Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Used roofs'

Reflective roof coatings keep the roof cooler by minimizing solar absorption and maximizing thermal emission. Keeping the surface of the roof cooler allows less heat to be conducted into the interior of the building which reduces the cooling load in air-conditioned buildings and improve comfort conditions in non-air conditioned buildings. A number of cool white materials, compatible with most roofing products, are available on the market. To appeal to homeowners, special cool “color” products have been developed to match the dark colors of conventional residential roofs but are highly reflective in the invisible near-infrared (NIR) spectrum. Although many studies highlight the benefits of cool white coatings on roof membranes of low-slope roofs, knowledge of NIR reflective coatings on asphalt shingles of steep slope roofs remains limited. The intent of this exploratory study is to present a process that can be used to evaluate the perceived and actual benefits of NIR coatings field-applied to asphalt shingles on single-family houses. The proposed process can be applied to a large sample of homes and occupants in a future study. A questionnaire was designed to attempt to evaluate occupants’ perceived benefits in regards to their indoor environment and occupant satisfaction following applications of NIR coatings. Along with subjective data collection, a field-experiment was developed to objectively compare the thermal performance of an NIR reflective field-coated asphalt shingle roof system with that of a conventional asphalt shingle roof system. Questionnaire results indicated that occupants did not perceive any significant changes to their indoor environment but were satisfied overall with the application and appearance of the roof coating. Additionally, 50% of occupants stated that their monthly energy costs somewhat decreased after the application. Interestingly, 63% of respondents experienced some form of roof leak following the coating application. Among those who experienced roof leaks, 100% of the roofs were 10 years or older. Field results showed that the coated roof surface was 2 to 5℉ cooler than the uncoated roof surface at midafternoon. Statistical testing for correlation between coated roof surface temperature and external conditions revealed that relative humidity was negatively correlated with coated roof temperature, while solar altitude angle was positively correlated with coated roof temperature. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to develop a model for predicting the surface temperature of the coated asphalt shingle roofs from the ambient temperature, sky conditions, dew point temperature, relative humidity, solar altitude and azimuth angle.

This master thesis is exploring a possibility of densifying traditional block structure of a city by the design of a multifunctional building. It is located in Brno exactly in Brno centrum city part. The building site is defined by Veveří, Kounicova and Pekárenská streets. On the forth side there is existing block of flats on the Sokolská Street. The design itself is based on the form of a traditional enclosed block of flats, but masses are oriented differently. The basic principle is layering when first two floors are commercially oriented and therefore accessible by public. Living areas are separated by position above. The roof, connecting all of the buildings, is taking role of a traditional courtyard. In this case, it stays visually connected with surrounding street life and newly formed commercial parts. Masses of the complex are reflecting different city structures on each side. It encloses on the side of the Veveří Street which creates undisturbed street corridor. New structure opens more to Kounicova Street and reflects free city pattern of this part.

Automated systems for large-span roof truss optimization provide engineers with the flexibility to consider multiple alternatives during conceptual design. This investigation extends previous work on multi-objective roof truss optimization to include the design preferences of a human user. The incorporation of user preferences into the optimization process required creation of a mechanism to identify and model preferences as well as discovery of an appropriate location within the algorithm for preference application. The first stage of this investigation developed a characteristic feature vector to describe the physical appearance of an individual truss. The feature vector translates visual elements of a truss into quantifiable properties transparent to the computer algorithm. The nine elements in the feature vector were selected from an assortment of geometrical and behavioral factors and describe truss simplicity, general shape, and chord shape. Using individual feature vectors, a truss population may be divided into groups of similar design. Partitioning the population simplifies the feedback process by allowing users to identify groups that best suit their design preferences. Several unsupervised clustering mechanisms were evaluated for their ability to generate truss classifications that matched human judgment and minimized intra-group deviation. A one-dimensional Kohonen self-organizing map was selected. The characteristic feature vectors of truss designs within user-selected groups provided a basis for determining whether or not a user would like a new design. After analyzing user inputs, prediction algorithm trials sought to reproduce these inputs and apply them to the prediction of acceptable designs. This investigation developed a hybrid method combining rough set reduct techniques and a back-propagation neural network. This hybrid prediction mechanism was embedded into the operations of an Implicit Redundant Representation Genetic Algorithm. Locations within the ranking and selection processes of this algorithm formed the basis of a study to investigate the effect of user preference on truss optimization. Final results for this investigation prove that incorporating a user's aesthetic design preferences into the optimization project generates more design alternatives for the user to examine; that these alternatives are more in line with a user's conceptual perception of the project; and that these alternatives remain structurally optimal.

A living room is defined in terms of place theory (Canter, 1977a): a relationship between actions, conceptions, and physical attributes of the setting. A new term "anti-living room" is created to highlight the importance of a subject's decision in the use of the living room. A "multiple use" of the living room, which is an antithesis of place theory, is tested against the empirical data collected between two different cultures. The paradigms of Tao are introduced to highlight the cultural differences in the pattern of use of living rooms. The English living room is hypothesised to be predominantly yang (B) (rational), whereas the Japanese living room being predominantly yin (B) (intuitive). Attempts are made to relate the I Ching to facet theory, both dealing with the complexity of "real life" issues. In order to understand the "entire phenomenon" of a living room, and to accommodate the "multidimensional nature" of experiences in a living room, facet theory and its associated multidimensional scaling procedures (SSA-1, MSA-1 and POSA) have been applied in this study. A facet theory postulates a priori definitions (mapping sentences) of the pattern of use of living rooms. MDS procedures try to reveal the underlying structures of the data. Thus it is possible to compare findings within similar living rooms and between different living rooms of different cultures when a facet approach is taken. A cross-cultural study is presented of patterns of behaviour, furniture possessed and attitudes towards living rooms in 115 homes in Guildford (England) and a comparable social sample of 145 households in Oyama (Japan), reveals that the Japanese engage in a wider range of activities in the Japanese living room (yin action - synthesis). In the English living room the English are likely to specialize its use, namely, relaxing and entertaining (yang action - analysis). In the field of man's relationship with his living room, the type of approach which might be termed intuitive speculation seems to be lost in a world devoted to the supposedly more scientific approach of objective analysis. As Alan Watts (1970) has speculated, this emphasis on the so-called objective may indeed be a handicap for Western man, for it enables him to retain his belief in the separateness of the ego from all that surrounds it. Although certain objective facts have been presented in this thesis, it is hoped by the author that its overall message is clear: allow yourself to be open to the consideration of relationships other than those that can be proved or disproved by scientific method, for it may well be in these that a deeper truth lies. Chapter 1 defines a living room in English and Japanese houses and briefly outlines the structure and aims of the thesis. Chapter 2 introduces the concept of space in the East and the West and discusses the living room in a cross-cultural context. Chapter 3 reviews the existing research on living rooms. Chapter 4 describes the research instruments and the selection of samples and introduces facet theory and its associated multivariate statistics. Chapter 5 analyses the structure of the pattern of living room activities. Chapter 6 analyses the structure of the use of living room furniture. Chapter 7 analyses the structure of satisfaction with living rooms. Chapter 8 develops a typology of families and relates it to living room activities. Chapter 9 develops a typology of physical properties of living rooms and relates it to living room activities. Chapter 10 discusses the implications of the research.

Applications of chromium vary widely (refractories, chemicals and metallurgical); however, the greatest benefit of chromium is its ability to improve the corrosion resistance, strength and hardness of steel. South Africa possesses approximately 75% of the viable global chromite reserves and, as a result, dominates the ferrochrome market with production in excess of 5 million mega tonnes per year - making it an industry of extreme importance to the South African economy Submerged arc ferroalloy production furnaces mainly use Soderberg electrodes - self–baking continuous electrodes that are produced in situ during furnace operation. Electrode breakings may affect a furnace in a number of ways depending on the nature and location of the break. Low furnace power input, abnormal charging and tapping conditions, as well as loss of production are among the more common negative implications associated with electrode breaks. The successful operation of Soderberg electrodes is dependent on two main factors: high quality electrode paste and effective electrode management procedures. This study focused on electrode paste quality. The raw materials utilised in the production of Soderberg electrode paste consists of calcined anthracite mixed with a tar pitch binder. In this study the focus was on the development of an experimental procedure to measure the dimensional changes of electrode paste raw materials as a function of temperature by means of thermomechanical analysis (TMA). Three uncalcined anthracite (Zululand chips, Zululand duff, and Tendele duff) and two tar pitch samples (low and high softening point pitches, i.e. LSP and HSP) were obtained from a local paste producer. Electrode graphite samples were also obtained from a local pre–baked electrode supplier. The experimental procedure for both the anthracite and tar pitches consisted of two phases: sample preparation and TMA measurements. During the sample preparation procedure for the tar pitches, the two tar pitches were heat treated in order to prevent softening in the TMA (preventing possibly damage the instrument), where after pellets were pressed for TMA measurement. The anthracite samples were calcined at 1200, 1300 and 1400°C in the anthracite sample preparation phase. TMA sample pellets of calcined and uncalcined anthracite were pressed using only water as a binder. TMA was performed on pellets produced from the heat–treated tar pitch samples, uncalcined and calcined anthracite samples, as well as core drilled pellets of the pre–baked electrode graphite. The dimensional changes of these pellets were measured, as a function of temperature, through three consecutive heating (room temperature to 1300°C) and cooling (1300°C to approximately 100°C) cycles under a N2 atmosphere. A significant shrinkage (> 12%) for both the LSP and HSP tar pitches occurred during the first TMA heating cycle. During the second and third heating cycles of the LSP and HSP tar pitches, dimensional changes were approximately 2%. This indicates that substantial structural reordering of the carbonaceous binder takes place during the first heating cycle. TMA results obtained for all three the calcined anthracite samples investigated indicated thermal dimensional changes of less than 1%. The anthracite samples calcined at the highest experimental calcination temperature (1400°C) prior to TMA analysis had the smallest dimensional changes. This confirmed that higher calcination temperatures result in a higher level of structural ordering and dimensional stability. Considering the combined calcined anthracite and tar pitches TMA results, the importance of the initial baking of a Soderberg electrode at temperatures exceeding the baking isotherm temperature (475°C) becomes apparent - the dimensional behaviour of the tar pitch binder and the calcined anthracite differ dramatically, making the newly–formed electrode very susceptible to breakage. Once structural reordering of the pitch had taken place, thermal dimensional behaviours of the materials are much more similar, significantly reducing the risk of thermal shock–induced electrode breakages. In contrast to the relatively small dimensional changes measured for the calcined anthracite samples, the shrinkages measured for the uncalcined samples during the first TMA heating/cooling cycle were substantial (6–8%). This indicates the importance of the anthracite calcination process, before the electrode paste is formulated. Improperly calcined anthracite present in electrode paste would result in additional dimensional shrinkage that would have to be accommodated in the baking of a new electrode section. Considering the large shrinkage of the tar pitch that already takes place, it is unlikely that a strong enough electrode would be formed if this occurs. From the results, it also became apparent that the anthracite with the highest fixed carbon and lowest ash contents exhibited the smallest shrinkage during in situ TMA calcination. High fixed carbon, low ash type anthracites are therefore less prone to dimensional instabilities in Soderberg electrodes, as a result of poor calcination. The dimensional changes observed in the calcined anthracites were very similar to those observed for the electrode graphite samples. The expansions/shrinkages observed in the graphite samples were mostly less than 0.5%, whereas the expansions/shrinkages observed in the various calcined anthracites were approximately 0.6 to 0.9%. The difference in the magnitude of the dimensional behaviour between the calcined anthracites and the graphite can be attributed to the fact that the graphite had already undergone maximum structural ordering (having been pre–baked at 3000°C).
Thesis (M.Ing. (Chemical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Abstract Accurate measurement of the hydroperiod in isolated wetlands currently relies upon the installation and frequent monitoring of devices such as piezometers and staff gauges. Observations of biological indicators of the hydroperiod may be able to supplement data collected from these devices and could potentially replace them as a means of accurately determining this hydrologic interval. The study objective was to determine whether adventitious root formation and maturation on buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis) could be used as a viable indicator of the hydroperiod in isolated wetlands. Buttonbush seedlings were flooded in a controlled environment over a three month period in the summer of 2011. During this time, the length and complexity of adventitious roots observed were recorded. When average lengths of primary roots were regressed against time of inundation, a linear regression (r2) of 0.94 was calculated. The structure of these roots was then compared to adventitious roots observed in a natural wetland with a hydroperiod of 12 months. This was undertaken to allow a comparison of the observed lengths and complexity of adventitious roots in the controlled experiment with roots in the natural environment. The regression of both sets of observations yielded an r2 value of 0.99. Consequently, the results of this study found that the length of adventitious roots on buttonbush can help determine the hydroperiods of isolated wetland systems.

This research uses observation, interviews and content analysis to examine the perceived and actual risks arising from Internet use in eight educational establishments. The majority of staff interviewed expressed concern about online pornography and the dangers of web based chat rooms. Additionally staff were anxious about the risks posed by hate engendering sites, websites encouraging experimentation, copyright infringement and threats to network security. In considering these school Internet risk narratives I make a distinction between concern that the student is "at risk" and that they are "dangerous”, posing a threat to the institution. I point out that in the primary schools staff talked about students solely as being "at risk", whereas in secondary schools this concern was tempered with the view that students misusing the school Internet also posed a danger to the institution. In the post-16 college Internet risks were almost solely expressed in terms of the "dangerous student". While only a sparse student risk narrative existed, with a few students anxious about on-line pornography, chat-lines and security there was non-verbal evidence indicating that students were worried about being punished for misusing the Internet. In assessing the "student- at-risk", I argue that exposure to pornography via the school Internet was not likely to pose an actual risk, while undesirable others in chat rooms, hateful websites and sites encouraging experimentation all posed actual, though statistically remote, risks. Considering the Internet activities of the "dangerous student", I found little evidence to suggest that the issues of school image, staff authority and copyright should be a source of great concern, although I note that school network security was an actual risk which deserves more attention. Finally, I consider institutional attempts to control Internet use and alleviate some of these perceived and actual risks through the use of rhetoric, exclusion and surveillance.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South African water service providers experience major problems with providing adequate water services to consumers. Water service providers in South African urban areas rely on traditional centralised infrastructure, such as bulk supply networks, to provide water services. Alternative supply and stormwater drainage methods should be encouraged to help mitigate these problems. The researcher thus aims to quantify the potential impact that three alternative methods may have on a given dwelling in terms of its dependence on traditional bulk water services. The three alternatives considered in this thesis are the construction of green roofs, rainwater harvesting and greywater re-use. An efficiency of dwelling water use index (EDWI) was developed during this research project. It was designed in such a way as to show what portion of municipal water services could be replaced within the given dwelling by using the proposed techniques. The final EDWI-rating is obtained by using the EDWI-software tool developed as a part of this research. The derived EDWI-rating ranges from 0 to 100, with a rating of 100 indicating a dwelling requiring only the removal of a portion of sewage by a municipality, but no external water supply. Such a dwelling would also not require any water from a municipal network to meet domestic demand and all stormwater from its roof would be utilised within the plot boundaries. Results presented in this thesis illustrate how different geographical regions require different system specifications to obtain optimal EDWI-ratings, thereby lowering their dependence on the respective municipal water services. Validation of the EDWI-system proved difficult as no similar index could be found during the literature review. It was therefore decided to benchmark the EDWI-system using three model dwellings with nine configurations producing a total of 27 analyses. The EDWI-system provides a conceptual foundation for sustainable water services to South African households in serviced urban areas. Future work could further improve the EDWI-system by testing its practical application so that it may be extended to act as a national barometer, used to compare decentralised water services in terms of sustainability.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING:Suid-Afrikaanse waterdiensverskaffers ondervind groot probleme met die voorsiening van voldoende waterdienste aan verbruikers. Waterdiensverskaffers in Suid-Afrikaanse stedelike gebiede maak staat op tradisionele gesentraliseerde infrastruktuur, soos grootmaatvoorsienings netwerke, om waterdienste te verskaf. Alternatiewe voorsienings- en stormwater dreineringsmetodes moet aangemoedig word om hierdie probleme aan te spreek. Die studie poog dus om die potensiële impak wat drie alternatiewe moontlikhede kan hê op 'n gegewe woning in terme van sy afhanklikheid van die tradisionele waterdienste te kwantifiseer. Die drie alternatiewe moontlikhede wat in hierdie studie ingesluit word is die konstruksie van groendakke, reënwater oes en grys water hergebruik. 'n Huishoudelike water gebruik doeltreffendheids indeks (EDWI) is ontwikkel gedurende hierdie navorsingsprojek. Die indeks is ontwerp om aan te dui watter gedeelte van munisipale waterdienste deur die voorgestelde tegnieke vervang kan word. Die finale EDWI-gradering is verkry deur gebruik te maak van die EDWI-programmatuur wat ontwikkel is gedurende die navorsing. Die afgeleide EDWI- gradering wissel tussen 0 en 100, met 'n telling van 100 wat ‘n woning voorstel wat slegs die verwydering van 'n gedeelte van die riool deur die munisipaliteit vereis, maar wat geen eksterne watervoorsiening benodig nie. So 'n woning vereis dus geen water van ‗n munisipale netwerk nie, en alle stormwater van die dak word binne die erf gebruik. Resultate wat in hierdie studie voorgelê word illustreer hoe verskillende geografiese streke ander stelsel spesifikasies vereis om optimale EDWI-gradering te verkry. Die navorser kon geen indeks kry wat soortgelyk is aan die EDWI-stelsel om dit mee te vergelyk nie. Dit was gevolglik besluit om die indeks te standardiseer deur gebruik te maak van drie model huise met nege samestellings van alternatiewe, waardeur 27 ontledings ontwikkel was. Die EDWI-stelsel bied 'n konseptuele grondslag vir volhoubare waterdienste vir Suid-Afrikaanse huishoudings in gedienste stedelike gebiede. Toekomstige navorsing kan die EDWI-stelsel verder verbeter deur die praktiese toepassing te toets. Die stelsel kan uitgebrei word om ‗n nationale barometer vorm wat gebruik kan word om desentralisasie van waterdienste te meet in konteks van volhoubaarheid.

The sound field in rooms of small dimensions used for music reproduction is characteristically different from that found in larger rooms for music performance such as auditoria. Key differences between small critical listening spaces and large auditoria are the vastly different ranges of energy decay, 100 ms for the former and up to 8 s for the latter, and its directional behaviour, typically non-diffuse for the former and approximating a diffuse field for the latter. Despite these substantial differences, most of the metrics developed to describe the sound field in large spaces are evoked to quantify the performance of small rooms. This project focuses on developing measurement methods to characterise temporal and spatial qualities of sound in small rooms. A number of methods based on currently available acoustic probes have been developed. The implementation requisites and accuracy for each method has been quantified. Factors such as direction, time of arrival and strength of reflections have been extracted using signal analysis techniques based on the active instantaneous intensity and short-time Fourier transform. These factors are subsequently mapped to allow a description of their evolution through the energy decay in the room for a given measurement location. The best performing system, based on the use of one-dimensional p-p intensity probe mounted in a custom cradle, achieves a minimum overall mean error of 0.226 degrees and 2.971 degrees for the direct sound and first reflection respectively, which is near or below the measured human minimum audible angle (MAA). The method developed has direct applications in the quantification of small room acoustic sound fields for critical listening purposes.

Nitrogen availability is central to global food security. Understanding how plants respond to nitrogen could help develop crops with improved nitrogen use. This study aims to investigate how lateral root (LR) and nodule development are balanced in response to low (0.1 mM) and high (5 mM) NH4NO3 concentrations in the model legume Medicago truncatula var. Jemalong A17 using phenotypic and gene regulatory network analysis. High concentrations of NH4NO3 have an inhibitory effect on nodulation. The phenotypic measurements of root architecture of A17 in response to NH4NO3 and rhizobia showed that at high NH4NO3 rhizobia affected LR development. Total root size was less (P < 0.05) in rhizobia inoculated samples compared to the absence of rhizobia. This was due to a shorter primary root and less number of LRs. Whole genome profiling of early (2 and 6 hour) root responses to high NH4NO3 and rhizobia identified 4793 genes that were differentially expressed (significance cutoff of P<0.05). The early (2 and 6 h) responses to high NH4NO3 were mainly independent of the rhizobia effect and N-induction especially at 2 h time point was the predominant response. Some of the components of the autoregulation of nodulation (AON) pathway are also involved in LR development. The sunn-1 mutant is impaired in correct AON signals that lead to hypernodulation with short LRs at low N. Whole genome expression analysis of A17 and sunn-1 root samples identified 7186 significantly (P<0.05) expressed genes showing rhizobia and/or SUNN-regulated responses. These genes could be components of the AON pathway with putative role in balancing the number of nodules with LR development. Using motif analysis tools we identified motifs with putative promoters that were mainly Nodule specific cysteine rich peptides (NCRs). We suggest that these NCRs may be involved in regulating LR and nodule development depending on the plant N status.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
A growing shortage of water due to population growth and economic development is increasing the challenges for agriculture, is which wasteful in its use, and thus necessitates effective new solutions for the management of water resources in irrigated areas, mainly located in the semiarid region, where water is limited. Moreover, in the semiarid Northeast of Brazil, predominantly irrigation is still empirical, ie, it is not performed in the appropriated irrigation management, causing wastage of scarce water resources in the region. One alternative to improve this scenario is the use of computer software used in irrigation management. The ISAREG has been used in many countries, being able to assist in the simulation of irrigation. Moreover, with adjustments in the input data it should be possible to quantify water irrigation depths that may allow maintenance of soil moisture at different percentages of storage (the available water capacity, CAD), saving water resources and increasing efficiency irrigation. Another way to reduce the use of water in agriculture is through the use of soil cover, which is a simple technology and the whose benefits on production and crop yields are compelling, especially in situations of low water availability. Added to this, it is the fact that the interaction of these technologies can extend these effects. Therefore, this research aimed to diffuse a rational management of irrigation, in the cultivation of watermelon in semiarid region, from different proposition of the "software" ISAREG and the use of different coverage on the soil to increase efficiency in water use, and reduction in resource use of water. To this end, six (6) research actions were performed in UEPE Unit (Teaching, Research and Extension) IFCE the campus Limon North-Ce, the District Irrigation Jaguaribe-Apodi DIJA. In Research Action I was setting up a field experiment with watermelon crop, aiming at determining the variables used in the simulation of ISAREG software. In Action II a field research was carried out with the DIJA irrigators, regarding irrigation management adopted by them. During the Research Action III simulations using the ISAREG, and the preparation of proposals for irrigation were performed. The Action IV consisted of the analysis of efficiency in the simulation of the ISAREG model process. In the Action V field experiments, with the propositions generated by ISAREG model, and the modal management adopted by the DIJA irrigators versus differentiated coverage conditions in soil were performed. These were conducted under design in randomized complete block, split-plot design with 4 replications. Treatments included a combination of 04 irrigation propositions (three propositions of ISAREG: M1 = 100% maintenance of CAD, M2 and M3 80% 60% and M4, modal water depth irrigators) that constituted the plots and 04 sub-plots, with 03 soil cover conditions (coverage with rice husk with "mulching" white and "mulching" black, called C1, C2 and C3), and the sub-plot 4, the bare soil, called C0. Moisture conditions of the soil and the characteristics of development, production, productivity and post-harvest watermelon crop were analyzed. The results were subjected to analysis of variance, and when significant, were submitted to regression analysis (quantitative, water depths), the average (qualitative, coverage) and trend graphs (interaction between factors) test. The results were also certain financial indicators (TIR and VPL) and calculated the efficiency of water use. Finally, through Action Research VI was eddied a handbook of practical and informative nature, for distribution DIJA to extension agents and public users of these technologies and innovations. In conclusion, among others, can be said that: the factor of water availability (p) was 0.20 in F1, phenological phase 1; 0.19 in stage 2; 0.175 in phase 3; 0.17 to 4; F5 0.19; and 0.205 in F6; irrigators do not practice proper irrigation management, applying daily modal water depth of 6.3 mm; the irrigator applies throughout the life of the watermelon, more water than the indication of the larger water depth ISAREG (100% CAD), generating considerable loss by deep percolation; the larger moisture in the soil were observed in the experimental conditions with larger water depths applied to coverages of rice husk and "mulching" white; the lowest were found in bare soil; In general, plants irrigated M1 irrigated by the depth and covered on soils of rice hulls and "mulching" white plants demonstrated better productive and post-harvest characteristics; financial indicators showed that in all situations analyzed the investment is feasible, however, the highest returns were mainly in plants under M1 and rice husk and "mulching" white, as opposed to the M3 and bare soil; greater efficiency of water use was observed in the condition M3 with depth cover "mulching" white and the smallest in M4 with bare soil; ISAREG the model when fed properly with all the variables required for it, proved to be efficient in simulating the water balance, even under deficit irrigation in the cultivation of watermelon in DIJA.
Uma crescente escassez de Ãgua devido ao aumento populacional e ao desenvolvimento econÃmico està ampliando os desafios para a agricultura, perdulÃria no seu uso, necessitando-se que se encontrem novas soluÃÃes para a gestÃo dos recursos hÃdricos em Ãreas irrigadas, principalmente nas localizadas na regiÃo semiÃrida, onde a Ãgua à limitada. AlÃm disso, no semiÃrido nordestino predominantemente ainda se irriga empiricamente, ou seja, nÃo se realiza o correto manejo da irrigaÃÃo, ocasionando o desperdÃcio dos escassos recursos hÃdricos da regiÃo. Uma das alternativas para se melhorar esse cenÃrio à a utilizaÃÃo de softwares computacionais usados no manejo da irrigaÃÃo. O ISAREG tem sido utilizado em vÃrios paÃses, sendo capaz de auxiliar na simulaÃÃo de lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo. AlÃm disso, com adequaÃÃes nos dados de entrada deve ser possÃvel se quantificar lÃminas de reposiÃÃo que possam permitir a manutenÃÃo da umidade do solo em diferentes porcentagens do armazenamento (da capacidade de Ãgua disponÃvel, CAD), economizando o recurso hÃdrico e aumentando a eficiÃncia de irrigaÃÃo. Outra maneira de se reduzir o uso do recurso hÃdrico na agricultura à atravÃs da utilizaÃÃo de cobertura no solo, que à uma tecnologia simples e cujos benefÃcios sobre a produÃÃo e a produtividade das culturas sÃo irrefutÃveis, especialmente em situaÃÃes de baixa disponibilidade de Ãgua. Acrescenta-se a isto, o fato de que a interaÃÃo destas tecnologias pode ampliar estes efeitos. Portanto, a pesquisa objetivou difundir um manejo de irrigaÃÃo racional, no cultivo da melancia no semiÃrido, a partir de proposiÃÃes do âsoftwareâ ISAREG e da utilizaÃÃo de coberturas no solo visando aumentar a eficiÃncia no uso da Ãgua, com reduÃÃo no uso do recurso hÃdrico. Para tanto, 6 (seis) aÃÃes de pesquisa foram realizadas na UEPE (Unidade de Ensino, Pesquisa e ExtensÃo) do IFCE, campus Limoeiro do Norte-Ce, no Distrito de irrigaÃÃo Jaguaribe-Apodi, DIJA. Na AÃÃo de Pesquisa I ocorreu a constituiÃÃo de experimento de campo com a cultura da melancia, visando à determinaÃÃo das variÃveis utilizadas na simulaÃÃo do software ISAREG. Na AÃÃo II foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo junto aos irrigantes do DIJA, quanto ao manejo da irrigaÃÃo adotado pelos mesmos. Jà durante a AÃÃo de Pesquisa III foram realizadas as simulaÃÃes com o uso do ISAREG, e a elaboraÃÃo das proposiÃÃes de irrigaÃÃo. A AÃÃo IV constou da anÃlise da eficiÃncia no processo de simulaÃÃo do modelo ISAREG. Na V foram realizados experimentos de campo, com as proposiÃÃes geradas pelo modelo ISAREG e com o manejo modal adotado pelos irrigantes do DIJA versus condiÃÃes diferenciadas de cobertura no solo. Esses foram conduzidos sob delineamento em blocos completos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas e com 4 repetiÃÃes. Os tratamentos consistiram da combinaÃÃo de 04 proposiÃÃes de irrigaÃÃo (trÃs proposiÃÃes do ISAREG: M1 = manutenÃÃo de 100% da CAD; M2 de 80 % e M3 de 60%; e M4, lÃmina modal dos irrigantes) que constituÃram as parcelas, e 04 sub-parcelas, sendo 03 condiÃÃes de cobertura no solo (coberturas com casca de arroz, com âmulchingâ branco e com âmulchingâ preto, denominadas C1, C2 e C3), e a sub-parcela 4, o solo sem cobertura, denominado C0. Foram analisadas as condiÃÃes de umidade do solo e as caracterÃsticas de desenvolvimento, de produÃÃo, de produtividade e de pÃs-colheita da cultura da melancia. Os resultados foram submetidos à anÃlise de variÃncia e quando significativos, à anÃlise de regressÃo (quantitativo, lÃminas), a teste de mÃdias (qualitativos, coberturas) e a grÃficos de tendÃncia (interaÃÃo entre os fatores). TambÃm foram determinados indicadores financeiros (TIR e VPL) e calculada a eficiÃncia de uso da Ãgua. Finalmente, atravÃs da AÃÃo de Pesquisa VI foi elaborado um manual de natureza prÃtica e informativa, para distribuiÃÃo aos agentes de extensÃo e ao pÃblico usuÃrio das tecnologias e inovaÃÃes, atuantes no DIJA. Como conclusÃes, dentre outras, pode-se afirmar que: o fator de disponibilidade de Ãgua (f) foi 0,20 na F1, fase fenolÃgica 1; 0,19 na fase 2; 0,175 na fase 3; 0,17 na 4; 0,19 na F5; e 0,205 na F6; os irrigantes nÃo praticam o manejo correto da irrigaÃÃo, sendo a lÃmina modal diÃria de 6,3 mm; o irrigante aplica, durante todo o ciclo da melancia, mais Ãgua do que a indicaÃÃo de maior lÃmina do ISAREG (100% da CAD), gerando perda considerÃvel por percolaÃÃo profunda; as maiores umidades no solo foram verificadas nas condiÃÃes experimentais com maiores lÃminas aplicadas com coberturas de casca de arroz e âmulchingâ branco; as menores foram verificadas nos solos sem cobertura; em geral, as plantas irrigadas pela lÃmina M1 e sobre solos cobertos por casca de arroz e âmulchingâ branco demonstraram melhores caracterÃsticas produtivas e de pÃs-colheita; os indicadores financeiros demonstraram que em todas as situaÃÃes analisadas o investimento à viÃvel, no entanto, os maiores retornos ocorreram, principalmente nas plantas sob M1 com casca de arroz e âmulchingâ branco, em contraposiÃÃo ao M3 e solo sem cobertura; a maior eficiÃncia de uso da Ãgua foi verificada na condiÃÃo de lÃmina M3 com cobertura de âmulchingâ branco e a menor em M4 com solo sem cobertura; o modelo ISAREG, quando alimentado corretamente com todas as variÃveis por ele requeridas, demonstrou ser eficiente na simulaÃÃo do balanÃo hÃdrico, mesmo sob irrigaÃÃo deficitÃria, no cultivo da melancia no DIJA.

It has been showed that COO of product has an effect on consumers purchase decisions. Companies are trying to find ways to differentiate their brands from those of their competitors. In many cases the use of COO is considered difficult and is not understood to the level where it would add to the brand value of those companies. Academic areas such as nation branding, COO (country of origin), brand positioning and brand communications work as a base for the investigation of our research problem. The study uses Finland as a study objective to investigate how companies aiming for international markets can use their COO in smart ways when creating and developing their brand identities. The knowledge in these areas is deepened through semi structured interviews with six experts from different fields. The previous academic areas acknowledge that the communication needs to be directed for the right consumers, in a way that suits the recipient. Since consumers in international markets often share multiple/different perceptions and associations, when communicating the origin of a brand, a customer centric approach in the communications is vital. The study finds that country of origin, when used in corporate branding often needs to be explained through storytelling, that emphasizes why the origin adds value. This is done by translating aspects about the COO in to a form which consumers are able to understand and appreciate. An additional finding the study makes is the symbiosis between the companies and their country of origin. The companies have the ability to shape the nation brand of their origin, and hence, aid their own branding capabilities. Marketers need to understand the value of their COO and see the possibilities it may offer. This realization creates a symbiance between the brand and its origin which will create long term positive implications.

The aim of the master thesis is to process the project doucmentation for a mixed-used building in the cadastre unit of Brno-Líšeň. The object is designed as a building with a basement and four above-ground floors. The building has a regular floor plan with partial basement and flat roof and comprises 12 housing units. On the ground floor there is a mixed-used zone. The building has a wall structural system. It is designed with filigree floor slabs. The vertical structural system is mainly made from sand-lime blocks, while the rest is made from permanent formwork. The roof is designed as flat - single and green. The structure is based on strip foundations.

This thesis documents an investigation of the use of the roof diaphragm flexibility in the seismic design and analysis procedure of single-storey steel buildings designed otherwise in accordance with the provisions of the 2010 NBCC and the 2009 CSA S16. The design approach considers the members of the vertical bracing system as the ductile fuse elements in the seismic force resisting system (SFRS), whereas the diaphragm remains elastic. An alternative design approach was also examined in which the steel deck roof diaphragm acts as a ductile fuse element in the SFRS; at present this procedure is not permitted by the NBCC or CSA S16. The investigation was reliant on a complementary three phase test program in which nineteen large-scale roof diaphragm specimens were dynamically excited with a sequence of increasing amplitude loading protocols. The first part of the study comprised the development of a deep horizontal plane truss numerical model using the OpenSees software platform to reproduce the dynamic characteristics as well as the elastic and inelastic response of the nineteen test specimens. The predicted fundamental period of vibration, the elastic response and the inelastic hysteretic response were compared with the test results and the models were calibrated accordingly. In the second part of the study, the detailed design and non-linear time history dynamic analyses of representative medium size and large size single-storey steel buildings were carried out. The intent was to evaluate the overall behaviour of four structural systems whose design was tailored to either rely on the flexibility of the diaphragm or to allow the roof decking / connections to deform inelastically. OpenSees building models were developed by integrating a non-linear brace model with the non-linear diaphragm model. Dynamic analyses were performed on the designed buildings using the corresponding OpenSees building model and responses were evaluated under a suite of design level earthquake signals. The study illustrated that the analytically predicted fundamental period of vibration which includes the influence of the roof deck diaphragm could be used in the design of such single-storey steel buildings. This finding leads to the recommendation to revise the expression given in 2010 NBCC for the fundamental period of vibration as well as for the period limitation. Further, compared to the different structural systems, the buildings designed with EBF structural system were found most promising in terms of the relative capacity force on the steel deck diaphragm and the building response. The study also found that the diaphragms in the EBF and CBF structural systems could be designed for the force corresponding to the seismic base shear with RdRo = 2, if it controls the design. Moreover, significant shear strength degradation and concentration of inelastic demand were observed in the diaphragm at the edge of the buildings when the steel decks were parallel to the loading direction and the diaphragm was designed as a ductile fuse element. This illustrates that the value of 2.0 that was assumed for the seismic force reduction parameter Rd may not be appropriate in the design of such buildings. Similar strength degradation and concentration of inelastic demand in the diaphragm were observed in the buildings with a Type CC structural system, which shows that the diaphragm may need to be designed corresponding to the elastic seismic force.
La présente thèse porte sur une recherche sur l'utilisation de la flexibilité du diaphragme de toit dans la conception et l'analyse parasismiques des bâtiments d'un seul étage en acier conçus selon les dispositions parasismiques des normes de construction CNBC 2010 et CSA S16-09. L'approche de conception consiste à considérer les diagonales de contreventement faisant partie du système de résistance aux forces sismiques (SRFS) comme les éléments ductiles, alors que le comportement du diaphragme de toit demeure dans le domaine élastique. Une approche différente a aussi été examinée selon laquelle le diaphragme de toit en acier agit comme un élément ductile dans le SFRS, approche qui n'est pas autorisée dans les codes CNBC et CSA S16 présentement en vigueur. L'étude est tributaire d'un programme d'essais complémentaires en trois phases durant lequel dix-neuf spécimens de diaphragme de toit à grande échelle ont été soumis à des essais dynamiques selon un protocole de chargement à amplitude variable. La première partie de l'étude a porté sur l'élaboration avec le logiciel OpenSees d'un modèle numérique de diaphragme de toit composé d'un système de treillis afin de reproduire les caractéristiques dynamiques de même que les comportements élastique et inélastique des dix neuf spécimens. Les prédictions de la période fondamentale de vibration, du comportement élastique et de la réponse sous sollicitation inélastique cyclique ont été comparées aux résultats des essais au laboratoire, et les modèles ont été ajustés en conséquence. Dans le seconde partie du programme d'essais, la conception de différents bâtiments à un étage de taille moyenne et de taille grande, ainsi que l'analyse non-linéaire de ceux-ci, a été complétée. L'objectif était d'évaluer le comportement global de quatre systèmes structuraux dont la conception avait été adaptée pour prendre en compte la flexibilité du diaphragme de toit ou permettre les déformations inélastiques des connecteurs du tablier métallique. Des modèles des bâtiments ont été développés avec le logiciel OpenSees, en intégrant un modèle non linéaire des diagonales et le modèle non linéaire du diaphragme. Des analyses dynamiques des bâtiments ainsi conçus ont été réalisées avec le logiciel OpenSees et leur comportement a été évalué sous un ensemble de mouvements de sol sismique d'amplitude correspondant au niveau sismique de conception. L'étude à démontré que la période qui inclus l'influence du diaphragme peut être utilisée dans la conception d'un bâtiment à un étage en acier avec ce type de construction. Cette découverte mène à la recommandation de réviser l'expression du CNBC 2010 pour la période fondamentale du bâtiment ainsi que la limite empirique sur celle-ci. Les bâtiments construits avec un système de contreventements de type excentrique sont les plus prometteurs au niveau de la capacité relative du diaphragme en acier et la comportement du bâtiment. L'étude a aussi démontré que les diaphragmes qui sont unis avec un système de contreventements concentriques ou excentriques peuvent êtres conçus pour la force qui correspond au cisaillement calculé avec RdRo = 2, si celui-ci contrôle la conception du diaphragme. Il faut aussi noter qu'une dégradation significative de la capacité en cisaillement et une concentration de la demande élastique à été observée aux côtés des bâtiments quand la tôle est installée parallèle à la direction de la charge et quand le diaphragme est conçu comme l'élément sacrifiant. Ceci illustre le fait que la valeur de 2.0 assumé pour la ductilité du système (Rd) n'est pas nécessairement appropriée pour la conception de ce genre de bâtiments. Cette même concentration de la demande aux côtes et dégradation du système a aussi été observée dans les bâtiments conçus avec un système latéral de type 'construction conventionnelle' ce qui veut dire que le diaphragme devrait sans doute être construit pour la force sismique élastique.

This thesis deals with the comparison of rainwater and its subsequent use. Especially, it compares the rainwater from the classical and green roofs. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part deals with roofs in general, it focuses mostly on green roofs and green roofs in Norway. It also deals with precipitation and the use of rainwater. In the second part there is a brief introduction of organization called „Open Garden“. Susequently, this art is focused on the analysis of samples and their subsequent coparison in the framework of classic and green roofs. The second part is also focused on the comparison of water quality during the time.

Arrangements are also considered for providing other ways of deploying in situ natural turfgrass in multi-use stadia. These methods are not dependent on long-term advantageous environmental conditions. Some of these arrangements can also provide for the exchange of turfgrass playing surfaces for those are hard wearing. The details of these arrangements are complemented by case studies. Implementing some of these other arrangements may negate the need to incorporate strict environmental standards in stadia design

Thesis (MTech (Design))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015.
Whether one is fascinated by the night sky as a child, or as a professional astronomer looking back to the beginning of time solving life’s big questions; at some point in our lives we have curiously looked up at the heavens above. The desire to explore the universe has lead us to constructing larger and more advanced telescopes, with the sole focus of observing deeper into the cosmos in an attempt to unravel its secrets. Like with most other technological advances, it has created advanced and technically complex control rooms. Based on a design ethnographic study this thesis will focus on the exploration of the effects of complex interfaces of a control room environment and its users, where one of the leading twenty first century telescopes of its kind, Southern Africa Largest Telescope (SALT), is studied. While the STS framework and policy debates concerning the rapid development and integration of complex human and non-human systems into larger systems become common practice. The design ethnographic study revealed that the operation of the SALT telescope and the research being conducted by the astronomers is clearly hindered by poor control room design. The study identified relationships between the framework and the empirical findings, which was used to frame a design pilot study to determine if further design intervention would have a positive impact on the interaction of a control room system. This project will consist of: a literature review, an ethnographic study and the analysis of the findings, design framing of a pilot study, a design pilot study, and an evaluation of the study. The results from the design pilot study clearly show that the application of a design intervention to a control room environment could potentially impact the space positively and reduced frustration, improve comfort, increased efficiency in the users work practices, and ultimately amplified productivity. Providing an appropriate starting point for the exploration of possible solutions for identified challenges experienced in complex control room environments, more importantly it contributed to narrowing the socio-technical gap, between the mechanical and research departments of a leading international optical telescope, SALT.

The subject of the thesis is an architectural project of urban structure - a town house in Brno - Zábrdovice. The design uses the principle of multiplicity, which is characterized by multiplying of the site, using of roof planes and highlighting the object above the ground. The material of object is formed by the gradual reduction of the structure consisting of four blocks arranged around a central atrium. The building respects the height of the surrounding buildings, on the west side it has 5 floors, towards the river Svitava the height of the building gradually decreases. A significant feature is the use of greenery on roofs. Ventilated facade of the building will consist of perforated steel sheets Cor-ten and facade panels Cembrit.

This thesis presents a study of the wind load forces and their influence on the response of structures. The study is based on the capacity of the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition method (POD) to identify and extract organized patterns that are hidden or embedded inside a complex field. Technically this complex field is defined as a multi-variate random process, which in wind engineering is represented by unsteady pressure signals recorded on multiple points of the surface of a structure. The POD method thus transforms the multi-variate random pressure field into a sequence of load shapes that are uncorrelated with each other. The effect of each uncorrelated load shape on the structural response is relatively easy to evaluate and the individual contributions can be added linearly afterwards. Additionally, since each uncorrelated load shape is associated with a percentage of the total energy involved in the loading process, it is possible to neglect those load shapes with low energy content. Furthermore, the load shapes obtained with the POD often reveal physical flow structures, like vortex shedding, oscillations of shear layers, etc. This later property can be used in conjunction with classical results in fluid mechanics to theorize about the physical nature of different flow mechanics and their interactions. The POD method is well suited to be used in conjunction with the classical modal analysis, not only to calculate the structural response for a given pressure field but to observe the details of the wind-structure interaction. A detailed and complete application is presented here but the methodology is very general since it can be applied to any recorded pressure field and for any type of structure.

The subject of the diploma thesis is a new-built home for the seniors in the village Lavicky. The building is designed on flat terrain. The main entrance is oriented to the west. It is a building with one basement and three floors. The building is designed of reinforced concrete frame with masonry infill from Heluz. Basement wall is made of reinforced concrete. The building is covered from one part of a gable roof and the second part of the flat roof that serves as a terrace. House is designed for desabled persons.

The project deals with design of a multifunctional house. The object is situated in the city called Hořice in Hradec Králové region. Terrain of the land is flat. The building consists of a basement and four floors and it has a rectangular plan. There are four shops and ten dwelling units in the house. Layout of the units is three rooms plus one room. Above one part of thrid floor is a flat roof which is made of concrete tiles and vegetation. It serves for relaxing.

One goal of this research was to characterize shoot tissue-level responses in loblolly pine to soil moisture limitation in combination with fertilization as well as to more severe soil moisture limitation. We found that neither fertilization alone, nor fertilization in combination with soil moisture limitation resulted in changes to shoot tissue water relations parameters classically characterized in drought response studies. More severe water limitation was necessary to elicit responses, and those responses had not been fully described previously. The more severe water limitation resulted in increased capacitance beyond turgor loss, increased relative water content at turgor loss, a more negative turgor loss point, an increased bulk modulus of elasticity, more negative osmotic potential at 100% relative water content, and an increased apoplastic water fraction. As there were indications of reduced water use and moisture stress in the absence of shoot level responses under less severe drought, such parameters are insufficient alone to characterize moisture stress in fertilized and in less severely water limited loblolly trees. Additionally, we sought a morphological or physiological explanation for the reduced transpiration and increased water use efficiency reported for fertilized trees in the Virginia Piedmont. Our characterizations of the responses of root distribution and hydraulics to limited soil moisture here complement existing research, which demonstrated changes to root distribution and hydraulics in response to fertilization. The responses we discovered in fertilized trees that accompanied reduced transpiration and increased water use efficiency that differed from responses to reduced soil moisture alone were primarily large decreases to shallow root presence. We found this to be readily quantified using measures of root length density. Decreases to whole-tree hydraulic conductivity were also shown to occur with fertilization and were shown not to occur in shoot tissue, suggesting limitation via rhizosphere or root xylem conductance. Our results support the supposition that fertilization narrows hydraulic safety margins and potentially predisposes loblolly trees to moisture stress, particularly prolonged, severe water limitation following fertilization. Finally, we tested the validity of throughfall exclusion for simulating reduced rainfall using a greenhouse 'split-pot' study, which applied spatially fixed heterogeneous soil moisture to young, well-watered loblolly pines. The 'split-pot' experiments demonstrated that spatially fixed soil moisture heterogeneity does not confound drought effects; needle area specific transpiration was not decreased, nor was water use efficiency increased. This supports the validity of inferences taken from drought simulation experiments with loblolly pine where throughfall exclusion troughs reduce soil moisture content in a consistent, spatially heterogeneous manner.
Doctor of Philosophy

The topic of this diploma thesis is an elaboration of technical documentation for project of newly-built mixed-use building in Hlučín. Object is located on a quiet suburban area. The building has four floors and is designed from materials typical for our area. On the ground floor is shop and restaurant, on the floors are housing units. The house is covered with a hipped roof.

Orientador: Lucila Chebel Labaki.
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
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Resumo: A busca por materiais, tecnologias ou meios que tornem as edificações mais eficientes energeticamente é uma meta de pesquisadores, educadores e projetistas não só no Brasil, mas também no mundo. O uso de cores claras em coberturas tem sido bastante estudado como estratégia de resfriamento para climas quentes. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o desempenho térmico de acabamentos de cor branca em coberturas e estimar o consumo de energia para um ambiente com cobertura branca. Adicionado ao emprego de acabamentos refletivos, empregou-se a aspersão de água pluvial sobre os acabamentos empregados. A caracterização do desempenho de acabamentos de tinta na cor branca requisitou a realização de ensaios para determinar as características dos acabamentos nas superfícies das telhas: emissividade, refletância solar e absorção de água aspergida. Para tanto, a revisão bibliográfica do assunto foi necessária para investigar metodologias aplicadas in pesquisas realizadas no mundo. Em telhas de fibrocimento foram aplicadas tintas imobiliárias comuns (de diferentes composições químicas, porém de mesma cor branca) associadas à aspersão de água e expostas a intempéries ambientais. Temperaturas superficiais internas das telhas e variáveis meteorológicas foram coletadas e analisadas, conjuntamente com dados dos ensaios de refletância solar, emissividade térmica e absorção de água na superfície das telhas de fibrocimento. Os resultados para a técnica refletiva de acabamentos de cor clara comprovaram as expectativas, no entanto, quando esta técnica foi associada à aspersão de água nas superfícies, os resultados foram otimizados. Esses resultados ilustram a necessidade da atenção na especificação do tipo de acabamento branco. Estimou-se, através de simulação térmica, a influência do acabamento branco no consumo de energia anual de um ambiente. O propósito deste trabalho é contribuir com informações adicionais em relação ao acabamento de cor branca, atenuando as temperaturas da cobertura de uma edificação, como demonstrar que o emprego de água pluvial pode atenuar o volume escoado pelas vias na estação chuvosa
Abstract: The search for materials, technologies and ways that can get constructions more energy efficient has been a concern of researches, educators and designers not only in Brazil, but also in the world. The use of light colors on roofing has been studied a lot; like cooling strategy for hot climates. The aim of this work is to analyze thermal performance of white coatings on roofing and to estimate energy savings in a room with white coating on roofing. Evaporative cooling, added to reflective cooling, was used through rain-water spraying on coating surfaces. Some testing on coatings as thermal emissivity, solar reflectance and absorption of sprayed water were requested for characterization of coatings thermal performance. In consequence of that literature review related to these themes was necessary to investigate methodologies applied in researches which have been done in the world. Commercial and ordinary paintings (of different chemical compositions, but with same color: white) were applied on fiber cement tiles in association to water spraying in weather conditions. Inside-surface temperatures and meteorological data were collected and analyzed together with solar reflectance, thermal emissivity and water absorption by tile coatings. Results of reflective technique proved expectations and illustrated that some attention is requested to choose the kind of white painting. However, when these coatings received water spraying on surfaces, they got the best results. The white coatings influences were considered through an annual thermal simulation energy saving. This work has the purpose to contribute with existing additional information in relation to white painting available, in order to get less roofing temperatures as well as to show that the rain water usage could be a tool for decreasing drained water on streets in rainy season
Doutorado
Arquitetura, Tecnologia e Cidade
Doutora em Arquitetura, Tecnologia e Cidade

This final thesis concerns the new building of mixed-use building in Hořice. It has one floor partly below ground level and three floors above ground. There are garages for residential area, warehouse and boiler room in 1PP. There are offices and their base in the 1st and 2nd floor. There are 4 residental units in the 3rd floor. The building is designed in a shape of a rectangle. The roof is flat. There is the contact thermal insulation. There is designed gas boiler for heating. The supporting structure of the ceiling is monolithic concrete slab.

This final thesis concerns the new building of mixed-use building in Zlin. It has two floors partly below ground level and two floors above ground. There are garages, cellar boxes and nonresidential spaces. There are offices and their hinterland and one flat in the 2nd floor. There are residental units in the 3rd and 4th floor. The building is designed in irregular shape. The roof is flat. There is the contact thermal insulation. There are designed gas boilers for heating. The supporting structure of the ceiling is monolithic concrete slab.

The diploma thesis deals with the design of the holiday apartment house. The building with an irregular floor plan has four storeys and it is covered with a flat roof with vegetation in the level above 1.NP a gabled roof in a level above 4.NP. The apartment house offers ten separate apartment flats intended for temporary or permanent accommodation. It also includes a public area, including refreshments and relaxation zone with swimming pool.