Relevant bibliographies by topics / Used roofs

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Used roofs'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Used roofs"

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Hsieh, Jing Chzi, Jia Hsun Li, and Jia Horng Lin. "Cooling Effect of Waste Fiber Culture Medium Used as Extensive Green Roof." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 1219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.1219.

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Greening on roofs that are not totally used can create a good cooling effect and mitigate the urban heat island effect. Considering the load capacity of roofs and ecological protection, this study thus uses fiber waste to make culture mediums as an extensive green roof, after which sedum makinoi is then planted to evaluate the cooling effect of the waste fiber culture medium. The experimental results show that sedum makinoi planted with waste fiber culture medium can averagely reduce the temperature of the roof surface by 5 °C and to a maximum of 11.8 °C. Although experimental group and control group both have the same cooling effect, waste fiber culture medium which is much lighter than that of the control group, and it also has a life-cycle, an energy-saving, ecological friendly merit, both of which qualify it for use of the culture medium as extensive green roof.
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Zhang, Wei, Xing Zhong, Wu Che, Huichao Sun, and Hailong Zhang. "A laboratory study to determine the use of polluted river sediment as a substrate for extensive green roofs." Water Science and Technology 78, no. 11 (December 10, 2018): 2247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.501.

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Abstract In this study, laboratory-scale green (e.g. living) roof platforms were established to assess the potential use of polluted river sediment in their substrate mixture. The mean runoff retention of the green roof platforms, which contained peat and/or river sediment, after 11 artificial rainfall events was >72%, significantly higher than traditional roofs. However, green roof platforms that had been filled with peat soil showed chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) leaching. Green roofs that had used river sediment showed good leaching control for COD, TN and TP. The cumulative leaching masses from the green roofs contained 30% (COD), 42% (TN) and 47% (TP) as much as the total leaching mass from traditional roofs, and the Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb leaching risk from green roofs when river sediments are used as part of a substrate mixture was relatively low. Despite some nutrient leaching in the initial phase of runoff from the green roofs, river sediment has the potential to be used as a substrate for extensive green roofs.
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Karczmarczyk, Agnieszka, Anna Baryła, Joanna Fronczyk, Agnieszka Bus, and Józef Mosiej. "Phosphorus and Metals Leaching from Green Roof Substrates and Aggregates Used in Their Composition." Minerals 10, no. 2 (January 28, 2020): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10020112.

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Green roofs are constructions made of different layers, each serving a dedicated function. Substrates and materials used in their composition are essential from the point of view of rainwater retention and plant development, but they may have an adverse effect on runoff quality. Literature studies show that phosphorus and heavy metals are of main importance. The total roofs area covered with green increased in the last years in cities as they are efficient in retention of rainwater and delaying of the runoff, therefore, protecting the cities against floods. As green roofs filtrate a significant amount of rainwater, materials used in substrates composition should be carefully selected to protect urban receivers against pollution. The aim of this study was to assess phosphorus and heavy metals leaching from different green roof substrates and their components with the focus on green roof runoff quality. Both commercially made green roof substrates and often used compounds (construction aggregates) were tested in laboratory batch tests for P, Cu, Ni, Cd, and Zn content in extracts. Based on the results of this study, it could be emphasized that a large part of commonly used construction aggregates can be a source of phosphorus, some also can release elevated values of nickel. Therefore, the materials should be carefully tested before use in the green roof substrate composition, not only for their physical properties reflecting water retention capacity, but also for chemical composition.
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Pushkar, Svetlana, and Oleg Verbitsky. "LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENTS OF WHITE FLAT AND RED OR WHITE PITCHED ROOFS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN ISRAEL." Journal of Green Building 12, no. 2 (March 2017): 95–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618.12.2.95.

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Historically, white flat roofs have been used in Israel due to the intense solar radiation and long, hot, rainless summers. However, red pitched roofs have also been frequently used for aesthetic reasons. It has been recently observed that red pitched roofs have been recolored white by homeowners. The goal of this study was to compare the life cycle assessments (LCAs) of white flat roofs versus red or white pitched roofs through their production (P), operational energy (OE), and maintenance to disposal (MtoD) stages. EnergyPlus software was used to evaluate the OE stage. The ReCiPe method was used to evaluate the environmental damages in all the stages. A two-stage nested ANOVA was used to determine the significant differences between the ReCiPe result of a white flat roof and the ReCiPe result of a red/white pitched roof. It was found that (i) selection of the best roof technology (flat or pitched) requires consideration of the LCA, including the P, OE, and MtoD stages; (ii) the white (flat and pitched) roof was the best technology, while the red pitched roof was the worst technology; and (iii) the combination of the ReCiPe endpoint hierarchical six methodological options method with two-stage nested hierarchical mixed ANOVA is the best approach for assessing the differences related to the LCAs of roof technologies.
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Kyrö, Kukka, D. Johan Kotze, Małgorzata Anna Müllner, Sanja Hakala, Elöd Kondorosy, Timo Pajunen, Ferenc Vilisics, and Susanna Lehvävirta. "Vegetated roofs in boreal climate support mobile open habitat arthropods, with differentiation between meadow and succulent roofs." Urban Ecosystems 23, no. 6 (April 30, 2020): 1239–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11252-020-00978-4.

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Abstract Vegetated roofs are hoped to benefit urban wildlife, yet there are few empirical results regarding the conservation potential of such roofs. In this paper, we focus on arthropods on vegetated roofs. We vacuum sampled 17 succulent, meadow or succulent-meadow roofs, in Helsinki, Finland, and used order to species level information together with trait data to describe the communities. We evaluated the importance of biophysical roof characteristics on shaping arthropod assemblages to provide information concerning roof designs that promote rich arthropod fauna. Arthropod communities differed between the three roof types and the influence of roof variables varied between and within arthropod orders. The main local drivers of arthropod abundance across the individually analysed taxa were roof height and vegetation, with mainly positive effects of height (up to 11 m) and litter cover, and mainly negative effects of grass cover. Based on trait data from true bugs, spiders and ants, the roofs consisted mainly of common dispersive species that are generalist feeders and associated with dry open habitats or have wide habitat tolerance. We found one true bug species new to the country and assume that it arrived with imported vegetation. Based on these findings, vegetated roofs of varying height and size benefit common generalists and fauna of open dry habitats, but seem to lack rare native specialists and may introduce non-natives if imported plant material is used. Because the responses to vegetation characteristics are taxon-specific, high diversity of roof vegetation types would benefit arthropod conservation.
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Schjøth Bunkholt, Nora, Lars Gullbrekken, Stig Geving, and Tore Kvande. "Compact wooden roofs with smart vapour barrier – Pilot project experiences." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 07010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017207010.

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Compact roofs are normally built without organic materials between the vapour barrier and the roof membrane due to moisture safety risks. However, laboratory measurements indicate that organic materials could be used provided that a smart vapour barrier (SVB) is applied at the warm face of the roof construction. The aim of this study is to investigate the moisture and temperature conditions in three full-scale flat compact wooden roofs with SVB. The roofs are part of two pilot projects located in Longyearbyen, Svalbard and Malvik, Norway. The paper presents the two projects including the premises for construction of the roofs and provides preliminary measurement results. The roofs are instrumented to measure moisture content and temperature in the wooden roof beams. The initial results from Longyearbyen show that the moisture content in the wooden beams is low and indicate that compact wooden roofs with SVB may be a solution with acceptable moisture risk in the arctic climate. The initial results from Malvik show that there might be a risk of mould growth in the roof as the built-in moisture in the wooden beams was up to 24 weight-%. In both projects, the moisture content in the beams in general was higher close to the roof underlay than close to the SVB.
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Hernández-Pérez, Iván. "Influence of Traditional and Solar Reflective Coatings on the Heat Transfer of Building Roofs in Mexico." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (April 6, 2021): 3263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11073263.

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Building roofs are sources of unwanted heat for buildings situated in zones with a warm climate. Thus, reflective coatings have emerged as an alternative to reject a fraction of the solar energy received by roofs. In this research, the thermal behavior of concrete slab roofs with traditional and solar reflective coatings was simulated using a computational tool. The studied slab configurations belong to two groups, non-insulated and insulated roofs. In the second group, the thermal insulation thickness complies with the value recommended by a national building energy standard. Weather data from four cities in Mexico with a warm climate were used as boundary conditions for the exterior surface of the roofs. The computational tool consisted of a numerical model based on the finite volume method, which was validated with experimental data. A series of comparative simulations was developed, taking a gray roof as the control case. The results demonstrated that white roofs without insulation had an exterior surface temperature between 11 and 16 °C lower than the gray roof without insulation. Thus, the daily heat gain of these white roofs was reduced by a factor ranging between 41 and 54%. On the other hand, white roofs with insulation reduced the exterior surface temperature between 17 and 21 °C compared to the gray roof with insulation. This temperature reduction caused insulated white roofs to have a daily heat gain between 37 and 56% smaller than the control case. Another contribution of this research is the assessment of two retrofitting techniques when they are applied at once. In other words, a comparison between a non-insulated gray roof and an insulated white roof revealed that the latter roof had a daily heat gain up to 6.4-times smaller than the first.
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Gadgihalli, Vishal, Meena, Prabin Neupane, and Raghavendra Prasad Havanje Dinakar. "SURVEY OF CHANGE IN HUMIDITY, TEMPERATURE AND ILLUMINANCE BY USING DIFFERENT MATERIALS FOR ROOF CONSTRUCTION." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 11 (November 30, 2017): 390–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i11.2017.2372.

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A roof is uppermost part of building or shelter which plays a predominant role in protecting inner elements and living things inside structure, this protects against weather, rain, snow, heat, wind and sunlight. The protection properties of roof vary by composites with which the roof is made. In this paper analysis of temperature, humidity and illuminance properties variation due to different types of roofs, the survey made on different roofs such as R.C.C, Asbestos sheets, planks and shack type of roofs for 24 hours are compared to reading that are obtained by open place reading without any roof. This survey clearly represented that readings gradually increases when sun is at his highest point and reduces to zero in the absence of sun. This survey also revealed that using asbestos sheet roof will increases humidity of roof eventually and by using shank roof reduces the temperature, humidity, and lux values passing in to building. Hence this says that although shank roof are less strength roof compared to all roofs these can be used in arid region to reduce interior temperature and humidity, although asbestos sheets are thin layered these can be used in places where humidity and temperature is required compared to temperature and humidity outside the building.
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Deng, Yingbin, Renrong Chen, Yichun Xie, Jianhui Xu, Ji Yang, and Wenyue Liao. "Exploring the Impacts and Temporal Variations of Different Building Roof Types on Surface Urban Heat Island." Remote Sensing 13, no. 14 (July 20, 2021): 2840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13142840.

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This study examined the impact of different types of building roofs on urban heat islands. This was carried out using building roof data from remotely sensed Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) imagery. The roofs captured included white surface, blue steel, dark metal, other dark material, and residential roofs; these roofs were compared alongside three natural land covers (i.e., forest trees, grassland, and water). We also collected ancillary data including building height, building density, and distance to the city center. The impacts of various building roofs on land surface temperature (LST) were examined by analyzing their correlation and temporal variations. First, we examined the LST characteristics of five building roof types and three natural land covers using boxplots and variance analysis with post hoc tests. Then, multivariate regression analysis was used to explore the impact of building roofs on LST. There were three key findings in the results. First, the mean LSTs for five different building roofs statistically differed from each other; these differences were more significant during the hot season than the cool season. Second, the impact of the five types of roofs on LSTs varied considerably from each other. Lastly, the contribution of the five roof types to LST variance was more substantial during the cool season. These findings unveil specific urban heat retention drivers, in which different types of building roofs are one such driver. The outcomes from this research may help policymakers develop more effective strategies to address the surface urban heat island phenomenon and its related health concerns.
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Schärer, Lotte Askeland, Jan Ove Busklein, Edvard Sivertsen, and Tone M. Muthanna. "Limitations in using runoff coefficients for green and gray roof design." Hydrology Research 51, no. 2 (March 30, 2020): 339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2020.049.

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Abstract Climate change combined with urbanization increases the performance demand on urban drainage systems. Green roofs are one of the most used green infrastructure measures to alleviate the pressure on the urban drainage system through the detention and retention of runoff. The rational method with the runoff coefficient (C) is one of the most commonly used design tools for stormwater design in Norway. This method relies on a runoff coefficient being available for green roofs, which is typically not the case. This paper compares laboratory and experimental field studies to investigate runoff coefficients from different types of detention-based roofs. The methodology described in the German ‘FLL Guideline’, one of the world's most commonly used green roof standards, was used to measure the runoff coefficients for the different components making up a typical green roof. The contribution from each layer is reflected in the runoff coefficients. The runoff coefficients from the field experiments were calculated using observed precipitation and runoff from existing green roofs in Oslo, Trondheim, Sandnes, and Bergen, Norway. Events that had a cumulative precipitation comparable to the laboratory events, but longer durations, were selected. These events gave significantly lower and varying runoff coefficients, clearly demonstrating the limitation of choosing a suitable runoff coefficient for a given roof. However, laboratory experiments are important in understanding the underlying flow processes in the different layers in a detention-based roof.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Used roofs"

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Powers, Catherine N. "A process for evaluating the benefits of near-infrared reflective roof coatings used on asphalt shingle roofs." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54478.

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Reflective roof coatings keep the roof cooler by minimizing solar absorption and maximizing thermal emission. Keeping the surface of the roof cooler allows less heat to be conducted into the interior of the building which reduces the cooling load in air-conditioned buildings and improve comfort conditions in non-air conditioned buildings. A number of cool white materials, compatible with most roofing products, are available on the market. To appeal to homeowners, special cool “color” products have been developed to match the dark colors of conventional residential roofs but are highly reflective in the invisible near-infrared (NIR) spectrum. Although many studies highlight the benefits of cool white coatings on roof membranes of low-slope roofs, knowledge of NIR reflective coatings on asphalt shingles of steep slope roofs remains limited. The intent of this exploratory study is to present a process that can be used to evaluate the perceived and actual benefits of NIR coatings field-applied to asphalt shingles on single-family houses. The proposed process can be applied to a large sample of homes and occupants in a future study. A questionnaire was designed to attempt to evaluate occupants’ perceived benefits in regards to their indoor environment and occupant satisfaction following applications of NIR coatings. Along with subjective data collection, a field-experiment was developed to objectively compare the thermal performance of an NIR reflective field-coated asphalt shingle roof system with that of a conventional asphalt shingle roof system. Questionnaire results indicated that occupants did not perceive any significant changes to their indoor environment but were satisfied overall with the application and appearance of the roof coating. Additionally, 50% of occupants stated that their monthly energy costs somewhat decreased after the application. Interestingly, 63% of respondents experienced some form of roof leak following the coating application. Among those who experienced roof leaks, 100% of the roofs were 10 years or older. Field results showed that the coated roof surface was 2 to 5℉ cooler than the uncoated roof surface at midafternoon. Statistical testing for correlation between coated roof surface temperature and external conditions revealed that relative humidity was negatively correlated with coated roof temperature, while solar altitude angle was positively correlated with coated roof temperature. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to develop a model for predicting the surface temperature of the coated asphalt shingle roofs from the ambient temperature, sky conditions, dew point temperature, relative humidity, solar altitude and azimuth angle.
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Račko, Valentín. "Intenzivní dům v Brně." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-394026.

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This master thesis is exploring a possibility of densifying traditional block structure of a city by the design of a multifunctional building. It is located in Brno exactly in Brno centrum city part. The building site is defined by Veveří, Kounicova and Pekárenská streets. On the forth side there is existing block of flats on the Sokolská Street. The design itself is based on the form of a traditional enclosed block of flats, but masses are oriented differently. The basic principle is layering when first two floors are commercially oriented and therefore accessible by public. Living areas are separated by position above. The roof, connecting all of the buildings, is taking role of a traditional courtyard. In this case, it stays visually connected with surrounding street life and newly formed commercial parts. Masses of the complex are reflecting different city structures on each side. It encloses on the side of the Veveří Street which creates undisturbed street corridor. New structure opens more to Kounicova Street and reflects free city pattern of this part.
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Bailey, Breanna Michelle Weir. "Incorporating user design preferences into multi-objective roof truss optimization." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/5932.

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Automated systems for large-span roof truss optimization provide engineers with the flexibility to consider multiple alternatives during conceptual design. This investigation extends previous work on multi-objective roof truss optimization to include the design preferences of a human user. The incorporation of user preferences into the optimization process required creation of a mechanism to identify and model preferences as well as discovery of an appropriate location within the algorithm for preference application. The first stage of this investigation developed a characteristic feature vector to describe the physical appearance of an individual truss. The feature vector translates visual elements of a truss into quantifiable properties transparent to the computer algorithm. The nine elements in the feature vector were selected from an assortment of geometrical and behavioral factors and describe truss simplicity, general shape, and chord shape. Using individual feature vectors, a truss population may be divided into groups of similar design. Partitioning the population simplifies the feedback process by allowing users to identify groups that best suit their design preferences. Several unsupervised clustering mechanisms were evaluated for their ability to generate truss classifications that matched human judgment and minimized intra-group deviation. A one-dimensional Kohonen self-organizing map was selected. The characteristic feature vectors of truss designs within user-selected groups provided a basis for determining whether or not a user would like a new design. After analyzing user inputs, prediction algorithm trials sought to reproduce these inputs and apply them to the prediction of acceptable designs. This investigation developed a hybrid method combining rough set reduct techniques and a back-propagation neural network. This hybrid prediction mechanism was embedded into the operations of an Implicit Redundant Representation Genetic Algorithm. Locations within the ranking and selection processes of this algorithm formed the basis of a study to investigate the effect of user preference on truss optimization. Final results for this investigation prove that incorporating a user's aesthetic design preferences into the optimization project generates more design alternatives for the user to examine; that these alternatives are more in line with a user's conceptual perception of the project; and that these alternatives remain structurally optimal.
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Lü, Guanghua. "Chemical identification and quality assessment of Radix Angelicae sinensis (Danggui roots)." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2005. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/639.

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Bao, Jian Rong. "Use of GUS for detection of Fusarium oxysporum in tomato roots." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ42496.pdf.

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Kimura, Michiharu. "A comparison of experiences and uses of living rooms in Guildford and Oyama." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1986. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/847602/.

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A living room is defined in terms of place theory (Canter, 1977a): a relationship between actions, conceptions, and physical attributes of the setting. A new term "anti-living room" is created to highlight the importance of a subject's decision in the use of the living room. A "multiple use" of the living room, which is an antithesis of place theory, is tested against the empirical data collected between two different cultures. The paradigms of Tao are introduced to highlight the cultural differences in the pattern of use of living rooms. The English living room is hypothesised to be predominantly yang (B) (rational), whereas the Japanese living room being predominantly yin (B) (intuitive). Attempts are made to relate the I Ching to facet theory, both dealing with the complexity of "real life" issues. In order to understand the "entire phenomenon" of a living room, and to accommodate the "multidimensional nature" of experiences in a living room, facet theory and its associated multidimensional scaling procedures (SSA-1, MSA-1 and POSA) have been applied in this study. A facet theory postulates a priori definitions (mapping sentences) of the pattern of use of living rooms. MDS procedures try to reveal the underlying structures of the data. Thus it is possible to compare findings within similar living rooms and between different living rooms of different cultures when a facet approach is taken. A cross-cultural study is presented of patterns of behaviour, furniture possessed and attitudes towards living rooms in 115 homes in Guildford (England) and a comparable social sample of 145 households in Oyama (Japan), reveals that the Japanese engage in a wider range of activities in the Japanese living room (yin action - synthesis). In the English living room the English are likely to specialize its use, namely, relaxing and entertaining (yang action - analysis). In the field of man's relationship with his living room, the type of approach which might be termed intuitive speculation seems to be lost in a world devoted to the supposedly more scientific approach of objective analysis. As Alan Watts (1970) has speculated, this emphasis on the so-called objective may indeed be a handicap for Western man, for it enables him to retain his belief in the separateness of the ego from all that surrounds it. Although certain objective facts have been presented in this thesis, it is hoped by the author that its overall message is clear: allow yourself to be open to the consideration of relationships other than those that can be proved or disproved by scientific method, for it may well be in these that a deeper truth lies. Chapter 1 defines a living room in English and Japanese houses and briefly outlines the structure and aims of the thesis. Chapter 2 introduces the concept of space in the East and the West and discusses the living room in a cross-cultural context. Chapter 3 reviews the existing research on living rooms. Chapter 4 describes the research instruments and the selection of samples and introduces facet theory and its associated multivariate statistics. Chapter 5 analyses the structure of the pattern of living room activities. Chapter 6 analyses the structure of the use of living room furniture. Chapter 7 analyses the structure of satisfaction with living rooms. Chapter 8 develops a typology of families and relates it to living room activities. Chapter 9 develops a typology of physical properties of living rooms and relates it to living room activities. Chapter 10 discusses the implications of the research.
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Roos, Hannelie. "Thermomechanical analysis of raw materials used in the production of Soderberg electrode paste / Roos H." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/7576.

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Applications of chromium vary widely (refractories, chemicals and metallurgical); however, the greatest benefit of chromium is its ability to improve the corrosion resistance, strength and hardness of steel. South Africa possesses approximately 75% of the viable global chromite reserves and, as a result, dominates the ferrochrome market with production in excess of 5 million mega tonnes per year - making it an industry of extreme importance to the South African economy Submerged arc ferroalloy production furnaces mainly use Soderberg electrodes - self–baking continuous electrodes that are produced in situ during furnace operation. Electrode breakings may affect a furnace in a number of ways depending on the nature and location of the break. Low furnace power input, abnormal charging and tapping conditions, as well as loss of production are among the more common negative implications associated with electrode breaks. The successful operation of Soderberg electrodes is dependent on two main factors: high quality electrode paste and effective electrode management procedures. This study focused on electrode paste quality. The raw materials utilised in the production of Soderberg electrode paste consists of calcined anthracite mixed with a tar pitch binder. In this study the focus was on the development of an experimental procedure to measure the dimensional changes of electrode paste raw materials as a function of temperature by means of thermomechanical analysis (TMA). Three uncalcined anthracite (Zululand chips, Zululand duff, and Tendele duff) and two tar pitch samples (low and high softening point pitches, i.e. LSP and HSP) were obtained from a local paste producer. Electrode graphite samples were also obtained from a local pre–baked electrode supplier. The experimental procedure for both the anthracite and tar pitches consisted of two phases: sample preparation and TMA measurements. During the sample preparation procedure for the tar pitches, the two tar pitches were heat treated in order to prevent softening in the TMA (preventing possibly damage the instrument), where after pellets were pressed for TMA measurement. The anthracite samples were calcined at 1200, 1300 and 1400°C in the anthracite sample preparation phase. TMA sample pellets of calcined and uncalcined anthracite were pressed using only water as a binder. TMA was performed on pellets produced from the heat–treated tar pitch samples, uncalcined and calcined anthracite samples, as well as core drilled pellets of the pre–baked electrode graphite. The dimensional changes of these pellets were measured, as a function of temperature, through three consecutive heating (room temperature to 1300°C) and cooling (1300°C to approximately 100°C) cycles under a N2 atmosphere. A significant shrinkage (> 12%) for both the LSP and HSP tar pitches occurred during the first TMA heating cycle. During the second and third heating cycles of the LSP and HSP tar pitches, dimensional changes were approximately 2%. This indicates that substantial structural reordering of the carbonaceous binder takes place during the first heating cycle. TMA results obtained for all three the calcined anthracite samples investigated indicated thermal dimensional changes of less than 1%. The anthracite samples calcined at the highest experimental calcination temperature (1400°C) prior to TMA analysis had the smallest dimensional changes. This confirmed that higher calcination temperatures result in a higher level of structural ordering and dimensional stability. Considering the combined calcined anthracite and tar pitches TMA results, the importance of the initial baking of a Soderberg electrode at temperatures exceeding the baking isotherm temperature (475°C) becomes apparent - the dimensional behaviour of the tar pitch binder and the calcined anthracite differ dramatically, making the newly–formed electrode very susceptible to breakage. Once structural reordering of the pitch had taken place, thermal dimensional behaviours of the materials are much more similar, significantly reducing the risk of thermal shock–induced electrode breakages. In contrast to the relatively small dimensional changes measured for the calcined anthracite samples, the shrinkages measured for the uncalcined samples during the first TMA heating/cooling cycle were substantial (6–8%). This indicates the importance of the anthracite calcination process, before the electrode paste is formulated. Improperly calcined anthracite present in electrode paste would result in additional dimensional shrinkage that would have to be accommodated in the baking of a new electrode section. Considering the large shrinkage of the tar pitch that already takes place, it is unlikely that a strong enough electrode would be formed if this occurs. From the results, it also became apparent that the anthracite with the highest fixed carbon and lowest ash contents exhibited the smallest shrinkage during in situ TMA calcination. High fixed carbon, low ash type anthracites are therefore less prone to dimensional instabilities in Soderberg electrodes, as a result of poor calcination. The dimensional changes observed in the calcined anthracites were very similar to those observed for the electrode graphite samples. The expansions/shrinkages observed in the graphite samples were mostly less than 0.5%, whereas the expansions/shrinkages observed in the various calcined anthracites were approximately 0.6 to 0.9%. The difference in the magnitude of the dimensional behaviour between the calcined anthracites and the graphite can be attributed to the fact that the graphite had already undergone maximum structural ordering (having been pre–baked at 3000°C).
Thesis (M.Ing. (Chemical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
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Reyes, Michael Joseph. "Use of Adventitious Roots For the Determination of Hydroperiod in Isolated Wetlands." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4212.

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Abstract Accurate measurement of the hydroperiod in isolated wetlands currently relies upon the installation and frequent monitoring of devices such as piezometers and staff gauges. Observations of biological indicators of the hydroperiod may be able to supplement data collected from these devices and could potentially replace them as a means of accurately determining this hydrologic interval. The study objective was to determine whether adventitious root formation and maturation on buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis) could be used as a viable indicator of the hydroperiod in isolated wetlands. Buttonbush seedlings were flooded in a controlled environment over a three month period in the summer of 2011. During this time, the length and complexity of adventitious roots observed were recorded. When average lengths of primary roots were regressed against time of inundation, a linear regression (r2) of 0.94 was calculated. The structure of these roots was then compared to adventitious roots observed in a natural wetland with a hydroperiod of 12 months. This was undertaken to allow a comparison of the observed lengths and complexity of adventitious roots in the controlled experiment with roots in the natural environment. The regression of both sets of observations yielded an r2 value of 0.99. Consequently, the results of this study found that the length of adventitious roots on buttonbush can help determine the hydroperiods of isolated wetland systems.
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Hope, Andrew Derek. "School Internet use : case studies in the sociology of risk." Thesis, Durham University, 2002. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3979/.

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This research uses observation, interviews and content analysis to examine the perceived and actual risks arising from Internet use in eight educational establishments. The majority of staff interviewed expressed concern about online pornography and the dangers of web based chat rooms. Additionally staff were anxious about the risks posed by hate engendering sites, websites encouraging experimentation, copyright infringement and threats to network security. In considering these school Internet risk narratives I make a distinction between concern that the student is "at risk" and that they are "dangerous”, posing a threat to the institution. I point out that in the primary schools staff talked about students solely as being "at risk", whereas in secondary schools this concern was tempered with the view that students misusing the school Internet also posed a danger to the institution. In the post-16 college Internet risks were almost solely expressed in terms of the "dangerous student". While only a sparse student risk narrative existed, with a few students anxious about on-line pornography, chat-lines and security there was non-verbal evidence indicating that students were worried about being punished for misusing the Internet. In assessing the "student- at-risk", I argue that exposure to pornography via the school Internet was not likely to pose an actual risk, while undesirable others in chat rooms, hateful websites and sites encouraging experimentation all posed actual, though statistically remote, risks. Considering the Internet activities of the "dangerous student", I found little evidence to suggest that the issues of school image, staff authority and copyright should be a source of great concern, although I note that school network security was an actual risk which deserves more attention. Finally, I consider institutional attempts to control Internet use and alleviate some of these perceived and actual risks through the use of rhetoric, exclusion and surveillance.
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Chow, Elaine Kiaw Fui 1972. "An investigation into the use of ROL genes to alter root formation and growth in transgenic plants." Monash University, Dept. of Biological Sciences, 2001. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9092.

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Books on the topic "Used roofs"

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Rosenfield, Myer J. Initial investigation of three uncured elastomeric roofing membrane materials for use in military construction. Champaign, Ill: US Army Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, 1986.

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Architectural fabric structures: The use of tensioned fabric structures by federal agencies. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1985.

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Pomegranates: Ancient Roots to Modern Medicine. Hoboken: CRC Press, 2006.

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Willigen, Peter de. Roots, plant production and nutrient use efficiency. Wageningen: Landbouwuniversiteit te Wageningen, 1987.

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Bailey, David M. Laboratory investigation of selected sensors for use with passive roof leak detection systems. [Champaign, IL]: US Army Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratories, 1998.

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Sigmon, Dallas Lafayette. A framing guide and steel square: A practical treatise giving shortest methods on roof framing and how to use the steel square, rafter tables, square root tables, sash tables, shingle tables and various tables, brick, tile and concrete work. Hickory, N. C: Cline-Sigmon Pub., 1991.

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Drama and healing: The roots of drama therapy. London: Kingsley, 1990.

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Timko, Robert J. A short-term evaluation of compressible stoppings used in trona mines. Pittsburgh, Pa: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1986.

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Gersdorf, A. G. Selling used books by mail: A grass-roots guide for the homeworker. 2nd ed. North Fort Myers, Fla: Loup Garou Press, 1990.

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Hofheinz, Wolfgang. Protective measures with insulation monitoring: Use of unearthed IT systems in medical used rooms, in ships, in industry and mining. Berlin: VDE-Verlag, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Used roofs"

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Baumann, Nathalie, Chiara Catalano, and Salvatore Pasta. "Improving Extensive Green Roofs for Endangered Ground-Nesting Birds." In Future City, 13–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75929-2_2.

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AbstractCities are considered hotspots of biodiversity due to their high number of habitats such as ruderal areas, wastelands and masonry works hosting peculiar biocoenoses. Urban biodiversity represents a challenging and paradigmatic case for contemporary ecology and nature conservation because a clear distinction between nature reserves and anthropogenic lands is becoming obsolete. In this context, extensive green roofs may represent suitable habitat for ground-nesting birds and wild plants, providing suitable conditions occur. In this paper, case studies are used to show how existing extensive green roofs can be improved in order to make them function as replacement habitat for endangered ground-nesting birds. The setup of an uneven topography, combined with hay spreading and seed sowing, significantly enhanced the reproductive performance of the northern lapwing (Vanellus vanellus), one of the most endangered ground-nesting birds in Switzerland.
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Cirrincione, Laura, and Giorgia Peri. "Covering the Gap for an Effective Energy and Environmental Design of Green Roofs: Contributions from Experimental and Modelling Researches." In Future City, 149–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71819-0_8.

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AbstractGreen roofs are components of the building envelope that have become increasingly popular in urban contexts because other than providing numerous environmental benefits they are also capable of reducing building energy consumption, especially in summer. However, despite all these advantages, green roofs are still affected by some limitations. Specifically, there are some gaps affecting the energy modelling consisting in the absence of a proper database, information (growth stage, leaf area index, and coverage ratio) relative to the different green roof plant species, which technicians could use in case of lack of actual field data to perform energy analysis of buildings equipped with green roofs. These gaps concern also environmental and economic assessments of such technology. In fact, the currently available green roof LCA and LCC studies seem to underestimate the role of the substrate on the overall environmental impact and the role of the disposal phase on the life cycle cost of the green roof. In this chapter, all these aspects are addressed, and contributions to their solution, which arose from both experimental and modelling research, carried out by the authors are presented.
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Appleman, Dan. "Chat Rooms, Public and Private." In Always Use Protection, 215–21. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-0904-1_14.

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Blossfeld, Stephan, and Dirk Gansert. "The Use of Planar Optodes in Root Studies for Quantitative Imaging." In Measuring Roots, 83–92. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22067-8_5.

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Roy Choudhury, Swarup, and Sona Pandey. "Use of Hairy Root System to Study Signaling Pathways During Nodule Formation." In Hairy Roots, 243–74. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2562-5_11.

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Tonkha, Oksana Leonidovna, and Yuliya Sergeevna Dzyazko. "Soils and Plant Roots." In Structural Properties of Porous Materials and Powders Used in Different Fields of Science and Technology, 221–49. London: Springer London, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6377-0_11.

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Platt, Rutherford H. "Historical Roots of American Land Use Institutions." In Land Use and Society, 67–93. Washington, DC: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-455-0_4.

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Paquette, Daniel. "Can Chimpanzees use Tools by Observational Learning?" In The Ethological Roots of Culture, 155–72. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0998-7_10.

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Fouts, Deborah H. "The Use of Remote Video Recordings to Study the Use of American Sign Language by Chimpanzees When no Humans are Present." In The Ethological Roots of Culture, 271–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0998-7_15.

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Bischoff, Shannon T., and Amy V. Fountain. "A case-study in grass roots development of web resources for language workers." In Culture and Language Use, 175–200. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/clu.8.07bis.

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Conference papers on the topic "Used roofs"

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Yoshida, Shoichi, Kazuyoshi Sekine, and Katsuki Iwata. "Sloshing Characteristics of Single Deck Floating Roofs in Aboveground Storage Tanks: Natural Periods and Vibration Modes." In ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-77187.

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The floating roofs are widely used to prevent evaporation of content in large oil storage tanks. The 2003 Tokachi-Oki earthquake caused severe damage to the floating roofs due to liquid sloshing. The structural integrity of the floating roofs for the sloshing is urgent issue to establish in the petrochemical and oil refining industries. This paper presents the sloshing characteristics of the single deck floating roofs in cylindrical storage tanks. The hydrodynamic coupling of fluid and floating roof is taken into consideration in the axisymmetric finite element analysis. It is assumed that the fluid is incompressible and inviscid, and the floating roof is linear elastic while the sidewall and the bottom are rigid. The basic vibration characteristics, natural periods and vibration modes, of the floating roof due to the sloshing are investigated. These will give engineers important information on the floating roof design.
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Poitras, Ge´rard J., Laurent-E. Brizzi, and Yves Gagnon. "Flow Over Model Buildings With Sloped Roofs." In ASME/JSME 2003 4th Joint Fluids Summer Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2003-45518.

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The flow field around model buildings with different sloped roofs was investigated using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The flow around model buildings having flat roofs was studied by many authors. Although buildings with sloped roofs are the most common type of low rise buildings, the flow around these buildings are not well known. Most of the studies for these types of buildings were made for the determination of surface pressures. The aim of this study is to highlight the fundamental differences between flat roofs and sloped roofs for three-dimensional obstacle flows. The experiments were performed in a wind tunnel having a cross section of 300 mm × 400 mm. All the models were 30 mm high (vertical wall) and were placed in a thin turbulent boundary layer. Three Reynolds numbers, based on the height of the obstacle, were used (12000, 22 000, 32 000). Furthermore, the quantitative data is analyzed and statistical results describing the mean and fluctuating velocity fields are presented. Finally, the surface pressures on the median plane were studied in order to correlate these pressures with the flow topology of different sloped roofs. It was found that upstream of the obstacle, the flow topology for the model having sloped roofs was similar to that of a flat roof apart from an increase in size of the well-known horseshoe vortex. However, the flow topology is not the same over different roofs, on the sides of the models and immediately downstream of the models. For the Reynolds number studied, there are no coherent flow structures over the upstream sloped roofs while an arch vortex is created on the sides of the models. This arch vortex is similar to the arch vortex that is created over a flat roof. An arch vortex is also present downstream of the models. The lower part of this vortex is similar to the one created for a flat roof. However, the upper part of the arch vortex starts from the tip of the roof and continues downstream and has an ellipse shape. This vortex also increases in size with the slope of the roof.
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Yoshida, Shoichi, Kazuyoshi Sekine, and Tsukasa Mitsuta. "Eulerian Finite Element Formulation for Sloshing Response of Floating Roofs in Aboveground Storage Tanks." In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61163.

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The floating roofs are widely used to prevent evaporation of content in large aboveground oil storage tanks. The 2003 Tokachi-Oki earthquake caused severe damage to the floating roofs due to liquid sloshing. The structural integrity of the floating roofs for the sloshing is urgent issue to establish in petrochemical and oil refining industries. This paper presents the axisymmetric finite element analysis for the sloshing response of floating roofs in cylindrical storage tanks. The hydrodynamic coupling of fluid and floating roof under seismic excitation is taken into consideration in the analysis. It is assumed that the fluid is incompressible and inviscid, and the roof is linear elastic while the sidewall and the bottom are rigid. The theory for the finite element analysis in which the behavior of the fluid is formulated in terms of dynamic pressure as the Eulerian approach is developed. The basic vibration characteristics of the floating roof, such as natural periods and vibration modes, can be obtained from this analysis. These will give engineers important information on the floating roof design.
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Krarti, Moncef. "Evaluation of the Energy Efficiency Effectiveness of Cool Roofs for Residential Applications." In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6613.

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This study determines the effects of cool roofs on a home’s energy use, specifically on heating and cooling energy end-uses. Representative cities were chosen for several ASHRAE US climate zones. A series of parametric simulations in EnergyPlus was carried out to assess the performance of cool roofs for selected prototypical residential building models using detailed simulation analysis. The simulation results are then correlated for each climate zone type to give an approximation of the best roof color per climate. The results are given based on total energy used as well as energy cost based on national average electricity and natural gas residential rates. This method allows builders and homeowners the choice between the most cost effective roofing type, and the most energy efficient in the case that they are not the same. Overall, it was found that in hot climates, it is more efficient to have a white roof, while a black roof benefits cooler climates. In mild and mixed climates, the effect of roof color was found rather are different for energy use and energy cost. Therefore the choice is determined by the owner’s requirements. In the cooler and milder climate zones, the analysis shows that the cost excess or savings is fairly small; usually under $10 difference per year. Hotter climates also have a relatively small effect, but more so than the cooler climates, with Phoenix especially showing a savings of $48.60 per year when a white roof is used over a black roof. Energy changes as low as only 4% in the as-built construction style, or as high as nearly 100% change in upgraded envelope cases were found. The study further finds that both the lack of an attic, and high efficiency envelopes increases the magnitude of the percent change in energy requirements.
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Ahmed, Samih, Guayente Minchot, Anders Eriksson, Fritz King, and Mikael Hällgren. "Post-Tensioned Stress Ribbon Systems in Long Span Roofs." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.0533.

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<p>Cable systems have numerous advantages, such as: large column-free areas, and reduced materials consumption, which reduces the load and the cost. Nevertheless, they are rarely used in long span roofs due to large deflections, and the insufficient space for end supports, or/and back-stayed cables. This work suggests the use of post-tension stress ribbon system in long span roofs in order to reduce the pull-out forces, deflections and concrete stresses compared to a conventional cable system. A comparison is carried out through meticulous and accurate finite element simulations, using SAP2000, implemented for the new +200m roof of Västerås Travel Center (Sweden), which will become one of the longest cable suspended roofs in the world, if not the longest. Results confirm the suitability and superiority of stress ribbon systems as it reduces concrete stresses, deflections, pull-out forces and vertical reactions. These reductions are found highly correlated to the applied prestressing forces.</p>
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Yoshida, Shoichi, Kazuyoshi Sekine, Tomohiko Tsuchida, and Katsuki Iwata. "Seismic Response Analysis for Sloshing of a Single-Deck Floating Roof With Center Pontoon in Oil Storage Tank." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25095.

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Floating roofs are widely used to prevent evaporation of contents of large cylindrical oil storage tanks. The 2003 Tokachi-Oki earthquake caused severe damage to floating roofs due to liquid sloshing. Seven single-deck floating roofs deformed to leak oil on them, and they lost buoyancy to sink. Two of them were the single-deck type with center pontoon in large diameter tanks. The present paper deals with an axisymmetric finite element analysis for the sloshing response of a floating roof with center pontoon. The hydrodynamic coupling of the fluid and the floating roof under seismic excitation is taken into consideration in the analysis. The fluid is assumed to be incompressible and inviscid, and the roof is assumed to be linear elastic. In addition, the sidewall and the bottom are assumed to be rigid. In the finite element analysis, the behavior of the fluid is formulated in terms of dynamic pressure using the Eulerian approach. The basic vibration characteristics of the single-deck floating roof with center pontoon, such as the natural periods and vibration modes, can be obtained from this analysis. These characteristics are shown comparing with those of the single-deck floating roof without center pontoon. The seismic response analysis for the input of an earthquake wave is also performed.
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Gallagher, Terry A., and Christian R. Desjardins. "Floating-Roof Tanks: Design and Operation in the Petroleum Industry." In 2000 3rd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2000-117.

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The floating-roof tank has been the most widely used method of storage of volatile petroleum products since the first demonstration b Chicago Bridge & Iron Company (CB&I) in 1923. There have been many changes and design improvements to that first pan-style-floating roof. A floating roof is a complex structure. It must be designed to remain buoyant even when exposed to combined loads from varying process, weather and product conditions. There is a continued demand for improved floating-roof tanks to store a wide range of petroleum and petrochemical products in compliance with state and federal environmental regulations. Floating roofs are used in open top tanks (EFRT), inside tanks with fixed roofs (IFRT), or in tanks that are totally closed where no product evaporative losses are permitted for release to the atmosphere. This very special type of installation is referred to as a zero emission storage tank (ZEST). Products that might have been stored in basic fixed roof tanks must now utilize a floating roof to limit evaporative emissions to the atmosphere. High vapor pressure condensate service and blended heavy crude oils also present new design challenges to the floating roof tank industry. This paper will review the most prominent styles of floating roofs from 1923 to the present. Design and operating limits for current da floating-roof structures are presented. New trends in environmental regulations and the potential impact on the design and operation of floating-roof tanks will be presented. Current maintenance practices and the effect on Life Cycle Cost Management of the storage syste are also reviewed.
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Yoshida, Shoichi. "Simplified Development Method of FEA Code for Sloshing of Floating Roof Tanks (Lagrangian Formulation for Axisymmetric Linear Problem)." In ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-28117.

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Floating roofs are widely used to prevent evaporation of content in large cylindrical aboveground oil storage tanks. The 2003 Hokkaido Earthquake caused severe damages to the floating roofs due to sloshing. These accidents became a cause to establish structural integrity of the floating roof tanks in sloshing. However, many designers do not have a solution for the sloshing of floating roof tanks except for three-dimensional FEA computer codes. The three-dimensional FEA requires a long computational time and expenses. The sloshing of floating roof tanks is a coupling vibration problem with fluid and structure. The simplified and convenient method has been desired for this solution. This paper presents a simplified development method of a FEA code in the axisymmetric linear problem. It is performed to modify an existing structural analysis code. The fluid behavior is formulated in terms of displacement as the Lagrangian approach.
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Chen, Zhiping, Song Huang, and Haigui Fan. "Strength and Stability Analysis of Double-Deck Floating Roof Under Wind Load." In ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2015-45383.

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Double-deck floating roof has gained more and more popularity in large oil storage tanks. Wind load is one of the main factors that cause failure of the floating roofs. Because of complexity of structure and difficulty in theoretical calculation, wind load on double-deck floating roof has not been considered into the general design standards. An engineering calculation method based on finite element method for the strength and stability of double-deck floating roof under wind load is established. The relation between pressure distribution on floating roof and liquid height is studied when the double-deck floating roof locates at different levels. Results show that pressure difference on the roof reaches maximum when the liquid height is 100%. The finite element model of double-deck floating roof is established based on large deformation theory, the overall displacement, deformation and stress are obtained by applying pressure distribution on the roof. The first anti-sinking criterion and axial compression stability criterion of long bar are selected to verify the strength and stability of floating roofs under wind load. Results show that the engineering calculation method presented can be effectively used to analyze the strength and stability of double-deck floating roof under wind load.
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Yoshida, Shoichi, and Kazuhiro Kitamura. "Buckling Characteristics of Floating Roof Pontoons in Aboveground Storage Tanks Subjected to Bending Load in Two Directions." In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61085.

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The 2003 Tokachi-Oki earthquake caused severe damage to aboveground oil storage tanks due to liquid sloshing. Seven single-deck floating roofs had experienced structural problems as evidenced by sinking failure in large diameter tanks at the refinery in Tomakomai, Japan. The pontoons of the floating roofs might be buckled due to circumferential bending moment during the sloshing. The content in the tank was spilled on the floating roof from small failures which were caused at the welding joints of pontoon bottom plate by the buckling. Then the floating roof began to lose buoyancy and submerged into the content slowly. The authors had reported the buckling strength of the pontoons with and without ring stiffeners subjected to circumferential bending load in the previous papers. This paper presents the buckling strength of the pontoons subjected to both circumferential and radial bending load. The axisymmetric shell finite element method is used in the analysis. Linear elastic bifurcation buckling analysis is carried out and the buckling characteristics of the pontoon with and without ring stiffeners are investigated.
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Reports on the topic "Used roofs"

1

Akbari, Hashem, Ronnen Levinson, Steve Konopaki, and Leo Rainer. Monitoring the Energy-Use Effects of Cool Roofs on California Commercial Buildings. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/840985.

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Le Blanc, Katya Lee, Johanna Helene Oxstrand, and Jeffrey Clark Joe. Requirements for Control Room Computer-Based Procedures for use in Hybrid Control Rooms. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1235200.

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Griggs, E. I., and G. E. Courville. Changes in the heating and cooling energy use in buildings due to lowering the surface solar absorptance of roofs. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6367315.

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Bailey, David M., Allen Prell, and Christopher Coad. Laboratory Investigation of Selected Sensors for Use with Passive Roof Leak Detection Systems. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada339042.

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Akbari, Hashem, Tengfang Xu, Haider Taha, Craig Wray, Jayant Sathaye, Vishal Garg, Surekha Tetali, M. Hari Babu, and K. Niranjan Reddy. Using Cool Roofs to Reduce Energy Use, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Urban Heat-island Effects: Findings from an India Experiment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1026804.

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Busby, Ryan, Thomas Douglas, Joshua LeMonte, David Ringelberg, and Karl Indest. Metal accumulation capacity in indigenous Alaska vegetation growing on military training lands. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41443.

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Permafrost thawing could increase soil contaminant mobilization in the environment. Our objective was to quantify metal accumulation capacities for plant species and functional groups common to Alaskan military training ranges where elevated soil metal concentrations were likely to occur. Plant species across multiple military training range sites were collected. Metal content in shoots and roots was compared to soil metal concentrations to calculate bioconcentration and translocation factors. On average, grasses accumulated greater concentrations of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, and Zn relative to forbs or shrubs, and bioconcentrated greater concentrations of Ni and Pb. Shrubs bioconcentrated greater concentrations of Sb. Translocation to shoots was greatest among the forbs. Three native plants were identified as candidate species for use in metal phytostabilization applications. Elymus macrourus, a grass, bioconcentrated substantial concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Zn in roots with low translocation to shoots. Elaeagnus commutata, a shrub, bioconcentrated the greatest amounts of Sb, Ni, and Cr, with a low translocation factor. Solidago decumbens bio-concentrated the greatest amount of Sb among the forbs and translocated the least amount of metals. A combination of forb, shrub, and grass will likely enhance phytostabilization of heavy metals in interior Alaska soils through increased functional group diversity.
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Author, Not Given. The Roof Research Center: A national user facility for thermal performance and durability of roofing systems: Users manual. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6261161.

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Butcher, B. M., and F. T. Mendenhall. A summary of the models used for the mechanical response of disposal rooms in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant with regard to compliance with 40 CFR 191, Subpart B. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10189369.

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Akbari, H., and S. Konopacki. Simulated Impact of Roof Solar Absorptance, Attic, and DuctInsulation, and Climate on Cooling and Heating Energy Use inSingle-Family Resi dential Buildings. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6410.

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DiGrande, Laura, Sue Pedrazzani, Elizabeth Kinyara, Melanie Hymes, Shawn Karns, Donna Rhodes, and Alanna Moshfegh. Field Interviewer– Administered Dietary Recalls in Participants’ Homes: A Feasibility Study Using the US Department of Agriculture’s Automated Multiple-Pass Method. RTI Press, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2021.mr.0045.2105.

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Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of administering the Automated Multiple-Pass Method (AMPM), a widely used tool for collecting 24-hour dietary recalls, in participants’ homes by field interviewers. Design: The design included computer-assisted personal interviews led by either a nutritionist (standard) or field interviewer. Portion estimators tested were a set of three-dimensional food models (standard), a two-dimensional food model booklet, or a tablet with digital images rendered via augmented reality. Setting: Residences in central North Carolina. Participants: English-speaking adults. Pregnant women and individuals who were fasting were excluded. Results: Among 133 interviews, most took place in living rooms (52%) or kitchens (22%). Mean interview time was 40 minutes (range 13–90), with no difference by interviewer type or portion estimator, although timing for nutritionist-led interviews declined significantly over the study period. Forty-five percent of participants referenced items from their homes to facilitate recall and portion estimation. Data entry and post-interview coding was evaluated and determined to be consistent with requirements for the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Values for the number of food items consumed, food groups, energy intake (average of 3,011 kcal for men and 2,105 kcal for women), and key nutrients were determined to be plausible and within reasonably expected ranges regardless of interviewer type or portion estimator used. Conclusions: AMPM dietary recall interviews conducted in the home are feasible and may be preferable to clinical administration because of comfort and the opportunity for participants to access home items for recall. AMPMs administered by field interviewers using the food model booklet produced credible nutrition data that was comparable to AMPMs administered by nutritionists. Training field interviewers in dietary recall and conducting home interviews may be sensible choices for nutrition studies when response rates and cost are concerns.
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