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1
Hsieh, Jing Chzi, Jia Hsun Li, and Jia Horng Lin. "Cooling Effect of Waste Fiber Culture Medium Used as Extensive Green Roof." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 1219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.1219.
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Greening on roofs that are not totally used can create a good cooling effect and mitigate the urban heat island effect. Considering the load capacity of roofs and ecological protection, this study thus uses fiber waste to make culture mediums as an extensive green roof, after which sedum makinoi is then planted to evaluate the cooling effect of the waste fiber culture medium. The experimental results show that sedum makinoi planted with waste fiber culture medium can averagely reduce the temperature of the roof surface by 5 °C and to a maximum of 11.8 °C. Although experimental group and control group both have the same cooling effect, waste fiber culture medium which is much lighter than that of the control group, and it also has a life-cycle, an energy-saving, ecological friendly merit, both of which qualify it for use of the culture medium as extensive green roof.
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Zhang, Wei, Xing Zhong, Wu Che, Huichao Sun, and Hailong Zhang. "A laboratory study to determine the use of polluted river sediment as a substrate for extensive green roofs." Water Science and Technology 78, no. 11 (December 10, 2018): 2247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.501.
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Abstract In this study, laboratory-scale green (e.g. living) roof platforms were established to assess the potential use of polluted river sediment in their substrate mixture. The mean runoff retention of the green roof platforms, which contained peat and/or river sediment, after 11 artificial rainfall events was >72%, significantly higher than traditional roofs. However, green roof platforms that had been filled with peat soil showed chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) leaching. Green roofs that had used river sediment showed good leaching control for COD, TN and TP. The cumulative leaching masses from the green roofs contained 30% (COD), 42% (TN) and 47% (TP) as much as the total leaching mass from traditional roofs, and the Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb leaching risk from green roofs when river sediments are used as part of a substrate mixture was relatively low. Despite some nutrient leaching in the initial phase of runoff from the green roofs, river sediment has the potential to be used as a substrate for extensive green roofs.
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Karczmarczyk, Agnieszka, Anna Baryła, Joanna Fronczyk, Agnieszka Bus, and Józef Mosiej. "Phosphorus and Metals Leaching from Green Roof Substrates and Aggregates Used in Their Composition." Minerals 10, no. 2 (January 28, 2020): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10020112.
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Green roofs are constructions made of different layers, each serving a dedicated function. Substrates and materials used in their composition are essential from the point of view of rainwater retention and plant development, but they may have an adverse effect on runoff quality. Literature studies show that phosphorus and heavy metals are of main importance. The total roofs area covered with green increased in the last years in cities as they are efficient in retention of rainwater and delaying of the runoff, therefore, protecting the cities against floods. As green roofs filtrate a significant amount of rainwater, materials used in substrates composition should be carefully selected to protect urban receivers against pollution. The aim of this study was to assess phosphorus and heavy metals leaching from different green roof substrates and their components with the focus on green roof runoff quality. Both commercially made green roof substrates and often used compounds (construction aggregates) were tested in laboratory batch tests for P, Cu, Ni, Cd, and Zn content in extracts. Based on the results of this study, it could be emphasized that a large part of commonly used construction aggregates can be a source of phosphorus, some also can release elevated values of nickel. Therefore, the materials should be carefully tested before use in the green roof substrate composition, not only for their physical properties reflecting water retention capacity, but also for chemical composition.
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Pushkar, Svetlana, and Oleg Verbitsky. "LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENTS OF WHITE FLAT AND RED OR WHITE PITCHED ROOFS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN ISRAEL." Journal of Green Building 12, no. 2 (March 2017): 95–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618.12.2.95.
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Historically, white flat roofs have been used in Israel due to the intense solar radiation and long, hot, rainless summers. However, red pitched roofs have also been frequently used for aesthetic reasons. It has been recently observed that red pitched roofs have been recolored white by homeowners. The goal of this study was to compare the life cycle assessments (LCAs) of white flat roofs versus red or white pitched roofs through their production (P), operational energy (OE), and maintenance to disposal (MtoD) stages. EnergyPlus software was used to evaluate the OE stage. The ReCiPe method was used to evaluate the environmental damages in all the stages. A two-stage nested ANOVA was used to determine the significant differences between the ReCiPe result of a white flat roof and the ReCiPe result of a red/white pitched roof. It was found that (i) selection of the best roof technology (flat or pitched) requires consideration of the LCA, including the P, OE, and MtoD stages; (ii) the white (flat and pitched) roof was the best technology, while the red pitched roof was the worst technology; and (iii) the combination of the ReCiPe endpoint hierarchical six methodological options method with two-stage nested hierarchical mixed ANOVA is the best approach for assessing the differences related to the LCAs of roof technologies.
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Kyrö, Kukka, D. Johan Kotze, Małgorzata Anna Müllner, Sanja Hakala, Elöd Kondorosy, Timo Pajunen, Ferenc Vilisics, and Susanna Lehvävirta. "Vegetated roofs in boreal climate support mobile open habitat arthropods, with differentiation between meadow and succulent roofs." Urban Ecosystems 23, no. 6 (April 30, 2020): 1239–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11252-020-00978-4.
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Abstract Vegetated roofs are hoped to benefit urban wildlife, yet there are few empirical results regarding the conservation potential of such roofs. In this paper, we focus on arthropods on vegetated roofs. We vacuum sampled 17 succulent, meadow or succulent-meadow roofs, in Helsinki, Finland, and used order to species level information together with trait data to describe the communities. We evaluated the importance of biophysical roof characteristics on shaping arthropod assemblages to provide information concerning roof designs that promote rich arthropod fauna. Arthropod communities differed between the three roof types and the influence of roof variables varied between and within arthropod orders. The main local drivers of arthropod abundance across the individually analysed taxa were roof height and vegetation, with mainly positive effects of height (up to 11 m) and litter cover, and mainly negative effects of grass cover. Based on trait data from true bugs, spiders and ants, the roofs consisted mainly of common dispersive species that are generalist feeders and associated with dry open habitats or have wide habitat tolerance. We found one true bug species new to the country and assume that it arrived with imported vegetation. Based on these findings, vegetated roofs of varying height and size benefit common generalists and fauna of open dry habitats, but seem to lack rare native specialists and may introduce non-natives if imported plant material is used. Because the responses to vegetation characteristics are taxon-specific, high diversity of roof vegetation types would benefit arthropod conservation.
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Schjøth Bunkholt, Nora, Lars Gullbrekken, Stig Geving, and Tore Kvande. "Compact wooden roofs with smart vapour barrier – Pilot project experiences." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 07010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017207010.
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Compact roofs are normally built without organic materials between the vapour barrier and the roof membrane due to moisture safety risks. However, laboratory measurements indicate that organic materials could be used provided that a smart vapour barrier (SVB) is applied at the warm face of the roof construction. The aim of this study is to investigate the moisture and temperature conditions in three full-scale flat compact wooden roofs with SVB. The roofs are part of two pilot projects located in Longyearbyen, Svalbard and Malvik, Norway. The paper presents the two projects including the premises for construction of the roofs and provides preliminary measurement results. The roofs are instrumented to measure moisture content and temperature in the wooden roof beams. The initial results from Longyearbyen show that the moisture content in the wooden beams is low and indicate that compact wooden roofs with SVB may be a solution with acceptable moisture risk in the arctic climate. The initial results from Malvik show that there might be a risk of mould growth in the roof as the built-in moisture in the wooden beams was up to 24 weight-%. In both projects, the moisture content in the beams in general was higher close to the roof underlay than close to the SVB.
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Hernández-Pérez, Iván. "Influence of Traditional and Solar Reflective Coatings on the Heat Transfer of Building Roofs in Mexico." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (April 6, 2021): 3263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11073263.
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Building roofs are sources of unwanted heat for buildings situated in zones with a warm climate. Thus, reflective coatings have emerged as an alternative to reject a fraction of the solar energy received by roofs. In this research, the thermal behavior of concrete slab roofs with traditional and solar reflective coatings was simulated using a computational tool. The studied slab configurations belong to two groups, non-insulated and insulated roofs. In the second group, the thermal insulation thickness complies with the value recommended by a national building energy standard. Weather data from four cities in Mexico with a warm climate were used as boundary conditions for the exterior surface of the roofs. The computational tool consisted of a numerical model based on the finite volume method, which was validated with experimental data. A series of comparative simulations was developed, taking a gray roof as the control case. The results demonstrated that white roofs without insulation had an exterior surface temperature between 11 and 16 °C lower than the gray roof without insulation. Thus, the daily heat gain of these white roofs was reduced by a factor ranging between 41 and 54%. On the other hand, white roofs with insulation reduced the exterior surface temperature between 17 and 21 °C compared to the gray roof with insulation. This temperature reduction caused insulated white roofs to have a daily heat gain between 37 and 56% smaller than the control case. Another contribution of this research is the assessment of two retrofitting techniques when they are applied at once. In other words, a comparison between a non-insulated gray roof and an insulated white roof revealed that the latter roof had a daily heat gain up to 6.4-times smaller than the first.
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Gadgihalli, Vishal, Meena, Prabin Neupane, and Raghavendra Prasad Havanje Dinakar. "SURVEY OF CHANGE IN HUMIDITY, TEMPERATURE AND ILLUMINANCE BY USING DIFFERENT MATERIALS FOR ROOF CONSTRUCTION." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 11 (November 30, 2017): 390–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i11.2017.2372.
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A roof is uppermost part of building or shelter which plays a predominant role in protecting inner elements and living things inside structure, this protects against weather, rain, snow, heat, wind and sunlight. The protection properties of roof vary by composites with which the roof is made. In this paper analysis of temperature, humidity and illuminance properties variation due to different types of roofs, the survey made on different roofs such as R.C.C, Asbestos sheets, planks and shack type of roofs for 24 hours are compared to reading that are obtained by open place reading without any roof. This survey clearly represented that readings gradually increases when sun is at his highest point and reduces to zero in the absence of sun. This survey also revealed that using asbestos sheet roof will increases humidity of roof eventually and by using shank roof reduces the temperature, humidity, and lux values passing in to building. Hence this says that although shank roof are less strength roof compared to all roofs these can be used in arid region to reduce interior temperature and humidity, although asbestos sheets are thin layered these can be used in places where humidity and temperature is required compared to temperature and humidity outside the building.
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Deng, Yingbin, Renrong Chen, Yichun Xie, Jianhui Xu, Ji Yang, and Wenyue Liao. "Exploring the Impacts and Temporal Variations of Different Building Roof Types on Surface Urban Heat Island." Remote Sensing 13, no. 14 (July 20, 2021): 2840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13142840.
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This study examined the impact of different types of building roofs on urban heat islands. This was carried out using building roof data from remotely sensed Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) imagery. The roofs captured included white surface, blue steel, dark metal, other dark material, and residential roofs; these roofs were compared alongside three natural land covers (i.e., forest trees, grassland, and water). We also collected ancillary data including building height, building density, and distance to the city center. The impacts of various building roofs on land surface temperature (LST) were examined by analyzing their correlation and temporal variations. First, we examined the LST characteristics of five building roof types and three natural land covers using boxplots and variance analysis with post hoc tests. Then, multivariate regression analysis was used to explore the impact of building roofs on LST. There were three key findings in the results. First, the mean LSTs for five different building roofs statistically differed from each other; these differences were more significant during the hot season than the cool season. Second, the impact of the five types of roofs on LSTs varied considerably from each other. Lastly, the contribution of the five roof types to LST variance was more substantial during the cool season. These findings unveil specific urban heat retention drivers, in which different types of building roofs are one such driver. The outcomes from this research may help policymakers develop more effective strategies to address the surface urban heat island phenomenon and its related health concerns.
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Schärer, Lotte Askeland, Jan Ove Busklein, Edvard Sivertsen, and Tone M. Muthanna. "Limitations in using runoff coefficients for green and gray roof design." Hydrology Research 51, no. 2 (March 30, 2020): 339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2020.049.
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Abstract Climate change combined with urbanization increases the performance demand on urban drainage systems. Green roofs are one of the most used green infrastructure measures to alleviate the pressure on the urban drainage system through the detention and retention of runoff. The rational method with the runoff coefficient (C) is one of the most commonly used design tools for stormwater design in Norway. This method relies on a runoff coefficient being available for green roofs, which is typically not the case. This paper compares laboratory and experimental field studies to investigate runoff coefficients from different types of detention-based roofs. The methodology described in the German ‘FLL Guideline’, one of the world's most commonly used green roof standards, was used to measure the runoff coefficients for the different components making up a typical green roof. The contribution from each layer is reflected in the runoff coefficients. The runoff coefficients from the field experiments were calculated using observed precipitation and runoff from existing green roofs in Oslo, Trondheim, Sandnes, and Bergen, Norway. Events that had a cumulative precipitation comparable to the laboratory events, but longer durations, were selected. These events gave significantly lower and varying runoff coefficients, clearly demonstrating the limitation of choosing a suitable runoff coefficient for a given roof. However, laboratory experiments are important in understanding the underlying flow processes in the different layers in a detention-based roof.
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Ran, Jiandong, Zhenjing Yang, Ya Feng, Ke Xiong, and Mingfang Tang. "Energy performance assessment and optimization of extensive green roofs in different climate zones of China." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 16003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017216003.
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There are many research and engineering projects on extensive green roofs, however, there is still no design guide for green roofs` climate energy efficiency, which limits the further promotion and usage of it, especially in China containing five climate zones. Taking different climate zones of China as examples, the verified building model is used in the DesignBuilder software, and 2-4 typical cities in each climate zone are selected, then combined the genetic algorithm (GA-Ⅱ) to optimize the energy efficiency of the building under green roofs. The results show that in all the cities studied in the five climatic zones, extensive green roofs are more energy efficient than ordinary thermal insulation roofs, and the energy saving rate is between 1-26.4%; except for the Nenjiang, which the energy is mainly used for heating, the cooling energy consumption is reduced and the heating energy consumption is increased after the optimized green roof is adopted in other cities; it is also found that the energy saving rate of the green roof with optimization has a high correlation with the total annual solar radiation value of the city. In addition, the energy efficiency optimization of green roofs in all cities shows that a larger leaf area index is more conducive to energy conservation; however, in southern China, it is not recommended to use a thermal insulation layer in the roof structural layer below the soil.
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Issa, Roy J., Kenneth Leitch, and Byungik Chang. "Experimental Heat Transfer Study on Green Roofs in a Semiarid Climate during Summer." Journal of Construction Engineering 2015 (January 18, 2015): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/960538.
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An experimental study was conducted on green roofs under the semiarid summer climatic conditions of West Texas to investigate the effect of soil type, moisture content, and the presence of a top soil grass layer on the conductive heat transfer through the roof. Two soil types were investigated: uniform sand and local silt clay. Tests were also conducted on a control roof. A dual-needle heat-pulse sensor was used to conduct thermal property tests on the soils. The tests reveal that unlike sand, the thermal conductivity of silt clay did not increase continuously with soil moisture. Better heat transfer conditions were achieved when the sand and silt clay roofs were watered to a water depth of 10 mm per day rather than double the amount of 20 mm per day. The roof with silt clay soil had the lowest fluctuation in inner temperature between daytime and nighttime. Green roofs with silt clay soil required more than twice the amount of soil moisture than green roofs with sand to achieve similar roof heat transfer rates. The best net heat flux gains for vegetated green roofs were 4.7 W/m2 for the sand roof and 7.8 W/m2 for the silt clay roof.
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Aydoğdu, İbrahim, Mukaddes Merve Kubar, Dahi Şen, Osman Tunca, and Serdar Çarbaş. "Optimum design of purlin systems used in steel roofs." Challenge Journal of Structural Mechanics 4, no. 3 (September 4, 2018): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.20528/cjsmec.2018.03.002.
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In this study, one existing purlin system which is used in steel roof is optimized by taking into account less cost and bearing maximum load via developed software. This software runs with firefly algorithm which is one of the recent stochastic search techniques. One of the metaheuristic techniques, so-called firefly algorithm imitates behaviors of natural phenomena. Behaviors and communications of firefly are inspired by this algorithm. In optimization algorithm, steel sections, distance between purlins, tensional diagonal braces are determined as design variables. Design loads are taken into account by considering TS498-1997 (Turkish Code) in point of place where structure will be built, outside factors and used materials. Profile list in TS910 is used in selection stage of cross sections of profile. Constraints of optimization are identified in accordance with bending stress, deformation and shear stress in TS648. Design variables of optimization are selected as discrete variables so as to obtain applicable results. Developed software is tested on existing real sample so; it is evaluated with regard to design and performance of algorithm.
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Li, XiaoXiao, JunJun Cao, PeiXian Xu, Ling Fei, Qin Dong, and ZhaoLong Wang. "Green roofs: Effects of plant species used on runoff." Land Degradation & Development 29, no. 10 (August 2, 2018): 3628–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3102.
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Cao, Zhenggang, Mengmeng Liu, and Pengcheng Wu. "Experiment Investigation and Numerical Simulation of Snowdrift on a Typical Large-Span Retractable Roof." Complexity 2019 (December 26, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5984804.
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Retractable roofs are commonly used in designing large-span stadiums because of their versatility. However, retractable roofs are subject to sudden changes in shape, and thus, factors in addition to those considered for conventional roofs need to be taken into account. In particular, retractable roofs are considerably more sensitive to snow loads because their shapes are complex, and snowdrift on roofs may lead to difficulties for the operating of retractable roofs. To investigate the distribution of snow on retractable roofs, this study proposes a method based on a numerical simulation of snowdrift obtained using the Euler–Euler method in multiphase flow theory. This numerical model employs a mixture model by using the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software FLUENT. A suitable turbulence model is selected for the simulation through verification against two-dimensional (2D) data obtained from field measurements reported in previous studies. However, the snow load on retractable roofs cannot be determined by a 2D distribution easily. The accuracy of predicting the overall distribution of snow load on roofs was verified by experiments conducted on a horizontally retractable roof. The results show that a nonuniform snow distribution on such roofs is distinct and should be considered.
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Ilehag, R., D. Bulatov, P. Helmholz, and D. Belton. "CLASSIFICATION AND REPRESENTATION OF COMMONLY USED ROOFING MATERIAL USING MULTISENSORIAL AERIAL DATA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-1 (September 26, 2018): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-1-217-2018.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> As more cities are starting to experience the urban heat islands effect, knowledge about the energy emitted from building roofs is of primary importance. Since this energy depends both on roof orientations and materials, we tackled both issues by analysing sensor data from multispectral, thermal infrared, high-resolution RGB, and airborne laser datasets (each with different spatial resolutions) of a council in Perth, Australia. To localise the roofs, we acquired building outlines that had to be updated using the normalised digital surface model, the NDVI and the planarity. Then, we computed a semantic 3D model of the study area, with roof detail analysis being a particular focus. The main objective of this study, however, was to classify three commonly used roofing materials: <i>Cement tiles</i>, <i>Colorbond</i> and <i>Zincalume</i> by combining the multispectral and thermal infrared image bands while the high-resolution RGB dataset was used to provide additional information about the roof texture. Three types of image segmentation approaches were evaluated to assess any differences while performing the material classification; pixel-wise, superpixel-wise and building-wise image segmentation. Due to the limited amount of labelled data, we extended the dataset by labelling data ourselves and merged <i>Colorbond</i> and <i>Zincalume</i> into one separate class. The supervised classifier Random Forest was applied to all reasonable configurations of segmentation kinds, numbers of classes, and finally, keeping track of the added value of principal component analysis.</p>
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Gao, Rui, Jingxuan Yang, Tiejun Kuang, and Hongjie Liu. "Investigation on the Ground Pressure Induced by Hard Roof Fracturing at Different Layers during Extra Thick Coal Seam Mining." Geofluids 2020 (November 5, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8834235.
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The fracturing of hard roofs in different layers would result in complex ground pressure on the working face, such as supports collapsed and severe roadway deformation. However, the mechanism of the ground pressure induced by hard roof fracturing in different layers is still unclear. In the paper, a physical model of a 20 m extrathick coal seam mined with hard roofs existing was established based on the physical simulation similarity criterion. The overburden fracturing structure, abutment stress distribution, and failure characteristics of the coal body were monitored by a noncontact strain measurement system and resistance strain gauges, to reveal the mechanism of ground pressure induced by hard roof fracturing. Furthermore, on-site measurement was used to monitor and analyze the ground pressure affected by hard roofs in different levels. The results provide a theoretical basis for the control of ground pressure in extrathick coal seam mining with hard roofs.
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Pirouz, Behrouz, Stefania Anna Palermo, Mario Maiolo, Natale Arcuri, and Patrizia Piro. "Decreasing Water Footprint of Electricity and Heat by Extensive Green Roofs: Case of Southern Italy." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (December 6, 2020): 10178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122310178.
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Electrical and energy production have a noticeable water footprint, and buildings′ share of global energy consumption is about 40%. This study presents a comprehensive experimental analysis of different thermal impacts and water consumption of green roofs in a Mediterranean climate. The study aims to investigate the use of water directly for green roofs and reduce the water footprint of energy in summer and winter due to its thermal impacts. The measurements were carried out for an extensive green roof with an area of 55 m2 and a thickness of 22 cm, and direct water consumption by a green roof and direct and indirect water consumption by cooling and heating systems were analyzed. According to the analysis, in summer, the maximum roof temperature on a conventional roof was 72 °C, while under the green roof it was 30.3 °C. In winter, the minimum roof temperature on a conventional roof was −8.6 °C, while under the green roof it was 7.4 °C. These results show that green roofs affect energy consumption in summer and winter, and the corresponding thermal requirements for the building have a water footprint regarding energy production. In summer, the thermal reduction in the water footprint by a green roof was 48 m3 if an evaporative air conditioner is used and 8.9 m3 for a compression air conditioner, whereas the water consumed in the green roof was 8.2 m3. Therefore, using water directly in the green roof would reduce the energy consumption in buildings, and thus less water has to be used in power plants to provide the same thermal impact. In winter, green roofs′ water consumption was higher than the thermal water footprint; however, there is no need to irrigate the green roof as the water consumed comes from precipitation. This experimental analysis determines that in the Mediterranean climate, green roofs allow the achievement of the same thermal conditions for buildings in both summer and winter, with a reduction in water consumption.
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Thongkanluang, Thadsanee, Jantharat Wutisatwongkul, Neramitr Chirakanphaisarn, and Artorn Pokaipisit. "Performance of Near-Infrared Reflective Tile Roofs." Advanced Materials Research 770 (September 2013): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.770.30.
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A green pigments based on a Cr2O3-Al2O3-V2O5-TiO2composition have been synthesized and the ability of these pigments used with ceramic glazes to confer high solar reflectance has also been studied. Cr2O3is the host component and the adding mixtures of Al2O3, V2O5and TiO2as the guest components. The composition denoted by T1 composes of Cr2O3, TiO2, Al2O3and V2O5are 80, 4, 14 and 2 wt%, respectively, gives near infrared solar reflectance of 82.8%. T1 green pigments were prepared for ceramic cool tile roofs (denoted by T1 cool roof). The comparison study on the effectiveness of T1 ceramic cool roofs and a commercial ceramic cool tile roofs (denoted by C cool roof) show that the T1 cool roof has given a better result by keeping the tested room about 4 °C cooler.
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Beech, JC, and GK Saunders. "Mastic asphalt used as the weatherproof layer in flat roofs." Construction and Building Materials 3, no. 2 (June 1989): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0950-0618(89)80005-4.
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Ribas, D., A. Curado, and P. Cachim. "Comparative Economic Sustainability of Commonly used Flat Roofs in Portugal." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 503 (June 19, 2020): 012071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/503/1/012071.
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Juras, P. "Degradation of wooden products used in non-ventilated flat roofs." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1015, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1015/1/012036.
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Taylor, Donald A. "Snow on two-level flat roofs — measured vs. 1990 NBC loads." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 19, no. 1 (February 1, 1992): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l92-006.
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Between 1967 and 1982, depths and specific gravities of snow were recorded on 44 single- and multi-level flat-roofed buildings between Halifax and Edmonton. The average density of snow in the drifts where the roofs change elevation was about 3.0 kN/m3, the value used consequently in the 1990 National Building Code of Canada (NBC). This is some 25% higher than the value used in the 1985 NBC. Data on drift geometry and maximum loads in the drifts are presented and compared with provisions in the 1990 NBC. As well, the paper presents measured values of average and maximum roof-to-ground load ratios for upper level roofs and for lower roofs away from the drifts. These compare favourably with those recommended in the 1985 and 1990 NBC. The statistical variabilities of snow loads and densities are given, since these are required to establish load factors used for limit states design in the NBC. Further research needs are identified. Key words: snow loads, snow drifts, uniform snow, flat roofs, snow density, snow load variability, snow load survey.
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Gao, Rui, Bingjie Huo, Hongchun Xia, and Xiangbin Meng. "Numerical simulation on fracturing behaviour of hard roofs at different levels during extra-thick coal seam mining." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 1 (January 2020): 191383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191383.
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In fully mechanized caving mining of extra-thick coal seams, the movement range of overburden is wide, resulting in the breakage of multilayer hard roofs in overlying large spaces. However, the characteristics, morphology and impact effect of hard roofs at different levels are different and unclear. In this study, a secondary development was used in the numerical simulation software ABAQUS, and the caving of rock strata in the finite-element software was realized. The bearing stress distribution, fracturing morphology and impact energy characteristics of hard roofs at different levels were studied to reflect the action and difference of hard roof failure on the working face; thus, revealing the mechanism of the strong ground pressure in stopes, and providing a theoretical basis for the safe and efficient mining of extra-thick coal seams with hard roofs.
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Nader, Mirosław, and Krzysztof Kielczyk. "Strength of the semitrailer’s roof in the aspect of road traffic safety." WUT Journal of Transportation Engineering 121 (June 1, 2018): 285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4609.
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Stable and slidable roofs of the semitrailers are usually characterized by low weight and easy handling, which equals directly into comfort of use, longevity of the system and the time needed to open or close. However, not always an operational advantages of roofs go hand in hand with their durability, especially in the snowfall situation or sudden changes of the road lane by a set of vehicles: a truck tractor – a semitrailer. The analysis of homologation regulations shows that today there are no precise requirements and physical testing / strength methods for assembled roofs of the semitrailers as components. The test methods for complete vehicle bodies (including the roof), which have destructive nature, are described in European standards, e.g. EN 12642:2017 "Securing of cargo on road vehicles – Body structure of commercial vehicles – Minimum requirements" [6], internal German regulations, e.g. VDI 2700:2004 "Securing of loads on road vehicles" [8] or Directive DCE 9.5:2008 ”Load security for transportation of load containers on utility vehicles in road traffic” [7]. A non-destructive, possible to perform, testing method for the roof as a component - is calculation method. The results of the performed tests allow to conduct development works over improving the vehicle’s system security (including the introduction of new semitrailers roofs design solutions and verification of existing ones). The carried out strength tests give possibilities to optimize and adapt the roofs to the transported loads, e.g. stable lifting roofs used in transport of divisible loads, or sliding roofs used in the transport of non-separate loads. The strength testing of the semitrailer’s roofs is highly justified from the point of view of securing the load and safety of passengers, drivers and other road users primarily. The requirements and limitations of the mentioned testing methods are not - in the authors opinion - 100% of realistic and possible deformation during the real vehicle’s road traffic. On the other hand, the cited documents exists as recognized regulators in the international arena of the road traffic legislation. The work’s aim is demonstrating the benefits of using reinforced roofs in all types of the semitrailer’s bodyworks.
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Li, Yanling, and Roger W. Babcock. "Green roof hydrologic performance and modeling: a review." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 4 (November 27, 2013): 727–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.770.
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Green roofs reduce runoff from impervious surfaces in urban development. This paper reviews the technical literature on green roof hydrology. Laboratory experiments and field measurements have shown that green roofs can reduce stormwater runoff volume by 30 to 86%, reduce peak flow rate by 22 to 93% and delay the peak flow by 0 to 30 min and thereby decrease pollution, flooding and erosion during precipitation events. However, the effectiveness can vary substantially due to design characteristics making performance predictions difficult. Evaluation of the most recently published study findings indicates that the major factors affecting green roof hydrology are precipitation volume, precipitation dynamics, antecedent conditions, growth medium, plant species, and roof slope. This paper also evaluates the computer models commonly used to simulate hydrologic processes for green roofs, including stormwater management model, soil water atmosphere and plant, SWMS-2D, HYDRUS, and other models that are shown to be effective for predicting precipitation response and economic benefits. The review findings indicate that green roofs are effective for reduction of runoff volume and peak flow, and delay of peak flow, however, no tool or model is available to predict expected performance for any given anticipated system based on design parameters that directly affect green roof hydrology.
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Suszanowicz, Dariusz. "Model research on the influence of green roofs on environmental parameters in urban agglomerations." E3S Web of Conferences 45 (2018): 00094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184500094.
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This study presents features of green roofs in urban areas with a particular emphasis on the filtration of air pollutants, heavy metals removal, reduction of rainwater runoff from roof surfaces and thermal insulation. To carry out field studies on the influence of green roofs on the environment in urban areas, two green roof models on a laboratory scale were used. The observations of the prepared green roof models made during the summer, autumn and winter confirmed the extremely beneficial effect of this type of roof for the elimination of air pollutant, heavy metals, and particulate matter. The observations also confirmed that plants on a green roof growing on a soil layer absorb an average of 74% of rain water and then allow it to evaporate. The selection of plants for green roofs should mainly focus on how effectively they improve urban environmental parameters and remove air pollutants. The results of the study of the two green roof models on a laboratory scale are necessary to work out the parameters of layers of the roof and select the most appropriate plants for the reference research object on the roof of one of buildings of the University of Opole.
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Evangelisti, Luca, Claudia Guattari, Gianluca Grazieschi, Marta Roncone, and Francesco Asdrubali. "On the Energy Performance of an Innovative Green Roof in the Mediterranean Climate." Energies 13, no. 19 (October 3, 2020): 5163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13195163.
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Green roofs have a thermal insulating effect known since ancient times. In the building sector, green roofs represent a sustainable passive solution to obtain energy savings, both during winter and summer. Moreover, they are a natural barrier against noise pollution, reducing sound reflections, and they contribute to clean air and biodiversity in urban areas. In this research, a roof-lawn system was studied through a long experimental campaign. Heat-flow meters, air and surface temperature sensors were used in two buildings characterized by different surrounding conditions, geometries and orientations. In both case studies, the thermal behaviors of the roof-lawn system were compared with the conventional roofs. In addition, a dynamic simulation model was created in order to quantify the effect of this green system on the heating and cooling energy demands. The roof-lawn showed a high thermal inertia, with no overheating during summer, and a high insulating capacity, involving energy savings during winter, and consequently better indoor thermal conditions.
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Gu, Sheng Li. "Rainwater Collection and Purification Heating Roof System." Advanced Materials Research 919-921 (April 2014): 1721–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.1721.
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The utility of roofs is a focus issue in architecture field. Using roofs to collect and heat rainwater is a reasonable approach. In this paper, a new member that uses glasses and ceramics collect rainwater is introduced. The member is made up of four layers. The glasses are used to collect rainwater and form greenhouses. The black ceramic plates are used to collect sunlight and heat the rainwater. Water vapor is condensed and collected by the bottom ceramic plate. This member with high capacity of collecting rainwater and sunlight absorption is a hopeful roof member.
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Shutova, Marina, Aleksandr Artukhov, Sergey Evtushenko, and Maksim Khlupin. "APPLICATION OF A COMPLEX APPROACH TO DETERMINING THE RELIABILITY AND RESIDUAL LIFE OF WOODEN STRUCTURES OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS." Construction and Architecture 8, no. 1 (February 4, 2020): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2308-0191-2020-8-1-19-25.
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the article considers the problem of determining the reliability and residual life of roofs of residential buildings, taking into account an integrated approach, which includes determining the reliability of each element taking into account physical wear and tear and calculating the reliability of the “roof” system using graph theory.
Five two-story residential buildings in the Ryazan region were selected as objects for evaluation: in the city of Skopin and in the city of Ryazan. When examining the roof structure, typical damage was revealed: the absence (including fragmentary) of the roof covering, biological damage to the wood by the bark beetle, rot, warping of the boards and others.
To assess these damages in determining physical deterioration (by external signs), departmental standards were used, the reliability of roof structures as a system of interconnected elements was determined on the basis of graph theory.
It has been established that the roofs of two of the five buildings have reached an inoperative state, and the residual life for the roofs of three buildings ranges from 1 to 14 years.
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Sun, Meiwei, Yingbin Deng, Miao Li, Hao Jiang, Haoling Huang, Wenyue Liao, Yangxiaoyue Liu, Ji Yang, and Yong Li. "Extraction and Analysis of Blue Steel Roofs Information Based on CNN Using Gaofen-2 Imageries." Sensors 20, no. 16 (August 18, 2020): 4655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20164655.
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Blue steel roof is advantageous for its low cost, durability, and ease of installation. It is generally used by industrial areas. The accurate and rapid mapping of blue steel roof is important for the preliminary assessment of inefficient industrial areas and is one of the key elements for quantifying environmental issues like urban heat islands. Here, the DeeplabV3+ semantic segmentation neural network based on GaoFen-2 images was used to analyze the quantity and spatial distribution of blue steel roofs in the Nanhai district, Foshan (including the towns of Shishan, Guicheng, Dali, and Lishui), which is the important manufacturing industry base of China. We found that: (1) the DeeplabV3+ performs well with an overall accuracy of 92%, higher than the maximum likelihood classification; (2) the distribution of blue steel roofs was not even across the whole study area, but they were evenly distributed within the town scale; and (3) strong positive correlation was observed between blue steel roofs area and industrial gross output. These results not only can be used to detect the inefficient industrial areas for regional planning but also provide fundamental data for studies of urban environmental issues.
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Bown, Michael, and Kevin Miller. "The Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Sloped Roof Inspections – Considerations and Constraints." Journal of Facility Management Education and Research 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22361/jfmer/93832.
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Abstract Building roof inspections should be performed periodically to ensure repairs and replacements are done in a timely manner. These inspections get neglected on sloped roofs due to two factors: the inefficiency of manual visual inspections, and the difficulty of accessing sloped roofs. Walking a roof to inspect each tile is time consuming. As roof slope increases so does this difficulty, increasing the time needed for an inspection. Additionally, there is an inherent safety risk involved. Falls from roofs tend to cause serious and expensive injuries. These two factors, safety and efficiency, motivated this study, the purpose of which was to determine whether Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) can be used to perform sloped roof inspections efficiently, thus eliminating the safety risk involved in manual inspections. The metric for determining whether this is possible was that there is a UAV available on the market that (1) produces images in sufficient quality to make maintenance decisions, (2) can be flown efficiently enough so that the inspection process can be done in less than two hours for a building with a roof of about 30,000 sqft, (3) can be controlled safely by amateur pilots, and (4) is reasonably priced. The study was done in three phases. Phase 1 addressed the choice of UAV. Phase 2 explored image quality and UAV flying. Phase 3 developed the optimal approach. The study found that an economic UAV can be used in a way that makes manual inspections unnecessary. Still images and manual UAV control were sufficient and large roofs could be done in well under two hours using a three-step approach with images taken at various heights. This study has therefore identified an economical and effective technology-based alternative process for sloped roof inspection using UAVs that eliminates the risk of working at height.
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Mutani, Guglielmina, and Valeria Todeschi. "Roof-Integrated Green Technologies, Energy Saving and Outdoor Thermal Comfort: Insights from a Case Study in Urban Environment." International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 16, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.160102.
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Green urban infrastructures have a significant impact on urban climate mitigation, on indoor and outdoor thermal comfort and on energy performance of buildings. In this paper, outdoor thermal comfort conditions and energy saving for space heating and cooling were investigated before and after the use of roof-integrated green technologies. Existing urban energy and climate models and tools were applied to an urban area located in a Turin (Italy). CitySim, ENVI-met and SOLWEIG tools and a GIS-based model were used to evaluate the mean radiant temperature and the thermal comfort of outdoor spaces before and after the use of vegetated roofs and green surfaces such as the predicted mean vote (PMV), the physiological equivalent temperature (PET) and the universal thermal climate index (UTCI). A GIS-based engineering model and CitySim tool were used to evaluate the energy saving and energy independence index for space heating and cooling after the use of green roofs and solar technologies. According to the shape and the suitability of rooftop elaborated with GIS tools, some roofs were identified as potential green roofs other as potential solar roofs for installing solar thermal collectors and photovoltaic panels. According to the results it is possible to confirm that the use of green roofs and urban greenery can decrease the mean radiant temperature until about 10℃ during summer season, improving outdoor thermal comfort conditions and energy savings with a reduction of 12% for space cooling energy consumption.
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Wilkinson, Sara, Jessica Lamond, David G. Proverbs, Lucy Sharman, Allison Heller, and Jo Manion. "Technical considerations in green roof retrofit for stormwater attenuation in the Central Business District." Structural Survey 33, no. 1 (April 13, 2015): 36–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ss-07-2014-0031.
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Purpose – The key aspects that built environment professionals need to consider when evaluating roofs for the purpose of green roof retrofit and also when assessing green roofs for technical due diligence purposes are outlined. Although green or sod roofs have been built over many centuries, contemporary roofs adopt new approaches and technologies. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – A mixed methods design based on a systematic review of relevant literature from parallel disciplines was used to identify and quantify the social, economic and environmental benefits of retrofitted green roofs in commercial districts. The technical issues of concern were drawn from a desk-top survey of literature and from stakeholder focus groups undertaken in Sydney in 2012. Findings – There are perceptions amongst built environmental practitioners that may act as artificial barriers to uptake. There is little direct experience within built environment professionals and practitioners, along with a fear of the unknown and a risk averse attitude towards perceived innovation which predicates against green roof retrofit. Furthermore projects with green roofs at inception and early design stage are often “value engineered” out of the design as time progresses. There is a need for best practice guidance notes for practitioners to follow when appraising roofs for retrofit and also for technical due diligence purposes. Research limitations/implications – The focus groups are limited to Sydney-based practitioners. Although many of these practitioners have international experience, few had experience of green roofs. A limited number of roof typologies were considered in this research and some regions and countries may adopt different construction practices. Practical implications – In central business districts the installation of green roof technology is seen as one of the main contributors to water sensitive urban design (WSUD). It is likely that more green roofs will be constructed over time and practitioners need knowledge of the technology as well as the ability to provide best advice to clients. Originality/value – The benefits of green roofs as part of WSUD are increasingly being recognised in terms of reduced flood risk, reduced cost of drainage, improved water quality and lower energy use, as well as other less tangible aspects such as aesthetics and amenity. This research highlights the lack of understanding of the short- and long-term benefits, a poor appreciation and awareness of these benefits; a lack of technical knowledge and issues to be considered with regard to green roofs on behalf of practitioners. The study has highlighted the need for specific training and up-skilling in these areas to provide surveyors with the technical expertise needed. There is also a need to consider how the emerging retrofit and adaptation themes are best designed into the curriculum at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. Clearly, if the potential benefits of green roofs are to be realised in the future, building professionals need to be fully conversant with the technology and be able to provide reliable and accurate advice.
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Wiecko, Greg. "Green Roofs in the Tropics Conserve Energy." Open Atmospheric Science Journal 10, no. 1 (February 24, 2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874282301610010001.
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Background: Concrete buildings on Guam are exceptionally strong but also accumulate large amounts of heat. In the tropical environment of Guam, where 24 h average temperature ranges from 28 to 29°C year round, air conditioning is used every day and continuously. Concrete roofs are often painted light colors, which make them more reflective and accumulate less heat. They are also suitable for establishment of vegetation, which results in a large decrease in roof temperature and therefore decreases the need for cooling. Objective: The objective was to determine the magnitude of temperature reductions resulting from light color and from vegetation covering roof tops and to use this information to estimate energy savings. Method: Temperature was measured on the undersides of concrete model roofs in both sunny and rainy weather. Results: The temperatures on the undersides of light-colored concrete model roofs rose up to 3°C less in the course of the day than did those of dark-colored ones. The temperatures of "green" (vegetation-covered) model roofs rose up to 12°C less than did those of either of the bare concrete models. Conclusion: The differences were so large that use of green roofs on the tropical island of Guam, where most buildings are concrete and air-conditioning is needed year round, could cut a typical household's electric consumption in half.
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Zadorina, L. V., V. A. Muratova, and O. M. Zverev. "ABOUT THE POSSIBILITY OF USING VIBRATIONS TO REMOVE SNOW FROM A SLOPING ROOF." Construction and Geotechnics 10, no. 3 (December 15, 2019): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/2224-9826/2019.3.09.
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Timely removal of snow from the roof ensures the absence of ice and icicles, which contributes to the safety of roofing material and guarantees the safety of people's lives. Various mechanical methods of snow removal from pitched roofs are considered. Various devices and units for snow dumping by means of vibrations are analyzed. A useful model "device for removing snow and ice from an inclined roof"is presented. The device contains an electric motor, a transmission in the form of a rotating shaft with an eccentric placed in the housing on bearings. At least one sole is attached to the body in the form of a plate for fastening the body to the crate or rafters. The motor is powered by a battery or charger. Tests of the device, carried out first on model, and then real roofs, showed that vibrations can be successfully used for snow removal from pitched roofs. The most rapid removal of snow occurs from the roofs with metal, and with painted profiled faster than galvanized. Rough roofs (slate, Ondulin) snow melts more slowly, and with oculina faster due to the smaller mass per square meter of roofing material and more amplitudoi its vibration. It is established that it is most effective to fix the device with the axis of rotation parallel to the rafters and to the Board of the crate to which the roofing material is sewn. Useful model "device for removing snow and ice from a sloping roof" has proven to be reliable in operation, easy to manufacture, mobile and efficient. The device allows you to clean the snow without leaving the person on the roof.
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Liu, Hongbo, Bo Li, Zhihua Chen, Ting Zhou, and Qi Zhang. "Solar radiation properties of common membrane roofs used in building structures." Materials & Design 105 (September 2016): 268–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.05.068.
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Baryła, Anna, Agnieszka Karczmarczyk, and Agnieszka Bus. "Role of Substrates Used for Green Roofs in Limiting Rainwater Runoff." Journal of Ecological Engineering 19, no. 5 (September 1, 2018): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.12911/22998993/91268.
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Lopes, Jorge Grandão, João R. Correia, and Miguel X. B. Machado. "Dimensional stability of waterproofing bituminous sheets used in low slope roofs." Construction and Building Materials 25, no. 8 (August 2011): 3229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.03.009.
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Lv, Qiu Rui, Qian Jin Mao, Ya Li Wang, Zi Ming Wang, and Su Ping Cui. "Energy Saving Property of Heat-Reflective Coatings on Temporary Buildings." Materials Science Forum 814 (March 2015): 519–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.814.519.
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The energy saving of temporary buildings used heat-reflective coatings in cold region has been paid growing attention. Surface temperature and energy consumption were calculated by the temporary office building and factory building in Beijing. The buildings are color steel plate structure in this paper. The roofs and exterior walls of buildings were painted with heat-reflective coatings. The general solar reflectivity of roofs and exterior walls were about 26% and 22%; after the application of heat-reflective coatings the reflectivity increased to about 84% and 72%. Results demonstrated that the roofs have the best cooling effect, with the average surface cooling reaching 23.32°C in summer. The estimated energy savings of roof was about 9.95Wh/m2 per day and the energy consumption reducing rate was up to 67.7% in summer. Considering the energy consumption increased in winter, heat-reflective coatings were only strongly advised to paint on roofs in cold region.
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Cruz de Carvalho, Ricardo, Teresa Afonso do Paço, Cristina Branquinho, and Jorge Marques da Silva. "Using Chlorophyll a Fluorescence Imaging to Select Desiccation-Tolerant Native Moss Species for Water-Sustainable Green Roofs." Water 12, no. 6 (June 19, 2020): 1748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061748.
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Green roofs have been more thoroughly investigated in the last few years due to the potential benefits they offer to ecosystems in urban areas (e.g., carbon sequestration, particle retention, heat island effect attenuation). However, current climate change models predict an increase in desertification, with an increase in temperature and decrease in rainfall, which means there is an increasing demand for green roofs with lower water consumption. Vegetation with very little water requirements, such as desiccation-tolerant mosses, has shown a potential to complement or substitute for vascular species, increasing the sustainability of lower water use in green roofs. In this study, we use chlorophyll a fluorescence imaging to screen for bryophytes with adequate physiology to be used in green roofs placed in at-risk areas with prolonged drought episodes. Apart from Hypnum cupressiforme, all selected species presented a high potential for use in those conditions, particularly Didymodon fallax, Grimmia lisae, Pleurochaete squarrosa, and Targionia hypophylla. Chlorophyll a fluorescence imaging technology proved to be a simple and non-invasive tool for a fast screening of these poikilohydric organisms, to be used in future studies of bryophyte biology, but more importantly in the green roof industry.
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Byun, K. H. "Simulation of Thin Green Roof for Summer in Seoul." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 25, no. 04 (December 2017): 1750034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132517500341.
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The purpose of this paper is to simulate the performance of thin green roofs during summer in Seoul, where there are four seasons. Many experimental studies are available for the green roofs, but there have not been many analytical studies. Numerical analysis is applied to a simple model developed for this study. The effects of the parameters affecting green roof performance are studied using several roof types. The weather data from Korea Meteorological Administration for the summer in Seoul have been used as an input for the simulation model. The results agree with the trends reported in previous studies. The importance of insulation status of the roof before applying green roof and the climate conditions is confirmed. Analysis such as this paper is necessary and useful before applying green roof or planning experiment on green roof.
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Dutt, A. J. "Wind Loading on a Pyramidal Roof Structure." International Journal of Space Structures 1, no. 2 (June 1985): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635118500100206.
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This paper deals with the investigation of wind loading on the pyramidal roof structure of the Church of St Michael in Newton, Wirral, Cheshire, England, by wind tunnel tests on a 1/48 scale model. The roof of the model was flat in the peripheral region of the building while in the inner region there was a grouping of four pyramidal roofs. Wind tunnel experiments were carried out; wind pressure distribution and contours of wind pressure on all surfaces of the pyramid roofs were determined for four principal wind directions. The average suctions on the roof were evaluated. The highest point suction encountered was — 4q whilst the maximum average suction on the roof was —0·86q. The results obtained from wind tunnel tests were used for the design of pyramidal roof structures and roof coverings for which localised high suctions were very significant.
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Musilek, Josef. "Interaction of collar roof with the bottom support structure of a building." MATEC Web of Conferences 146 (2018): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814602005.
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Collar roofs belong to the traditional structures used for roofing buildings. In present, the collar roofs are widely used for their ability to omit internal vertical support structures (columns, support walls), which might be sometimes a complication during a design of the layout of the building. Collar roof acts on the bottom support structure of the building by quite big lateral horizontal forces. These forces are being often neglected in common practice. This fact leads to failures of the bottom support structures. Reinforced concrete rim made on the top of the brick wall is one of the methods, how to deal with these horizontal forces. The article deals with the interaction. The article deals with the interaction between the structure of the collar roof and the reinforced concrete rim.
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Andenæs, Erlend, Berit Time, Tone Muthanna, Silje Asphaug, and Tore Kvande. "Risk Reduction Framework for Blue-Green Roofs." Buildings 11, no. 5 (April 26, 2021): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11050185.
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As climate change in the Nordic region brings an increase in extreme precipitation events, blue-green roofs have emerged as a solution for stormwater management, hereafter referred to as “blue-green roofs”. The addition of blue-green layers on a conventional compact roof represents several multi-disciplinary technical challenges and quality risks that must be managed. This paper aims to list and address the key building technical challenges associated with blue-green roofs and to present a framework for managing these risks. Literature and document studies as well as qualitative interviews and expert meetings have been conducted to collect research data on defects in blue-green roofs and causes thereof. A list of nine key challenges has been extracted along with recommendations on how to address them. The recommendations are structured around a framework developed for practical use in building projects. For ease of use, the nine key challenges are presented on a general level, with references to detailed recommendations. The framework is intended to be used to reduce the building technical risks of blue-green roofs, by addressing the most important quality risk elements.
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Burszta-Adamiak, Ewa. "Analysis of the retention capacity of green roofs." Journal of Water and Land Development 16, no. 1 (October 1, 2012): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10025-012-0018-8.
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Abstract Green roofs are one of the modern solutions used to achieve sustainable stormwater management in urban areas. These structures are still more often designed for newly constructed buildings in Poland, based on the observations of changes in urban areas that result in the increased sealing of soil surface and thus in the limitation of natural stormwater infiltration and retention sites. In spite of a growing interest in green roofs, the data related to their retention capacity in Polish conditions is still insufficient. This study presents the results of the author’s tests, conducted in the years 2009-2010 on experimental sites located on the roof of the Science and Education Centre building of the University of Environmental and Life Sciences in Wrocław. The aim of these tests was to determine the retention capabilities of green roofs and the runoff delay and peak runoff reduction during rainfall events recorded in local conditions. The results show that green roofs can play a significant role in the reduction of total outflow volume of stormwater falling on their surface. Multi-layered structure of green roofs contribute also to a slowdown in the outflow of stormwater and to reduction in the peak runoff volume in comparison to the maximum recorded intensity of rainfall. Mean retention for 153 analysed rainfall events amounted from 82.5% to 85.7% for green roofs. In the case of rain events up to 1 mm a day, the retention for green roofs reached nearly 100%.
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Hejl, M., Martin Mohapl, and Lukáš Bříza. "Modular Green Roofs and their Usage in the World." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 47 (March 2020): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.47.103.
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This article wants to introduce modular green roof systems and their usage in the world as well as in the Czech Republic, because green roofs are now used more than they have been constructed in any era in the history. Their construction is almost same as it was in previous centuries, so the obvious solution for their improvement is in the construction of themselves. Especially in the improvement of their construction time which should be lower with usage of modular system than at classical layer system of the green roofs. This research also wants to speak about construction system for individual types of green roof. Where the purpose of this article is to set optimal solution for modular green roof panel which will be economical and environmentally friendly.
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Chen, Yuqing, Bruce Doran, Sharyn Sinclair-Hannocks, John Mangos, and Philip Gibbons. "Building selection by the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula)." Wildlife Research 47, no. 2 (2020): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19106.
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Abstract ContextThe common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) is a protected native species in Australia that can access buildings in urban areas and cause considerable damage or disruption to building occupants. Although several strategies to discourage this species from entering buildings have been recommended, few have been evaluated empirically. AimsOur study aims to analyse how landscaping and building construction influence occupancy of buildings by the common brushtail possum. MethodsWe collated reports of possums occupying 134 buildings over 12 years on the campus of The Australian National University (ANU), in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). We used generalised linear modelling (GLM) to identify associations between the total number of reported possum-related incidents for buildings and a range of landscape and building characteristics. Key resultsControlling for the effect of building size, we found that the number of reported possum-related incidents in buildings was positively associated with the percentage of tree and shrub canopy cover within the calculated home-range buffer distance of 49m from buildings, length of canopy overhanging roofs and building age, and negatively associated with tree species richness and number of trees with natural hollows and nest boxes within 49m of buildings. There were likely to be more possum-related reports from buildings in areas where the dominant tree genus was native, buildings with parapets (walls extending above the roof), buildings with structures penetrating from the roof, buildings with tile roofs and gable roofs. ConclusionsA combination of suitable habitat surrounding buildings, suitable access to the roofs of buildings and weak points in building roofs (e.g. parapets, roof penetrations), makes them more vulnerable to occupancy by the common brushtail possum. Implications Our results provided clues for managing existing buildings, or designing new buildings, in a way that may reduce the likelihood of occupancy by the common brushtail possum. Our study also demonstrated how building-maintenance records can be used to address human–wildlife conflict over time.
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Liu, Jun, Fang Zhi Lin, Zi Yan Huang, and Bin He. "Study on the Structure Design and Material Evaluation of Rural Residential Roof in Northeast China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 533 (February 2014): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.533.7.
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Base on current status of rural residential roofs in northeast China, in order to improve and ensure the qualities, safety and functions of flat roofs in this region, this paper first put forward the “rural secure flat roof”, then according to the weather characteristic and the needs of residents, proceeded the construction design of rural secure flat roof. Finally established the comprehensive evaluation system and used VRS model to evaluate several common roofing insulation materials. Results show that hydrophobic expanded perlite, rock wool and glass wool can be the ideal roofing insulation materials. The research on construction design and material evaluation is significant on promoting the functions and safety of rural residence.
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Bass, Brad. "Should You Put Your Energy Into Green Roofs to Reduce Energy Consumption in Your Building." Journal of Green Building 3, no. 2 (May 1, 2008): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.3.2.26.
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Green roofs are touted as an environmental technology for urban areas due to their many benefits (Lundholm et al. 2008). Although the design and the benefits have been reported in many reports and articles, they are reviewed here for those who are unfamiliar with this technology. Green roofs, or more formally, green roof infrastructure, is a technology that allows for the growth of vegetation on a roof while protecting the building envelope from leakage and root penetration. A green roof is more than a layer of soil piled on the roof, planted in the way that you might plant a garden. The technology consists of multiple layers that include the plants and growing medium or substrate, but also a drainage layer for storing water that was not used by the plants and a waterproof, root-repellent membrane (Figure 1).