Journal articles on the topic 'Using humor to calm down'

Background In the United States, nearly half (48%) of school-aged children experience sleep disturbance that results in less than the recommended sleep duration, which may negatively impact mental health and behavior. Mindfulness interventions may improve sleep and mental health in youth. However, there are gaps in the literature regarding how children (2-12 years) and adolescents (13-17 years) practice mindfulness and the extent to which they benefit from these practices. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine parents’ perceptions of their children’s engagement with a consumer-based mindfulness meditation app and the extent to which they believe their children have benefitted from using the app, particularly with regard to sleep. Methods This study is a secondary analysis of a cross-sectional survey in adult subscribers (N=11,108) to the mindfulness meditation mobile app Calm. Participants who indicated that they had a child or children younger than 18 years (2944/11,108) who used the Calm app were asked additional questions related to their perceptions of their children’s engagement with Calm. Descriptive statistics were used to assess children’s app engagement, and chi-square tests and binary logistic regression models were used to assess differences in children’s usage based on gender and age. Results Among the survey respondents, approximately half of the parents (1537/2944, 52.21%) reported that their children used Calm. Children used Calm mostly for (1) sleep (1168/1537, 75.99%), (2) stress (491/1537, 31.95%), (3) depression or anxiety (430/1537, 27.98%), and (4) improvement of overall health (215/1537,13.99%). Older children were more likely to begin using Calm to reduce stress, depression, or anxiety, whereas younger children were more likely begin using Calm to improve sleep. Most children used Calm when lying down to go to bed (1113/1529, 72.79%). Children were most likely to use sleep stories at night (1144/1207, 94.78%), followed by music and soundscapes (749/1114, 67.24%), meditations (736/1120, 65.71%), and breathing exercises (610/1092, 55.86%). Nearly all parents believed that using sleep stories was helpful for their children’s sleep (1090/1128, 96.63%), and the majority of parents felt that the other components were also helpful for their children’s sleep (music and soundscapes [570/728, 78.30%], meditations [445/696, 63.94%], and breathing exercises [610/1092, 55.86%]). Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore parents’ perceptions of how their children or adolescents use a popular consumer-based mindfulness mobile app (ie, Calm). As the majority of children use the app for sleep, mindfulness meditation mobile apps should consider incorporating age-appropriate sleep content to meet the needs of this audience. More research is needed to confirm the feasibility and effectiveness of mindfulness meditation apps for improving sleep and mental health in children and adolescents.

This study collates the current state of knowledge regarding the sense of humor attitude in the social interactions among children with special needs, which aims to explore the current state of knowledge and quality of empirical evidence relating to humor among children with special needs. In the study there were involved 78 students of Emerald School of Cinere in South Jakarta. There were more over 20% students in normal condition and students with special needs were 80%. Research had assessed humor in the classroom and humor expression in different groups including those with autism, down syndrome, and other special needs. This study was designed by using the descriptive qualitative method to analyze, describe, and explain the data. The procedure of data collection was done by observation and filled the questionnaire of the Richmond Humor Assessment Instrument (RHAI). The result of the study showed that there were 47, 08% of favorable criteria, and 52, 92% of unfavorable ones. Based on gender, more boys answered favorable criteria compared to girls. Moreover, boys were dare to express their senses of humor than the girls. The girls showed their shynesses to express their sense of humor. The results of the study showed that the children with special needs in Emerald school had less sense of humor. Furthermore, the role of humor in communication development, social facilitation, creativity, and stigma had all received some limited attention among children with special needs in Emerald School, South Jakarta.

Background Over 30% of Americans report regular sleep disturbance, and consumers are increasingly seeking strategies to improve sleep. Self-guided mindfulness mobile apps may help individuals improve their sleep. Despite the recent proliferation of sleep content within commercially available mindfulness apps, there is little research on how consumers are using these apps for sleep. Objective We conducted a cross-sectional survey among subscribers to Calm, a popular, consumer-based, mindfulness-based meditation app, and described and compared how good sleepers, poor sleepers, and those with self-reported insomnia use the app for sleep. Methods Participants who were paying subscribers of Calm and had used a sleep component of Calm in the last 90 days were invited to complete an investigator-developed survey that included questions about sleep disturbance and the use of Calm for sleep. Based on self-reports of sleep disturbances and of insomnia diagnosis, participants were categorized as “good sleepers,” “poor sleepers,” or “those with insomnia diagnosis.” Chi-square tests compared reasons for downloading the app and usage patterns across participants with and without sleep disturbance. Results There was a total of 9868 survey respondents. Approximately 10% of participants (1008/9868, 10.21%) were good sleepers, 78% were poor sleepers (7565/9868, 77.66%), and 11% reported a diagnosis of insomnia (1039/9868, 10.53%). The sample was mostly White (8185/9797, 83.55%), non-Hispanic (8929/9423, 94.76%), and female (8166/9578, 85.26%). The most common reasons for sleep disturbances were racing thoughts (7084/8604, 82.33%), followed by stress or anxiety (6307/8604, 73.30%). Poor sleepers and those with insomnia were more likely than good sleepers to have downloaded Calm to improve sleep (χ22=1548.8, P<.001), reduce depression or anxiety (χ22=15.5, P<.001), or improve overall health (χ22=57.6, P<.001). Respondents with insomnia used Calm most often (mean 5.417 days/week, SD 1.936), followed by poor sleepers (mean 5.043 days/week, SD 2.027; F2=21.544, P<.001). The most common time to use Calm was while lying down to sleep (7607/9686, 78.54%), and bedtime use was more common among poor sleepers and those with insomnia (χ22=382.7, P<.001). Compared to good and poor sleepers, those with insomnia were more likely to use Calm after waking up at night (χ22=410.3, P<.001). Most participants tried to use Calm on a regular basis (5031/8597, 58.52%), but regular nighttime use was most common among those with insomnia (646/977, 66.1%), followed by poor sleepers (4040/6930, 58.30%; χ22=109.3, P<.001). Conclusions Of the paying subscribers to Calm who have used one of the sleep components, approximately 90% have sleep difficulties, and 77% started using Calm primarily for sleep. These descriptive data point to areas of focus for continued refinement of app features and content, followed by prospective trials testing efficacy of consumer-based meditation mobile apps for improving sleep.

<p>'Pranayama' consists of: Puraka which is entering the breath, Kumbhaka which is holding your breath, and Recaka is exhaling. But from the essence of pranayama is the ability to take and manage prana especially by using breath. In spiritual life, Pranayama's role depends on the individual. They feel that by asking for Protection, Peace and the Light of God they can change their nature and purify their lives as effectively as possible by doing Pranayama. The only breathing exercise that a spiritual candidate needs is to try to breathe pure. Control over the flow of prana in the vital body which calms the mind and limits the thought process, which is an important introduction to spiritual exercises. In the text of yoga sutra patanjalai pranayama is explained in the shadana padha sutra 49 which explains what the meaning of pranyama, sutra 50-51 describes the practice of pranayama, In Yoga Sutra, Patanjali describes pranayama as a process where they can break their subconscious breathing patterns and make long breath, subside, and smooth. The subconscious breathing pattern of some people is not easy and smooth; They tend to be tense, superficial, and erratic. Pranayama can also be practiced through java pranama, pranyama also has many techniques to practice pranyama, spiritual seekers get peace of mind. As long as some breathing techniques are slowed down and the strength of the exhaled air decreases. The well-known breathing techniques teach how to activate, stimulate energy that makes a person feel calm, relaxed, and comfortable. The purpose of pranayama is to reduce the speed of breathing / slow down breathing, Prana will be calm with a slow / slow breathing process. The mind will calm down, When breathing activity decreases, the activity of the mind will decrease, Between mind and prana are the senses.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p>

Entertainment - education - empowerment through transactional analysis principles.St. Vincent Hospital, Erie, Pennsylvania, intensive outpatient program experience: September 2005 - October 2007.Three e’s in psycho-educational and open-ended group settings.Medication for response - remission - recovery stages of behavioral health / mental illness.Group movie therapy approach for rehabilitation stage [handling anger, alleviating anxiety, uplifting depression, formulating problem solving, improving judgment, helping to forgive and forgiven, experiencing with sense of humor, easing up suspicion and mistrust, promoting love and compassion, teaching assertive communication and relationship, overviewing prioritization, quieting down these trigger mechanisms in decreasing the morbidity of psychiatric syndromes].

Abstract The focus of our research group is the study of the t(10;11)(p13;q14) translocation that leads to the fusion of the proteins CALM and AF10. This translocation can be found in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (ALL) and also in malignant lymphomas. In some patients the t(10;11) is the only cytogenetic abnormality which indicates that the CALM/AF10 fusion is a causal event during leukemogenesis. Previous studies of our group have shown that the expression of CALM/AF10 in hematopoietic stem cells triggers the development of an aggressive leukemia in a murine bone marrow transplantation model. CALM (Clathrin Assembly Lymphoid Myeloid leukemia gene) has a function in Clathrin mediated endocytosis. AF10, a putative transcription factor with a PHD-Motive (Plant Homeo Domain) and a Leucine Zipper domain, was initially identified as fusion partner of MLL. The underlying mechanism of CALM/AF10 dependent leukemogenesis, however, remains mostly unknown. Recently we could show that AF10 interacts with the transcription factor Ikaros (ZNFN1A1) in yeast-two-hybrid assays. Interestingly, Ikaros is a key regulator of hematopoesis, required for normal differentiation and proliferation of B- and T-lymphocytes. The structure of the protein is characterized by a DNA-binding and an oligomerisation domain. Through interaction with many factors in the cell nucleus, Ikaros can act both as activator and repressor of transcription. In various forms of ALL as well as chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) an aberrant expression pattern of Ikaros has been found. In a murine model the expression of a dominant negative isoform of Ikaros causes leukemias and lymphomas. Using various AF10 deletion mutants in the yeast, the Ikaros interaction domain of AF10 was mapped to the Leucine Zipper domain of AF10 which has also been shown to be required for malignant transformation by the MLL/AF10 fusion protein. Overexpression of fluorescently labelled proteins reveals a similar distribution pattern of AF10 and Ikaros in the nucleus, whereas in the presence of CALM/AF10 Ikaros appears to be localized predominately in the cytoplasm. The interaction between AF10 and Ikaros has been confirmed by GST-pull-down assays. In order to further study this interaction and its role in leukemogenesis we have raised monoclonal antibodies against the C-terminus of AF10. These antibodies are currently established for Western Blot analysis and Immunoprecipitation experiments. Reporter gene assays are carried out to measure the impact of CALM/AF10 on Ikaros’ function as repressor or activator of transcription. These studies may provide new insights into the mechanism of CALM/AF10 induced leukemia and thereby facilitate the development of new therapies.

Abstract Using humor, empathy, and improvisation to make science more accessible to the average person, the center has helped many scientists communicate more effectively about what they do. In many cases, this involves taking science down from the metaphorical “ivory tower” and bringing it into the comfort zone of students and people who may not have had a positive experience in science classes. Avariety of metaphors are used to make science “come alive.” This is an interesting counter example to earlier theories of metaphor and comedy such as the “disparagement theory” (Mio and Graesser 1991) which described jokes as more successful if they relied on disparaging metaphors that build community through shared hostility. The metaphor approach builds community and creates inclusion through “social-facilitative functions of playful language” (Ritchie and Schell 2009). When a scientist helps a layperson or student understand humorous metaphors, it communicates the literal meaning of terms, but also the contextual meaning, research practices, and the laboratory social setting. This is argued through examples of humor, comedy, and metaphor-a timely issue given current political discussions in the United States.

The humorous story of Eutychus’ death and subsequent revival in Acts 20.7-12 is the source of several disagreements among recent interpreters. While some reject the humorous element and read this passage as a serious moral lesson, others recognize it but down-play its significance by focusing on the more serious framework of worship. Using recent work on the philosophy of humor, this article argues for interpreting Acts 20.7-12 as thoroughly humorous through an appeal to ancient parallels of nomastic wordplay, sleep-inducing speech, and examples of tragic deaths through falling. These elements fulfill the criteria of both shared knowledge and shared feeling between author and the original reader(s) necessary for detecting humor. It concludes by demonstrating how the humorous interpretation of Acts 20.7-12 can be integrated into the wider liturgical setting.

Abstract Universal multifractal (UM) analysis was used to investigate the scaling properties of snowfall at high temporal and spatial resolutions. Snowfall data were recorded using a 2D video disdrometer (2DVD) in the Swiss Alps. Six 1-h-long periods of snowfall, half in calm and half in light wind conditions, were selected for analysis. UM analysis was performed on reconstructed 35-m vertical columns of snowfall structure, snowfall time series at 100-ms resolution, and two-dimensional snowflake accumulation maps over a 5.12 5.12 cm2 area. Multifractal scaling was observed for the vertical structure of snow particle number concentration, for scales between about 35 and 4.4 m, and sometimes down to about 0.5 m. At smaller scales, no scaling was observed. In high-resolution time series of snowfall, evidence of scaling was found for scales between about 7 min and ~26 s in most of the analyzed hours. Snowflake accumulations within a subset of the small sampling area of the 2DVD showed no scaling properties, suggesting homogeneous structure in snowfall at the very small (~5 cm) scale, which agrees with the results for vertical structure and time series.

The importance of music, as well as the different and diverse possibilities that it offers, favors the emotional development of any person. This research is based on the development and application of a set of activities, whose transversal axis is the use of music, to favor and promote the emotional development of people with Down syndrome. This application of activities was developed with a group of eight participants, between the ages of twenty and forty-five years old. Additionally, under a total duration of eight working sessions. In these sessions, listening, vocal, instrumental, and movement activities were developed. For each of the emotions worked on; joy, fear, anger, sadness, calm, and love, a story and a song from the story were selected for each one of them. The methodology used was qualitative, using program evaluation. For this purpose, on the one hand, the data obtained during the different sessions were analyzed, and on the other hand, the data collected in the two discussion groups carried out were analyzed. Finally, the data obtained were organized into six categories: image recognition, observation of emotions, experience of emotions, identification of emotions, recognition of emotions, and finally, enjoyment of emotions. It could be seen that, after the sessions, there was a significant improvement in the different categories. However, in the categories of identification of emotions and recognition of emotions, the results were more favorable compared to the rest.

Background: Autism is a disorder with symptoms as a failure to develop normal social interaction with other people, impaired of communication and imaginative ability, followed by repetitive and stereotyped movements. Autism is a global issue that may a possible cause of generation lost, and economic burden to a country. Acupuncture as one of TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine) technique is an option to improve the life quality of children with Autism. Purpose: To determine the syndrome pattern of children with autism and how acupuncture method works for children with autism, from the perspective of TCM. Method: Four examination methods are incorporated into nine ongoing-treatment subjects fit in autism classification from randomized special need cases. Subject characteristics are derived from allo-anamnesis. Needle acupuncture was the method of choice except one subject prefers laser acupuncture. The objective is to eliminate the phlegm, calm the heart fire, and tonify spleen. Result: after 3-5 sessions of treatment, parents reported speech improvement and reduction of compulsive self-stimulation behavior. Four subjects demonstrated speech improvement, 1 subject showed better focus and concentration, 1 subject indicated a reduction of compulsive self-stimulation behavior, 1 subject improved in obedience and improved comprehension was found in 2 subjects. Conclusion: Observation on nine subjects showed in general that they had phlegm harassing the heart and digestion problem due to spleen deficiency. This phlegm disturbed the heart functions, i.e. mental capacity including speech. Results from the treatments showed elimination of phlegm, cooling down the heart fire, and tonification of spleen improved speech, focus, comprehension, obedience, and reduction of compulsive self-stimulation behavior. Further research and study from the Chinese medicine perspective are needed.

Research problem/aim: This study was carried out to determine the thoughts of school-age (6-12 years old) children about peripheral venous access process. Method: The study was carried out in qualitative descriptive design using semi-structured interview method. The universe of the study was composed of children aged between 6 and 12 hospitalized in the aforementioned hospital. Findings: The children who were informed before the process said the warnings were, “take a deep breath, don’t move your hand, calm down”. The children reported that they felt “excitement, sadness, pain, and fear” while the vascular access intervention was being performed. It was observed that the children had many negative emotions and experiences about vascular access process. Conclusions: Children may need both physical and psychological support for invasive process, such as vascular access process. Nurses as primary caregivers should give this support to children.

This paper investigates option valuation when the underlying market suffers from illiquidity of price impact. Using option data, I infer trading activities and price impacts on the buy side and the sell side in the stock market from option prices across maturities. The finding displays that the stock market is active when the stock prices plummet, but becomes silent after the market crashes. In addition, the difference of option implied price impacts between the buy side and the sell side, which indicates asymmetric liquidity, increases with the time to maturity, especially on the day of the market crisis. Moreover, investors have different perspectives on the future liquidity after liquidity shocks when they are in a bull market or in a bear market according to the option implied price impact (or market depth) curves. I also calibrate three market indices simultaneously and reach the same conclusion that the three markets become erratic on the event date and calm down in the aftermath.

Abstract Abstract 2549 The CATS protein (also known as FAM64A and RCS1) was first identified as a novel CALM (PICALM) interactor that interacts with and influences the subcellular localization of CALM/AF10, a leukemic fusion protein found in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and in malignant lymphoma. CATS is highly expressed in leukemia, lymphoma and tumor cell lines but not in non-proliferating T-cells or in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). The protein levels of CATS are cell cycle-dependent, induced by mitogens (e.g. PHA) and correlate with the proliferative state of the cell. Thus, CATS is as a marker for proliferation. Using CATS as a bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen we identified the Kinase Interacting Stathmin (KIS or UHMK1) as a CATS interacting partner. KIS is a serine/threonine kinase that positively regulates cell cycle progression through phosphorylation of p27KIP in leukemia cell lines. The interaction between CATS and KIS was confirmed by GST pull-down, and co-immunopreciptation. KIS interaction region was mapped to CATS N-terminal portion. Searching through the phosphorylation site databases PhosphoSitePlus™ (http://www.phosphosite.org) and Phosida (http://www.phosida.com/) we identified 9 residues within CATS shown to be subject of post-translational modification. Phosphorylation assay with recombinant KIS demonstrated that this kinase efficiently phosphorylated full length CATS and its N-terminal part, but not the C-terminal of the protein. To map the KIS phosphorylation site of CATS, peptides comprising all known phospho-sites of CATS N-terminal (S16, S129, S131, T133 and S135) and mutations of the putative KIS target motif (S129 and S131) were tested for KIS phosphorylation. Thereby, we identified CATS S131 as the unique target site for KIS phosphorylation. Western blot analysis of U2OS cells, which had undergone cell cycle synchronization by a double thymidine block, revealed that KIS fluctuated throughout the cell cycle and counteracted CATS levels. Furthermore, we analyzed KIS protein expression on bone marrow mononuclear cells (MNCs) of MDS and AML patients. We studied 5 healthy donors, 13 MDS patients (7 low-risk [RA/RARS] and 6 high-risk [RAEB/RAEBt] according to FAB classification) and 10 AML patients (7 de novo and 3 secondary). Western blot analysis revealed elevated levels of KIS in MDS and AML compared to the control samples. We used a reporter gene assay in order to determine the influence of KIS on the CATS-mediated transcriptional repression and to elucidate the role of KIS-dependent phosphorylation of CATS at serine 131 in this context. Coexpression of GAL4-DBD-CATS and KIS enhanced the inhibitory function of CATS on transactivation of the GAL4-tk-luciferase reporter. This effect of KIS was observed for both CATS wild type and CATS phospho-defective mutant (CATS S131A) but not when the kinase dead mutant KISK54R was used. Moreover, CATS phosphomimetic clone (CATSS131D) exerted the same transcriptional activity as the CATS wild type. These results demonstrate that KIS enhances the transcriptional repressor activity of CATS, and this effect is independent of CATS phosphorylation at S131 but dependent on the kinase activity of KIS. Finally, we investigated whether CATS would affect the CALM/AF10 function as an aberrant transcription factor. Coexpression of constant amounts of GAL4-DBD-CALM/AF10 and increasing amounts of CATS lead to reduced transactivation capacity of CALM/AF10 in a dose dependent manner. Our results show that CATS not only interacts with but is also a substrate for KIS, suggesting that CATS function might be modulated through phosphorylation events. The identification of the CATS-KIS interaction further supports the hypothesis that CATS plays an important role in the control of cell proliferation. Moreover the elevated levels of KIS in hematological malignances suggest that KIS could regulate CATS activity and/or function in highly proliferating leukemic cells. Thus our results indicate that CATS function might be important to understand the malignant transformation mediated by CALM/AF10. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Our previous studies of the role of cell adhesion in retinal development have focused on the expression and function of N-cadherin, the predominant calcium-dependent intercellular adhesion protein of neural tissues. During the course of retinal development, N-cadherin expression undergoes significant qualitative and quantitative changes in its pattern of expression, most prominently a sharp down-regulation of expression throughout most of the retina. The present studies were directed at investigating the epigenetic mechanisms that could mediate this loss of N-cadherin from the retina. Using an in vitro intact retinal organ culture system, results were obtained which suggest that insulin enhances the down-regulation of N-cadherin expression in a protein-synthesis-dependent fashion. Furthermore, the metalloprotease inhibitor 1,10-phenanthroline inhibits the loss of N-cadherin from the retina. While N-cadherin is down-regulated in organ culture, other cell adhesion molecules, which are not down-regulated in vivo, are also not down-regulated in organ culture. The defined organ culture medium conditioned by the retina accumulates both a soluble 90 × 10(3) M(r) N-terminal fragment of N-cadherin as well as a number of secreted proteases. Both of these components are also shown to be present in vivo in the vitreous humor. Northern blot analysis indicates a single mRNA encoding N-cadherin in the retina and no evidence for a second message that could encode the 90 × 10(3) M(r) fragment. However, the amount of N-cadherin mRNA detectable on northern blots decreases during development. The results reported here suggest that the down-regulation of N-cadherin that occurs during retinal development is possibly mediated by multiple mechanisms, which include turnover at the cell surface mediated by endogenous proteolysis, reduced levels of N-cadherin mRNA and modulation by growth factors.

ABSTRACT This study aims to provide an overview of resilience in teenagers girl who experience unwanted pregnancy due to sexual abuse. The approach used in this study is a qualitative approach with a qualitative case study approach. Data collection techniques used were interviews, observation and documentation. Data were analyzed using qualitative data analysis techniques and techniques of data validity checks using triangulation.These results indicate that both the resilience so that the subject has the ability to positively adapt to the event of unwanted pregnancy due to sexual abuse. Subject I adapt to calm down and think over the matter while subject II adapting to talk to someone nearby. Both subjects also have a seventh aspect of building resilience with the capability of different quality. The subject I is better to regulate and control the negative impulse that is felt while subject II more visible sense of optimism and efficacy of the problem itself. The results also showed that support from the nearest such as family, friends, is one of the most influential factor on the development of resilience both subjects. Keywords: Resilience, teenagers girl, unwanted pregnancy, sexual abuse

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The present study examined the relationship between attachment dimensions and child pain behaviour following both an everyday pain incident (eg, bumps and scrapes) and acute pain incident (eg, immunization) in 66 five-year-old children.METHODS: Secure, avoidant, ambivalent and controlling attachment dimensions were assessed using aggregates of laboratory-based reunion behaviour, performance on representational measures of attachment and the measure of emotion regulation. Child pain behaviour, during immunization and everyday pain incidents, was rated in terms of reactivity, anger and calming time.RESULTS: The ambivalence and controlling attachment dimensions were differentially related to child pain behaviour. Specifically, children with either more ambivalent or controlling attachment had a relatively greater reaction to both the immunization procedure and everyday pain incident. Children with more controlling attachment also took more time to calm down following the immunization and displayed greater anger. Security and avoidance, however, were not systematically related to child pain behaviour.CONCLUSIONS: Results are discussed in terms of Bowlby’s theory of attachment relationships and pain as an important distress signal to children.

BackgroundRisk factors of depression in later life, particularly for sub-cases and for psychotic and neurotic types of depression, are unclear.AimsTo identify such risk factors.MethodOver 5200 older people ($65 years), randomly selected from Liverpool, were interviewed using the Geriatric Mental State (GMS)and the Minimum Data Set (MDS). The computer-assisted diagnosis AGECAT identified 483 cases and 575 sub-cases of depression and 2451 with no mental problems. Logistic regression was employed to examine factors relevant to caseness.ResultsIn multiple logistical regression, odds ratios (ORs) were significantly high for being female (2.04, 95% CI 1.56–2.69), widowed (2.00, 1.18–3.39), having alcohol problems (4.37, 1.40–2.94), physical disablement (2.03, 1.40–2.94), physical illness (1.98,.1.25–3.15), taking medications to calm down (10.04, 6.41 −15.71), and dissatisfaction with life (moderate 4.54, 3.50–5.90; more severe 29.00, 16.00–52.59). Good social networks reduced the ORs. If sub-cases were included as controls, the statistical significance was reduced.ConclusionsAge was not associated with depression in later life whereas gender, physical disablement and dissatisfaction with life were. The sub-cases shared many risk factors with cases, suggesting that prevention may need to be attempted at an early stage.

Abstract. Urban boundary layers (UBLs) can be highly complex due to the heterogeneous roughness and heating of the surface, particularly at night. Due to a general lack of observations, it is not clear whether canonical models of boundary layer mixing are appropriate in modelling air quality in urban areas. This paper reports Doppler lidar observations of turbulence profiles in the centre of London, UK, as part of the second REPARTEE campaign in autumn 2007. Lidar-measured standard deviation of vertical velocity averaged over 30 min intervals generally compared well with in situ sonic anemometer measurements at 190 m on the BT telecommunications tower. During calm, nocturnal periods, the lidar underestimated turbulent mixing due mainly to limited sampling rate. Mixing height derived from the turbulence, and aerosol layer height from the backscatter profiles, showed similar diurnal cycles ranging from ca. 300 to 800 m, increasing to ca. 200 to 850 m under clear skies. The aerosol layer height was sometimes significantly different to the mixing height, particularly at night under clear skies. For convective and neutral cases, the scaled turbulence profiles resembled canonical results; this was less clear for the stable case. Lidar observations clearly showed enhanced mixing beneath stratocumulus clouds reaching down on occasion to approximately half daytime boundary layer depth. On one occasion the nocturnal turbulent structure was consistent with a nocturnal jet, suggesting a stable layer. Given the general agreement between observations and canonical turbulence profiles, mixing timescales were calculated for passive scalars released at street level to reach the BT Tower using existing models of turbulent mixing. It was estimated to take ca. 10 min to diffuse up to 190 m, rising to between 20 and 50 min at night, depending on stability. Determination of mixing timescales is important when comparing to physico-chemical processes acting on pollutant species measured simultaneously at both the ground and at the BT Tower during the campaign. From the 3 week autumnal data-set there is evidence for occasional stable layers in central London, effectively decoupling surface emissions from air aloft.

Dysregulation of the mechanical properties and cell adhesive interactions of trabecular meshwork (TM) are known to impair aqueous humor drainage and elevate intraocular pressure in glaucoma patients. The identity of regulatory mechanisms underlying TM mechanotransduction, however, remains elusive. Here we analyzed the phosphotyrosine proteome of human TM cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion complexes, which play a key role in sensing and transducing extracellular chemical and mechanical cues into intracellular activities, using a two-level affinity pull-down (phosphotyrosine antibody and titanium dioxide beads) method and mass spectrometry. This analysis identified ~1,000 tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins of TM cell-ECM adhesion complexes. Many consensus adhesome proteins were found to be tyrosine phosphorylated. Interestingly, several of the phosphotyrosinylated proteins found in TM cell-ECM adhesion complexes are known to be required for podocyte glomerular filtration, indicating the existence of molecular parallels that are likely relevant to the shared fluid barrier and filtration functions of the two mechanosensitive cell types.

AbstractBreakwaters are structures built to protect harbors, shore areas, basins, and other areas from the fury of sea waves. They create calm waters and provide for the safe mooring and handling of ships, as well as protection to harbor facilities. The main function of a breakwater is the formation of an artificial harbor. Of late, certain new types of breakwaters have been constructed to cater to the tranquility requirements of managing marine traffic in ports. The semicircular breakwater (SBW) is one such new type of breakwater. The semicircular breakwater possesses a round top and, thus, offers more stability against the action of waves. It is expected that the SBW will be well suited as an offshore breakwater designed to protect beaches from coastal erosion. A number of experiments were conducted on scaled-down physical models of SBW for different values of parameters such as wave height H, wave period T, spacing of perforations on the seaside, etc. (radius of breakwater and diameter of perforations were kept constant), and data were collected. The paper presents the prediction models/equations for hydrodynamic performance characteristics such as reflection coefficient and relative wave runup, using the data obtained by a regression approach in MATLAB.

Abstract. Urban boundary layers (UBLs) can be highly complex due to the heterogeneous roughness and heating of the surface, particularly at night. Due to a general lack of observations, it is not clear whether canonical models of boundary layer mixing are appropriate in modelling air quality in urban areas. This paper reports Doppler lidar observations of turbulence profiles in the centre of London, UK, as part of the second REPARTEE campaign in autumn 2007. Lidar-measured standard deviation of vertical velocity averaged over 30 min intervals generally compared well with in situ sonic anemometer measurements at 190 m on the BT telecommunications Tower. During calm, nocturnal periods, the lidar underestimated turbulent mixing due mainly to limited sampling rate. Mixing height derived from the turbulence, and aerosol layer height from the backscatter profiles, showed similar diurnal cycles ranging from c. 300 to 800 m, increasing to c. 200 to 850 m under clear skies. The aerosol layer height was sometimes significantly different to the mixing height, particularly at night under clear skies. For convective and neutral cases, the scaled turbulence profiles resembled canonical results; this was less clear for the stable case. Lidar observations clearly showed enhanced mixing beneath stratocumulus clouds reaching down on occasion to approximately half daytime boundary layer depth. On one occasion the nocturnal turbulent structure was consistent with a nocturnal jet, suggesting a stable layer. Given the general agreement between observations and canonical turbulence profiles, mixing timescales were calculated for passive scalars released at street level to reach the BT Tower using existing models of turbulent mixing. It was estimated to take c. 10 min to diffuse up to 190 m, rising to between 20 and 50 min at night, depending on stability. Determination of mixing timescales is important when comparing to physico-chemical processes acting on pollutant species measured simultaneously at both the ground and at the BT Tower during the campaign. From the 3 week autumnal data-set there is evidence for occasional stable layers in central London, effectively decoupling surface emissions from air aloft.

Abstract The energy flows of a simulated moist hurricane-like vortex are analyzed to examine the processes that change the intensity and structure of tropical cyclones. The moist vortex used in this study is initially axisymmetric on an f plane and is placed on a uniform surface—an ocean with constant sea surface temperature of 29°C. Two simulations are performed using the following different environmental flows: one in a calm environment and the other in weak environmental vertical shear. The differences between the intensities and structures of the two simulated vortices are discussed in terms of energy flows. While the structure and intensity of the vortex without shear are relatively steady, those of the vortex with shear experience dramatic changes. The sheared vortex shows delayed weakening, persistent wavenumber 1 asymmetry with maximum rainfall on the downshear left side, and top-down breakdown. In both vortices barotropic energy conversion is stronger than baroclinic energy conversion. However, baroclinic processes in the upper levels of the sheared vortex play an important role in weakening the vortex. The energy flow diagram and the cross section of energy conversion terms show the existence of multiple baroclinic eddy life cycles at the upper levels of the sheared vortex. The activity of the baroclinic eddies continues until ventilation of the upper-level warm-core structure is sufficient to weaken the sheared vortex.

Amplitude thresholds for transition of localized disturbances, their breakdown to turbulence and the development of turbulent spots in the asymptotic suction boundary layer are studied using direct numerical simulations. A parametric study of the horizontal scales of the initial disturbance is performed and the disturbances that lead to the highest growth under the conditions investigated are used in the simulations. The Reynolds-number dependence of the threshold amplitude of a localized disturbance is investigated for 500≤ Re ≤ 1200, based on the free-stream velocity and the displacement thickness. It is found that the threshold amplitude scales as Re−1.5 for the considered Reynolds numbers. For Re ≤ 367, the localized disturbance does not lead to a turbulent spot and this provides an estimate of the critical Reynolds number for the onset of turbulence. When the localized disturbance breaks down to a turbulent spot, it happens through the development of hairpin and spiral vortices. The shape and spreading rate of the turbulent spot are determined for Re = 500, 800 and 1200. Flow visualizations reveal that the turbulent spot takes a bullet-shaped form that becomes more distinct for higher Reynolds numbers. Long streaks extend in front of the spot and in its wake a calm region exists. The spreading rate of the turbulent spot is found to increase with increasing Reynolds number.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is wearing down of macula of retina, causing a blur or loss of vision in the center of the visual field. It can be categorized into dry or wet AMD. Until now, medical treatments for dry AMD have not been developed yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate pharmacokinetics (PKs) and tissue distribution of CK41016, a novel candidate for dry AMD, after intravenous (IV) or eye drop administration in rats and rabbits. In addition, a simple and sensitive bioanalytical method for CK41016 using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed. PK parameters were estimated by compartmental analysis using a WinNonlin® software version 8.1 (a Certara™ company). A PK model of CK41016 was well-described by the two-compartment model. The tissue-to-plasma partition coefficient (Kp) of CK41016 was the highest in the vitreous humor of rats and the cornea of rabbits after eye drop administration. In addition, the Caco-2 cell transporter assay confirmed that CK41016 was not an active substrate for the efflux transporter. In summary, the PKs and tissue distribution of CK41016 were successfully evaluated and investigated whether this drug was a substrate of efflux transporters.

Implicature utterance that was introduced by Grice and his categorization on maxims those are quantity, quality, relevance, and manner seem interested to be studied, as the aim of this study is to find out the flouting of Grice maxims. The Method used was qualitive and data was collected from the utterances of the characters in "Anak Negeri (Kisah Masa Kecil Ganjar Pranowo)" Movie afterwards the data were categorized based on flouting maxims then displayed into percentage and reflected involved the reasons of those flouting maxims. Next, it was analyzed and presented in description explanation. The results found that the most flouting occurred is flouting of maxim quantity that is 46% where there are several reasons, they are in order to convince, to elaborate, to permit, and to empathy. And in the same time, the flouting of maxim relevance is not too far with quantity that is 41% with the purpose of using these flouting maxims are to inform, to give idea, to ask back, to calm down, to wonder, and to complement. Flouting of maxim quality is 5% and the reason found is to explain, while flouting of maxim manner is 5% too and the reason was to ask meaning. In other words, those flouting maxims occur, it must have a purpose, and depend on the context where this study is viewed in pragmatics perspective. Keywords: Flouting Grice Maxims, flouting maxim of quality, flouting maxim of quantity, flouting maxim of relevance, flouting maxim of manner

In marine seismic acquisition, seismic reflections at the sea surface, such as sea-surface ghosts and multiples, affect the accuracy of the retrieved subsurface reflections and reduce the usable frequency bandwidth. These sea-surface effects tend to increase with the increasing roughness of the weather conditions. Consequently, processing techniques that neglect the roughness and time variation of the sea surface induce errors in the data that could compromise the validity of the final images and interpretations. We study the impact of time-varying rough sea surfaces using a modeling method derived from the Rayleigh reciprocity theorem for time-varying surfaces, and we analyze errors in the source-deghosting operation. We show that the source-deghosting limitations are weather dependent for data including sea-surface multiples: For calm sea states (wave heights below 1.25 m), the error made by the source-deghosting process is negligible; however, for rough seas (wave heights above 1.5 m), it becomes significant and blurs the deghosted image at the sea-surface multiple signals. To accurately remove all sea-surface effects from the seismic data, we simultaneously apply source-deghosting and multiple-removal operations to the same up-going wavefield. This procedure is shown to be weather independent based on our theoretical derivation and the synthetic results. Finally, this is tested on a 2D OBC data set. Comparing the proposed inversion to up-down deconvolution, we observe similar features in both wavefields: Source ghosts and sea-surface multiples seem to have been correctly removed from the data, and the inverted result indicates a slightly better resolution for deeper reflections.

Purpose: Optimization of academic achievement based on Hypno-education aims to improve achievement using the hypnosis method, namely the subconscious power method. This methodology uses the power of suggestion to the theta waves in the student's subconscious mind. The achiever personality is inserted into the theta wave. The population of participants is students majoring in Management in Good Corporate Governance at the IPMI International Business School Campus of 72 schools. Students sit quietly in the lecture chair starting with fun things such as eye exercises, brain exercises, motoric movements and then calm with the aim of ice breaking, so that the atmosphere is conducive and not tense. Conducive conditions that are not tense will lead to a pleasant atmosphere so that the brain is open to being flexible when good suggestions are inserted. When the students are bowed down in a sleepy condition or half asleep and half awake, the next story is stimulated by theta music. This condition is the condition of the students' brains very ready for positive suggestions. The main objective is for students who are active in studying, do not receive lessons, and continuously return to the study table to pay more attention to their lessons. Method: This Community Service is the 10th time this activity has collected data on student achievement results before and after therapy. The data tabulation of the Mid-Semester Examination values (UTS) or Final Semester (UAS) before and after hypnosis therapy is an indica tor that believes in hypno-education. Results: The results of student achievement increased sharply in their academic achievement

Abstract Introduction. The multi-faceted function of music and its influence on psychological as well as physical well-being have been known from ancient times. Positive reports regarding music therapy contributed to increased interest in this particular branch among many obstetricians and neonatologists. The following study describes the review of clinical trials concerning music influence on pregnant women, women giving birth and on newborns. It has been proved using cardiotocography that fetus reacts to music - for example increased fetal heart rate was monitored as well as the baby being more active when the mother was exposed to particular sounds. Additionally, newborns respond positively (calm down more easily) when listening to the kind of music that their mothers had been listening to during pregnancy. Listening to classical, religious or even popular music can effectively reduce anxiety and pain sensation among pregnant women in both vaginal delivery as well as caesarean section. Two weeks of listening to music for 30 minutes a day can significantly reduce the risk of post-natal depression. In the case of newborns, especially premature neonates, the choice of music has a particularly strong impact. The American Academy of Pediatrics acknowledged 45 dB as an upper limit for the sound that should reach the incubator. Results. Babies exposed to higher level of noise can be at risk of changes in routinely monitored parameters such as increased heart rate, breathing frequency and hypoxia. On the contrary, a reversed outcome can be achieved by applying pieces by Mozart. Current reports prove the positive influence of introducing music therapy as an element of interdisciplinary and holistic care of pregnant women and newborns.

A floating transient electromagnetic (TEM) system (“sea ring”) simulating a low-altitude helicopter airborne electromagnetic (AEM) system was constructed to test the accuracy of the AEM method for measuring water depth and estimating sediment thickness in shallow coastal waters. A square transmitter loop [Formula: see text], plus concentric inner and outer receiver loops, was strung from masts supported by the circular sea-ring base. Data were stacked over periods from 1 to approximately [Formula: see text] and with loop heights ranging between approximately 5.5 and [Formula: see text] above sea level. The towed sea ring provides a stable platform at a known fixed altitude in calm waters. We have undertaken modeling to investigate the effect of vertical and horizontal displacements of the loops, and to compare circular and square loopgeometries, in proximity to the sea surface. With relatively long stacking times, as long as approximately [Formula: see text], the uncertainty in altitude can be reduced to very low levels. The sea ring has been deployed near Port Lincoln, Australia, in an area with known bathymetry, seawater conductivity [Formula: see text], and sediment thickness (from marine seismic). Initial 1D inversion of raw sea-ring data highlighted significant instrument calibration errors. Empirical correction factors were defined to achieve agreement between measured and modeled TEM responses at selected control points. These corrections were then applied to the entire data set. The 1D inversion of corrected sea-ring data predicted seawater depths within approximately [Formula: see text] of known depths down to [Formula: see text]. These results provide an upper limit to the accuracy that can be expected from airborne EM systems for shallow bathymetry using current technology.

ABSTRACT Following the bombardment of the Jyeh power station in Lebanon on July 16 2006, about 10 to 15000 tons of heavy fuel oil drifted 150 km northward all the way to the Syrian border. Because of the continuing war, the cleanup operations could not start until early September. The response consisted of conceptually dividing the coast line into several sectors managed by various operators; from Jyeh to Beyrouth, a 34.5 km stretch of shoreline, the treatment of beaches was assigned to the lebanese N.G.O “Bahr Loubnan’. In this area, 5.3 km of sandy and gravel beaches appeared to be heavily oiled on a width that seldomly exceeded 10 m. Oil was found buried down to a depth of 1.8 m at several locations. Additionnally oil was also found sunken in shallow waters in the breaker zones of numerous beaches. In order to minimize sediment removal and production of oily waste to be treated, it was decided to operate massive treatmenN in situ. After manual recovery of stranded oil, about 12,000 m of sediment including 1,000 m of cobbles have been relocated in the surf zone. Despite the lack of tides and of the generally calm weather conditions, surfwashing was very efficient due mainly to the fact that, in non tidal conditions, sediments are continuously reworked by wave açtion which operates at the same level on the beaches. Only 540 m of heavily oiled sand, was removed from beaches and submitted for further treatment. The lack of appropriate sorbents material in Lebanon to capture the floating oil released by surfwahing was also a challenge. This was addressed by using locally Nmanufactured sorbents, which proved to be very efficient and 60 m of sorbent soaked with oil were produced during the cleanup.

Introduction Pranayamic breathing is a process of continuous, regularity of inhalation, holding of breath and exhalation. All venous blood is converted to oxygenated blood . However, does deep breathing in which oxygen is inhaled in large amounts increase oxygen saturation or does the saturation decrease due to anaerobic metabolism associated with yoga? Does the psycho-physiological parameters of stress index, power, vegetative index & regulation, neurohumoral regulation, psycho-emotional state, energy resources, complex index, harmonization, biological age and energies in the spine get affected a"er a yogic intervention? Methods 52 subjects of age range from 15-70 years performed “Yoga module for the Healthy Heart” for 45 minutes at AYUSH, AIIMS, Bhopal. Pulse rate and oxygen saturation was measured by pulse oximeter a"er initial rest of ten minutes and a"er 45 minutes of yoga. A pilot study was conducted using the DINAMIKA HRV for ten yogic practitioner who were regular in their practice for last 10-15 years. #eir psycho-physiological parameters were measured before and a"er their yogicroutine of 35 to 40 minutes by Dinamika Heart rate variability (HRV) instrument. Results #e readings were analysed using paired t test. #epulse rate dropped from 81.98 ± 13.05 to is 74.98 ± 11.64 at p value <0.0001 indicating a shi" towards parasympathetic dominance. Oxygen saturation dropped from 97.40 +/- 1.11 to 97.21 +/- 1.30 at p value of 0.2736, indicating a shi" to anaerobic metabolism during yoga practice #e psychophysiological parameters of pulse rate, stress index, power, vegetative index & regulation, neurohumoral regulation, psycho-emotional state, energy resources, complex index, harmonization, biological age and energies in the spine were statistically significant post yogic intervention. By the power of will the yogic practitioner is able to draw cosmic energy in the spine which helps to renew it. #e mind is able to overcome strong physical distractions, the body is relaxed and calm. Relaxation is achieved by stilling of muscles, calming and slowing down the activity of heart, respiration and circulation.

New aspects of the physics of ice movement in glaciers are presented. An analysis of the equation for the energy of a moving ice mass shows that the energy which is dissipated into heat (internal friction in a glacier) occurs not only because of average ice-velocity profiles, as it is commonly considered when simulating glaciers by continuum laminar flow. It also turns out that a significant part of the internal friction is associated with the dissipation of motion energy on internal macroheterogeneities in a glacier: at places where fractures appear and, in the case of a block structure, at points of contact between individual blocks, on ice dams, ice bridges, etc. This mechanism seems to be dominant during rapid ice flow in highly fractured glaciers.The process was previously examined on the surging Medvezhiy Glacier in the central Pamir Mountains. On Medvezhiy Glacier the above phenomenon was particularly distinctive because of anomalously high ice-movement velocities during a calm period; that is, between consecutive surges (ice velocity amounted to 3–5 m d−1) and because of the block structure of the glacier against the background of its fracturing. Simple measurements of “instant” velocities of a large number of bench marks on the glacier surface, located across the middle flow course of the glacier, established that velocities at all points are of a fluctuating character, which outwardly resemble velocity fluctuations seen in turbulent liquid flow. It turns out that deviations of the “instant” velocity from the average velocity can amount to more than 50% of the latter. Using data obtained from periodic recordings of the “instant” velocity for fixed pairs of bench marks, which were located at different distances (so that it was possible to evaluate the difference in instant velocities), a structural function was constructed. This structural function meets the well-known, so-called Kholmogorov two-thirds law For local isotropic turbulence. This indicates that, as with turbulence, the energy of middle movement is transferred along a cascade of ice conglomerates of decreasing size down to the smallest, limited only by the dimensions of fundamental blocks. At the points of contact at dams and junctions, motion energy dissipates into heat. It is postulated that this phenomenon may have a much broader application; it may also be characteristic of the movement of any fractured mass of solid material.These findings may be used to formulate a theory which describes the mechanism of auto-oscillations in a surging glacier. According to this theory, the pseudoturbulent character of internal friction during a quiescent period (between surges) is one of the factors which prevents the appearance of a surge as long as possible, thus ensuring the growth of a new active glacier after each ice catastrophe.These studies also conclude research on the general concept of auto-oscillations of mountain glaciers — the so-called surging glaciers, originally formulated in the course of research on the cause of a surge on Medvezhiy Glacier in 1963. This concept was subsequently adopted and is now widely used in glaciology.

At the present stage of development of medicine, the delivery of psychological assistance is an important component of a systemic biopsychosocial approach. Patients and persons accompanying them undoubtedly experience anxiety during hospitalization due to the fact that the very appeal to the hospital and the preceding events are stressful. In turn, many previous studies show that stress can have both mobilizing (eustress) and negative effects (distress) on the emotional state and adaptive processes of a person.The objective of this study is to study the level of stress and anxiety in patients (n=83) at the time of hospitalization and hospital stay. The study was conducted using three self-reporting scales (the Distress Thermometer, A. Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The results of the study showed that most patients (58%) experienced an increased level of distress. Distress was most often accompanied by the following emotional reactions: anxiety (51%), fear (25%), sadness (21%), and loneliness (21%). The study of emotional state showed that 22% of respondents had a high level of anxiety (according to HADS), and 5% had clinically significant symptoms of anxiety (according to Beck Inventory). Symptoms of depression are less common. In the group of patients with a significant level of distress, a greater number of patients noted high rates of hospital anxiety and depression. In addition, the authors investigated the emotional state of patients after psychological assistance received in the hospital. The results show that the level of distress was almost twice reduced.A pilot study of a group of patients being treated in the clinical departments of an emergency hospital allows us to draw a preliminary conclusion about the positive effect of the course of psychocorrective classes on the patient’s emotional state and the level of distress experienced, i.e. helps the patient resolve certain internal conflicts associated with a sudden change in life, calm down and positively set oneself up for treatment.Authors declare lack of the conflicts of interests.

New aspects of the physics of ice movement in glaciers are presented. An analysis of the equation for the energy of a moving ice mass shows that the energy which is dissipated into heat (internal friction in a glacier) occurs not only because of average ice-velocity profiles, as it is commonly considered when simulating glaciers by continuum laminar flow. It also turns out that a significant part of the internal friction is associated with the dissipation of motion energy on internal macroheterogeneities in a glacier: at places where fractures appear and, in the case of a block structure, at points of contact between individual blocks, on ice dams, ice bridges, etc. This mechanism seems to be dominant during rapid ice flow in highly fractured glaciers. The process was previously examined on the surging Medvezhiy Glacier in the central Pamir Mountains. On Medvezhiy Glacier the above phenomenon was particularly distinctive because of anomalously high ice-movement velocities during a calm period; that is, between consecutive surges (ice velocity amounted to 3–5 m d−1) and because of the block structure of the glacier against the background of its fracturing. Simple measurements of “instant” velocities of a large number of bench marks on the glacier surface, located across the middle flow course of the glacier, established that velocities at all points are of a fluctuating character, which outwardly resemble velocity fluctuations seen in turbulent liquid flow. It turns out that deviations of the “instant” velocity from the average velocity can amount to more than 50% of the latter. Using data obtained from periodic recordings of the “instant” velocity for fixed pairs of bench marks, which were located at different distances (so that it was possible to evaluate the difference in instant velocities), a structural function was constructed. This structural function meets the well-known, so-called Kholmogorov two-thirds law For local isotropic turbulence. This indicates that, as with turbulence, the energy of middle movement is transferred along a cascade of ice conglomerates of decreasing size down to the smallest, limited only by the dimensions of fundamental blocks. At the points of contact at dams and junctions, motion energy dissipates into heat. It is postulated that this phenomenon may have a much broader application; it may also be characteristic of the movement of any fractured mass of solid material. These findings may be used to formulate a theory which describes the mechanism of auto-oscillations in a surging glacier. According to this theory, the pseudoturbulent character of internal friction during a quiescent period (between surges) is one of the factors which prevents the appearance of a surge as long as possible, thus ensuring the growth of a new active glacier after each ice catastrophe. These studies also conclude research on the general concept of auto-oscillations of mountain glaciers — the so-called surging glaciers, originally formulated in the course of research on the cause of a surge on Medvezhiy Glacier in 1963. This concept was subsequently adopted and is now widely used in glaciology.

After the fall of Lehman Brothers in September 2008, the financial crisis turned into a global crisis and had a negative impact on the real economy. During the crisis, there has been a significant decrease in key macroeconomic indicators, such as GDP, short-term interest rates, unemployment and inflation. The GDP growth rate had taken a negative value in developed countries. Inflation was below 1 percent, and deflation was observed in Japan, which in turn slowed down economic development. Central banks responded to the crisis with a change in interest rates, but this was not enough to calm financial markets and improve the real economy. Most central banks have developed many new monetary policy tools, including communication strategies, credit policies, and large asset purchases. These new measures are often called “unconventional” monetary policies. The purpose of the article is to study quantitative easing as one of the unconventional measures of monetary policy. Methodology. The article uses general scientific and special methods: generalization, systematization, economic and statistical analysis, graphic and comparison methods. This allowed us to study the theoretical foundations of the quantitative easing policy, determine the economic background for these measures application, analyze the development stages and the basic rules of functioning policy. The quantitative easing policies usage was also examined on the examples of the Federal Reserve, the European Central Bank, the Bank of England and the Bank of Japan. Results. The main trends and economic conditions, under which these methods can be used in future, were identified using an analysis of the quantitative easing application background. The policy’s main components analysis provides a clear understanding of the quantitative easing essence. As a result of the unconventional monetary policy usage, there has been a significant expansion of the USA, Japan and the Eurozone central banks' balances, which amounts to more than 10 trillion USD. Due to this process, central banks have become key bondholders. Practical meaning. The given results analysis will determine that kind of unconventional monetary policy effectiveness and the possible consequences of a significant increase in the central banks’ balance sheet assets. Value/originality. In the article, the conditions, under which unconventional monetary policy has been applied, are systematized and the four central banks’ quantitative easing policy is compared.

ABSTRACT 2017-086 ASTM F2709-15 “Standard Test Method for Determining a Measured Nameplate Recovery Rate of Stationary Oil Skimmer Systems” has become the standard for testing the performance of stationary skimmers. This standard specifies testing the skimmer in “ideal conditions” in order to measure a skimming system’s maximum performance. These ideal conditions are created by testing the skimmer in calm conditions and allowing the skimmer to recover either in pure oil or in a thick layer of oil on water. When testing the skimmer in oil and water, the skimmer recovers oil in a starting oil thickness of 75mm and continues recovery until the oil thickness reaches 50mm. Performance values obtained from this test include measured nameplate recovery rate (NRR) which is the maximum rate at which the skimmer system can recover and process oil under ideal conditions, and the recovery efficiency (RE) which is the percentage of oil collected to total fluid collected. In actual oil spills it cannot be assumed that a skimmer will encounter enough oil to continuously conduct recovery operations in 50–75mm of oil. As these performance values are becoming a tool used by regulators to verify the capabilities of response equipment listed in oil spill response contingency plans, it is important to understand if and how a skimmer’s performance will vary as oil slick thickness changes. To explore this question, the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) and Ohmsett - The National Oil Spill Response Research and Renewable Energy Test Facility, recently conducted independent performance testing of two oleophilic skimming systems to better understand the relationship between oil recovery rate, recovery efficiency, and different oil slick thicknesses. Skimmers were tested in various oil slick thicknesses ranging from 75mm down to 6mm at the Ohmsett facility. Skimmers were tested in a type I refined test oil as defined by the ASTM F631-15 “Standard Guide for Collecting Skimmer Performance Data in Controlled Environments.” Testing results suggest that reduced oil thicknesses do indeed have a significant impact on the measured recovery capabilities of a skimmer. This paper outlines the final testing results, and discusses the potential implications of using ASTM F2709-15 performance values in conjunction with various oil spill response planning standards for mechanical oil recovery equipment.

The behaviour of intensively managed sows is influenced by the design of their housing, with the physical structure of the pen affecting how sows spend their time. The first hour after unfamiliar sows are mixed into group housing is considered important in terms of their welfare due to high levels of aggression as they develop a hierarchy and investigate their new surroundings and pen-mates. This study compared the behaviour of sows on a commercial piggery at the point of mixing into 20 group pens (n = 15–18 sows each group), where half the group pens had a concrete partition (a short wall, 2 m long and 1.6 m high) running through the middle of the pen, and half did not have the partition. We predicted that the partition would improve the expression of behaviours during the first hour after mixing. Sows were filmed for 70 min post-mixing and the footage was analysed using quantitative behavioural profile for eight behavioural categories (i.e. time budgets). We found no significant differences in the incidence of aggression, but found less investigative behaviour for sows in pens with the partition; these sows also lay down sooner compared with sows in no-partition pens, and stopped eating/searching for food sooner. The difference between pen designs was most evident at 50–60 min post-mixing, and therefore we compared the behavioural expression of the sows using qualitative behavioural assessment for this time point. There was significant inter-observer reliability among the 17 observers, with 60.02% (P < 0.001) of the variation in their scoring using the Free Choice Profiling methodology explained by the consensus profile. Sows in partition pens were scored as more ‘calm/relaxed’ compared with sows in no-partition pens, which were scored as more ‘aggressive/tense’. There were also significant correlations between the time budgets and behavioural expression scores, with groups of animals described as more ‘aggressive/tense’ also showing more walking, aggression, and avoidance, but less lying. The sows described as more ‘sleepy/bored’ showed more lying and sitting. This study shows that even a subtle difference in housing design (in this case, retention of a concrete partition) can make a significant positive difference to the demeanour and activity patterns of sows. Identifying housing designs that have positive welfare outcomes can inform pen design and construction, and is particularly relevant where housing is being converted (e.g. from single pens to group housing) and decisions must be made around whether or not to keep existing structures.

ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidenfikasi pengaruh relaksasi religius terhadap penurunan tingkat insomia di PSLU Bondowoso. Metode: Metode penelitian yang digunakan ialah quasi experimental dengan pendekatan pre-post test control group design menggunakan instrumen Insomnia Rating Scale, dilakukan pada kelompok intervensi (n=31) dan kelompok kontrol (n=31). Analisis data dilakukan secara univariat dan bivariat. Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan skor rerata perubahan tingkat insomnia pada kelompok intervensi maupun kelompok kontrol. Pada hasil uji Mann Whitney didapatkan nilai p-value=0,021 sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa terapi relaksasi religius berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap penurunan tingkat insomnia pada lansia. Diskusi: Relaksasi religius akan membuat seseorang merasa tenang sehingga kemudian menekan kerja saraf simpatis dan mengaktifkan kerja sistem saraf parasimpatis. Perlakuan relaksasi religius cukup efektif untuk memperpendek waktu dari mulai merebahkan tubuh hingga tertidur dan mudah memasuki tidur. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa relaksasi religius yang dilakukan dapat membuat lebih relaks sehingga kesulitan ketika mengawali tidur dapat diatasi dengan perlakuan ini. Kesimpulan: Teknik relaksasi religius efektif menurunkan tingkat insomnia pada lansia sehingga program ini disarankan dapat diterapkan pada lansia sebagai bagian dari program kesehatan lansia.Kata Kunci: insomnia, lansia, relaksasi religius.EFFECT OF RELIGIUS RELAXATION ON DECREASING INSOMNIA LEVEL IN THE ELDERLY AT PSLU BONDOWOSOABSTRACTObjective: This study aims to identify the effect of religious relaxation on decreasing insomnia level at PSLU Bondowoso. Methods: This study was quasi-experimental with pre-posttest control group design using Insomnia Rating Scale and was conducted on intervention group (n=31) and control group (n=31). Data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate. Results: The results of the study indicated the average score of changes in insomnia levels in intervention group and control group. The results ofMann-Whitney test indicated p-value=0.021 so it could be concluded that religious relaxation therapy significantly affected the decrease in insomnia levels in the elderly. Discussion: Religious relaxation will make a person feel calm, which will then press the work of sympathetic nervous and activate the work of the parasympathetic nervous system. The treatment of religious relaxation is effective to shorten the time from lying down to falling asleep and easily entering into sleep. This proves that religious relaxation can make a person more relaxed so that difficulty when initiating sleep can be overcome by this treatment. Conclusion: Religious relaxation technique is effective in decreasing insomnia levels in the elderly so that this program is recommended to be applied in the elderly as a part of elderly health program.Keywords: insomnia, elderly, religious relaxation

Abstract: This study examines the hydrodynamic performance of a high performance skiff hull using three different physical testing techniques which may be used in early stage design for assessment of the upright resistance of sailing vessels. The hull chosen as a benchmark form is a high-speed hard-chine sailing dinghy, typical of modern trends in skiff design, and is broadly similar to some high performance yacht hulls. The 4.55 m hull was tested at full scale in a moderate size towing tank, at 1:2.5 scale in the same tank, and at full-scale by towing on open water. The work presented here builds on the study of Day & Cameron (2017), with the model tests repeated and re-analyzed in the present study and additional results presented. The challenges of full-scale open-water testing are discussed and several potential improvements in practice are identified for future work. Results show that the open water testing broadly matches well with model-scale tank testing, with the mean discrepancy in the measured resistance between the two around 4% over the speed range tested after correction for the presence of the rudder. Agreement is initially less good for the full-scale hull in the tank for higher speeds, both for resistance and trim. ITTC guidelines suggest that blockage may be an issue for the full-scale boat in this size of tank; comparison of the results suggests that blockage, and/or finite depth effects for the full-scale hull in the tank present a substantial problem at the higher speeds. A correction approach for the wave resistance of the full scale results using a calculation based on a linear thin ship theory is effective in this case, and results show that the full scale and model scale tests agree satisfactorily for the majority of the speed range after this correction. In addition to upright resistance in calm water, results are presented for the impact of small waves, the addition of the rudder, and variations in displacement and trim on resistance for a skiff hull. Finally, the results are compared with predictions from the well-known Delft series regression equations, Savitsky's methods, and a thin ship calculation. The thin ship approach gives good agreement for the case in which the hull is trimmed bow-down and the transom is not immersed, while the Savitsky pre-planing approach gives good agreement for the level trim case. The Delft series and Savitsky planing hull approaches do not give good agreement with physical measurements.

The modern fast-paced era, characterized by sudden changes in various processes, these changes can be both positive and negative. In this case we are dealing with a pandemic like COVID-19. The COVID-19 pandemic has hit the world hard, shutting down giants, locking most of the world's population at homes, "resting the environment", people using less transport, reducing the atmosphere, emitting pollutants, diversifying, clearing the sky, clearing the water and oxygen-loving fauna has spread. The process of overcoming the coronavirus crisis is a chance to achieve a dual effect - to stimulate economies - to create new jobs and at the same time accelerate greenery - to start a new design and revitalize a sustainable, inclusive economy and industry, to maintain vital biodiversity and biodiversity 50-55% reduction compared to 1990 by 2030. The European Green Agreement investment plan covers areas such as: sustainable mobility, renewable energy, building renovation, research and innovation, biodiversity restoration, circular economics. The Green Pact is a guide to the right decisions to respond to the economic crisis and transform Europe into a sustainable and climate-neutral economy. The impact of the pandemic on the environment in particular the pandemic and post-pandemic environment is interesting. The COVID-19 pandemic has hit the world hard, shutting down giants, locking up most of the world's population in their homes, resting the environment, using less transport, reducing emissions, making the sky more diverse, brighter and more transparent. The water was purified, oxygen increased, and oxygen-loving fauna has spared; In the spring of 2020, the water in the canals of Venice became so rich in oxygen and transparent that fish appeared on the bottom, Pisces, it was in Italy that the quarantine rules were introduced, reduced the flow of tourists in accordance with its accompanying actions. The work of industrial enterprises in the world has decreased, the cessation of Chinese industry of the world's largest polluter has drastically breathed the environment, people have seen the clear sky. According to the Energy and Clean Air Research Center during the pandemic, CO2 emissions from air in China fell by 25% (from February 3 to March 1) due to anti-pandemic measures. , Reduce production volume and restrict transportation. It is known that 30% of world CO2 emissions come from China. The number of "clean days" has increased Humans rudely interfere with the functioning of the natural environment and often lead to imbalances and deteriorating environmental sustainability! Deforestation and wildfires, a clear example of which is the devastating forest fires in Brazil. (These forests accounted for 20% of the world's oxygen balance). The European Green Agreement investment plan covers areas such as: sustainable mobility, renewable energy, building renovation, research and innovation, biodiversity restoration, circular economy. The Green Agreement is a guide to the right decisions to respond to the economic crisis and transform Europe into a sustainable and climate-neutral economy; Georgia's post-crisis plan cannot ignore the Green Agreement and the fundamental principles of sustainable development cannot be abandoned and do not keep the pandemic of the period, the "calm of the environment", at least in part, the greatest opportunities for the production of green products. Local products increased in the markets, the population managed not only to provide for their own families, but also to bring the produced products to the market and to supplement the family budget, the population migrated from the cities to the regions, thus unloading the city and improving the environment. Thus, the post-pandemic period will not be so alarming for the environment, if there is a correct vision of the states and the provision of measures aimed at sustainable development and eco-peace. And at once the giants will not be heavily loaded "Green life" will become our everyday life.

Abstract T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive malignancy of thymocytes that accounts for about 15 percent of ALL cases. Leukemic transformation of immature thymocytes is caused by a multistep pathogenesis involving numerous genetic abnormalities providing uncontrolled cell growth. Accumulating evidence suggests the presence of at least 5 different molecular-cytogenetic subgroups in T-ALL, ie. TAL/LMO, TLX1, TLX3, HOXA and MYB. Recently, non coding microRNAs were discovered as important regulators of gene and/or protein expression and subsequently shown to be directly implicated in cancer. Nevertheless, it is currently unclear in which way deregulated miRNA expression may contribute to the pathogenesis of T-cell acute leukemia. In this study, we investigated whether different genetic subgroups in T-ALL are characterized by distinct miRNA expression patterns. Therefore, we profiled a total of 360 miRNAs through automated qRT-PCR using high-throughput quantitative stem-loop RT-PCR in a genetically well characterized T-ALL patient cohort (n=52), including 11 HOXA (3 MLL rearranged, 5 inv(7)(p15q35) and 3 CALM-AF10), 16 TAL/LMO (7 LMO2 rearranged, 8 TAL1 rearranged, 1 LMO2/TAL1 rearranged), 11 TLX3 and 5 TLX1 rearranged patient samples. Since T-ALL blasts originate from maturating T lymphocytes, we also profiled different subsets of sorted T-cell populations (CD34+, CD4+/CD8+/CD3−, CD4+/CD8+/CD3+, CD4+ SP and CD8+ SP). These miRNA profiles of normal T-cells served as a negative control for the identification of deregulated miRNA expression that may be truly leukemia associated. SAM analysis (t-test and wilcoxon, FDR=0) identified significant and differentially expressed miRNAs between the HOXA, TLX3 and TAL/LMO subgroups. No significant and differentially expressed miRNAs were obtained for the TLX1 subgroup, probably due to the limited number of patient samples. The HOXA subgroup showed specific up-regulation of miR-196a and miR-196b, which are encoded at the HOXB and HOXA cluster, respectively, but no significantly down-regulated miRNAs could be identified in this subgroup. The TLX3 subgroup was uniquely characterized by the up-regulation of miR-99a, miR-125b, let-7c, miR-508 and miR-509, and down-regulation of miR-127 and miR-182. Finally, specific up-regulation of miR-424, miR-148a, miR-422, miR-362, miR-148a, miR-502, miR-10a, miR-200c, miR-31, miR-660 and miR-15b, was identified in the TAL/LMO rearranged subgroup, which was also characterized by the specific down-regulation of miR-99b, miR-155, miR-125a, miR-153, miR-135a, miR-34a and miR-193b. Next, we evaluated the expression pattern of all significant and differentially expressed miRNAs in the different subsets of sorted T-cell populations. The expression patterns of these miRNAs could be classified into consistently active, completely absent or temporally regulated during T-cell development. For the miRNAs showing a temporal regulation during T-cell maturation, their differential expression in T-ALL subtypes may reflect differences in the maturation arrest of the T-cell of origin, rather than pointing to an oncogenic event. Nevertheless, their constitutive (in)activation in primary T-ALL patients could still be of oncogenic relevance, similar to transcription factors like TAL1 or LMO2 which also show a temporal regulation during T-cell maturation. In contrast, some other miRNAs showed no expression in any of the T-cell populations, providing stronger evidence that their activation in specific T-ALL subtypes may contribute to T-ALL pathogenesis. In conclusion, this study shows that molecular-cytogenetic subgroups in T-ALL are characterized by a specific miRNA expression signature. In addition, correlation of our findings to the expression of these miRNAs in normal T-cell subsets may guide us to the miRNAs with true oncogenic potential. This report paves the way for further investigation directed at the role of these miRNAs in the pathogenesis of T-ALL, which may provide us with further insight in the oncogenic pathways that are (in)activated in different T-ALL subgroups. Ultimately, these deregulated miRNAs may offer new targets for therapeutic intervention.

Abstract. Residents of the Kathmandu Valley experience severe particulate and gaseous air pollution throughout most of the year, even during much of the rainy season. The knowledge base for understanding the air pollution in the Kathmandu Valley was previously very limited but is improving rapidly due to several field measurement studies conducted in the last few years. Thus far, most analyses of observations in the Kathmandu Valley have been limited to short periods of time at single locations. This study extends the past studies by examining the spatial and temporal characteristics of two important gaseous air pollutants (CO and O3) based on simultaneous observations over a longer period at five locations within the valley and on its rim, including a supersite (at Bode in the valley center, 1345 m above sea level) and four satellite sites: Paknajol (1380 m a.s.l.) in the Kathmandu city center; Bhimdhunga (1522 m a.s.l.), a mountain pass on the valley's western rim; Nagarkot (1901 m a.s.l.), another mountain pass on the eastern rim; and Naikhandi (1233 m a.s.l.), near the valley's only river outlet. CO and O3 mixing ratios were monitored from January to July 2013, along with other gases and aerosol particles by instruments deployed at the Bode supersite during the international air pollution measurement campaign SusKat-ABC (Sustainable Atmosphere for the Kathmandu Valley – endorsed by the Atmospheric Brown Clouds program of UNEP). The monitoring of O3 at Bode, Paknajol and Nagarkot as well as the CO monitoring at Bode were extended until March 2014 to investigate their variability over a complete annual cycle. Higher CO mixing ratios were found at Bode than at the outskirt sites (Bhimdhunga, Naikhandi and Nagarkot), and all sites except Nagarkot showed distinct diurnal cycles of CO mixing ratio, with morning peaks and daytime lows. Seasonally, CO was higher during premonsoon (March–May) season and winter (December–February) season than during monsoon season (June–September) and postmonsoon (October–November) season. This is primarily due to the emissions from brick industries, which are only operational during this period (January–April), as well as increased domestic heating during winter, and regional forest fires and agro-residue burning during the premonsoon season. It was lower during the monsoon due to rainfall, which reduces open burning activities within the valley and in the surrounding regions and thus reduces sources of CO. The meteorology of the valley also played a key role in determining the CO mixing ratios. The wind is calm and easterly in the shallow mixing layer, with a mixing layer height (MLH) of about 250 m, during the night and early morning. The MLH slowly increases after sunrise and decreases in the afternoon. As a result, the westerly wind becomes active and reduces the mixing ratio during the daytime. Furthermore, there was evidence of an increase in the O3 mixing ratios in the Kathmandu Valley as a result of emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) region, particularly from biomass burning including agro-residue burning. A top-down estimate of the CO emission flux was made by using the CO mixing ratio and mixing layer height measured at Bode. The estimated annual CO flux at Bode was 4.9 µg m−2 s−1, which is 2–14 times higher than that in widely used emission inventory databases (EDGAR HTAP, REAS and INTEX-B). This difference in CO flux between Bode and other emission databases likely arises from large uncertainties in both the top-down and bottom-up approaches to estimating the emission flux. The O3 mixing ratio was found to be highest during the premonsoon season at all sites, while the timing of the seasonal minimum varied across the sites. The daily maximum 8 h average O3 exceeded the WHO recommended guideline of 50 ppb on more days at the hilltop station of Nagarkot (159 out of 357 days) than at the urban valley bottom sites of Paknajol (132 out of 354 days) and Bode (102 out of 353 days), presumably due to the influence of free-tropospheric air at the high-altitude site (as also indicated by Putero et al., 2015, for the Paknajol site in the Kathmandu Valley) as well as to titration of O3 by fresh NOx emissions near the urban sites. More than 78 % of the exceedance days were during the premonsoon period at all sites. The high O3 mixing ratio observed during the premonsoon period is of a concern for human health and ecosystems, including agroecosystems in the Kathmandu Valley and surrounding regions.

The article is devoted to the theoretical study and empirical research of the effectiveness of mindfulness psychotherapeutic practices in the regulation of stress resistance in adolescence. It is theoretically determined that the consequences of stress are manifested in increased anxiety, irritability, emotional tension, fatigue, insomnia, etc. Stress resistance is associated with the tendency of the individual to be responsible for events in his life and the results of their activities; adolescence is experimental for identifying by a personality the stress coping strategies that are not always productive. It is noted that in Ukraine the direction of studying the mindfulness problem is currently at the origins of its development. Scientific attempts are being made to determine the role of mindfulness in various aspects of reducing personal stress, the ability to influence stress resistance processes by improving the mental health culture, through the formation of values ​​and competencies in recognizing their own psychological problems, but but scientists have paid insufficient attention to the implementation of the role of mindfulness practices in the educational space, establishing relationships between the mindfulness characteristics and students’ stress resistance. This refers to the fact that the development of stress resistance involves a variety of technologies, including psychotherapy. It is pointed out that one of the new achievements of psychological science is the introduction of mindfulness practices in the educational space, as the priority of the educational environment is to find ways of effective psychological care, technologies of psychological support for young people, minimization of distressing phenomena in schools. The following mindfulness techniques are singled out: meditative techniques, which include relaxation and developmental effects, teach to be fully present “here and now” and to notice the usual states of our consciousness. It is noted that the awareness factor helps to calm down, stabilize well-being, return from thoughts to the actual students’ experience of the “here and now” situation, turn on the consciousness state of “just being”, plays a significant role in choosing behaviors in difficult life circumstances. The mindfulness psychotherapeutic practices effectiveness in the stress resistance regulation in adolescence through the prism of empirical measurement is determined. A sample of respondents was formed on the basis of the lyceum “Olympus” №30 in Kremenchuk. The total number of respondents is 70 adolescents (15-17 years old). The results of the summative assessment are highlighted. The results of using a comprehensive psychodiagnostic methodology are analyzed: Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale – Revised, CAMS – R (Feldman, G., Hayes); the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) K. L. Gratz, L.Roemer, the “Man in the rain” graphic psychodiagnostic technique During the empirical research, the theoretical results of the Ukrainian scientists studies on a problem of stress resistance are generalized and features of students’ behavior strategies in stressful situations by the “Man in the rain” technique are distinguished empirically. Therefore, the novelty of the study is in figuring out the characteristics of students’ psychological states according to the following criteria of comfort / discomfort: resourcefulness, ambivalence, insecurity and their regulation depending on the level of mindfulness development in adolescents. A psychotherapeutic program for the development of mindfulness skills in everyday life for adolescents has been developed, which aims to develop the individual’s ability to perceive, feel and remember phenomena in the internal and external environment. It is important to note that psychological stability is supported by both internal (personal) and external (interpersonal, social support) resources, which are based on mindfulness control and are not limited to mental and emotional automatic reactions. The psychotherapeutic program provides students with the means that allow them to act more effectively in everyday life, to solve routine problems. The relationships between the mindfulness characteristics and stress resistance in adolescents were revealed through the results of a summative assessment.

The Son of the Widow from Nain.By Kaj ThaningThis article intends to elucidate the distinctions that Grundtvig made in his world of ideas in the course of the years from 1824 to 1834, first between spirit and letter, church and church-school (1826-1830), and then between natural life and Christian life (in 1832). In His "Literary Testament" (1827), Grundtvig himself admits that there was a "Chaos" in his writings, due to the youthful fervour that pervaded his literary works and his sermons in the years 1822-1824. But not until 1832 does he acknowledge that "when I speak or write as a citizen, or a bard, or a scholar, it is not the time nor the place to either preach or confess, so when I have done so, it was a mistake which can only be excused with the all too familiar disorder pertaining to our church, our civic life, and our scholarship...", as it says in a passage omitted from the manuscript for "Norse Mythology”, 1832. (The passage is printed in its entirety in ”A Human first...”, p. 259f.)The point of departure for Thaning’s article is a sermon on the Son of the Widow from Nain, delivered in 1834, which the editor, Christian Thodberg also found "singularly personal”, since Grundtvig keeps using the pronoun ”1”. In this sermon Grundtvig says that those who have heard him preaching on this text before, would remember that he regarded the mourning widow as ”an image of the same broken heart at all times”, and her comforter, Jesus, not only as a great prophet in Israel, but ”as the living Being who sees us and is with us always until the end of the world”. Thodberg is of the opinion that Grundtvig refers to his sermon from 1823. Thaning, however, thinks that the reference is to the sermon from 1824. But Grundtvig adds that one may now rightly ask him whether he ’’still regards the gospel for the day with the same eyes, the same hope and fear as before.” He wants to discuss this, among other things ’’because the best thing we can do when we grow old is ... to develop and explain what in the days of our youth .. sprang up before our eyes and echoes in our innermost mind.” In other words, he speaks as if he had grown old. So Thaning asks: "What happened on the way from Our Saviour’s Church to Frederick’s Church?"Thaning’s answer is that there was a change in Grundtvig’s view of life. Already in his first sermon in 1832, he says that his final and truly real hour as a pastor has now arrived. Thaning’s explanation is that Grundtvig has now passed from the time of strong emotions to that of calm reflections. Not until now does he realize "what is essential and what is not". And in 1834 he says that our Christian views, too, must go through a purgatorial fire when we grow older. This is not only true of the lofty views of human life which, naturally, go through this purgatory and most often lose themselves in it. Here Grundtvig distinguishes between natural and Christian life which is something new in a sermon. Thaning adds that this purgatorial fire pervades Grundtvig’s drafts for the Introduction to "Norse Mythology" in 1832. But then, Grundtvig’s lofty views did not lose themselves in purgatory. He got through it. His view of life changed. (Here Thaning refers to his dissertation, "A Human First...", p. 306ff).This is vaguely perceptible throughout the sermon in question. But according to Thaning Grundtvig slightly distorts the picture of his old sermon. In the latter he did not mix up natural and Christian life. It is Thaning’s view that Grundtvig is thinking of the distinct mixture of Christianity and Danish national feeling in the poem "New Year’s Morning" (1824). But he also refers to Grundtvig’s sermon on Easter Monday, 1824, printed in Helge Toldberg’s dissertation, "Grundtvig’s World of Symbols" (1950), p. 233ff, showing that he has been captured by imagery in a novel manner. He seems to want to impose himself upon his audience. In 1834 he knows he has changed. But 1832 is the dividing year. In the passage omitted from the manuscript for "Norse Mythology", Grundtvig states explicitly that faith is "a free matter": "Faith is a matter of its own, and truly each man’s own matter". Grundtvig could not say this before 1832. Thaning is of the opinion that this new insight lies behind the distinction that he makes in the sermon in 1834, where he says that he used to mix up Christian life with "the natural life of our people", which involved the risk that his Christian view might be misinterpreted and doubted. Now it has been through purgatory. And in the process it has only lost its "absurdity and obscurity, which did not come from the Lord, but from myself”.Later in the sermon he says: "The view is no more obscured by my Danish national feeling; I certainly do not by any means fail to appreciate the particularly friendly relationship that has prevailed through centuries between the Christian faith and the life of this people, and nor do I by any means renounce my hope that the rebirth of Christianity here will become apparent to the world, too, as a good deed, but yet this is only a dream, and the prophet will by no means tell us such dreams, but he bids us separate them sharply from the word of God, like the straw from the grain...". This cannot be polemically directed against his own sermons from 1824. It must necessarily reflect a reaction against the fundamental view expressed in "New Year’s Morning" and its vision of Christianity and Danishness in one. (Note that in his dissertation for the Degree of Divinity, Bent Christensen calls the poem "a dream", as Thaning adds).In his "Literary Testament" (1827) Grundtvig speaks about the "Chaos" caused by "the spirits of the Bible, of history, and of the Nordic countries, whom I serve and confuse in turn." But there is not yet any recognition of the same need for a distinction between Danishness and Christianity, which in the sermon he calls "the straw and the grain". Here he speaks of the distinction between "church and church-school, Christianity and theology, the spirit of the Bible and the letter of the Bible", as a consequence of his discovery in 1825. He still identifies the spirit of human history with the spirit of the Bible: "Here is the explanation over my chaos", Grundtvig says. But it is this chaos that resolves itself, leading to the insight and understanding in the sermon from 1834.In the year after "The Literary Testament", 1828, Grundtvig publishes the second part of his "Sunday Book", in which the only sermon on the Son of the Widow in this work appears. It is the last sermon in this volume, and it is an elaboration of the sermon from 1824. What is particularly characteristic of it is its talk about hope. "When the heart sees its hope at death’s door, where is comfort to be found for it, save in a divine voice, intoning Weep not!" Here Grundtvig quotes St. John 3:16 and says that when this "word of Life" is heard, when hope revives and rises from its bier, is it not then, and not until then, that we feel that God has visited his people...?" In the edition of this sermon in the "Sunday Book" a note of doubt has slipped in which did not occur in the original sermon from 1824. The conclusion of the sermon bears evidence that penitential Christianity has not yet been overcome: "What death would be too hard a transition to eternal life?" - "Then, in the march of time, let it stand, that great hope which is created by the Word ... like the son of the great woman from Nain."It is a strange transition to go from this sermon to the next one about the son of the widow, the sermon from 1832, where Christ is no longer called "hope". The faith has been moved to the present: "... only in the Word do we find him, the Word was the sign of life when we rose from the dead, and if we fell silent, it was the sign of death." - "Therefore, as the Lord has visited us and has opened our mouths, we shall speak about him always, in the certain knowledge that it is as necessary and as pleasurable as to breathe..." The emphasis of faith is no longer in words like longing and hope.In a sense this and other sermons in the 1830s anticipate the hymn "The Lord has visited his people" ("Hymn Book" (Sangv.rk) I, no. 23): the night has turned into morning, the sorrow has been removed. The gospel has become the present. As before the Church is compared with the widow who cried herself blind at the foot of the cross. Therefore the Saviour lay in the black earth, nights and days long. But now the Word of life has risen from the dead and shall no more taste death. The dismissal of the traditional Christianity, handed down from the past, is extended to include the destructive teaching in schools. The young man on the bier has been compared with the dead Christianity which Grundtvig now rejects. At an early stage Grundtvig was aware of its effects, such as in the Easter sermon in 1830 ("Sunday Book" III, p. 263) where Grundtvig speaks as if he had experienced a breakthrough to his new view. So, the discovery of the Apostles’ Creed in 1825 must have been an enormous feeling of liberation for him – from the worship of the letter that so pervaded his age. Grundtvig speaks about the "living, certain, oral, audible" word in contrast to the "dead, uncertain, written, mute" sign in the book. However, there is as yet no mention of the "Word from the Mouth of our Lord", which belongs to a much later time. Only then does he acquire the calm confidence that enables him to preach on the background of what has happened that the Word has risen from the dead. The question to ask then is what gave him this conviction."Personally I think that it came to him at the same time as life became a present reality for him through the journeys to England," Thaning says. By the same token, Christianity also became a present reality. The discovery of 1825 was readily at hand to grant him a means of expression to convey this present reality and the address to him "from the Lord’s own mouth", on which he was to live. It is no longer enough for him to speak about "the living, solemn evidence at baptism of the whole congregation, the faith we are all to share and confess" as much more certain than everything that is written in all the books of the world. The "Sunday Book" is far from containing the serene insight which, in spite of everything, the Easter sermon, written incidentally on Easter Day, bears witness to. But in 1830 he was not yet ready to sing "The Lord has visited his people", says Thaning.In the sermon from 1834 one meets, as so often in Grundtvig, his emphasis on the continuity in his preaching. In the mourning widow he has always seen an image of the Church, as it appears for the first time in an addition to the sermon on the text in the year 1821 ("Pr.st. Sermons", vol I, p. 296). It ends with a clue: "The Church of Christ now is the Widow of Nain". He will probably have elaborated that idea and concluded his sermon with it. Nevertheless, as it has appeared, the sermon in 1834 is polemically directed against his former view, the mixture of Christian and natural life. He recognizes that there is an element of "something fantastic" sticking to the "view of our youth".Already in a draft for a sermon from March 4,1832, Grundtvig says:"... this was truly a great error among us that we contented ourselves with an obscure and indefinite idea of the Spirit as well as the Truth, for as a consequence of that we were so doubtful and despondent, and we so often mistook the letter for the spirit, or the spirit of phantasy and delusion for that of God..." (vol. V, p. 79f).The heart-searchings which this sermon draft and the sermon on the 16th Sunday after Trinity are evidence of, provide enough argument to point to 1832 as a year of breakthrough. We, his readers, would not have been able to indicate the difference between before and now with stronger expressions than Grundtvig’s own. "He must really have turned into a different kind of person", Thaning says. At the conclusion of the article attention is drawn to the fact that the image of the Son of the Widow also appears in an entirely different context than that of the sermon, viz. in the article about Popular Life and Christianity that Grundtvig wrote in 1847. "What still remains alive of Danish national feeling is exactly like the disconsolate widow at the gate of Nain who follows her only begotten son to the grave" (US DC, p. 86f). The dead youth should not be spoken to about the way to eternal life, but a "Rise!" should be pronounced, and that apparently means: become a living person! On this occasion Grundtvig found an opportunity to clarify his ideas. His "popular life first" is an extension of his "a human being first" from 1837. He had progressed over the last ten years. But the foundation was laid with the distinction between Christian and natural life at the beginning of the 1830s.

This research studies about flouting maxim in The B.F.G movie. The research concerns on finding the flouting maxims in The B.F.G movie. This research employed mainly descriptive qualitative method to support in interpreting and analysing the data. The data of this research were utterances produced by Sophie and BFG as main characters in The B.F.G movie. The context of the research was the dialogues of the movie. The data sources of this research were The B.F.G and its script. Meanwhile, the primary instrument of this research was the researcher ourselves. The data were collected by downloading the movie and the script, watching the movie, and then collecting the data which reflects the phenomena of maxim flouting. The paper examines the use of flouts in different situations and explores in what situations the different characters flout the maxims for any conversation. The results show that there were 10 flouting maxims of quantity (42%); 10 flouting maxims of relevance (42%); 2 flouting maxims of quality (8%); and 2 flouting maxims of manner (8%). Hence the total number of flouting maxims is 24. These results suggest that the use of flouts has to do with their different personalities and communities.Keywords: Cooperative Principle, Grice’s Maxim, Flouting MaximHow to Cite: Ulfah-1, R.A.A.N.U.-1., Afrilia, R-2. (2018). An Analysis of Fluting Maxim in BFG Movie. Project, X (X), XX-XX. INTRODUCTIONCommunication is a medium to convey meaning from one to another. As stated by Yule (2006) that communication involves word recognition and meaning recognition. There could be hidden intention in some utterances. Failing to recognize those intentions may lead to misunderstanding and even a dispute. Nevertheless, listener is not always to be in guilt. Sometimes in communication, the speaker may provide incomplete or unclear utterance hence the listener found difficulties to comprehend. Thus it is claimed that language as a tool for communication serves as an instrument to maintain a good relationship between the speaker and the hearer. Dealing with language and communication, cooperative principle proposed by Grice serves as means to achieve effective communication. It is described that speakers and listeners must give contribution as required by each other so that both of them may come to the same understanding of the meaning they are trying to convey. Grice elaborates four conversational maxims: maxim of relevance, maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, and maxim of manner. During conversation, speakers may break the rule of the maxims. The flouting of the maxims may occur in daily life or in movies. Movies as one of literary works mostly functions to entertain the audience. The flouting maxims in movies may be intentionally created to achieve the purpose of entertaining. The BFG is one fantasy adventure film released in 2016 by Walt Disney. It tells about the journey of two different species, a human (Sophie) and a giant (that Sophie called Big Friendly Giant). Since they are from different group of communities, their communication may run ineffective. This study aims at analyzing the flouting maxims occurred in The BFG movie.The Cooperative Principle Cooperative Principle is the basic principle in pragmatics. The Cooperative Principle is principle of conversation that was proposed by Grice. He called The Cooperative Principle as when we try to talk to be cooperative by elevating. He says, “make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of talk exchange in which you are engaged.” Within this principle, he intended four maxims.(Grundy, 1998) (in Ginarsih, 2014)Grice’s MaximMaxim of RelevanceMaxim of relation: This maxim may seem clear in the first look but as Grice himself mentioned it is very difficult to define it exactly: "Though the maxim itself is terse, its formulation conceals a number of problems that exercise me a good deal: questions about what different kinds and focuses of relevance there may be, how these shift in the course of a talk exchange, how to allow for the fact that subjects of conversations are legitimately changed, and so on. I find the treatment of such questions exceedingly difficult, and I hope to revert to them in later work." Grice ( in Kheirabadi, 2012).Maxim of Quantity Maxim of quantity requires that participants of a conversation give their contribution as is required in terms of the quantity of information. To say beyond the quantity of information needed in the conversation is to break the maxim. In making their contribution to the conventional talk, participants should gauge the amount information that is really sought for and give it as much as is necessary. They should not make their contribution either more informative or less informative. (Seken, n.d.2015)Maxim of QualityMaxim of quality requires conventional participants to say things that are true or things that they believe to be true. That is, they do not say anything than they believe to be false or anything of which they do not have any evidence. In other words, to comply with this maxim, a speaker in a conventional exchange must speak on the basis of facts, or he/she must have factual evidence by which to sufficiently support what he/she says as truth. (Seken, n.d.2015)Maxim of Manner Utterances may conform to the maxims or may disobey them by infringing, opting out, and flouting or violating. The infringement of the maxims is because of the speaker‟s imperfect knowledge of linguistic. When speakers decided to be uncooperative, they opt out of observing the maxims. ( Thomas 1995 in Jafari, 2013) Maxim Flouting Flouting a maxim is the case when a speaker purposefully disobeys a maxim at the level of what is said with the deliberate intention of generating an implicature. In this case, the speaker’s choice not to observe the maxim by the words he/she utters may be related to the some motive (such as politeness, style of speaking, etc.) (Seken, n.d.2015).According to Thomas (1995:64 in Mohammed & Alduais, 2012) flouting a maxim occurs where a participant in a conversation chooses to ignore one or more of the maxims by using a conversational implicature. Ignoring maxims by using conversational implicatures means that the participant adds meaning to the literal meaning of the utterance. He further explains the conversational implicature that is added when flouting is not intended to deceive the recipient of the conversation, but the purpose is to make the recipient look for other meaning. Moreover Black (2006:25 in Mohammed & Alduais, 2012) explains that a speaker who flouts maxims is actually aware of the Cooperative Principles and the maxims. In other words, it is not only about the maxims that are broken down but that the speaker chooses an indirect way to achieve the cooperation of the communication.Types of Flouting Maxim In ( Grice’s theory in Nur & Fatmawati, 2015) there are four types of maxim flouting. They are quantity maxim flouting, quality maxim flouting, relevance maxim flouting, and manner maxim flouting. Quantity Maxim FloutingWhen a speaker flouts the maxims under the category of Quantity, she/he blatantly gives either more or less information than the situation demands.For example: A : The other giants. Are they nice, like you a nice?B : No, I regret to say that the guys would eat you alive bite. My twenty four foot, but not in Giant country, and that's where you are. In Giants country now.In the example above, it is not appropriate, because when A asks the B about another giant, B does not answer according to the question. He give more information that not needed by A.Quality Maxim Flouting Thomas (in Fami 2015:15) said that flout maxim of quality occur when the speaker say something which is blatantly untrue or for which he/she lack adequate evidence.For example:A : Not as it happens to me, it is most terrible speakB : Well, I think you speak beautifullyIn the example above, B say untrue or lie. She do this, because she doesn’t want B sad with his speaking.Relevance Maxim FloutingFlouting of maxim relevance, (Ginarsih 2014, n.d.) said that by changing the subject or by failing the address the topic directly is encountered very frequently. For example:A : You mean of my life. For the rest of my life?B : Hey, do not you cold?In this case B did not answer according to the question, B changes the topic of conversation. Manner Maxim FloutingAccording to (Ginarsih 2014, n.d.) The maxim under the category of manner is exploited by giving ambiguity and obscure expressions, failure to be brief and orderly. It is often trying to exclude a third party, as in this sort of exchange between husband and wife.A : Where are you off to?B : I was thinking of going out to get some of that funny white stuff for somebody.A : OK, but don’t be long – dinner is nearly readyB speaks in an ambiguous way, saying “that funny white stuff” and“somebody”, because he is avoiding saying “ice cream” and “her/his Daugther”, so that his little daughter does not become excited and ask for the ice cream before her meal. Sometimes the speakers play with words to heighten the ambiguity, in order to make a point.Movie(Chandra Yuliasman 2014) Movie is happen based on script, but it reflect to our daily life activity mostly. That is why the researcher interested to use movie as media to increase the researcher understanding about flouting maxim. Movie also affect masses in childhood and youth. Movie is also called a film or motion picture, is a series of still or moving images. Based on the theories above, the researcher chose “The BFG (Big Friendly Giant)” as the object of the research.The B.F.GThe B.F.G is a 2016 American fantasy adventure film directed and produced by Steven Spielberg, written by Melissa Mathison and based on the 1982 novel of the same name by Roald Dahl. In the film, an orphan human girl be friends a benevolent giant, dubbed the "Big Friendly Giant", who takes her to Giant Country, where they attempt to stop the man-eating giants that are invading the human world. The writers chose The B.F.G, because in the film contain about friendship and courage, in that movie also have morality and ethics quotes. Steven Spielberg is known for his quality films, such as Jurrasic Park. He has also received three Oscars, and received a Life Achievement Award from the American Film Institute (AFI). Steven hooked some Hollywood actresses to play in the movie B.F.G, such as: Mark Rylance (B.F.G), Ruby Barnhill (Sophie), Penelope Wilton, Jemani Clement, Rebecca Hall, Rafe Spall, and Bill Hader. Steven Spielberg films this In the premiere of premiere The BFG managed to triumph in the Top 10 Box Office by collecting revenues of USD 31 million. Although not a chance to taste the top of the Box Office but The BFG still loved by his fans, especially for lovers of fantasy and adventure movies.METHODThis research uses a descriptive qualitative method to analyse the flouting maxim in The B.F.G movie directed by Steven Spielberg. According to Holloway (in Nur & Fatmawati, n.d.) qualitative research is a form of social inquiry focusing on the interpretation of experience and the world by people.” Therefore, this research is conducted systematically through the technique of data collecting and data analysis. The data are taken from the script, the writers analysed of flouting maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of relation, and maxim of manner based on Grice’s theories, being used to choose the most frequently method among them, the writer used percentage category based on Multihajz’s formula, in Selvia (2014) as follows: P = Percentage F = Frequency n = Number of Maxims RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONResultsThere are 24 conversations from 100 conversations that found in The B.F.G Movie between the main characters, Sophie and B.F.G that flouted the Grice’s cooperative principle. They flouted the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation, and the maxim of manner. In the calculation the writers employed percentage technique as described below:Table 1The Classification of Maxim:NoTypes of MaximQuantityPercentage1.The Maxim of Quantity1042 %2. The Maxim of Quality28 %3The Maxim of Relevance1042 %4The Maxim of Manner28 %Total24100 %From the classification above, it could be seen clearly that among four types of maxim in conversation between the main characters, Sophie and B.F.G in “The B.F.G” Movie, the maxim of Quantity and Relevance were the most identifiable types. First is Quantity. There are 10 conversations or cover 42 %. The second was the maxim of Relevance; there are 10 conversations or cover 42 %. The third was maxim of Quality; there are 2 conversations or cover 8 %. The fourth was the maxim of Manner; there are 2 conversations or cover 8 %. Based on the table above, here are the explanations of each maxim that the main character, Sophie and B.F.G flouted in The B.F.G Movie. The maxim of quantitySophie : The other giants. Are they nice, like you a nice?B.F.G : No, I regret to say that the guys would eat you alive bite. My twenty four foot, but not in Giant country, and that's where you are. In Giants country now.Analysis: It is not appropriate, because when Sophie asks the BFG about another giant, the BFG does not answer according to the question. He give more information that not needed by Sophie.Sophie : We can’t have secrets. I'll tell you mine. I sneak around at night too, and that still sometimes theft and lying. So I’m alone at the time. I've never had a best friend, I told you all thatB.F.G : We got over.Analysis: The BFG did not give the right reasons to reply to a statement from Sophie.Sophie : You should not let them treat you like that. You should notB.F.G : Live with nine giant eats beans. They take so I return. Murmur good dreams. It's what I can do, I do something. I do something.Analysis: The BFG ignored Sophie’s suggestion of another giant treating the BFG badly and he changed the subject.Sophie : No I’m not.B.F.G : Yes you here. If you are a human being and human being is a strawberry cream for giants. They are the prey of those giants out there, so you stay in a nice safe place right here. Analysis: BFG answer does not fit with the context of the conversation at that time.B.F.G : Someone called me a big, friendly giant. How should I call you? Sophie : My name is SophieAnalysis: Sophie does not understand about a nickname, so she just answers with her name only "Sophie".B.F.G: So you're an orphan?Sophie: Yes. You took me to an orphanage. You did not know?Analysis: Sophie did not give the right reasons to reply to a statement from B.F.G.B.F.G: I did not know that. Are you happy there?Sophie: No! I hate that. The lady who runs it is incompetent and she’s crazy rules and you get punish a lot.Analysis: In this conversation, Sophie should answer yes or no , because the question is are you happy there ?.Sophie : Being is not be ing .What is that green thing ?B.F.G : Frobscuttel. All giant drink frobscottel.Analysis: BFG answer does not fit with the context of the conversation at that time.Sophie : Where are you going now ?B.F.G : A dreams blow .It's what I do next.Analysis: BFG answer does not fit with the context of the conversation at that time. In this conversation Sophie asks where, it means that ask about place.Sophie : But why did you bring me here? Why did you take me?B.F.G : I had did to take you, because the first thing you, you would do spread the news you actually saw a giant and then there would be a big fuss and all human beans would be looking for the giant dresses all excited, and then I would be locked up in a cage to look at me with all the noisy hypo-fat and crocodiles and giraffes. And then there would be a huge hunt for all the boy giantsAnalysis: The BFG gives too much give reason to Sophie, should the BFG give Sophie a simple and precise reason for the question.The maxim of RelevanceSophie : Then, who are you? What kind of monster are you?B.F.G : You as me wrongAnalysis: BFG does not honestly reply to Shopie that he is a giant kind.Sophie : You mean of my life. For the rest of my life. B.F.G : Hey, do not you cold?Analysis: BFG did not answer according to the questionSophie : What did you work? B.F.G : And now she asks me to tell you very big secrets.Analysis: BFG did not answer according to the questionSophie : Flesh head ,he comes to eat me, my blood will be on your hands. B.F.G : Everything about you going against my better judgment.Analysis: BFG tries to make Shopie calm by diverting the conversationSophie : Look at all the stars! B.F.G : Often when it is clear I hear distant music living of the stars in the skyAnalysis: When Shopie wants to show something, BFG answer it with things that are not appropriate.Sophie: Really? B.F.G : You think I'm kidding, right? Analysis: BFG should simply answer "yes" or "no".Sophie : Are there bad dreams here too? B.F.G : It will a TrogglehumperAnalysis: BFG did not answer the question correctly.Sophie : Make them all happy. BFG, your father and your mother taught you about dreams? B.F.G : The Giants do not have mothers or fathers. Analysis: BFG should simply answer “has” or “has not”.Sophie : What is the Sophie’s dream? B.F.G : A golden Phizzwizard. I had not seen in a while. Analysis: BFG does not explain what dreams Sophie will experience.Sophie : You snapped me.B..F.G : Well, you are right. After all, you're just a little thing. I can’t help thinking what your poor mother and father must be …Analysis: BFG should simply answer "yes" and "no", and not discuss the unnecessaryThe maxim of QualityB.F.G : You do, you really do?Sophie : Simply beautifully.Analysis: In this situation of conversation, Sophie gives untrue respond to B.F.G or she lies, because she didn’t want make B.F.G sad with B.F.G’s sentence.B.F.G : Not as it happens to me, it is most terrible speak.Sophie : Well, I think you speak beautifully.Analysis: In this conversation, Sophie say untrue or lie. She did it, because she didn’t want B.F.G sad with his statement.The maxim of mannerSophie : Blood bottler ? B.F.G : Yes and butcherSophie : The butcher. Please don’t eat me.Analysis: BFG does not explain in detail about Bottler.Sophie : But then I wake up.B.F.G : And you wake up.Sophie : But not here.Analysis: There is no alignment in the conversationDiscussionThe writer found total numbers of flouting maxim that produce by main character in “The B.F.G” movie those were 24 utterances. Then divided into four types of flouting, they were quality which had 10 data or 42%, quantity had 2 data or 8%, relevance had 10 data or 42% and manner had 2 data or 8%. Thus the most frequent category of flouting maxim produce is the main character was maxim of quality and maxim of relevance. It means that in this movie, The BFG tended to conduct his flouted utterance for move the conversations. CONCLUSIONThe aim of this research is to find out the flouting maxim by the main characters in “The B.F.G” movie. The result show the most frequent category of flouting maxim by the main character was quality and relevance. It indicates that based on the maxim of quantity, there are some conversations that giving more or less information. Based on the semantics theory it is wrong, because giving more information than the need is flouting the maxim of quantity. For the maxim of relevance, there are some conversations that are not relevance, it is related with Ginarsih statement relevance maxim flouting by changing the subject or by failing the address the topic directly is encountered very frequently. There are only two flouting maxims of quality and manner was less frequent. It indicates mostly the conversation in The B.F.G movie is cooperative. It is different with the previous study, from Iniyanti, A et.al (2014) they found two flouting maxims, there are: maxim of relation and maxim of manner. And from Al-Qaderi (2015) he found that the maxim of quantity was most frequently flouted.After the research, the researcher took a conclusion that even the famous movie, the flouting maxims are can’t be avoid. ACKNOWLEDGMENTSPlace Acknowledgments, including information on the source of any financial support received for the work being published. Place Acknowledgments, including information on the source of any financial support received for the work being published.

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