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1
Language behavior in therapy groups. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.
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2
Xia, Lin, ed. Information architecture: The design and integration of information spaces. San Rafael, Calif. (1537 Fourth Street, San Rafael, CA 94901 USA): Morgan & Claypool Publishers, 2010.
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3
Luna, David. Bilingual consumers and the Web: Moderators of language effects in Website navigation. Cambridge, MA: Marketing Science Institute, 2002.
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4
Smith, Ronnie W., and D. Richard Hipp. Spoken Natural Language Dialog Systems. Oxford University Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195091878.001.0001.
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As spoken natural language dialog systems technology continues to make great strides, numerous issues regarding dialog processing still need to be resolved. This book presents an exciting new dialog processing architecture that allows for a number of behaviors required for effective human-machine interactions, including: problem-solving to help the user carry out a task, coherent subdialog movement during the problem-solving process, user model usage, expectation usage for contextual interpretation and error correction, and variable initiative behavior for interacting with users of differing expertise. The book also details how different dialog problems in processing can be handled simultaneously, and provides instructions and in-depth result from pertinent experiments. Researchers and professionals in natural language systems will find this important new book an invaluable addition to their libraries.
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Zinczenko, David. Hombres, Amor & Sexo: Guia completa para mujeres (Men, Love & Sex: The Complete User s Guide for Women). Aguilar, 2007.
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6
Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstract Users. 2nd ed. Sociological Abstracts, 1988.
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7
Kecskes, Istvan. Cross-Cultural and Intercultural Pragmatics. Edited by Yan Huang. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697960.013.29.
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This chapter discusses the differences between cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics. While cross-cultural pragmatics compares different cultures, based on the investigation of certain aspects of language use, such as speech acts, behaviour patterns, and language behaviour, intercultural pragmatics focuses on intercultural interactions and investigates the nature of the communicative process among people from different cultures, speaking different first languages. Cross-cultural pragmatics analyses the differences and similarities in the language behaviour of people representing different languages and cultures. Intercultural pragmatics, however—a relatively new discipline—is interested in what happens when representatives of different first languages and cultures communicate using a common language.
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Troisi, Alfonso. Nonverbal Communication. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199393404.003.0007.
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Humans use two different means to exchange information: language and nonverbal communication. Often nonverbal signals emphasize and specify what is being said with words. Yet sometimes they collide, and the words are contradicted by what seeps through facial expression, gesture, and posture. This chapter discusses two theoretical frameworks for studying these nonverbal behaviors. The first approach (the emotional model) aims at unveiling the emotional state from facial expression and gesture. The second approach (the behavioral ecology model) analyzes the social meaning of nonverbal behavior, regardless of the emotional state of the sender of nonverbal signals. The two models are not incompatible and can be integrated to study nonverbal behavior. Yet, the behavioral ecology model explains some findings that are not accounted for by the emotional model. The final part of the chapter deals with neuropsychiatric conditions, such as Williams syndrome and prosopagnosia, that alter the encoding and decoding of nonverbal signals. The impact of these conditions on real-life social behavior can be dramatic, which shows the adaptive relevance of nonverbal communication.
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Córdoba-Aguilar, Alex, Daniel González-Tokman, and Isaac González-Santoyo, eds. Insect Behavior. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797500.001.0001.
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The astonishing diversity of insects is well reflected at their behavioral level. This book summarizes the main behavioral findings and maintreams at different hierarchichal levels of insect behavior as well as how this information could be understood and used in terms of pest and vector control, and conservation biology. It contains 22 chapters written by leading authorities in the field, using a didactic language. Both advanced students and professionals will find this text an important source of reference and research ideas.
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Allan, Keith, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Taboo Words and Language. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198808190.001.0001.
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The Oxford Handbook of Taboo Words and Language defines taboo as a proscription of behaviour for a specifiable community of one or more persons at a specifiable time in specifiable contexts. What is in fact tabooed is the use of those words and language in certain contexts; in short, the taboo applies to instances of language behaviour. For behaviour to be proscribed it must be perceived as in some way harmful to an individual or their community but the degree of harm can fall anywhere on a scale from a breach of etiquette to out-and-out fatality. All tabooed behaviours are deprecated and they lead to social if not legal sanction. Taboos are described and the reasons and beliefs behind them are investigated. Tabooed words are typically dysphemistic, think of insults and swearing; tabooed language is avoided through various kinds of euphemism. In twenty chapters, the volume offers comprehensive coverage of tabooed language as perceived by experts in general linguistics, cultural linguistics, sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, historical linguistics, linguistic philosophy, forensic linguistics, politeness research, publishing, advertising, and theology. Although the principal focus is the English language, reference is occasionally made to linguistic taboos in other languages in order to compare sociocultural attitudes. The existence of taboos and the need to manage taboo lead not only to the censoring of behaviour and the imposition of censorship but also to language change and language development.
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Tomasello, Michael. Commentary on Philip Pettit’s The Birth of Ethics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190904913.003.0011.
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Philip Pettit begins his account of the evolution of morality with early human individuals reporting their experiences to others linguistically, and he maintains that language is a crucial and necessary part of the process throughout. The key is that there were social pressures on early humans to be honest in their reporting in order to maintain a good reputation. But informing others of things truthfully and helpfully is a cooperative social action that may be effected non-linguistically, for example, by pointing to relevant referential situations. And the reputation one creates by engaging in such behavior is not as a skillful language user but as a cooperative one: telling the truth only matters if it either helps or hinders the recipient in her behavioral decision-making. And so, Tomasello’s claim is that what is actually doing the work in Pettit's account is not language per se, but rather the cooperative intentions and social actions that underlie certain kinds of speech acts. This suggests the possibility of an account of the evolution of morality based not on language but on cooperation more generally.
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Li, Wei. Codeswitching. Edited by Robert Bayley, Richard Cameron, and Ceil Lucas. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199744084.013.0018.
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Many psycholinguists maintain that bilinguals operate between monolingual modes and a bilingual mode. What this means is that bilinguals can behave as if they were monolingual by using only one of the languages they know. It is only when they are using more than one language in the same episode of interaction that they are in a bilingual model. Codeswitching is a term used to describe a range of linguistic behavior that involves the use of more than one language or language variety in the same interaction. This chapter focuses on some of the key issues of codeswitching for sociolinguists, beginning with a discussion of the terminological and methodological issues. Then, it provides a review of the studies on the motivations and structural patterns of codeswitching. Lastly, the chapter presents an alternative approach to codeswitching that views it as a creative performance rather than as simply a combination of linguistic structures.
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Turner, Jonathan H. Discovering Human Nature Through Cross-Species Analysis. Edited by Rosemary L. Hopcroft. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190299323.013.7.
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Cladistic analysis is employed on behavioral and organizational patterns among present-day great apes that, because of their genetic closeness to humans, can be used as a surrogate for making inferences about the behavior and organizational propensities of the last common ancestor to great apes, hominins, and humans. A series of preadaptations among great apes for language, emotionality, mother–infant bonding, life history characteristics, propensities for play, and nonharem/promiscuous mating represents one source of information on the nature of the last common ancestor. Moreover, a set of behavioral propensities among all great apes adds to the body of information that can be used to make inferences about the nature of the last common ancestors, hominins, and humans. Thus, it is now possible to make inferences about the biological nature of human behavior and organizational tendencies that are less speculative than earlier analyses of human nature.
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Zawiszewski, Adam. Processing Ergativity: Behavioral and Electrophysiological Evidence. Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.28.
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So far ergativity has been mostly studied from a language-theoretic perspective and the evidence on how it is processed and represented is rather scarce. In this paper I provide an insight into ergativity from an experimental approach. First, I present an overview of the experimental methods used to investigate ergativity (self-paced reading, event-related potentials and functional magnetic resonance imaging) and next I review studies that examined behavioral, electrophysiological and neuroanatomical correlates of ergativity in both native and non-native speakers, as well as those focused on the universality of processing strategies in ergative languages. Finally, I also review and discuss the experimental data from works that dealt with syntactic and semantic aspects of ergativity and discuss the implication of the results for future research.
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Papanicolaou, Andrew C., and Marina Kilintari. Imaging the Networks of Language. Edited by Andrew C. Papanicolaou. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764228.013.15.
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Among the “higher” functions, language and its cerebral networks is the most intensively explored through behavioral or clinical studies and, more recently, through functional neuroimaging. From the former studies, several models (only partially congruent) have emerged during the past three centuries regarding the organization and topography of the brain mechanisms of the acoustic, phonological, semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic operations in which psycholinguists have divided the language function. The main task of this chapter is to extract from the vast functional neuroimaging literature of language reliable evidence that would be used to disconfirm the various hypotheses comprising the current language models. Most of these hypotheses concern the anatomical structures that could be considered nodes or hubs of the neuronal networks mediating the above-mentioned linguistic operations. Using the same criteria, the authors present neuroimaging evidence relevant to the issue of the neuronal mediation of sign languages, reading, and dyslexia.
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Cejas, Ivette, and Alexandra L. Quittner. Effects of Family Variables on Spoken Language in Children with Cochlear Implants. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190880545.003.0005.
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This chapter reviews the effects of family variables on spoken language in the largest, longitudinal multisite study of the effects of cochlear implants on young deaf children’s development. Data published to date on 188 deaf and 97 hearing children indicate that parents report high levels of context-specific parenting stress and less sensitivity during parent–child interactions and use fewer higher-level language techniques. Children’s language was related to higher rates of behavior problems, which were associated with higher parenting stress. After implantation, children made impressive gains in spoken language, and these were directly related to maternal sensitivity and use of facilitative language techniques. Our results indicated that cochlear implantation should be accompanied by parenting interventions that increase sensitivity and use of higher-level language strategies and foster a stronger parent–child relationship.
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Ledoux, Joseph. What are Fear and Anxiety? Listening to the Brain. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0036.
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Imprecise language plagues discussions of “anxiety disorders” and other forms of mental illness. For example, failure to clearly distinguish the constructs “fear” and “anxiety” leads to confused interpretations of findings. Moreover, because both terms are most commonly used to refer to subjective experiences, their use in describing both subjective experiences and behavioral and physiological responses that sometimes, but not always, occur with the experiences, is also problematic. The failure of anxiolytic drug development is due in part to unrealistic expectations generated by imprecise use of the terms fear and anxiety. In order for the science of fear and anxiety to advance, scientists need to pay more attention to their scientific language.
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Bergen, Benjamin, and Nancy Chang. Embodied Construction Grammar. Edited by Thomas Hoffmann and Graeme Trousdale. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195396683.013.0010.
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This chapter focuses on Embodied Construction Grammar (ECG), another computational implementation of Construction Grammar. It points out that the driving question of this framework is how language is used in actual physical and social contexts, and explains that ECG is an attempt to computationally model the cognitive and neural mechanisms that underlie human linguistic behavior. The chapter evaluates the role of mental simulation in processing and outlines how language can be seen as in interface to simulation. It also shows how constructions are represented in ECG and describes an ECG-based model of language comprehension.
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Dabir-Moghaddam, Mohammad. Typological Approaches and Dialects. Edited by Anousha Sedighi and Pouneh Shabani-Jadidi. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736745.013.3.
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Modern Persian reveals interesting typological properties. In terms of word order parameters, it has grammaticalized a number of OV-type and a number of VO-type parameters. As this mixed typological behaviour can be attested in Old Persian and Middle Persian, the implications of this observation for typology, formal linguistics, and theories of language change are worth pursuing. The agreement system of Modern Persian is Nominative-Accusative. However, the majority of Modern Iranian languages are split in this respect. Morphologically, Modern Persian is analytic. This morphological type can be observed in Middle Persian as well. This two-millennium-old typological property gives Persian a distinct place within the Indo-European languages. As Persian is spoken in a widespread geographical area, there are many Persian dialects currently in use. A number of grammatical features of Tajik Persian, Afghan (Dari) Persian, Isfahani Persian, and Gha’eni Persian are briefly mentioned.
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Oulasvirta, Antti, Per Ola Kristensson, Xiaojun Bi, and Andrew Howes, eds. Computational Interaction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799603.001.0001.
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This book presents computational interaction as an approach to explaining and enhancing the interaction between humans and information technology. Computational interaction applies abstraction, automation, and analysis to inform our understanding of the structure of interaction and also to inform the design of the software that drives new and exciting human-computer interfaces. The methods of computational interaction allow, for example, designers to identify user interfaces that are optimal against some objective criteria. They also allow software engineers to build interactive systems that adapt their behaviour to better suit individual capacities and preferences. Embedded in an iterative design process, computational interaction has the potential to complement human strengths and provide methods for generating inspiring and elegant designs. Computational interaction does not exclude the messy and complicated behaviour of humans, rather it embraces it by, for example, using models that are sensitive to uncertainty and that capture subtle variations between individual users. It also promotes the idea that there are many aspects of interaction that can be augmented by algorithms. This book introduces computational interaction design to the reader by exploring a wide range of computational interaction techniques, strategies and methods. It explains how techniques such as optimisation, economic modelling, machine learning, control theory, formal methods, cognitive models and statistical language processing can be used to model interaction and design more expressive, efficient and versatile interaction.
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1945-, Lilienfeld Jane, and Oxford Jeffrey Thomas 1966-, eds. The languages of addiction. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999.
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22
Beninger, Richard J. Dopamine and mental experience. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824091.003.0013.
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Dopamine and mental experience argues that mental experience arises from brain activity. Ratings of “pleasantness” of a meal correlate with dorsal striatal dopamine receptor occupancy. People with schizophrenia, who suffer from hyperdopaminergia, report that stimuli are difficult to shut out and Parkinson’s-like patients, who suffer from hypodopaminergia, report that nothing moves them—they cease to feel happy or sad. Animal studies suggest that drugs produce discriminable effects on their brains that might be like mental experiences in humans, but we have no information about those putative experiences. Without reliable means for evaluating the possible mental experiences of other animals, we should avoid the use of language that implies mental experience when discussing the behavioral neuroscience of nonhuman animals. The terms “reward-related learning” or “incentive learning” may be preferable over terms such as “pleasure” or “wanting” to describe the effects of increased synaptic concentrations of dopamine on the behavior of animals.
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Huffaker, Ray, Marco Bittelli, and Rodolfo Rosa. Nonlinear Time Series Analysis with R. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782933.001.0001.
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In the process of data analysis, the investigator is often facing highly-volatile and random-appearing observed data. A vast body of literature shows that the assumption of underlying stochastic processes was not necessarily representing the nature of the processes under investigation and, when other tools were used, deterministic features emerged. Non Linear Time Series Analysis (NLTS) allows researchers to test whether observed volatility conceals systematic non linear behavior, and to rigorously characterize governing dynamics. Behavioral patterns detected by non linear time series analysis, along with scientific principles and other expert information, guide the specification of mechanistic models that serve to explain real-world behavior rather than merely reproducing it. Often there is a misconception regarding the complexity of the level of mathematics needed to understand and utilize the tools of NLTS (for instance Chaos theory). However, mathematics used in NLTS is much simpler than many other subjects of science, such as mathematical topology, relativity or particle physics. For this reason, the tools of NLTS have been confined and utilized mostly in the fields of mathematics and physics. However, many natural phenomena investigated I many fields have been revealing deterministic non linear structures. In this book we aim at presenting the theory and the empirical of NLTS to a broader audience, to make this very powerful area of science available to many scientific areas. This book targets students and professionals in physics, engineering, biology, agriculture, economy and social sciences as a textbook in Nonlinear Time Series Analysis (NLTS) using the R computer language.
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Jaworski, Adam. Language Ideologies in the Text-Based Art of Xu Bing. Edited by James W. Tollefson and Miguel Pérez-Milans. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190458898.013.34.
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Contemporary art has been a site of intense linguistic production for several decades. Visual artists experiment with new ways of displaying or enframing language that contest or subvert dominant language ideologies. Thus artists produce new regimes of language that regulate or unsettle moral or political visions, shaping attitudes and behaviour. The works of the contemporary artist Xu Bing, as well as interpretations of his work by the artist and commentators, demonstrate how artistic production and criticism contribute to language ideological debates about Chinese—in particular, about Chinese writing—and the nature of language more broadly. This chapter discusses aspects of Xu Bing’s biography and artistic practice related to his use of language. It discusses the language ideological positions underpinning four of his major works. It concludes with reflections on what language policy and planning scholars might learn from extending the scope of their interest to text-based art.
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Zaidman-Zait, Anat, and Tova Most. Assessment of Pragmatic Abilities in Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Learners in Relation to Social Skills. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190880545.003.0022.
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Pragmatic behaviors are related to the social use of language in an appropriate and effective way. As a result of their hearing loss, many deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) learners who use spoken language have pragmatic difficulties in everyday interactions. Assessing pragmatic competence is the most challenging aspect of language ability to assess and there are few efficient, valid, and reliable sound tools for this purpose in DHH learners. The successful use of pragmatic skills is particularly important to DHH children’s social and emotional functioning in the educational system, including their self-confidence, motivation, social adjustment, peer acceptance, and popularity. This chapter discusses the assessment of pragmatic abilities in DHH learners and argues that pragmatic abilities are fundamental to DHH learners’ social-emotional functioning. A case example will be provided and implications for educational assessment and intervention will be discussed.
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Goldman, Mark S., Jack Darkes, Richard R. Reich, and Karen O. Brandon. From DNA to conscious thought. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780198569299.003.0006.
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Chapter 6 explores the influence of anticipatory processes on human alcohol consumption, including aspects of expectancy operation (anticipation/prediction, perception of incoming stimuli, stored information patterns, the inseparability of memory, cognition and affect/emotion), the selection of biologically meaningful inputs, complex behaviour as anticipatory, application to alcohol use, abuse, and dependence, and language-based access to expectancies.
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Clark, Hope. Linking Education and Employment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199373222.003.0011.
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This chapter presents an overview of various frameworks for organizing and measuring foundational academic and workplace competencies that are needed for broad career success and expands on research on work readiness standards and benchmarks. Foundational competencies and career success are thoroughly defined, with discussion about blending and assessing the combination of knowledge, cognitive and noncognitive skills, and behaviors important for success. Examples of how foundational competencies are used in the workplace and in educational settings are highlighted with recommendations on building a common language between educators and employers. To support this common language, linking foundational competency assessments and credentials to labor market outcomes is critical. These frameworks can be used by education-to-career continuum stakeholders to develop authentic learning experiences that incorporate work-based foundational competencies into kindergarten through 12th grade and postsecondary education programs.
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Baumeister, Roy F. Free Will and the Human Essence. Edited by Martijn van Zomeren and John F. Dovidio. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190247577.013.3.
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This chapter examines free will as a distinctive element of the human essence, arguing that it evolved to enable the development of culture and that culture requires “responsible autonomy”—personal choices for actions that balance the achievement of individual objectives and control with respect for the rules of society. Understanding the human essence as produced by evolution to facilitate culture provides a useful context for understanding free will. The chapter shows that the evolution of free will partly depended on finding a way for the brain to use some of the body’s energy in order to permit advanced and complex psychological processes, including self-control and rational choice. It also considers the incorporation of meaning into the causation of behavior and how meaning is expressed in language. Finally, it explores some uses of self-control in morality and how self-control capacity relates to ego-depletion effects as well as the conservation of willpower.
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Prevost, Roxane, and Kimberly Francis. Teaching Silence in the Twenty-First Century. Edited by Patricia Hall. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733163.013.26.
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This article examines the prejudices that women continue to experience in the field of composition in the twenty-first century. More specifically, it analyzes the host of factors that may be responsible for this reality from three perspectives: the notion that the language of modernist music is a gendered discourse, the role of precedent in the acceptance of women composers, and the role of societal stereotypes. The article looks at Catherine Parson Smith’s contention that the use of sexual linguistics has been detrimental to women artists during the modernist era; the various contexts that gave rise to the political positioning of the musical language of modernism; how stereotypes about artistic women affect the creativity and output as well as the professional behavior of women composers. Finally, it offers suggestions for overcoming the obstacles that prevent contemporary women composers from receiving due recognition.
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Saugera, Valérie. Introducing French Anglicisms. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190625542.003.0001.
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Since French Anglicisms readily conjure up the Académie française, the introductory chapter presents purist views on Anglicisms, which tend to be implicitly political (Anglicisms as an allegory for the decline of French as an international language) and explicitly lexical (substitution of French words with English words). The raison d’être of this book was to provide an objective linguistic analysis that would test the myth, discussed here, that Anglicisms are lexical polluters, a myth magnified by the advent of the World Wide Web and the use of English as its lingua franca. The linguistic behavior of the resulting lexical items in the lexicon and morphology of French is the topic of this book, as, mainly because of this purism, linguistic research on these words has not been intensively pursued in France.
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Raymer, Anastasia M., and Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi. Principles of Aphasia Rehabilitation. Edited by Anastasia M. Raymer and Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199772391.013.18.
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This chapter reviews the broad literature on approaches to treatment of aphasia. Behavioral interventions for aphasia are influenced by perspectives from neuroscience that emphasize that neuroplasticity in rehabilitation is experience-dependent and potent. Several principles of neuroplasticity are reviewed, and examples are described from the aphasia treatment literature. Additional principles are considered regarding influences of error production and feedback in aphasia rehabilitation outcomes. Adjuvant treatments then are described that are meant to enhance behavioral treatment outcomes through pharmacologic and neuromodulatory interventions. Finally, life participation approaches are highlighted that encourage use of multi-modality communication for daily life activities along with training of communication partners. An interdisciplinary process is emphasized in which many professionals work together to provide individuals with aphasia the maximum benefits in language recovery, communication skills, and meaningful social engagement and quality of life.
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Stratigos, Katharine, Nina Tioleco, Anna Silberman, and Agnes Whitaker. Individuals with Developmental Disabilities. Edited by Hunter L. McQuistion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190610999.003.0021.
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Persons with developmental disabilities (DD), such as autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability, are at substantially greater risk of having comorbid mental illness compared to the general population. Their mental health care needs, however, are vastly undertreated. Contributors to this situation include the challenges of evaluating mental illness in individuals with DD; stigma associated with and systematic barriers against people with DD; communication barriers; inadequate training of health care workers; insufficient availability of community mental health services; and the complexity of the available social services and legal systems at the federal, state, and community levels. This chapter uses a case to review the different factors that contribute to irritability and problem behavior in a person who has autism spectrum disorder with intellectual and language impairment. Also reviewed is the complicated system of services and statutes that may be of assistance when working with this population.
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Light, Caitlin. The pragmatics of demonstratives in Germanic. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747840.003.0012.
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This chapter will seek to demonstrate that demonstrative pronouns in Germanic are inherently pragmatically contrastive, in that they conventionally signal a marked and unexpected referent given the existing discourse structure. Data on object topicalization show that in information-structurally driven operations, demonstrative pronouns pattern more like contrastive elements than like non-contrastive ones. In this way they can be analysed as subinformative in the sense of Gast (2010), with an information-structural function not unlike contrastive topics. This conclusion leads us to a better understanding of the behaviour of demonstrative pronouns in discourse. Thus, a careful consideration of information-structural phenomena leads to insight into both crucial details of the grammar, and how these issues relate to language in use.
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Gelfand, Michele J., Chi-yue Chiu, and Ying-yi Hong, eds. Handbook of Advances in Culture and Psychology, Volume 8. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190079741.001.0001.
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Volume 8 of the Handbook of Advances in Culture and Psychology showcases contributions from internationally renowned culture scholars who span the discipline of culture and psychology and related disciplines and represent diversity in the theory and study of culture within psychology. The volume includes cutting-edge contributions on culture and memory, with memory as a constructive process at the intersection of person and world; culture and emotion, with emotions as dynamically and socioculturally constructed relationship engagements; culture and language, along with literacy development and impairment across cultures; the psychological foundations of rituals and how children learn and use ritual behaviors; the evolution and development of cultural-clinical psychology over the course of the past several decades; and the social-personality processes underlying multiculturalism and bicultural identity integration.
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Murray, Sarah E. Evidentials and varieties of update. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199681570.003.0003.
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Chapter 3 proposes a new semantics for evidentials, set within a theory of the different kinds of semantic contributions all sentences make. On this view, every sentence can make three new semantic contributions: presenting the at‐issue proposition, a not‐at‐issue restriction, and an illocutionary relation. Different components of the sentence introduce these different contributions. Sentential mood, for example, contributes the illocutionary relation, which is a relation between a proposition and the context. Evidentials, and potentially other elements that express evidentiality, contribute an evidential not‐at‐issue restriction and can interact with the semantic contributions of sentence mood. Detailed accounts of different semantic behaviors are given, showing how this system can be used to account for different semantic patterns across languages.
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Yaari, Nurit. Hanoch Levin. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746676.003.0009.
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This chapter focuses on the theatrical oeuvre of Hanoch Levin, the most prolific of Israeli playwrights. Like Aloni, Levin learned theatre craft at the theatre and soon began to direct his own plays. He tried out new materials and learned the stage language while writing and directing his plays. In each play that he wrote in a new style, he used a particular dramatic template that he deconstructed and rebuilt, so that each étude became a play in its own right. Analysing his interpretation of tragedies by Euripides and Aeschylus—Everyone Wants to Live (Alcestis), The Emperor (Ion), and The Moaners (Agamemnon), the chapter discusses the ways he studied their dramaturgical techniques, and expressed their attitudes towards human destiny, human suffering, and social hierarchy. In his plays, he responded to their choices from a modern, contemporary attitude and with profound understanding of the many facets of contemporary human behaviour.
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Saugera, Valérie. Remade in France. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190625542.001.0001.
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Remade in France: Anglicisms in the Lexicon and Morphology of French chronicles the current status of French Anglicisms, a hot topic in the history of the French language and a compelling example of the influence of global English. The abundant data come from primary sources—a large online newspaper corpus (for unofficial Anglicisms) and the dictionary (for official Anglicisms)—and secondary sources. This book examines the appearance and behavior of English items in the lexicon and morphology of French, and explains them in the context of French neology and lexical activity. The first phase of the latest contact period (1990–2015) has its own complex linguistic characterization, including a significant influx of nonce borrowings and very low-frequency Anglicisms, heterogeneous and creative borrowing outcomes, and direct phraseological borrowing. This book is a counterargument to the well-known criticism that Anglicisms are lexical polluters. On the contrary, the use of Anglicisms requires the inventive application of complex linguistic rules, and the borrowing of Anglicisms into the French lexicon is convincing proof that language change is systematic. The findings bring novel interdisciplinary insights to the domains of borrowing in a non-bilingual contact setting; global English as a source of lexical creativity in the French lexicon; the phases, patterns and processes of integration of English loanwords; the morphology of borrowing; and computational corpus linguistics. The appended database is a snapshot of a synchronic period of linguistic contact and a useful lexicographic resource.
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Pettit, Philip. The Birth of Ethics. Edited by Kinch Hoekstra. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190904913.001.0001.
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The Birth of Ethics begins from a counterfactual world, Erewhon, where the residents are like us in various respects, including the use of natural language, but lack any sense of ethics or morality. The claim is that the inhabitants of that society would more or less inevitably develop certain practices and concepts, and that this development would effectively make them into moral creatures: agents versed in concepts like those of good and bad, right and wrong, and ready to apply them in assessing and regulating their own behavior and that of others. Anxious to establish their reputations with one another, they would use language to communicate their attitudes, making commitments not to prove misleading in the avowal of beliefs and desires, and in the pledging of intentions and actions. And as a result of doing that, they would inevitably evolve evaluative, regulative concepts like those of moral desirability and responsibility. This narrative, if persuasive, serves a number of important purposes. It naturalizes morality insofar as it explains how people could enter ethical space as a result of cumulative, naturalistically intelligible steps. It provides the basis for analyzing various moral concepts, since the referents of the concepts that emerge in Erewhon offer plausible candidates for the referents of our corresponding terms. And, finally, it gives morality a distinctive rationale and cast. The practices of commitment that the narrative places at the source of morality are associated with the practices, arguably, that make us persons: they require each of us to speak for a self that we invite others to rely on, and to organize our lives around that bespoken, beholden persona. Morality, in the emerging story, goes hand in hand with personhood in that sense; they are two sides of the one coin.
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Kozinets, Robert V., and Manuela Nocker. Netnography. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796978.003.0007.
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Robert V. Kozinets and Manuela Nocker explain how data can be collected using online ethnography or netnography—unconventional in organizational research. A netnography is a specific set of related data collection, analysis, ethical, and research practices. The approach has been used to study online collaboration, and the conversations, languages, online behaviours, and symbolic repertoires of different groups. Online netnography is distinct from traditional in-person ethnography. Ethnography focuses on single field sites; netnography addresses the dispersed nature of online sociality. Prolonged field immersion is less meaningful in netnographic investigations. And the pace of internet technology development encourages a pace of research faster than that of traditional ethnography. As our social and corporate worlds become intertwined, widening access to personal information, ownership of that information is contentious, raising research ethics dilemmas. Ethnography and netnography are not value-neutral, and technology is encouraging us to question what we wish to achieve with our research.
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Butz, Martin V., and Esther F. Kutter. Cognitive Development and Evolution. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739692.003.0004.
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When acknowledging that the mind is embodied, cognitive development and evolution must determine how the body and environment shape the mind. Evolution has evolved structures and computational mechanisms in the body, and the brain that predispose ontogenetic development. Starting with conception, brain, body, and mind co-develop, and shape each other. An infant first develops rudimentary bodily representation and control capabilities, and concurrently uses them to abstract from and generalize over the gathered sensorimotor experiences to develop conceptual understandings and language. Evolution, on the other hand, works on a different time scale. Evolutionary pressures towards survival-suitable cell and bodily structures have dominated much of evolutionary progression. Benefits due to social interactions and coordinated cooperation have led to the evolution of the human brain, enabling the development of human minds. Some details on genetics and on evolutionary computation shed further light on how evolution must have brought about human minds. Thereby, the evolution of suitable bodily structures, of brain modularizations, developmental pathways, adaptive behavioral capabilities, and predispositions for social interactions constitute critical components. Subsequent chapters focus on the computational mechanisms behind embodied cognitive development.
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Dorraj, Manochehr. Middle East Foreign Policy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.261.
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The scholarly literature on Middle Eastern foreign policies has long treated the region as a pawn in the larger game of the great powers’ international rivalry for global supremacy. During the Cold War, Middle Eastern foreign policies were seen in terms of East-West confrontation, or as a replica of Western foreign policies. Over time, more sophisticated theories of Middle Eastern foreign policy have emerged. Two of the earliest theories that were applied to the study of Middle Eastern foreign policies were diplomatic political history and psychological approaches. Some scholars argue that the behavior of Middle Eastern states is reflective of some of the basic premises of the realist theory. Others, adopting a neorealist structural approach, contend that while Middle Eastern states may use the language of Islam and Pan-Arabism, power politics still lies at the core of their foreign policy. These scholars consider the shift in the regional and the global balance of power as the major explanatory factors for understanding foreign policy changes in the Middle East. Then there are those who conceptualize Middle Eastern foreign policies primarily in terms of dependency theory, the core-periphery power relations, and a struggle for the control of the region's oil and energy. Two other approaches to the study of Middle Eastern foreign policies are international political economy and bureaucratic politics. The Palestinian–Israeli conflict has been a major polarizing issue responsible for radicalization of regional politics and foreign policies in the Middle East.
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Maros, Marlyna, and Azianura Hani Shaari. Cultural values in Malay speech acts. UUM Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/9789672210986.
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How do members of the new generation praise each other? Do they still adhere to the communication strategies prescribed in their traditional cultural values or modernization has played a role in initiating changes in peoples linguistic behavior?The book addresses the changes in the cultural values that have emerged in the speech acts of compliments and compliment responses of native speakers of Malay in Malaysia. In the field of sociolinguistics, the discussion provides insights into the current practices of the Malay speech acts and linguistic identity among the speakers, especially after 60 years of Malaysias independence. The rapid developments in technology and cyber communication have contributed to linguistic innovation and changes in language use to a certain extent, hence calling for a look at its impact on Malay cultural values.Through empirical evidence, the book attempts to elucidate the emerging norms that indicate changes in the cultural values of the new Malays. Our arguments are supported by the theories related to how utterances are analysed linguistically, taking into consideration the social factors, such as power, social distance, social status of the interlocutors and weight age of the imposition on the speech acts.This book is written to bring you closer to the members of the new generation, by providing insights into their strategies of communication. Specifically, it is written to uncover and understand the norms and values of the Malays of the 21st century.
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Marques, Teresa, and Åsa Wikforss, eds. Shifting Concepts. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803331.001.0001.
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Concepts stand at the centre of human cognition. We use concepts in categorizing objects and events in the world, in reasoning and action, and in social interaction. It is therefore not surprising that the study of concepts constitutes a central area of research in philosophy and psychology. Since the 1970s, psychologists have carried out intriguing experiments testing the role of concepts in categorizing and reasoning, and have found a great deal of variation in categorization behaviour across individuals and cultures. During the same period, philosophers of language and mind did important work on the semantic properties of concepts, and on how concepts are related to linguistic meaning and linguistic communication. An important motivation behind this was the idea that concepts must be shared, across individuals and cultures. However, there was little interaction between these two research programs until recently. With the dawn of experimental philosophy, the proposal that the experimental data from psychology lacks relevance to semantics is increasingly difficult to defend. Moreover, in the last decade, philosophers have approached questions about the tension between conceptual variation and shared concepts in communication from a new perspective: that of ameliorating concepts for theoretical or for social and political purposes. The volume brings together leading psychologists and philosophers working on concepts who come from these different research traditions.
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Deaton, Christi, Margaret Cupples, and Kornelia Kotseva. Settings and stakeholders. Edited by Massimo Piepoli. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0786.
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Cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of death and disability globally, and cardiovascular prevention should take place everywhere. Reducing the burden of cardiovascular disease requires a concerted effort in multiple settings (primary care, acute care, community, and home), and from multiple stakeholders such as government, public health, non-governmental organizations, healthcare, industry, and individuals. Primary care provides the majority of healthcare to populations, and is in an optimal position to screen and assess patients for cardiovascular risk and deliver cardiovascular prevention. Improving screening, risk assessment, and use of evidence-based guidelines requires collaboration between specialist cardiology services and primary care. Nurse-led and multiprofessional teams are effective in delivering prevention across a variety of settings. Prevention should be a priority prior to patient discharge from hospital following an acute cardiovascular event, and should encompass both medications and advice regarding lifestyle behaviours. Secondary prevention through specialized prevention programmes is needed by patients in order to reduce the risk of subsequent events. Cardiac rehabilitation is one of the most effective methods of delivering prevention and improving patient well-being following an acute event or procedure. There is a need to get more patients participating by using alternative methods of delivery and ensuring that women, older patients, and those with low fitness are encouraged and supported to attend. Stakeholders such as government, non-governmental organizations, and industry have important roles to play in improving public health. Healthcare providers should disseminate their research in lay language, and play a role in advising on and supporting public health measures.
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Nitzan, Abraham. Chemical Dynamics in Condensed Phases. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198529798.001.0001.
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This text provides a uniform and consistent approach to diversified problems encountered in the study of dynamical processes in condensed phase molecular systems. Given the broad interdisciplinary aspect of this subject, the book focuses on three themes: coverage of needed background material, in-depth introduction of methodologies, and analysis of several key applications. The uniform approach and common language used in all discussions help to develop general understanding and insight on condensed phases chemical dynamics. The applications discussed are among the most fundamental processes that underlie physical, chemical and biological phenomena in complex systems. The first part of the book starts with a general review of basic mathematical and physical methods (Chapter 1) and a few introductory chapters on quantum dynamics (Chapter 2), interaction of radiation and matter (Chapter 3) and basic properties of solids (chapter 4) and liquids (Chapter 5). In the second part the text embarks on a broad coverage of the main methodological approaches. The central role of classical and quantum time correlation functions is emphasized in Chapter 6. The presentation of dynamical phenomena in complex systems as stochastic processes is discussed in Chapters 7 and 8. The basic theory of quantum relaxation phenomena is developed in Chapter 9, and carried on in Chapter 10 which introduces the density operator, its quantum evolution in Liouville space, and the concept of reduced equation of motions. The methodological part concludes with a discussion of linear response theory in Chapter 11, and of the spin-boson model in chapter 12. The third part of the book applies the methodologies introduced earlier to several fundamental processes that underlie much of the dynamical behaviour of condensed phase molecular systems. Vibrational relaxation and vibrational energy transfer (Chapter 13), Barrier crossing and diffusion controlled reactions (Chapter 14), solvation dynamics (Chapter 15), electron transfer in bulk solvents (Chapter 16) and at electrodes/electrolyte and metal/molecule/metal junctions (Chapter 17), and several processes pertaining to molecular spectroscopy in condensed phases (Chapter 18) are the main subjects discussed in this part.
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Eyre, Janet. Clinical approach to developmental neurology. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0171.
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The objectives and principles of neurological history and examination in children are the same as those in adults. This chapter therefore, will not provide an all-encompassing description of the neurological assessment of children, but highlights where the approach must differ substantially from that used in adults. Further it aims to provide a practical and useful approach to the examination of children, who may be preverbal and certainly will show less stamina for cooperation than adults. Of course as children get older, the examination can become more conventional and systematized. By adolescence the examination can be the same as the adult examination.The first and overriding factor for success is to be flexible and to make observations when the opportunity arises rather than to wait for abnormalities to arise during the course of a more systematic approach. Nonetheless a systematic approach to recording these results is essential, so as to bring together related observations made disparately in time. The history is of paramount importance in guiding the examination. Since it is unlikely that you will be able to complete a full examination, it is important to prioritize the observations needed in light of a differential diagnosis before you begin examining. Rather than rushing straight into the examination it is rewarding to gain a young child’s confidence by playing briefly with them. Also, instead of insisting on examining the child on a couch, it helps to become adept at examining young children on their parent’s or caretaker’s knee. Finally, no matter how cooperative a child is, potentially disturbing investigations should be left until last, including tendon reflexes or examination of the tongue, fundi, and ears. Otherwise all subsequent cooperation from the child may be lost after these examinations.The examination room environment is the key to a successful neurological examination and requires careful thought. There should be sufficient space to accommodate families and for the children to play. The room needs to be friendly and conducive to encouraging play. It needs to be equipped with carefully selected toys, pictures, pencils and paper, and books of interest to children over a wide age range. Observation of the child’s play whilst you are taking a history from the parents or caregivers will allow assessment of the child’s motor skills and developmental stage. Their use of play material can yield important clues to the nature of a deficit, by revealing ataxia, weakness, involuntary movements, tics, or spasticity. Play also provides an opportunity to assess the child’s behaviour, for instance their impulsivity, distractibility, and attention span. Interaction of the child with parents or caregivers can be observed also. If the child participates actively in the history taking, their understanding and contribution to the session allows you to make assessments of their language and intellectual skills.
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A, Martinez Julio, and Lomeli Francisco, eds. Chicano literature: A reference guide. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1985.
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