensive model, Structure of Meaning (SOM). The model is meant to offer a functional perspective on text formation in the process of translating, on a comparative basis, by examining one by one the three constituent dimensions, i.e., linguistic composition, interactional dynamic and aesthetic impact. The observation of proportionate relationships between the three dimensions of a Structure of Meaning has thrown some new light on issues such as genre, form and content, information, and effect, in the formation of the target language text.
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Dziurawiec, Dominika. "The Godfather: A Translator’s and Writer’s Subconscious and Conscious Skills in the Process of Evoking Reader’s Emotions." Studia Humana 5, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sh-2016-0017.
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Abstract The article is an unyielding argument supporting the thesis that not only a writer, but also a translator is expected to use their creativity so that nothing is lost in translation. Amongst various factors that influence the process of translating a novel the article focuses on two of them: a translator should stick to the original text with taking the semantic fields differences into account while s/he should keep the atmosphere of the source language, making as little changes in the target language as possible. Marking a translator’s existence in a text is strongly connected with a perlocutionary act. A great example of the translation that covers both principles is The Godfather, written by Mario Puzo and translated from English into Polish by Bronisław Zieliński. He translated only English words into Polish, leaving the target Italian words with no metamorphosis. The article presents the effect obtained by such an action.
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Jansen, J. P. M. "Papier Is Geduldig." Vertalen in onderwijs en beroep 45 (January 1, 1993): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.45.07jan.
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Translation usually is a solitary activity, but it is often taught in the classroom and not as a skill (or art) leading to a goal, a text in a target language, but as a means of helping language learners to increase their awareness of the subtleties and intricacies of a foreign language. Unfortunately, teachers are rarely sufficiently equipped to anticipate all the variants which students may come up with in a classroom situation. It may difficult to convince students that certain options are wrong, and others acceptable only in a certain context. When the translation training does not take place in the classroom, but rather in a written form, on the basis of a large number of translations sent in by students, the teacher/author can select all variants in the quiet of his study, and argue his choice carefully and with an eye for details. An added advantage is that the teacher/author will be able to distinguish between very common mistakes, between variants which occur very often, and those that are very rare. For more than a century, the Dutch magazine De Talen [the languages] has offered students (in the broadest sense of the word) the opportunity to increase their language proficiency through carefully discussed translations. Five times a year, students are offered texts in French, German, Spanish and English for translation into Dutch, and five times Dutch texts must be translated into these foreign languages. Subscribers to the magazine can send in their attempts at a translation, using a pseudonym. These translations are corrected and used as the basis for a thorough discussion of all possible variants. It does not concern a correspondence course, although the submitted translations are graded, and these grades are published under the pseudonym. It is assumed that the mother tongue of the subscribers is Dutch, although quite a number of people whose native language is not Dutch use the magazine to improve their command of Dutch. This article, by the editor of the English part of the magazine, describes in some detail the history and setup of De Talen.
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Costa-jussà, M. R., C. A. Henríquez, and R. E. Banchs. "Evaluating Indirect Strategies for Chinese-Spanish Statistical Machine Translation." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 45 (December 31, 2012): 761–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.3786.
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Although, Chinese and Spanish are two of the most spoken languages in the world, not much research has been done in machine translation for this language pair. This paper focuses on investigating the state-of-the-art of Chinese-to-Spanish statistical machine translation (SMT), which nowadays is one of the most popular approaches to machine translation. For this purpose, we report details of the available parallel corpus which are Basic Traveller Expressions Corpus (BTEC), Holy Bible and United Nations (UN). Additionally, we conduct experimental work with the largest of these three corpora to explore alternative SMT strategies by means of using a pivot language. Three alternatives are considered for pivoting: cascading, pseudo-corpus and triangulation. As pivot language, we use either English, Arabic or French. Results show that, for a phrase-based SMT system, English is the best pivot language between Chinese and Spanish. We propose a system output combination using the pivot strategies which is capable of outperforming the direct translation strategy. The main objective of this work is motivating and involving the research community to work in this important pair of languages given their demographic impact.
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Vorontsova, Galina. "The transformation of folklore tripling method in translation of Chinese tales about animals." Litera, no. 6 (June 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2020.6.32954.
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The goal of this research is the description of transformation in translation of tripling in a Chinese tale about animals. The subject of this research is structure of the tale “Tiger and Buffalo” in the original and in translation, as well as implementation of the principle of triples in translating this folk art. The tale “Tiger and Buffalo” was selected as an example, since it most fully reflects the functioning mechanism of tripling method of an action, although such mechanisms of transformation of text structure in translation into the Russian language are also present in others Chinese tales about animals. It is demonstrated how the classical folklore tripling method of an action functions in a Chinese tale, and which modifications experiences the structure of a tale in translation into the Russian language. A metaphrastic triple repeat in a Chinese tale in translation into Russian transforms into three different forms of expression. In translation, it does not retain its syntactic parallelism from the Chinese original, and expressions change its structure. The author establishes that the main fabric of narration in the tale “Tiger and Buffalo” is comprised by three key semantic groups of tripling of action; and two brief mirror dialogues are located in between them. The last line of each third level of tripling action contains the transformation of pattern established in the process of reiteration; this results in a significant narrative arc and change of the formed pattern reflected lexically and syntactically. The scientific novelty consists in discussion of the question on transformation experienced by tripling in translation into a language with other typology. The translator’s need for active use of the means of synonymy instead of tripled metaphrastic reiteration presented in the original text, as well as the need for transformation of textual structure of a Chinese tale into the Russian language, emerge due to diverse way of thinking of a Russian contemporary translator and creators of a folk tale who lived in a different historical era. The conclusion is made on a prevalent influence of aesthetic ideal of a separate language and culture upon textual structure of a folk tale.
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Allauzen, Cyril, Bill Byrne, Adrià de Gispert, Gonzalo Iglesias, and Michael Riley. "Pushdown Automata in Statistical Machine Translation." Computational Linguistics 40, no. 3 (September 2014): 687–723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00197.
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This article describes the use of pushdown automata (PDA) in the context of statistical machine translation and alignment under a synchronous context-free grammar. We use PDAs to compactly represent the space of candidate translations generated by the grammar when applied to an input sentence. General-purpose PDA algorithms for replacement, composition, shortest path, and expansion are presented. We describe HiPDT, a hierarchical phrase-based decoder using the PDA representation and these algorithms. We contrast the complexity of this decoder with a decoder based on a finite state automata representation, showing that PDAs provide a more suitable framework to achieve exact decoding for larger synchronous context-free grammars and smaller language models. We assess this experimentally on a large-scale Chinese-to-English alignment and translation task. In translation, we propose a two-pass decoding strategy involving a weaker language model in the first-pass to address the results of PDA complexity analysis. We study in depth the experimental conditions and tradeoffs in which HiPDT can achieve state-of-the-art performance for large-scale SMT.
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Fhonna, Rahmi, and Yunisrina Qismullah Yusuf. "Indonesian Language Learning Methods in Australian Elementary Schools." Journal of Language and Education 6, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 106–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/jle.2020.10080.
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Previous studies have largely focused on the importance, problems, and challenges of teaching second languages in Australian schools, but very few have investigated the teaching methods used in the classroom to do so. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the methods applied by teachers who teach Indonesian as a second language in one of the public primary schools in South Australia to enable their Australian students to comprehend the instruction in the Indonesian class. The data were collected through observational field notes and video recordings of three class meetings from two teachers. Evidence gives validity to analysis, and thus the data were analysed using the transcription conventions as proposed by Burns, Joyce & Gollin (1996). The results showed that the most frequently used methods by the teachers in teaching Indonesian to the Early Year level students were TPR (total physical response) and GTM (grammar-translation method). TPR was useful as the act of moving around seemed to help the children remember the vocabulary. Furthermore, GTM helped the teachers clarify the meanings of words and sentences for the students by translating them into their first language, i.e. English. These methods were not taught in isolation but were integrated by the teachers with other methods such as the direct method and audio-lingual method. The reflection of this teaching practice is considered a worthwhile contribution for other teachers who are also teaching Indonesian in other countries and as additional insights to immerse themselves in their language teaching practice. Moreover, considering the benefits of becoming bilingual, such as in communication, culture, cognition, character, curriculum, and economy, schools should provide more training for teachers to help them be able to use the best techniques in teaching the second language to enable and empower them to integrate other languages into their classes.
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Lai, Yong, Dayou Liu, and Minghao Yin. "New Canonical Representations by Augmenting OBDDs with Conjunctive Decomposition." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 58 (March 8, 2017): 453–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.5271.
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We identify two families of canonical knowledge compilation languages. Both families augment ROBDD with conjunctive decomposition bounded by an integer i ranging from 0 to ∞. In the former, the decomposition is finest and the decision respects a chain C of variables, while both the decomposition and decision of the latter respect a tree T of variables. In particular, these two families cover the three existing languages ROBDD, ROBDD with as many implied literals as possible, and AND/OR BDD. We demonstrate that each language in the first family is complete, while each one in the second family is incomplete with expressivity that does not decrease with incremental i. We also demonstrate that the succinctness does not decrease from the i-th language in the second family to the i-th language in the first family, and then to the (i+1)-th language in the first family. For the operating efficiency, on the one hand, we show that the two families of languages support a rich class of tractable logical operations, and particularly the tractability of each language in the second family is not less than that of ROBDD; and on the other hand, we introduce a new time efficiency criterion called rapidity which reflects the idea that exponential operations may be preferable if the language can be exponentially more succinct, and we demonstrate that the rapidity of each operation does not decrease from the i-th language in the second family to the i-th language in the first family, and then to the (i+1)-th language in the first family. Furthermore, we develop a compiler for the last language in the first family (i = ∞). Empirical results show that the compiler significantly advances the compiling efficiency of canonical representations. In fact, its compiling efficiency is comparable with that of the state-of-the-art compilers of non-canonical representations. We also provide a compiler for the i-th language in the first family by translating the last language in the first family into the i-th language (i < ∞). Empirical results show that we can sometimes use the i-th language instead of the last language without any obvious loss of space efficiency.
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Kumari, Divya, Asif Ekbal, Rejwanul Haque, Pushpak Bhattacharyya, and Andy Way. "Reinforced NMT for Sentiment and Content Preservation in Low-resource Scenario." ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing 20, no. 4 (June 28, 2021): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3450970.
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The preservation of domain knowledge from source to the target is crucial in any translation workflows. Hence, translation service providers that use machine translation (MT) in production could reasonably expect that the translation process should transfer both the underlying pragmatics and the semantics of the source-side sentences into the target language. However, recent studies suggest that the MT systems often fail to preserve such crucial information (e.g., sentiment, emotion, gender traits) embedded in the source text in the target. In this context, the raw automatic translations are often directly fed to other natural language processing (NLP) applications (e.g., sentiment classifier) in a cross-lingual platform. Hence, the loss of such crucial information during the translation could negatively affect the performance of such downstream NLP tasks that heavily rely on the output of the MT systems. In our current research, we carefully balance both the sides (i.e., sentiment and semantics) during translation, by controlling a global-attention-based neural MT (NMT), to generate translations that encode the underlying sentiment of a source sentence while preserving its non-opinionated semantic content. Toward this, we use a state-of-the-art reinforcement learning method, namely, actor-critic , that includes a novel reward combination module, to fine-tune the NMT system so that it learns to generate translations that are best suited for a downstream task, viz. sentiment classification while ensuring the source-side semantics is intact in the process. Experimental results for Hindi–English language pair show that our proposed method significantly improves the performance of the sentiment classifier and alongside results in an improved NMT system.
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Hawas, May. "From the Hashish in Breton to the Hashish in Golo." Journal of World Literature 2, no. 3 (2017): 320–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24056480-00203002.
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In the past decade a flurry of interest has appeared in the Surrealist Art and Liberty Group working in 1930s Egypt. Discussions of the circulation of Arabic literature have usually highlighted the important position of translation as cultural mediator. Thinking of modern Arabic literature as world literature obliges us to consider, however, that (colonial) languages such as French and English are in some ways creolized within, or inherent to, modern Arabic literature. The Surrealist practice of fluidity, that is, mixing artistic genres like literature and art, pushes interesting questions about the role of translation and bilingualism in Arabic world literature (or world literature written by Arabophone writers), and the need for language itself in world culture. For which national cultural sphere do we claim the work of the Egyptian Surrealists, and what kind of analytical mediator do we use to connect these works to others when translation is not available?
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Tait, John, and Yorick Wilks. "Anniversary article: Then and now: 25 years of progress in natural language engineering." Natural Language Engineering 25, no. 3 (May 2019): 405–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324919000081.
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AbstractThe paper reviews the state of the art of natural language engineering (NLE) around 1995, when this journal first appeared, and makes a critical comparison with the current state of the art in 2018, as we prepare the 25th Volume. Specifically the then state of the art in parsing, information extraction, chatbots, and dialogue systems, speech processing and machine translation are briefly reviewed. The emergence in the 1980s and 1990s of machine learning (ML) and statistical methods (SM) is noted. Important trends and areas of progress in the subsequent years are identified. In particular, the move to the use of n-grams or skip grams and/or chunking with part of speech tagging and away from whole sentence parsing is noted, as is the increasing dominance of SM and ML. Some outstanding issues which merit further research are briefly pointed out, including metaphor processing and the ethical implications of NLE.
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Naas, Lisa, and David Faleris. "Makers Marks: Capturing, Preserving, and Sharing the Sounds of Glassmaking." Arts 8, no. 1 (January 30, 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts8010019.
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The Makers Marks Collaborative, an international team of glass artists, visual designers, composers, and engineers, embarked on a project together from 2015–2016 to use the glassmaking studio as a staging ground for interdisciplinary, collaborative making. The team aimed to capture and preserve the sounds of traditional studio glassmaking, and then to share them outside the workshop domain through digital technologies and glass art objects. The goal was also to fulfill a public engagement grant from the Royal Academy of Engineering to highlight the engineering through the art and the engineers’ vision within the art making. The team recorded and isolated the unique sounds of the glassblowing process and its studio environment, and then used the resulting digital sound collection as the foundation for developing artistic outputs: a virtual instrument library, a glass object-instrument of performance, a series of glass objects translating selected virtual instruments, and a music composition. They questioned the nature and materiality of glass through dialogue between media and conversation among team members, while exploring the practice-based research question: “How can we embed our recorded sounds of the glassmaking process back into the glass itself?” This paper focuses on the collaborative, interdisciplinary making process of the team, the project outputs, and the metaphorical language that was a key process facilitation tool.
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Aqlan, Fares, Xiaoping Fan, Abdullah Alqwbani, and Akram Al-Mansoub. "Improved Arabic–Chinese Machine Translation with Linguistic Input Features." Future Internet 11, no. 1 (January 19, 2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi11010022.
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This study presents linguistically augmented models of phrase-based statistical machine translation (PBSMT) using different linguistic features (factors) on the top of the source surface form. The architecture addresses two major problems occurring in machine translation, namely the poor performance of direct translation from a highly-inflected and morphologically complex language into morphologically poor languages, and the data sparseness issue, which becomes a significant challenge under low-resource conditions. We use three factors (lemma, part-of-speech tags, and morphological features) to enrich the input side with additional information to improve the quality of direct translation from Arabic to Chinese, considering the importance and global presence of this language pair as well as the limitation of work on machine translation between these two languages. In an effort to deal with the issue of the out of vocabulary (OOV) words and missing words, we propose the best combination of factors and models based on alternative paths. The proposed models were compared with the standard PBSMT model which represents the baseline of this work, and two enhanced approaches tokenized by a state-of-the-art external tool that has been proven to be useful for Arabic as a morphologically rich and complex language. The experiment was performed with a Moses decoder on freely available data extracted from a multilingual corpus from United Nation documents (MultiUN). Results of a preliminary evaluation in terms of BLEU scores show that the use of linguistic features on the Arabic side considerably outperforms baseline and tokenized approaches, the system can consistently reduce the OOV rate as well.
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Rasooli, Mohammad Sadegh, and Michael Collins. "Cross-Lingual Syntactic Transfer with Limited Resources." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 5 (December 2017): 279–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00061.
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We describe a simple but effective method for cross-lingual syntactic transfer of dependency parsers, in the scenario where a large amount of translation data is not available. This method makes use of three steps: 1) a method for deriving cross-lingual word clusters, which can then be used in a multilingual parser; 2) a method for transferring lexical information from a target language to source language treebanks; 3) a method for integrating these steps with the density-driven annotation projection method of Rasooli and Collins (2015). Experiments show improvements over the state-of-the-art in several languages used in previous work, in a setting where the only source of translation data is the Bible, a considerably smaller corpus than the Europarl corpus used in previous work. Results using the Europarl corpus as a source of translation data show additional improvements over the results of Rasooli and Collins (2015). We conclude with results on 38 datasets from the Universal Dependencies corpora.
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Utomo, Bagas Prayogo, and Tono Suwartono. "Techniques to Avoid Shifting to The Mother Tongue When Teaching Using EFL As The Language of Instruction." ELLITE: Journal of English Language, Literature, and Teaching 5, no. 1 (May 31, 2020): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32528/ellite.v5i1.2765.
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Learning other language is not just translating ideas into the targeted language, but it is an act of learning the whole set of the language itself. In the context of teaching English as a Foreign Language, teachers take very crucial role. They should be able to set such atmosphere where their students can be exposed into English environment as much as possible. On the other hand, maintaining the use English at all time is a difficult task to do, since the vocabulary of the foreign learners, often, is very limited. It creates a challenge for the teacher, in terms of making the students comprehend a certain word that they do not understand previously. Shifting into the mother tongue is surely the easiest escape from this matter. However, a teacher should be creative enough to find alternatives that allow the students to learn new words while the use of English is maintained. There are techniques that a teacher can use to provide comprehension to the students without shifting into the mother tongue.
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Zawawi, Moh, and Devi Laila Maghfiroh. "SARCASM AND THE TRANSLATION QUALITY IN THE SUBTLE ART OF NOT GIVING A FUCK BOOK." LiNGUA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra 15, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/ling.v15i2.8913.
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Sarcasm is a harsher style of satire in hurtful jokes with a specific purpose. Sarcasm is the dominant language style used in Mark Manson's The Subtle Art of Not Giving A Fuck. This study aims to identify sentence forms of sarcasm and analyze the translation quality of sarcastic expressions. This translation study employs a qualitative descriptive design. The research data takes the form of sentences containing sarcasm and its translation. The data is collected through document analysis, interviews, and focus group discussions. The results showed four types of sarcasm in the book The Subtle Art of Not Giving A Fuck, including ridicule, satire, proximity, and humor. Besides, the translation quality of the book The Subtle Art of Not Giving A Fuck has a high level of accuracy, acceptability, and readability, evidenced by the proper use of eleven translation techniques applied by the translator to 145 data. The frequent techniques contributing to the quality of translation are compensation, adaptation, transposition, and modulation techniques.
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Siepmann, Dirk. "General academic language in German-English translation: a nuanced view." Lebende Sprachen 64, no. 2 (November 5, 2019): 230–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/les-2019-0014.
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Abstract Combining traditional methods with state-of-the-art corpus analysis, this article discusses problems associated with the translation of general academic lexis from German into English. In particular, it offers a more nuanced view on the often-made claim that there are ‘major differences’ between the two languages, many of which are said to stem from the spatial metaphorics underlying general academic German. Section 1 deals with problems that arise at the level of words and their lexico-syntactic environment, paying particular attention to spatial metaphor. Moving on to level of the paragraph, Section 2 continues the theme of spatial metaphor, showing how even quasi-terminological equivalents such as Struktur and structure exhibit subtle differences in use and may occasionally require re-metaphorization under the influence of the wider context. Section 3 provides a summary of the argument and suggests avenues for future research.
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Chatzikoumi, Eirini. "Las metafunciones de Halliday en traducción." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 66, no. 3 (April 7, 2020): 484–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.00164.cha.
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Abstract This article addresses the contribution of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) to translation and, specifically, the use of Halliday’s metafunctions in translation studies research. The aim is to provide the state of the art of the main findings and proposals of these studies regarding the role of metafunctions in translation and translation teaching, thus evaluating their relevance and applicability in this field. In order to achieve this, six studies were reviewed, three of them dedicated to metafunctional shifts and three to the use of metafunctions in translation teaching and evaluation. This critical bibliographic review allowed for the corroboration of the contribution of SFL to the field of translation, and for the deduction of relevant aspects for future research and teaching proposals. More precisely, the relevance of the incorporation of semantic metafunctions in translator training and evaluation is confirmed, and the possibility of a distinction between obligatory and optional metafunctional translation shifts is suggested.
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Maggioli, F., T. Mancini, and E. Tronci. "SBML2Modelica: integrating biochemical models within open-standard simulation ecosystems." Bioinformatics 36, no. 7 (November 18, 2019): 2165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btz860.
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Abstract Motivation SBML is the most widespread language for the definition of biochemical models. Although dozens of SBML simulators are available, there is a general lack of support to the integration of SBML models within open-standard general-purpose simulation ecosystems. This hinders co-simulation and integration of SBML models within larger model networks, in order to, e.g. enable in silico clinical trials of drugs, pharmacological protocols, or engineering artefacts such as biomedical devices against Virtual Physiological Human models. Modelica is one of the most popular existing open-standard general-purpose simulation languages, supported by many simulators. Modelica models are especially suited for the definition of complex networks of heterogeneous models from virtually all application domains. Models written in Modelica (and in 100+ other languages) can be readily exported into black-box Functional Mock-Up Units (FMUs), and seamlessly co-simulated and integrated into larger model networks within open-standard language-independent simulation ecosystems. Results In order to enable SBML model integration within heterogeneous model networks, we present SBML2Modelica, a software system translating SBML models into well-structured, user-intelligible, easily modifiable Modelica models. SBML2Modelica is SBML Level 3 Version 2—compliant and succeeds on 96.47% of the SBML Test Suite Core (with a few rare, intricate and easily avoidable combinations of constructs unsupported and cleanly signalled to the user). Our experimental campaign on 613 models from the BioModels database (with up to 5438 variables) shows that the major open-source (general-purpose) Modelica and FMU simulators achieve performance comparable to state-of-the-art specialized SBML simulators. Availability and implementation SBML2Modelica is written in Java and is freely available for non-commercial use at https://bitbucket.org/mclab/sbml2modelica.
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Choy, Maria C. "The Art of Bilingual Editing of Magazines." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 42, no. 2 (January 1, 1996): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.42.2.04cho.
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Abstract Mass communication has become a daily feature of our technological civilisation. This is as true of cross-cultural or intercultural encounters as it is of intra-cultural communication, and mass media have facilitated effective international information flow. Bilingual editing becomes an important medium of mass communication. The effectiveness of such communication rests upon the grammatical, lexical, sociolinguistic, socio-cultural, discourse and strategic competence of participants (editors, writers, translators and readers). It rests upon their ability to use creatively and to respond sensitively to language. In this dynamic process of communication, a bilingual editor not only plays the role of translator but also acts as a mediator; as Hatim and Mason (1990:223) suggest, s/he "has not only a bilingual ability but also a bi-cultural vision". In view of the diversity of usage of bilingual editing in the media, this research delves into the bilingual editing of magazines in Hong Kong. The study focuses on translation only from English and Chinese, or vice versa. Inasmuch as there is very little academic attention to bilingual editing and its nature, processes and techniques, or to the role of translation in bilingual editing, it is believed that this research will help facilitate cross-cultural communication between Westerners and Chinese. Résumé Dans notre civilisation, marquée par le seau de la technologie, la communication de masse relève du quotidien. Cette remarque est valable tant en ce qui concerne les rencontres interculturelles que la communication intraculturelle. De plus, la communication de masse favorise l'échange efficace des informations à l'échelon international. Les publications bilingues sont devenues un important support de la communication de masse. L'efficacité de cette communication repose sur le discours grammatical, lexical, socio-linguistique, socio-culturel et sur la compétence stratégique de ceux qui y participent (rédacteurs, écrivains, traducteurs et lecteurs). Elle repose sur leur faculté d'utiliser le langage avec créativité et d'y réagir avec sensibilité. Dans ce processus de communication dynamique, le rédacteur bilingue joue non seulement le rôle de traducteur mais aussi de médiateur, comme le suggèrent Hatim et Mason (1990:223): il ou elle "dispose non seulement d'une capacité de bilinguisme mais aussi d'une vision biculturelle". Au vu de la diversité d'emploi de la rédaction bilingue dans les médias, cette recherche fouille dans l'univers de l'édition de magazines bilingues à Hong Kong. L'étude se concentre uniquement sur la traduction de l'anglais et du chinois et vice-versa. Dans la mesure où dans les milieux académiques, on attache très peu d'importance à l'édition bilingue, à sa nature, à ses processus et techniques, ou au rôle de la traduction dans le monde de l'édition bilingue, l'auteur estime que cette recherche facilitera la communication interculturelle entre les Occidentaux et les Chinois.
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Costa, Cynthia Beatrice, and Igor A. Lourenço da Silva. "On the Translation of Literature as a Human Activity par Excellence." Aletria: Revista de Estudos de Literatura 30, no. 4 (December 22, 2020): 225–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35699/2317-2096.2020.22047.
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The quality of state-of-the-art machine translation systems have prompted a number of scholars to tap into the readiness of such systems for “literary” translation. However, studies on literary machine translation have not overtly stated what they consider as literature and mistakenly assume that literary translation is a matter of transferring meaning and/or form from one language into another. By approaching literature as art and literary translation as an artistic work of re-creation, we counterpoint, in this article, the notion that literary machine translation can be seen as an indisputable evolution within translation technology. Ethical concerns may well be utilitarian in studies to date, but by advocating for a deontological approach, we consider that aesthetical value, cultural mediation (which includes the use of paratexts), and authorship of literary translation (should) rank higher in our ethical assessments of the feasibility and actual contributions of literary machine translation.
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Chertykova, Maria D. "KHAKAS LEXSEME ХАРАХ'EYE; EYES' AS A MEDIATOR BETWEEN THE PERSONAL AND SPIRITUAL NATURE OF A HUMAN." Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, no. 4 (2019): 140–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2019_5_4_140_151.
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The present article aims to identify and describe semantic-cognitive features of the lexeme Harah 'eye; eyes' representation in the Khakas language. Eyes are not only a visual organ characterized by varying colors, certain physical features, they also represent a whole system of visual behavior. In Khakas, there are 27 phraseological units with the somatism харах, most of which describe particular patterns of a visual act. As a result of the study, it can be argued that the role of the lexeme харах'eye; eyes' is significant in the linguistic reflection of the physical and spiritual nature of a human. The use of the plural noun form in translating the word from Khakas is symbolic due to the fact that in Khakas as well as other Turkic and some Finno-Ugric languages plural form is rarely used to denote pair items.
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Chang, Chen Chi, and Chien Hsiang Liao. "Developing a context-aware annotation system for Hakka culture-specific language learning." Library Hi Tech 35, no. 4 (November 20, 2017): 445–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lht-01-2017-0015.
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Purpose This paper describes a computer supported ubiquitous learning environment for minority language learning. Hakka language involved various tones, art, craft, festivals, food, drink, medicine, religion and custom in different regions. The tones also vary across the dialects of Hakka. The majority of Hakka dialects have six tones in Taiwan. The context for Hakka language translation and use is extremely important. The purpose of this paper is to present the context-aware annotation service to help readers get the right information for Hakka language use and learning more easily. Design/methodology/approach This paper proposes the context-aware learning support system for Hakka culture-specific items or language, which is called Hakka culture-specific items annotation system (HACSIAS). HACSIAS is the context-aware annotation system, helping learners to add links of culture-specific items when they are reading the electronic journals, books, and web pages. Findings The HACSIAS provides learner appropriate information for Hakka culture-specific items deriving the learner’s situation and personal information. The context-aware computing will automatically provide translation service by searching a given culture-specific items database while these items or terminology appear in a document, either by displaying terms in the translation memory. Originality/value The context-aware annotation system for Hakka culture-specific language learning allows Hakka cultural resources to be smoothly integrated into learning materials.
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Savitri, Ayu Ida, and R. A. J. Atrinawati. "PENERJEMAHAN CERITA RAKYAT DI OBYEK WISATA TRADISI RELIGI DI PEKALONGAN." Sabda : Jurnal Kajian Kebudayaan 13, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/sabda.13.2.110-121.
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Translation is process of transferring text from source language (SL) into target language (TL). The process can be challenging when there are no translation found on the TL as a result of different politics, economy, social, cultural, historical and religious backgrounds. A text containing folklore is one of the difficult texts to be translated as it contains legend, tradition, art or folktale. When untranslability happens, Venuti (2000: 427) suggests translator to use the original text by adding footnote or glossary. To avoid a shift in translation, Vinay and Dalbernet (1958) suggests two translation methods namely direct translation along with three translation techniques, these are Calque, and literal translation and oblique methods along with four translation techniques named transposition, modulation, equivalence or reformulation, and adaptation. This research applies those model, methods and techniques of translation along with folklore research method from Dundes (2007) to promote tourism at Pekalongan Regency area.
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Finau, Sitaleki A. "Communicating Health Risks in the Pacific: Scientific Construct and Cultural Reality." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 12, no. 2 (July 2000): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101053950001200207.
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Health workers often communicate to people from a position of power rather than focusing on the needs of the receivers. This is usually clouded with jargon and the so-called principles of scientific accuracy. Often the use of science is to justify the health worker's position rather than to precipitate actions to promote health and achieve people's control over their lives. Communication involves a tripartite reciprocal interaction between the sender, receiver and the medium. This involves both science and art specific to the message, language, values and participants. If the ultimate purpose of communication is healthful action and community control, then scientificness of the explanations must be secondary. Therefore the art of getting the message across must be the priority rather than it being scientifically sound. This conflict is discussed in relation to experiences in the Pacific Islands. The communication of health risks in the Pacific involves the multi-tiered translation of scientific concepts and language into those of the target populations. The scientific concepts are usually occidental and need to be translated into vernacular worldviews and languages. Experiences in and examples from the Pacific have challenged the primacy of scientific explanations over the need to minimise health risks and increase of community control. For health promotion to succeed in multicultural and multilingual Pacific, New Zealand and Australia, the art and science of communicating health risks must be titrated against scientific explanations to appropriately and primarily promote health. Asia Pac J Public Health 2000;12(2): 90-97
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Golenko, Mariya D. "Strategies for work with foreign-language literary text at the part-time department of the faculty of foreign languages." Yaroslavl Pedagogical Bulletin 1, no. 118 (2021): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/1813-145x-2021-1-118-97-104.
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For a number of objective reasons, students of the part-time department often do not achieve the level of language proficiency that they could achieve by studying under one of the full department programs. When learning a foreign language, the literary text provide the richest opportunities for independent work. The article considers the issue of developing a strategy for independent work with a foreign-language literary text, which, being an inherently complex integrative activity, can make the process of forming a variety of educational skills among students of the part-time department much more effective, as well as make a significant contribution to the process of forming their communicative competence. Work with a foreign-language literary text inevitably requires the use of skills developed in other disciplines taught at the Faculty of Foreign Languages. It is impossible to work on a work of art without paying much attention to the lexical and grammatical aspects of the text, without appealing all types of speech activities not dealing with the complex activities of translation. The training skills are improved by performing exercises during and after reading the text.
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AFLI, HAITHEM, LOÏC BARRAULT, and HOLGER SCHWENK. "Building and using multimodal comparable corpora for machine translation." Natural Language Engineering 22, no. 4 (June 15, 2016): 603–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324916000152.
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AbstractIn recent decades, statistical approaches have significantly advanced the development of machine translation systems. However, the applicability of these methods directly depends on the availability of very large quantities of parallel data. Recent works have demonstrated that a comparable corpus can compensate for the shortage of parallel corpora. In this paper, we propose an alternative to comparable corpora containing text documents as resources for extracting parallel data: a multimodal comparable corpus with audio documents in source language and text document in target language, built fromEuronewsandTEDweb sites. The audio is transcribed by an automatic speech recognition system, and translated with a baseline statistical machine translation system. We then use information retrieval in a large text corpus in the target language in order to extract parallel sentences/phrases. We evaluate the quality of the extracted data on an English to French translation task and show significant improvements over a state-of-the-art baseline.
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Niu, Yinghua. "On Features of Fu Lei’s Translation from the Perspective of the Conquest of Happiness." Journal of Contemporary Educational Research 4, no. 2 (February 19, 2020): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/jcer.v4i2.1049.
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Under the background of globalization, translation is not only an academic activity, but also has far-reaching influence on cultural exchanges. As a world-renowned translator, Fu Lei has played a leading role in today’s translation field. Therefore, the paper firstly talks about Fu Lei’s life experience and his thought of resemblance. It is his life experience that makes him have his own unique understanding of translation art. Secondly, the thesis analyses Fu Lei’s translation thoughts through his broad interest, rigorous attitude and emphasis on the art of writing. Finally, the paper combines his translation strategies with the Conquest of Happiness to illustrate how it can be more easily understood and accepted by the target language readers through the processing of sentence patterns and the use of Chinese allusions. It comes to the conclusion that Fu Lei’s unique life experience, rich artistic accomplishment and rigorous academic attitude are of great benefit to his translation. Thus it can be said that Fu Lei’s translation thoughts and strategies are enlightenment to all aspects of translation studies.
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Wang, Yiren, Lijun Wu, Yingce Xia, Tao Qin, ChengXiang Zhai, and Tie-Yan Liu. "Transductive Ensemble Learning for Neural Machine Translation." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 04 (April 3, 2020): 6291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i04.6097.
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Ensemble learning, which aggregates multiple diverse models for inference, is a common practice to improve the accuracy of machine learning tasks. However, it has been observed that the conventional ensemble methods only bring marginal improvement for neural machine translation (NMT) when individual models are strong or there are a large number of individual models. In this paper, we study how to effectively aggregate multiple NMT models under the transductive setting where the source sentences of the test set are known. We propose a simple yet effective approach named transductive ensemble learning (TEL), in which we use all individual models to translate the source test set into the target language space and then finetune a strong model on the translated synthetic corpus. We conduct extensive experiments on different settings (with/without monolingual data) and different language pairs (English↔{German, Finnish}). The results show that our approach boosts strong individual models with significant improvement and benefits a lot from more individual models. Specifically, we achieve the state-of-the-art performances on the WMT2016-2018 English↔German translations.
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Xia, Mengzhou, Guoping Huang, Lemao Liu, and Shuming Shi. "Graph Based Translation Memory for Neural Machine Translation." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 7297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33017297.
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A translation memory (TM) is proved to be helpful to improve neural machine translation (NMT). Existing approaches either pursue the decoding efficiency by merely accessing local information in a TM or encode the global information in a TM yet sacrificing efficiency due to redundancy. We propose an efficient approach to making use of the global information in a TM. The key idea is to pack a redundant TM into a compact graph and perform additional attention mechanisms over the packed graph for integrating the TM representation into the decoding network. We implement the model by extending the state-of-the-art NMT, Transformer. Extensive experiments on three language pairs show that the proposed approach is efficient in terms of running time and space occupation, and particularly it outperforms multiple strong baselines in terms of BLEU scores.
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Zhao, Shanshan, Lixiang Li, Haipeng Peng, Zihang Yang, and Jiaxuan Zhang. "Image Caption Generation via Unified Retrieval and Generation-Based Method." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (September 8, 2020): 6235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186235.
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Image captioning is a multi-modal transduction task, translating the source image into the target language. Numerous dominant approaches primarily employed the generation-based or the retrieval-based method. These two kinds of frameworks have their advantages and disadvantages. In this work, we make the best of their respective advantages. We adopt the retrieval-based approach to search the visually similar image and their corresponding captions for each queried image in the MSCOCO data set. Based on the retrieved similar sequences and the visual features of the queried image, the proposed de-noising module yielded a set of attended textual features which brought additional textual information for the generation-based model. Finally, the decoder makes use of not only the visual features but also the textual features to generate the output descriptions. Additionally, the incorporated visual encoder and the de-noising module can be applied as a preprocessing component for the decoder-based attention mechanisms. We evaluate the proposed method on the MSCOCO benchmark data set. Extensive experiment yields state-of-the-art performance, and the incorporated module raises the baseline models in terms of almost all the evaluation metrics.